173F: Intercultural Competence Final Study Guide
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Transcript of 173F: Intercultural Competence Final Study Guide
Chapter 7: Verbal Communication
I. The Power of Language in Intercultural Communication
II. Definition of Verbal Codes & Rules: a. The Features of Language
i. Verbal Code: a set of rules about the use of words in the creation of messages
b. Rule Systems in Verbal Codesi. Phonology: combing phonemes – basic sound units of a
languageii. Morphology: for combining morphemes, smallest units of
meaningiii. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words
1. Denotative: public, objective, and legal meanings of a word
2. Connotative personal, emotionally charged, private, and specific to a person, subjective
iv. Syntactics: the relationship of words to one another - sequence
v. Pragmatics: the effect of language of human perceptions and behaviors – focuses on how language is actually used
c. Interpretation & Intercultural Comm.i. Difference between Translation and Interpretation
1. Translation: transfer of written verbal codes between languages
2. Interpretation: the oral process of moving from one code to another
ii. The role of interpretation in today’s worldiii. Types of Equivalence: is accurate interpretation possible?
1. Vocabulary equivalence – to establish, the interpreter seeks a word in the target language that has the same meaning in their own language.
2. Idiomatic equivalence – trying to understand the intended meanings of idiomatic expressions and to translate them into the other language.
3. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence – verb tense in Hopi language nonexistent vs U.S.
4. Experiential Equivalence – differing life experiences5. Conceptual equivalence (refers to how different
cultures define reality)III. Language, Thought, & Culture:
a. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity;
i. Ver 1. – Firmer view – Language determines the way we think. Like a prison
ii. Ver. 2 – Softer view – Language shapes how people think/experience their world.
b. Variations in linguistic grammarsi. Words: For showing respect and the nature of the relationship
ii. Pronouns: The capitalize “I” English and other languagesiii. Linguistic relativity and intercultural communication:
1. Language shapes and influences thoughts/actions
c. Language & Intercultural Communicationi. Ethnic group identity and dominance
1. Language plays an active role in relationship.ii. Alternative versions of languages
1. Dialects: versions of a language2. Accents: differences in pronunciation3. Jargon: words shared in a profession4. Argot: language of gang members
iii. Code Switching: refers to the selection of the language to be used in a particular convo
IV. Verbal Codes & Intercultural Competencea. Study another language.b. Learn about other language grammatical features.c. Motivation to want to learn about other cultures.d. Know that you may fail.
Ch. 8: Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
I. Definition of Nonverbal Codesa. A multichannel process that is usually performed spontaneously and
subconsciously… b. Nonverbal codes and verbal codes are inseparably linked together
II. Defining Nonverbal Codesa. Characteristics of Nonverbal Codes
i. Is a silent language ii. Continuous and natural
iii. There are not dictionaries of formal sets of rules…iv. Is less precisev. Multifunctional
vi. Multichannel: NV messages can occur in a variety of ways simultaneously.
b. Relationship of Nonverbal to Verbal Comm.i. Accent
ii. Complement
iii. Contradictiv. Regulatev. Substitute
III. Cultural Universal in Nonverbal Comm. (Varona disagrees!)a. Shoulder shrug (I don’t know…Idc) b. Facial expressions andc. The need to be territorial
IV. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Comm.: Body Movements, Space, Touch, Time, Voice, Others... a. NOTE: Nonverbal communication must be interpreted in the context
of the culture in which it occurs! i. Cultures differ in the specific behaviors that are enacted. Ex:
body positionsii. Cultures have unique sets of display rules for nonverbal
behaviors (what is required, preferred, permitted, or prohibited)
iii. Cultures vary in the interpretations or meanings of nonverbal behaviors…
1. Types of interactions: random, idiosyncratic, sharedb. Nonverbal repertoires (rules and interpretations) are NOT TAUGHT
VERBALLY. V. Nonverbal Messages in Intercultural Comm.
