18 Technology Recombinant DDNA - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · Recombinant DNA technology is also...
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• PCR and the Arrival of Tuberculosis in America • Basic Concepts of Recombinant DNA Technology The Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology Working at the Molecular Level • Recombinant DNA Techniques Cutting and Joining DNA Fragments Viewing DNA Fragments Locating DNA Fragments with Southern Blotting and Probes Cloning Genes Finding Genes Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Amplify DNA Analyzing DNA Sequences • Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology Pharmaceuticals Specialized Bacteria Agricultural Products Oligonucleotide Drugs Genetic Testing Gene Therapy Gene Mapping DNA Fingerprinting Concerns About Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA Technology Disembarkation of the Spanish at Veracruz by Mexican artist Diego Rivera. Anthropologists have suggested that Europeans first transmitted tuberculosis to the Native Americans. The polymerase chain reaction — a technique for amplifying very small amounts of DNA — has now demonstrated the presence of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis in a 1000 year old mummy from Peru, demonstrating that the disease was present in South America long before Europeans arrived. (Diego Rivera, Disembarkation of the Spanish at Veracruz, 1951. Schalkwijk/Art Resource.) 18 PCR and the Arrival of Tuberculosis in America In the early 1600s, soon after Europeans arrived in the New World, devastating epidemics of tuberculosis ravaged many tribes of Native Americans. Anthropologists long argued that this disease was absent from the New World before 1492 and that Europeans first transmitted tuberculosis to the Native Americans. With no prior exposure to the disease and little natural immunity, the indigenous people would, it was argued, have been highly susceptible to tuberculosis. A few anthropologists challenged this conventional view. On the basis of tuberculosis-like lesions found in a few skeletons and mummified remains that pre-date European contact, they suggested that the disease was present in Native Americans before European contact. On the other hand, many diseases and even bacteria that gain access to the body after death can produce similar marks, and the origin of tuberculosis in America remained controversial. 507
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