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06 April 2015 | Features, Other Lists | by Anthony Crossland

A film movement is a wave of films usually following a particular trend in cinema of the time. Most trending movements but influence world cinema. These films have cultural origins usually influenced by national tragedy, popular culture, or

Experimental techniques can be used to create the innovating filming styles. Boundaries in editing are also pushed to ththese films a unique identity. These innovating films impact Hollywood and are very important in not only the history butcinema.

1. German Expressionism

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During the First World War, foreign films were not allowed into Germany. A result that would help grow the German filmthe German economy was struggling. Instead of vacations, people began to go to the cinema, which was a cheap way to the golden age of Hollywood caused by the great depression.

The films were silent and in black and white due to the era. Sometime filmmakers tinted some scenes in a colour such adifferent mood. The art design, style of the actors and use of shadows made the films look surreal, similar to the surreaBecause of the experimentation in art, its speculative that a lot of filmmakers and artists in Europe were experimenting

Sadly some of the films from this time are lost. Studios didnt preserve films in secure temperature controlled warehousDocumentation and photographs confirm these films once existed. One of the most famous German expressionist filmsFritz Lang), had been restored, however in 2005 a reel with more footage was found in New Zealand and in 2008 anothBuenos Aires, Argentina. The last restoration was in 2010.

Major Figures:

F.W. MurnauFritz LangG.W. PabstRobert Wiene

Notable Films in existence today:

Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror (1922 dir. F.W. Murnau)The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920 dir. Robert Wiene)The Golem: How He Came into the World (1920 dir. Carl Boese and Paul Wegenar)Metropolis (1927 dir. Fritz Lang)M (1931 dir. Fritz Lang)Pandoras Box (1929 dir. G.W. Pabst)

German Expressionism was killed off when the Nazi regime took power but its influence would live on. Frtiz Lang and Fwork in Hollywood. The traits of German expressionism can be seen in Alfred Hitchcocks early silent work. Many of Timthought to be modern expressionism.

Werner Herzog directed Nosferatu the Vampyre in 1979 as a tribute to Nosferatu and in 2000 the making of F.W. Murnfictionalized into the film: Shadow of the vampire. Metropolis inspired the art direction on futurist films such as BladeRidley Scott) as well as others.

George Lucas also took inspiration from Metropolis for THX 1138 (1971) and Star wars. In 1984 music producer GiorgMetropolis. The New restoration was colourized and rescored with 1980s pop music.

Metropolis was even adapted into a manga and in 2001 a feature length anime film titled Metropolis was adapted from Coppola wanted to do a live action remake but has since abandoned the project after several attempts.

Its very possible that these films will continue to not only inspire but also even be remade. And theres still the hope thafilms will resurface somewhere in the world. Thankfully The Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation will be active in contiimportant films.


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I was called the greatest director in Europe, but I was just a hard worker. Fritz Lang

Check out our essential German Expressionism film list.

2. French New Wave

Young film critics in the late 1950s writing for Cahiers du cinema, had a wide knowledge of films and were growing tiresmonotonousness industry. Keen on innovation, they got to work. The group consisted of friends and help out one anothchanging cinema. Other French filmmakers soon followed.

The films had low budgets but were stylized with tracking shots, fast pans and handheld camera work and most famousand Hollywood worked on a formula of editing. The French new wave broke the rules and would jump cut scenes to chathe film more energy.

Major Figures:

Francois TruffautJean-Luc GodardEric RohmerClaude ChabrolJacques Rivette

Notable Films:

The 400 Blows (1959 dir. Francois Truffaut)Jules and Jim (1962 dir. Francois Truffaut)Breathless (1960 dir. Jean-Luc Godard)Le beau Serge (1958 dir. Claude Chabrol)Sign of Leo (1962 dir. Eric Rohmer)Paris Belongs to Us (1961 dir. Jacques Rivette)

French new wave didnt die but evolved and changed film editing. Some modern Hollywood films now feature jump cutsa modernised American remake but was met with mix reviews. However, Quentin Tarantino is a fan of the remake and production company A Band Apart films which is a play on words of the French new wave film, Bande a part (1964 dir

Jean-Luc Godard continues to make films in a similar style but unfortunately the once innovating filmmaker has progresMarxist ideology and xenophobia towards Americans.

The film of tomorrow will not be directed by civil servants of the camera, but by artists for whom shooting a film constituthrilling adventure. Francois Traffaut

Check out our essential French New Wave film list.

3. New Hollywood


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In the 1960s, the United States was radically changing. The old Hollywood studio system had set formulas for filmmakincompete with television sitcoms of the time. And with the war in Vietnam and race riots, people grew tired of films like THollywood was loosing money and filmmakers who had gone to film school and watched foreign films started directing

There was no set style, just influences from foreign films. These films were not for the entire family. Promiscuous sex, dviolence became apart of these films. The films didnt have glamorous aesthetics and were gritty.

Major Figures:

Martin ScorseseTerrence MalickJohn CassavetesFrancis Ford CoppolaMike NicholsArthur Penn

Notable Films:

Taxi Driver (1976 dir. Martin Scorsese)Dog Day Afternoon (1975 dir. Sidney Lumet)Easy Rider (1969 dir. Dennis Hopper)The Graduate (1967 dir. Mike Nichols)Bonnie and Clyde (1967 dir. Arthur Penn)Midnight Cowboy (1969 dir. John Schlesinger)Two-Lane Blacktop (1971 dir. Monte Hellman)Badlands (1973 dir. Terrence Malick)The Deer Hunter (1978 dir. Michael Cimino)The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976 dir. John Cassavetes)The Conversation (1974 dir. Francis Ford Coppola)

New Hollywood pushed both American independent and Hollywood films. Hollywood continues to make a few great thoeach year and take influence from world cinema as well as influencing films across the world. American new wave nevenew.

