18- McCoy - Advances in Molecular Marker Negative Screening

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Advances in Molecular Marker Negative Screening For Validation of Legionella Control In The Built Environment William F. McCoy Leah P. Wickenberg Katherine E. Fisher

Transcript of 18- McCoy - Advances in Molecular Marker Negative Screening

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Advances in Molecular Marker Negative Screening For Validation of 

Legionella ControlIn The Built Environment 

William F. McCoyLeah P. WickenbergKatherine E. Fisher

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Learning Objectives• Why Use A Molecular Marker Negative Screen for Legionella in 

building water samples?

• Why Use PCR?

• Understanding the Polymerase Chain Reaction

• Limitations

Katie Fisher

Leah Wickenberg

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Brand X PCR

Brand X PCR

Clipped From The Website Of A Recent New Product Introduction

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Sustainable Comprehensive Water Management Programs For The Built Environment

Documented, ongoing programs that optimize the total cost of building water 

systems by improving BOTH 

safety and efficiency

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Consensus As To Best Practice

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Learning ObjectivesWhy Use A Molecular Marker Negative Screen for Legionella in building water samples?

• To help confirm (validate) that Legionella has been controlled in the building water system by …

• ... rapid identification of samples that will be culture negative when conventional Legionella culture results are reported. 

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Example of Using the NextDay Legionella PCR Negative Screen In A Crisis Situation

Sample Date 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/4

NextDay PCR +ve(1 day)

88% 24% 21% 19% 10%

Total Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria >103 CFU/ml (3 days)

TimeZero® PVT Legionella >10 CFU/ml 

(3 days)

ISO Spread Plate Legionella > 1 CFU/ml

(10 days)

• Operational problem resulted in dark colored water throughout the healthcare facility• Water Management Team immediately restricted water use• Implemented bottled water consuming about 20,000 bottles per day• Immediately implemented emergency flushing program • Also tested for coliforms, Pseudomonas, lead, copper, iron, arsenic tested (data not shown)

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• By Day 3, THAB and TimeZero PVT Legionella results indicated water quality restored• Water quality improvements were the basis for WMT decision to keep the facility open• Lifted water restrictions by Day 5 before the first ISO spread plate results were even 

available

Sample Date 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/4

NextDay PCR +ve(1 day)

88% 24% 21% 19% 10%

Total Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria >103 CFU/ml (3 days)

0% 4% 1% 0% 1%

TimeZero® PVT Legionella >10 CFU/ml 

(3 days)

0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

ISO Spread Plate Legionella > 1 CFU/ml

(10 days)

Example of Using the NextDay Legionella PCR Negative Screen In A Crisis Situation

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• Conventional Legionella spread plate culture results confirmed early trends• 100,000 bottles of were consumed during the emergency• The cost and stress avoided by obtaining rapid, accurate and reliable water 

quality trends was substantial

Sample Date 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/4

NextDay PCR +ve(1 day)

88% 24% 21% 19% 10%

Total Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria >103 CFU/ml (3 days)

0% 4% 1% 0% 1%

TimeZero® PVT Legionella >10 CFU/ml 

(3 days)

0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

ISO Spread Plate Legionella > 1 CFU/ml

(10 days)

0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Example of Using the NextDay Legionella PCR Negative Screen In A Crisis Situation

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The What, When, and Why of PCR?What is PCR?

• Polymerase Chain Reaction• A molecular biology technique that harnesses a natural cellular 

process to amplify a target region of DNA several billionfold• The specific type of PCR being used is real time PCR (same as 

qPCR)When to use PCR?

• To analyze samples at a genetic level and obtain results rapidly • To enhance or replace culture‐based microbiological screening 

methodsWhy PCR?

• Rapid, comprehensive screen of the genetic material in a sample• Signal is very specific and sensitive providing reliable low limits of 

detection

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What is the Target?