a. Kinesics (Body movements)i. Emblems: nonverbal behaviors that have a direct verbal
counterpart (good-bye – waving) ii. Illustrators: NV behaviors that are directly tied to, or
accompany a verbal messageiii. Affect displays: facial and body movements that show feelings
and emotions (expressions of happiness/sadness)iv. Regulators: NV behaviors that help to synchronize the back-
and-forth nature of conversations.1. Mmm, nodding, eye contact, postural shifts2. Regulators used by speakers to indicate whether others
should take a turn, etc. v. Adaptors: personal body movements that occur as a reaction to
an individual’s physical or psychological state1. Scratching an itch, fidgeting, tapping pencil, twisting
hair, biting nails 2. Performed unintentionally, mindlessly
b. Proxemics (space): Hall’s 4 Spatial Zones – High-low contexti. How people differ in their use of personal space
ii. Territorality: 1) cultures can differ in the general degree of territoriality that its members tend to exhibit
c. Haptics (Touch)i. Used for playfulness, means of control, for ritual purposes,
task-related (passing something)
d. Chronemics (Time) – monochromic/polychromice. Vocalics: pitch, rate, volumef. Others
i. Chemicalii. Dermal
iii. Physicaliv. Artifactual code systems
VI. Synchrony of Nonverbal Comm. Codesa. Cultures train members to synchronize various nonverbal behaviors…b. This synchronization forms a response pattern of the culture…c. Variations in response patterns are clearly noticed.d. Competent nonverbal behavior require appropriate coordination
i. Ex: actorsVII. Nonverbal Comm. and Intercultural Competence
a. The rules and norms that govern nonverbal comm, are both cultural-specific and learned unconsciously.
b. Nonverbal comm. Operates largely outside of one’s conscious awareness.
c. Monitoring one’s emotional reactions to differences in nonverbal behaviors alerts a person to the interpretations he or she is making.
d. Observe general tendencies in nonverbal behavior of different cultural groups.
e. One can practice ability to observe, evaluate, and behave in effective ways during intercultural encounters.
Ch. 9: The Effects of Code Usage in Intercultural Communication
I) Preferences in the Organization of Verbal Codesa) Cultures have distinct organizational preferences.
USA JAPAN HINDIDirectSpecificExplicit
IndirectionImplication
Digression (saying circular things about the topic w/o implying or being direct)
Linear Stepping Stone CircularSpeaker-responsible Listener-responsibleRude and aggressive Confusing
ImpreciseIllogicalDisorganizedUnclear
b) Organizational preferences in Englishc) Organizational preferences in other Languages
II) Cultural Variations in Persuasion
Cultures differ in what is evidence, logic, and in persuasive styles.
USA Other Cultures Physical evidence and eyewitness
accounts Quasilogical Style: Statistics
Testimonial accounts
In some African Cultures to speak out is regarded as suspicion
Presentational Style: emotional appeals –pathos
Analogical Style: stories, parables, and analogiesEx: Jesus
a) Quasilogical style: resembles formal logic. Connect evidence to persuasive conclusion.
b) Presentation Style: it is understood that people, rather than the idea itself is persuasive, uses language, rhythmic qualities,
c) Analogical style: seeks to establish an idea/conclusion thru stories/fables i) Assumption that the collective experience of groups of ppl/culture
rather than the ideas are persuasive.
III)Cultural Variations in the Structure of ConversationsAll convos differ on a number of important dimensions: how long one talks, the nature o the relationship between the conservants, the kinds of topics discussed.
a) Value of talk and silence p.216i) Euro-Americans/African Americans: spoken word is seen as reflection of
person’s inner thoughts .(1) Legal oaths(2) Silence: awkwardness, embarrassment, disapproval, shyness, lack of
verbal skillsii) vs. Japanese, Chinese
b) Rules for conversationsi) Lengthii) Turn takingiii) Kind of topicsiv) The way information is presentedv) What shows interestvi) The nature of the relationship between the conversants
c) Rules of Conversations (2) p.220Cultural Variations in Conversational Style
(Gudykunst & Tiny-Toomey dimensions)
Elaborate (Latino/Arab- frequent use of metaphors, fig language) ---
Succinct (long pauses, understatement) Personal (individual is center of action) --- Contextual (emphasis on social
roles that ppl have in relationships w others) Instrumental (comm is goal-oriented, depends on explicit, verbal messages)
--- Affective (emotionalm require sensitivity to the underlying meanings)
IV)Effects of Code Usage on Intercultural Competencea) Just knowing the syntactic rules of other languages is not enough.b) Understand that other cultures may organize their ideas, persuade others,
and structure conversations differently.c) Look for differences in how people from other cultures converse and use
logic.d) Avoid dismissing differences as illogical, irrational, or wrong.