You dont make pictures for Oscars. Martin Scorsese

Check out our essential New Hollywood film list.

4. Italian Neo-Realism


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After the Second World War Italy was in ruins. With an attitude that began to hate happy go luck films from Hollywood, fpoetic realism films.

These films wouldnt be afraid to show realistic and gritty locations. The stories didnt need to have a happy ending. Povjoys and sadness were seen as realistic and thats what was portrayed.

Major Figures:

Federico FelliniRoberto RosselliniVittorio De SicaLuchino Visconti

Notable Films:

Rome, Open City (1945 dir. Roberto Rossellini)The Bicycle Thieves (1948 dir. Vittorio De Sica)I Vitelloni (1953 Federico Fellini)Umberto D. (1952 dir. Vittorio De Sica)La Terra Trema (1948 dir. Luchino Visconti)

The Italian neo realist filmmakers continued working in the Italian film industry and later were involved with co-productiowave artists whom they had helped inspire.

A big fan of Neo realism is Martin Scorsese who not only made a documentary about neo realism but also has made mgritty films inspired by neo realism. Italian neo realism has helped the French new wave and new Hollywood and contincinema.

Ive lost all my money on these films. They are not commercial. But Im glad to lose it this way. To have for a souvenir oUmberto D. and The Bicycle Thief. - Vittorio De Sica

Check out our essential Italian Neo-Realism film list.

5. Cinema du look


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The 1980s culture changed a lot. Video games, fashion, adverts and music videos became very important in 1980s andEven with government support to help boost Frances film industry, filmmakers still had to work their way up on heavily music videos and adverts. Three young stylised French directors made films which critics began calling a movement of

Style was used to make the films look good. Most films were very colourful just as the current adverts or music videos wmovements before were focused on story, these filmmakers wanted to make their films look cool and their charters at tistars. Modern pop culture was interweaved and dramatic looks were abandoned.

Major Figures:

Jean-Jacques BeineixLuc BessonLeos Carax

Notable films:

Betty Blue (1986 dir. Jean-Jacques Beineix)Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (1991 dir. Leos Carax)Leon: The Professional (1994 dir. Luc Besson)La Femme Nikta (1990 dir. Luc Besson)

The words cinema du look can be used for films today. Bright looking films have seemed to not only have great posterssell story driven dramas however Star treks lens flares is not where cinema du look lives on. Spike Lees Do the Right example.

Its possible that it was either influenced by the on going movement or took similar inspirations for style. Do the Right Tlater films in the movement like Leos Caraxs Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (1991). Luc Besson continues to make films anwonderful ascetics.

I think we have the wrong notion of commercial and intellectual or artistic film. Because all films are commercial. Luc

Check out our essential Cinema du look film list.

6. Dogme 95


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Dogme 95 is one of the few movements to have an official set of rules documented in a manifesto. The Manifesto was wdirectors Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg. Dogma, as in a set of principles and the number 95 as in the year.

It was an update of a 1954 article wrote by French new wave director Francois Traffaut. All films had to be approved to the Dogme 95. Although dogma 95 started in Denmark the movement was worldwide.

The style was set from the rules known as the vow of chastity. But rules were broken and confessions were made. Onwas to only use 35mm film, which was then changed to videotape. Films were shot handheld without filters and althougoccasions, the rules said to shoot on location, with no added sound, lights or props. That caused these films have somestyle.

As for story, genre movies were a no no and so were superficial actions like murder. The other rules stated that the telliwas set in was forbidden and so was the director to be credited. Although the secret is out and we now know which dire

Major Figures:

Lars von TrierThomas Vinterberg

Notable Films:

Dogma 1 The Celebration (Denmark 1998 dir. Thomas Vinterberg)Dogma 2 The Idiots (Denmark 1998 dir. Lars von Triee)Dogma 4 The king is Alive (Denmark 2001 dir. Kristian Levring)Dogma 6 Julien Donkey-Boy (USA 1999 dir. Harmony Korine.

The movement is now over as of 2005 but the filmmakers around the world that took part have moved on and keep mahand held shots and documentary style films are more popular. One important thing dogme 95 taught us was that a goolow budget, something that has inspired new and veteran filmmakers.

Basically, Im afraid of everything in life, except filmmaking. Lars von Trier


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26 Comments

John Davidsson not sure that there is a name for the likes of Takashi Miike, Takeshi Kitano, Shin'ya Tsukamoto, Shion Fukasaku =) Japanese Extreme

ds I've seen a lot from this movement but I don't know how it is called. Miike and Sono, great direc

Ivan Penchev The Polish Film School is also missing - Ashes and Diamonds, the Red, White and Blue Trilogy, The DVeronique, etc.

gustavomda Brazilian Cinema Novo, anyone?

Chankya Which movies would you recommend?

gustavomda Black God White Devil, Land in Anguish, The Turning Wind, Barren Lives, How Tasty WFrenchman, The Unscrupulous Ones, The Guns, Antonio das Mortes, Macunaima, TheMaioria Absoluta, A Opinio Pblica, The Heirs, Viramundo, All the Women in the Worldon ;)

Mohamed Fawzy I know how controversial this is, but I believe 'Mumblecore' is worthy of a spot up there, not for its influlike paving the road for a new culture of cinema and filmmaking at the dawn of the digital revolution.

Ivan Penchev Am I the only one surprised the Czechoslovak New Wave isn't represented here? The Sun in a Net, LoShop on Main Street, Closely Watched Trains, Daisies, A Report on the Party and the Guests, The FirValerie and Her Week of Wonders, and Marketa Lazarova are just some of the many great films to commovement.

ofcourseyouforgot Blaxploitation films, hello???

Dbakeca Italia interesting articles

Sourav Deb


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