1818thth Century Century SocietySociety

Social ClassesSocial Classes

First Estate: ClergyFirst Estate: Clergy Ownership of land (especially in Catholic Ownership of land (especially in Catholic

countries)countries) Tax exempt in most casesTax exempt in most cases Composed of members from all social classesComposed of members from all social classes

Second Estate: NobilitySecond Estate: Nobility Aristocrats (1-5% of the population)Aristocrats (1-5% of the population)

Hereditary titles on nobilityHereditary titles on nobility The most wealthy portion of societyThe most wealthy portion of society Often paid few taxesOften paid few taxes Land ownership (land = wealth)Land ownership (land = wealth)

Social ClassesSocial Classes

Third Estate: CommonersThird Estate: Commoners Peasants compose the largest groupPeasants compose the largest group

Agricultural workersAgricultural workers Tenant farming very commonTenant farming very common

TownspeopleTownspeople Urbanization: growth of towns and citiesUrbanization: growth of towns and cities Industrial revolution gave rise to a new Industrial revolution gave rise to a new

social class of urban workers (more on this social class of urban workers (more on this in Industrial Revolution unit)in Industrial Revolution unit)

Shopkeepers, artisans, etc.Shopkeepers, artisans, etc.

Social ClassesSocial Classes

Third Estate:Third Estate: Middle-Class also part of Third EstateMiddle-Class also part of Third Estate

Non-noblesNon-nobles Often have some degree of wealthOften have some degree of wealth Often businessmen or merchantsOften businessmen or merchants ““middling sort” or “bourgeoisie”middling sort” or “bourgeoisie”

Third Estate often carried the tax Third Estate often carried the tax burdenburden

Marriage and the FamilyMarriage and the Family

Western EuropeWestern Europe Nuclear family becomes the normNuclear family becomes the norm People waited until later in 20’s to People waited until later in 20’s to

marry and establish independent marry and establish independent householdshouseholds Average age of first marriage was 27Average age of first marriage was 27

Family sizes 5-6 membersFamily sizes 5-6 members Wealthy families often largerWealthy families often larger

Marriage and FamilyMarriage and Family

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Marriage before reaching 20’sMarriage before reaching 20’s Large, extended, multigenerational Large, extended, multigenerational

familiesfamilies Serfdom still practiced, which kept Serfdom still practiced, which kept

people tied to land for agricultural laborpeople tied to land for agricultural labor Early marriage and large families=more Early marriage and large families=more

laborlabor

WomenWomen Girls often taught homemaking skillsGirls often taught homemaking skills Some girls worked as servants in Some girls worked as servants in

wealthy homeswealthy homes Dowries common: woman’s family pays Dowries common: woman’s family pays

husband when marriage takes placehusband when marriage takes place Wives of businessmen would often work Wives of businessmen would often work

in the family businessin the family business Many professions did not allow women Many professions did not allow women

to participateto participate Those that did would pay lower wagesThose that did would pay lower wages

ChildrenChildren

High infant mortality ratesHigh infant mortality rates 20% die within first year of life20% die within first year of life

Wet nurses among the aristocracyWet nurses among the aristocracy Little emphasis on child-rearingLittle emphasis on child-rearing

In cases where families could not afford In cases where families could not afford to care for a child, infanticide may have to care for a child, infanticide may have been practiced and some babies were been practiced and some babies were abandonedabandoned Foundling Hospitals and orphanages createdFoundling Hospitals and orphanages created

EducationEducation

Literacy gradually increasingLiteracy gradually increasing Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment

helped encourage literacyhelped encourage literacy Formal education was typically restricted Formal education was typically restricted

largely to the wealthylargely to the wealthy Compulsory education was introduced in Compulsory education was introduced in