Ch. 10: Intercultural Competence in Interpersonal Relationships
I. Cultural Variations in Interpersonal Relationshipsa. Types of Interpersonal Relationships
i. Stranger: be friendly, be helpful vs. no obligation, no relation1. Collective: Stranger: “They’re not in my in-group.”2. Individualistic: “Treat all strangers the same.”3. Ex: Korea – IDC, US – fear strangers
ii. Acquaintance: someone you know, but only casually1. Superficial interactions
iii. Friend1. Friendships are voluntary 2. European: friends, allies, neighbors – individ3. S. Africans: brothers, sisters4. Differs: whom is a friend, how long friendship lasts,
iv. Romantic Partners1. EU: dating casually2. Spain: dating more serious3. India: arranged marriages by parents
v. Family1. Ex: nuclear family includes extended family vs. nuclear
family ONLY2. How the family is defined, formality of roles,
importance of family in personal decisions, etc.
b. Dimensions of Interp. Relationships p.231
People throughout world use 3 primary dimensions to interpret interpersonal messages:
i. Control: involves status or social dominance1. the way supervisors can touch subordinates, how you
address teacher, CEO need more personal space2. Indonesia: speak Balinese which reflects their caste
ii. Affiliation: used to interpret the degrees of friendliness, social warmth that is communicated.
1. Ex: close physical proximity, touching, smiling, friendly tone of voice
2. High- contact cultures: stand closer, fewer barriers, warmer climates,
iii. Activation: refers to the way people react to the world around them
1. Some react to things very excitedly, some very calm or peaceful.
2. Thais, Malays neutralize their emotions in convos whereas Iranians are very emotionally expressive.
c. Dynamics of Interp. Relationshipsi. Autonomy-connection dialectic (desire for
separation/connection)ii. Novelty-predictability dialectic (desire for change/stability)
iii. Openness-closedness dialectic (desire to share/withhold info)
II. The Maintenance of Face in Interp. Relationshipsa. Face (everyone has desire to maintain face.)
i. Is the public (social) expression of one’s inner selfii. Is the favorable social impression that an individual wants
othersiii. Only meaningful when considered in relation to others in
social networkb. Three types of face needs: p.236
i. For control: autonomy (personal authority), freedom1. In control of one’s own fate, freedom of action
ii. For approval: honest, respectable
1. Related to ppl’s need for others to know their friendliness and honesty
iii. For admiration: capabilities, accomplishments1. For others to respect, acknowledge their talents, skills
Facework refers to the actions taken to deal with the face-needs of oneself and others. (Face-threats: control, affiliation, culture-specific: cultures make unique assessments about the degree to which particular actions are inherently threatening to one’s face.)
III. Improving Intercultural Relationshipsa. DEFINE: Uncertainty & Anxiety Management
1. Uncertainty: refers to the extent to which a person lacks the knowledge…to understand and predict the intentions and behaviors of others.
2. Anxiety: refers to an individual’s degree of emotional tension and inability to cope with change (due to lack of knowledge)
ii. Causes1. Expectations about further interactions (wanting to
know more about a person or not based on seeing one another in future)
2. The incentive value:a. Perceived likelihood that the other person can
fulfill various needs that you have, you benefit b. if you will benefit lots, want to know more
3. The degree of deviance from what you have been expecting
a. When a person is acts deviant, anxiety and uncertainty level is high – b/c unpredictable.
iii. Positive/Negative Consequences1. Expectancy Violations Theory: All behaviors that differ
from expectations will increase uncertainty in interaction.
