18. the Crucifixion
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Transcript of 18. the Crucifixion
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Lesson #18The Crucifixion
(Mark 15: 21-47)
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In Lesson #18 we examine Jesus crucifixion, a method of capital
punishment introduced by the Persians as early as the 6thcentury B.C.and employed by the Carthaginians, Macedonians and Romans until the
Emperor Constantine outlawed crucifixion in A.D. 337, out of deference
to Christ.
The Greeks had an aversion to crucifixion, although the historianHerodotus tells of the crucifixion of the Persian General Artayctes, who
commanded forces in the 2ndPersian invasion of Greece under, Xerxes
(a main character in the Book of Esther), 480-479 B.C.
The Romans used crucifixion frequently, however; indeed, Crassus, the
Roman General who defeated Spartacus in the slave revolt of 73-71 B.C.crucified 6,000 captive slaves, lining the Via Appia with them, and the
historian Tacitus tells us that during the siege of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 no
fewer than 600,000 Jews fought the Romans and those captured were
crucified, up to 500 per day.
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Crucifixion involved a prolonged, excruciatingly painful death by being
nailed to a cross with tapered iron spikes, 7-9 long, generally takingthree or more days for a person to die.
Jesus died in six hours, having been beaten nearly to death prior to
being crucified.
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Carl Heinrich Bloch. Christ on the Cross (oil on copper), 1870.
Museum of Natural History, Denmark.
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Jesus Chief priests and Scribes
Son of God, Savior Jesus adversaries and accusers
Simon of Cyrene Mary Magdalene
Helps Jesus carry his cross Jesus disciple from Migdal in Galilee
Alexander and Rufus Mary, mother of James and Joses
Sons of Simon of Cyrene Disciple from Galilee
Roman soldiers Salome
Jesus executioners Apostle Johns mother, Marys sister (or sister-in-law)
Two revolutionaries Joseph of Arimathea
Crucified with Jesus Receives Jesus body from Pilate, buries Jesus in his tomb
Passers by Pontius Pilate
The mocking crowd Roman Prefect and Jesus judge
Dramatis Personae(In order of appearance)
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Cyrene, LibyaCyrene to Jerusalem is a 2-week journey by ship
and land of approximately 1,000 miles.
Jerusalem
Egypt
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Titian. Christ and Simon of Cyrene Carrying the Cross(oil on canvas), c. 1565-1570.
The Prado Museum, Madrid.
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James Tissot. Simon of Cyrene and His Two Sons, Alexander and Rufus
(opaque watercolor over graphite on gray woven paper), c. 1896.
Brooklyn Museum, New York.
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Bartolomeo Montagna. St. Paul (oil on panel), 1482.
[image reversed]
Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Milan.
Greet Rufus, chosen in
the Lord, and hismother [who has been
like a mother to me+.(Romans 16: 13)
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13The Trial
The Crucifixion
They brought him to the place of Golgotha (which is
translated Place of the Skull). They gave him wine
drugged with myrrh, but he did not take it. Then they
crucified him and divided his garments by casting
lots for them to see what each should take. It wasnine oclock in the morning when they crucified him.
The inscription of the charge against him read, The
King of the Jews. With him they crucified two
revolutionaries, one on his right and one on his left.
(15: 22-28)
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Peter Gertner. Crucifixion (oil on panel), 1537.
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland.[This is the portraitist Gertnersonly known religious painting. Note the detailed facial expressions.]
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Our historian Josephus
writes in his Siege of
Jerusalemthat the soldiers
out of rage and hatred
nailed those they caught,
one after one way, andanother after another, to the
crosses, by way of jest,
suggesting that there was no
standardized way to crucifya person: whatever worked
at the time and place would
do.Caravaggio. Crucifixion of St. Peter[upside down] (oil on canvas), 1601.
Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome.
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Heel bone of Jehohanan, a crucified man in the 1stcentury, whose ossuary
was discovered in 1968 in east Jerusalem. Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
Photography by Ana Maria Vargas
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Antonia Fortress
Place of Crucifixion
Temple(not visible from this angle)
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Temple(Dome of the Rock today)
Damascus Gate
Holy Sepulcher Church
Old Citv
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Jesus was crucified near the Damascus Gate. One of seven gates leading into the Old City, it is
the busiest. The road outside the gate leads to Nablus and from there to Damascus, 135 miles
north. The current gate (above) was built by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1537.
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Eastern Wall
Dome of the Rock(Temple in Jesus Day)
Church of the Holy Sepulcher
(site of the Crucifixion)
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Approaching the Church of the Holy Sepulcher on the Via Dolorosa.
Photography by Ana Maria Vargas
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Inside the Church of the Holy Sepulcher at Golgotha.
Photography by Ana Maria Vargas
Jesus on the Cross
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Jesus tomb beneath the rotunda in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The Aedicule was originally
built in 1555 by the Franciscans, rebuilt in 1810 after a fire destroyed the original,
and reinforced by iron scaffolding since 1947.
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The Emperor Constantine and his mother St. Helena built the original Church of the Holy Sepulcher
in A.D. 326. It has been destroyed/damaged and rebuilt many times throughout history.