German states firstGerman states first Prussia in 1717Prussia in 1717 By late-1700’s, most other states had created By late-1700’s, most other states had created

rules for universal educationrules for universal education

The Grand TourThe Grand Tour

Travel became trendyTravel became trendy Literature attracted people to foreign Literature attracted people to foreign

placesplaces Elites would visit major citiesElites would visit major cities

London, Paris, Rome, etc.London, Paris, Rome, etc. Became known as the “Grand Tour”Became known as the “Grand Tour”

Cities improved lighting, public Cities improved lighting, public facilities and transportation systems facilities and transportation systems in an effort to encourage tourismin an effort to encourage tourism

Salons, Masonic Lodges, Salons, Masonic Lodges, and Academiesand Academies

Culture and learning was spread through Culture and learning was spread through various means during the 1700’svarious means during the 1700’s Salons: gatherings in the homes of wealthy Salons: gatherings in the homes of wealthy

womenwomen Masonic Lodges: Freemasons gathered in Masonic Lodges: Freemasons gathered in

support of reason, progress, and toleration; support of reason, progress, and toleration; often distrusted because of their secretive often distrusted because of their secretive naturenature

Academies of Learning and Science were Academies of Learning and Science were created to promote interest in sciencecreated to promote interest in science

Art and MusicArt and Music

Rococo (see ppt)Rococo (see ppt) Famous composersFamous composers

Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach George Frederick HandelGeorge Frederick Handel Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart

LiteratureLiterature Novels became popularNovels became popular

Themes of family life, love, marriage were commonThemes of family life, love, marriage were common Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe, Moll FlandersRobinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders Romanticism developed toward the end of the Romanticism developed toward the end of the

1700’s1700’s Celebrates emotion rather than logic, the power of Celebrates emotion rather than logic, the power of

mother nature, and inner passionmother nature, and inner passion William Wordsworth, famous poet associated with William Wordsworth, famous poet associated with

RomanticismRomanticism Johann von GoetheJohann von Goethe

Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress)Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress) Faust,Faust, the story of a man who makes a pact with the devil in the story of a man who makes a pact with the devil in

order to acquire all the knowledge of the worldorder to acquire all the knowledge of the world

ReligionReligion Formal religion was often criticized during Formal religion was often criticized during

the Enlightenment. Christianity did the Enlightenment. Christianity did experience a revival with the development of experience a revival with the development of Methodism and QuakerismMethodism and Quakerism Methodism:Methodism:

Founder: John WesleyFounder: John Wesley Very popular among lower classesVery popular among lower classes A “grass roots” approach to religionA “grass roots” approach to religion

Quakers:Quakers: Society of FriendsSociety of Friends Encouraged personal religious experiences, lack of Encouraged personal religious experiences, lack of

ceremony or formalityceremony or formality Became known for their spontaneous worship, even Became known for their spontaneous worship, even

allowing women to lead servicesallowing women to lead services Also known for their pacifist beliefs (opposed war)Also known for their pacifist beliefs (opposed war)

ReligionReligion

Originally a vital element of the Originally a vital element of the Catholic Counter Reformation, the Catholic Counter Reformation, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) eventually Society of Jesus (Jesuits) eventually fell with disfavor among monarchs in fell with disfavor among monarchs in EuropeEurope Eventually, their activities were Eventually, their activities were

suppressed and Jesuits lost their place suppressed and Jesuits lost their place in Catholic societyin Catholic society

ReligionReligion Jews were the most mistreated religious Jews were the most mistreated religious

group in Europegroup in Europe Anti-Semitism common throughout European Anti-Semitism common throughout European

historyhistory Eastern Europe had largest concentration of Eastern Europe had largest concentration of

Jewish communitiesJewish communities Most Western European nations had expelled Jews Most Western European nations had expelled Jews

during the Middle Agesduring the Middle Ages Enlightenment led to better treatment for Enlightenment led to better treatment for

Jews in some countries, but not in much of Jews in some countries, but not in much of Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Pogroms (attacks on Jewish communities) Pogroms (attacks on Jewish communities) became increasingly common, especially as became increasingly common, especially as nationalism began to grow in the 1800’s.nationalism began to grow in the 1800’s.