1750-1870, the early stages of Imperialism

Africa and Asia

Southern Africa: Zulu kingdom

Shaka created the kingdom (and eventually, culture) as a result of conflict over grazing and farming lands

Shaka expanded the kingdom with fierce military power, raiding neighbors, seizing cattle, capturing women and children and inspiring fierce loyalty from his people

This movement created refugees in surrounding areas, some of whom created their own states (Swazi, Lesotho)

New African States

Western Africa: Sokoto CaliphateIslamic reform movements created powerful

statesRural people had been slow to accept Islam, so

Muslim rulers scholars began to preach the need for real Muslim practices

Jihad was declared, acquiring new lands, enforcing Islamic law in these places

The Sokoto Caliphate was the largest of these new West African states

These new states became centers of learning for Muslim boys

Sokoto slave trade carried 10,000 slaves a year, mostly women and children

New African States

Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt after Napoleon from 1805-1848

His main goal was to give Egypt the military strength to resist further domination by Europe

He used European experts to help him modernizeReforms included:

Increased agricultural production, modern government system, modern army, European-style school system

To pay for these things, Egyptians were forced to grow cotton for profit; the demand on the peasants was high

He did not get rid of Islamic traditions; i.e., he revived many Islamic classics by translating manuals into Arabic, renewing interest in the language

By the end of Muhammad’s reign, the population of Egypt had doubled, trade with Europe expanded 600%, new educated Egyptian class rose

Modernization in Egypt

Europeans were first interested in finding the source of Africa’s great rivers, finding places for Christian missionaries to visit, and discovering raw materials to exploit (a sign of things to come)

France in Algeria: The French invaded and lost, but the war raged on for 18 years

anywaysExploration in West Africa along the Niger River

The slave trade had contributed greatly to the increase in the value of trade on the Atlantic

In the 1790s a successful slave revolt in Saint Domingue helped end the slave trade.

Humanitarians and reformers called for the end of the slave trade In 1808 Great Britain and the U.S. ended the formal slave trade African’s expanded “legitimate” trade—palm oil was successful The social structure of the west coast economies was greatly

altered End of slave trade increase Western influence in Africa—British

anti-slave ports, Liberia, more missionaries

European Curiosity in Africa

A brief scuffle for India at the end of a declining Mughal Empire (Iran, France) saw Britain win the big prize

At first the British East India Company controlled the subcontinent, little by little—major ports of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay

The population of India was huge (more than all of Europe and colonies) and the British raj created a familiar model of government

Main policies of British government:Powerful and efficient governmentDisarm civilians, make them into farmers of cotton/raw

materials for England’s textile industryFree reign for Christian missionariesUse of “traditions” to link past and present, mostly to

display honor to British rulers

India Under British Rule

Effects of British Rule on India