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26The Trial
The Crucifixion
Those passing by reviled him, shaking their headsand saying, Aha! You who would destroy the temple
and rebuild it in three days, save yourself by coming
down from the cross. Likewise the chief priests ,
with the scribes, mocked him among themselves andsaid, He saved others; he cannot save himself Let
the Messiah, the King of Israel, come down now from
the cross that we may see and believe. Those who
were crucified with him also kept abusing him.
(15: 29-32)
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Hieronymus Bosch. Christ Carrying the Cross (oil on panel), between 1510 and 1535.
Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent.
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28The Trial
The Crucifixion
At noon darkness came over the whole land untilthree in the afternoon. And at three oclock Jesus
cried out in a loud voice, Eloi, Eloi, lema
sabachthani? which is translated, My God, my
God, why have you forsaken me? Some of thebystanders who heard it said, Look, he is calling
Elijah. One of them ran, soaked a sponge with
wine, put it on a reed, and gave it to him to drink,
saying, Wait, lets see if Elijah comes to take him
down. Jesus gave a loud cry and breathed his last.
The veil of the sanctuary was torn in two from top to
bottom.
(15: 33-38)
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Syriac Rabbula Gospels (illuminated manuscript), c. 586.
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence.[Earliest crucifixion in an illuminated manuscript. The sun and moon together, suggest darkness.]
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30The Trial
Darkness over the Land There is a full moon at Passover, so
an eclipse cannot happen.
The great Jesuit scholar Joseph
Fitzmyer views the darkness as a
literary device, one that recalls the
9thPlague of Darkness in Exodus
preceding the 10thplague, the
Death of the First Born and the
Israelites redemption from
slavery in Egypt.
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The Tabernacle
.
Holy of Holies and the presence of God
Veil separating the
Holy Place from the Holy of Holies
Holy Place
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32The Trial
When the veil in the
Temple was torn in two
from top to bottom it
provided open access to
God, once and for all
through Christs death on
the cross.
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Matthew and Mark mention three women by name at the cross and
refer to many *other+ women. Luke mentions none individually. Johnmentions four, including Jesus mother Mary.
1) Mary, the mother of Jesus (at the cross, John 19: 25);
2) Mary Magdalene (at the cross, Matthew 27: 56, Mark 15: 40, John 19: 25);
3) Mary, the wife of Clopasthe other Mary, the mother of James theyounger and Joseph (at the cross, Matthew 27: 56, Mark 15: 40, John 19:
25);
4) Mary Salome, (Jesus mothers sister) and the mother of James and John,
Zebedees sons (at the cross, Matthew 27: 56, Mark 15: 40, John 19: 25);
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Simon Vouet. Crucifixion (oil on panel), 1622.
Museum of Fine Arts, Lyon, France.
Mary Magdalene Jesus mother Mary
Apostle John
Other MarysNotice the darkness
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36The Trial
The Crucifixion
When it was already evening, since it was the day ofpreparation, the day before the Sabbath, Joseph of
Arimathea, a distinguished member of the council,
who was himself awaiting the kingdom of God, came
and courageously went to Pilate and asked for thebody of Jesus. Pilate was amazed that he was
already dead. He summoned the centurion and
asked him if Jesus had already died. And when he
learned of it from the centurion, he gave the body to
Joseph.
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37The Trial
The Crucifixion
Having bought a linen cloth, he took him down,wrapped him in the linen cloth and laid him in a tomb
that had been hewn out of the rock. Then he rolled a
stone against the entrance to the tomb. Mary
Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses watchedwhere he was laid.
(15: 42-47)
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Rogier van der Weyden. The Descent from the Cross, (oil on panel), c. 1435-1438.Prado Museum, Madrid.
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Tomb of Jesus inside the Aedicule at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem.
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Garden Tomb in Jerusalem
Although the Church of the Holy Sepulcher has a greater claim to authenticityas the tomb of Jesus, the Garden Tomb (seen here) makes a much better visual
aid!Photography by Ana Maria Vargas
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Photography by Ana Maria Vargas
Golgotha, the Place of the Skull, opposite the Garden Tomb, Jerusalem
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A rolling stone, sealed the tomb.
Photography by Ana Maria Vargas
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Empty Garden Tomb: He is not here for he is risen.
Photography by Ana Maria Vargas
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Salvador Dali. Christ of St. John of the Cross [detail], (oil on canvas), 1951.Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow.
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1. Jesus was nailed to the cross for six hours, 9:00 AM to3:00 PM. Typically it would take 3-5 days for a person
to die of crucifixion. Why did Jesus die so quickly?
2. What crime did the other two men commit who were
crucified with Jesus?
3. Who should have been on the center cross?
4. Just prior to dying Jesus says, My God, my God, why
have you forsaken me. What did Jesus mean by this?
5. Who was responsible for Jesus crucifixion and death?
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Copyright 2014 by William C. Creasy
All rights reserved. No part of this courseaudio, video,
photography, maps, timelines or other mediamay be
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writing or a licensing agreement from the copyright holder.