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Modern Taxonomy

A. Classification

B. Phylogenetic Trees

C. Classification Schemes

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A. Classification

1. Aristotle Failedclassification system

a. Plants herbs, shrubs,trees

b. Animals land, sea, air

2. Carolus Linnaeus developed asystem of hierarchy usinglevels called taxons(groups)_

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Kingdom (country)

Phylum (state)

Class (county)

Order (town)

Family (hood)

Genus (street)

Species (crib)

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia,

Primates, Hominidae, Homo,

sapiens

(Subspecies, varieties, strains)_

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3. Taxonomy science of identifying,naming, and classifying organismsbased on similar characteristics

4. Binomial nomenclature- namingorganisms by their Genus and

species (detailed, unique,universal)

a. Genus (plural genera) genericname for closely relatedspecies

b. species identifier descriptiveterm

Tsuga canadensis Canadian hemlock

Branta canadensis Canadian goose_

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B. Phylogenetic Trees

1. Classification can be used toidentify evolutionaryrelationships (Systematics)

a. Embryo development

b. DNA / amino acids

c. Molecular evidence

d. Homologous structures

2. Cladistics- modernclassification system basedon derived characters_

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B. Phylogenetic Trees

3. Each group or clad beginswith a derived characterthat evolved in one speciesand contains all of thedescendents of that species

4. Often there are clads withina clad_

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5. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

a. Protostomes Determinate cleavage

Ex. Arthropods (mostanimals)

b. Deuterostomes Indeterminate cleaveage

Ex. Sea Star and Humans

(Echinoderms andChordates)_

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C. Classification Schemes

1. Two kingdom

a. Vegetabilia

b. Animalia

Euglena?

2. Five kingdom system

a. Animalia (multicellularheterotrophs)

b. Plantae (multicellularautotrophs except

algae)c. Protista (Mainly

unicellular eukaryotes)

d. Monera (prokaryotes)

e. Fungi (multicellularheterotrophs with cell wall)_

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3. Three domains based onmolecular differences inrRNA, cell walls and cellmembranes in Archaea

a. Domain Archaea

(KingdomArchaebacteria)

b. Domain Bacteria(Kingdom Eubacteria)

c. Domain Eukarya

(other 4 kingdoms)_

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THE END