A VERY specific sequence of Legionella DNA

Our target is a region in the Legionella DNA for a gene (called the 16S ribosomal RNA gene) that makes part of the protein synthesizing organelle – the ribosome

This target allows us to screen for 21 Legionella species in a single reaction tube

ribosome

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• DNA‐ deoxyribonucleic acid• Nucleotides‐ free building blocks of DNA (4 different molecules)• Polymerase‐ enzyme that performs the addition of new nucleotides to 

DNA• Primers‐ short sequences of DNA that initiate binding the target to the 

polymerase– Primers are specific to the target

• Probes‐ Fluorescent molecules that emit light at a specific wavelength after amplification of the target is complete

• Thermocycler‐ Instrument that heats and cools reaction tubes quickly and efficiently to facilitate the PCR

• Reaction Buffer‐ Contains necessary chemical components to facilitate optimum conditions for PCR. 

Elements of the PCR

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NextDay Legionella PCRWhat Did We Innovate ?

• Faster more efficient DNA extraction and purification protocol ‐ P.U.R.E.®

• Evaluated PCR amplification and detection methods– Different method of detection‐ switched from older dye method to an advanced probe method

– Different target‐ which gives us a more comprehensive coverage of the genus Legionella

• Integrated into online comprehensive validation test result reporting system through phiMetrics

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P.U.R.E.® Legionella DNA Extraction Protocol

• P.U.R.E.® ‐ Phigenics Ultra Rapid DNA Extraction protocol

• A proprietary protocol developed and optimized by the Phigenics Research and Innovations Laboratory at the Nevada Center for Applied Research in Reno, NV– Optimized for building water samples

• P.U.R.E.® makes it possible for the Phigenics Analytical Service Lab to return next day PCR results for EVERY sample

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P.U.R.E.®DNA Extraction and Purification Protocol 

LyseSeparateWashResuspend

PCR MixTemplate, dNTPs, Buffer(with MgCl2)Add Taq polymerase last

AmplifyHeat – 95CAnneal‐ 45‐60CAmplify‐ 72CRepeat‐ 40‐50 cycles

Phigenics NextDay LegionellaPCR with P.U.R.E.®

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What is the Polymerase?• It is an ENZYME• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

• The function of polymerase is to replicate DNA• The Taq polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus because it is 

functional even in boiling water!

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Methods of Target Detection

“Old” Dye– Non‐specific reporter– Needs additional post run data analysis for confirmation

– All samples need to be run in duplicate

– External plate controls only

“Advanced” Probe– Specific reporter for a genus level Legionella screen

– Software that completes all analysis within minutes of the run ending

– Replicates are not required– Internal and external controls

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Examples of Analytical Differences

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Detection of the Target

Threshold

CFU/ml

CFU/ml

CFU/ml

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Species Detected Probe* Dye

Number of Legionella species detectable

21 16

Throughput (samples/day)

2.5x x

Comparison Testing

• Probe method with P.U.R.E.® is more comprehensive because more species of Legionella are detectable 

• Sample throughput is more than doubled using the new protocol

* with P.U.R.E.®

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• Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of true negative values compared to results from ISO spread plates. NPV is the probability that a negative NextDay Legionella PCR result will be culture negative also

• In 1,289 building water samples tested with both methods, the probe method with P.U.R.E.® performed as well or better. 

Water Sample Type

Probe*NPV

DyeNPV

Combined 99% 98%

Potable 99% 99%

Utility 100% 94%

Comparison Testing

* with P.U.R.E.®

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SummaryBenefits

• Reliable results, next day• ≥99% Negative Predictive Value 

when compared to the standard culture methods

• More accurate and more comprehensive than older, conventional PCR detection methods

• P.U.R.E.® – optimized for water samples– provides Next Day results for EVERY 

sample

Limitation

• No differentiation between viable, non‐viable or viable but not culturable (VBNC) Legionella

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THANK YOU!

If you have any additional questions feel free to email us at [email protected]@phigenics.com