a. Positivei. Emotional: include increased levels of
self-disclosure, heightened interpersonal attraction, increase in intimacy behaviors, more frequent nonverbal displays of emotion
ii. Informational: facts or inferences about their culture, increased accuracy in
judgments made about their beliefs, values, norms
iv. Strategies to reduce uncertainty avoidance1. Make an accurate assessment about many kinds of info:
a. Individ characterisics of person you interact withb. Social episodes that are typical of the particular
setting c. Specific roles playedd. Rules of interaction that govern what people
say/do
b. Cultural Variations on Self-Disclosurei. Breadth: range of topics
ii. Depth: degree of “personalness”iii. Valence: positive/negativeiv. Timing: when the disclosure occursv. Target: to whom self-disclosure info is given
c. Conflict: Handling Differences in Intercultural Settings
Collectivistic Individualistic Person-oriented Group-oriented Indirect, non-confrontational Face and relationship orientation Implicit communication codes
Task or issue-centered Individual-oriented Direct, confrontational Action and solution orientation Explicit
IV. Intercultural competence requires:a. Knowledge, motivation, skillsb. Appropriate/effective behaviorsc. Willingness to understand the face needs of people from other
cultures, try alternate relational dynamics
Chapter 11: Episodes, Contexts, and Intercultural Interactions
I. Social Episodes in Intercultural Relationshipsa. The Nature of Social Episodes
i. Are interaction sequences that are repeated over and over again
ii. Are very repetitive, predictable, and routine behaviors
iii. Participants generally know what to expect, how to behave, what to say, and how to interpret the actions/intentions of others
iv. Ex: Class as a studentv. (give info on how to interpret verbal/nonverbal symbols of the
interactants
b. 5 Components of Social Episodes p.252i. Cultural Patterns: shared judgments about what the world is
and what it should be, and widely held expectations on how ppl should behave
1. The behaviors’ interpretations vary greatly, depending on the cultural patterns the person/culture has – Chinese vs. Aussie
ii. Social Roles: set of expected behaviors associated with people in a particular position
1. In many episodes, you play clearly defined roles that guide you in how to act/behave – your expectations of your role’s appropriate behaviors
2. Even so, role varies widely between culture iii. Rules of Interaction: provide a predictable pattern or structure
to social episodes and give relationships a sense of coherence1. Include aspects of what to wear, what’s acceptable to
talk about, sequence of events (main course or salad first)
2. Ex: ok to talk about work at dinner (US) or not (France)iv. Interaction Scenes: are made up of the recurring, repetitive
topics that people talk about in social conversations.1. Ex: talk about health/weather or business or latest
news2. Varies between cultures 3. Extent of time spent on a topic varies too (what u did,
get to know you)v. Interaction contexts: are the settings or situations within
which social episodes occur1. Contexts impose a frame, a guide of what actions mean
what, what behaviors are expected
II. Contexts for Intercultural Communicationa. The Health Care Context
i. Cultural Patterns affect how people see and understand health care...
ii. Three general approaches: p.2591. Magical-religious (or personalistic): health and
illness are closely linked to supernatural forcesa. Bc of good/evil, karma,
b. To treat: treatment directed towards soothing, removing problematic forces. Healers. (African & Asian cultures)
2. Holistic (naturalistic): humans desire to maintain a sense of harmony with the forces of nature
a. Emphasize illness when there’s imbalance inside body, not good health.
b. Some illnesses thought to be affected by larger social, political, and environment
c. Wind, weatherd. Often explain illness in terms of person’s
relationship to naturee. Native Americansf. Ex: Yin Yang – harmony and balance
3. Biomedical (Western): ppl are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces
a. Disease occurs when part of body breaks downb. Doctors target biochemical problem affecting
broken partiii. Family and Gender Roles p. 261
1. Some cultures focus on health of whole family, US just the individual
2. Certain females uncomf taking off clothes to male doctors
iv. Intercultural Competence of professionals...
b. The Educational ContextCultural patterns influence people's expectations about:
a) Learning stylesb) Teaching Stylesc) Evaluation stylesd) Classroom behaviorse) The role of the family
c. The Business Context p. 274Cultural patterns influence people's expectations about:
a. Communication Stylesi. Indiv: single person
ii. Collect: group of repsb. Decision making stylesc. Reward systems expectations
i. Individual recognition or group support/solidarity
d. Gender expectations p. 282i. Either bluntly saying it (US) or saying it formally
in writing subtly (Japan)
III. Episodes, Contexts, and Intercultural Competence
a. Intercultural competence requires an understanding of the episodes and contexts within which interaction occurs.
b. Cultural differences related to episodes and contexts can be a cause of misunderstanding in intercultural interactions
Chapter 12: The Potential for Intercultural Competence
I. Intercultural Contacta. Intercultural contact to be successful needs to meet certain
characterisics.; otherwise it can reinforce negative attitudesb. Dominance and subordination between groups:
i. Dominant cultures have primary access to economic and institution power and often devalue the language of subordinate cultures…
c. Attitudes among cultural members:i. Some conditions should be met for positive intercultural
interactions, such as: support from top, perceived gains, degree of perceived threat, degree of typicality with which interactants are viewed, the nature of interactants’ cultural stereotypes
d. Outcomes of Intercultural Contact:i. Adaptation: the process by which people establish and
maintain stable, helpful relationship with others in an unfamiliar setting
1. dominant culture: cultural group that has primary access to institutional and economic power
2. muted group theory: individuals who do not belong to the dominant group are often silenced by having a lack of opportunities to express their experiences, perceptions, and worldviews.
a. in order to have concerns publicly recognized, subordinate group members have to use dominant comm styles.
1. Contact Hypothesis - conditions that function together to reduce prejudice, increase positive 1st - must be support on top ( for intercultural contact) 2nd - those involved have a personal gain in the outcome. (and something to
lose if they are unsuccessful) 3rd - the actual intercultural contacts are pleasing, constructive, and
enjoyable 4th - related to perceived outcome of interaction - if they both have common
goals, or both see benefit
II. Cultural Shock – Re-entry Shocksa. Honeymoon > Crisis (when they don’t like how people look at them,
do things, some people fall of here) > Adaptation (once you adapt, you come back to the honeymoon. IF it comes to your own country, you might experience crisis) > Crisis > Adaptation
III. Types of Adaptation (know the definition, the difference!)a. Assimilation: taking on a new culture’s beliefs, values, norms, and
social practices; and it is not considered to be important to maintain one’s cultural identity.
b. Integration: occurs when an individual or group retains its original culture identity and integrate other cultures values, beliefs, norms, and social practices.
c. Separation: occurs when a culture does not want positive relationships with another culture.
i. Amish,d. Segregation: occurs when the dominant culture does not want
intercultural contact with other subculturese. Marginalization: occurs when an individual or group neither retains
their original culture nor maintain positive contacts with other cultures.
i. Unless you like live in a cave or something
IV. Intercultural/Global Personhood:Becoming an Intercultural Competent Communicator
a. Individuals adapt in different ways and different rates.b. Intercultural transformation refers to the process of moving
beyond the feelings and behaviors of one’s own culture to incorporate other cultural realities.
V. The Ethics of Intercultural Communicationa. When in Rome…
i. You don’t want to assimilate. Implies assimilation. NO.b. Are cultural values relative or universal?c. Do the ends justify the means?
i. Should all intercultural contacts be encouraged?1. No, maybe not. If they are disrespectful.
ii. Is it ethical to go to another country unprepared?1. No, we should prepare a bit. As not to cause pain.
Readings. iii. Should those who are prejudiced seek intercultural contact?
1. Yes, to overcome those prejudices. But if they don’t want to, maybe not
d. What is your code of ethics for intercultural interactions? (ON THE TEST)
VI. The Perils and Prospects for Intercultural Competencea. Impacts of national and International events:
i. Destruction of the Twin Towers in NY (9/11)
ii. War on Iraq, 2003, now in Afghanistan…Terrorismb. Forces that pull together and apart:
i. Globalism and secularism (media, technology, transportation…)
ii. Nationalism and tribalism: to protect language, religion, values, and way of life…what is seen as unique but threatened
iii. The effects of culture on communication: Interpretation of the meaning of messages across cultures.
iv. One’s culture provides the “filter”, or the meaning systems, through which all messages are experienced and interpreted.