17 June 2004Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak1 the “Bright” Future for Neutrino Facilities around the...
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Transcript of 17 June 2004Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak1 the “Bright” Future for Neutrino Facilities around the...
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 1
the “Bright” Future for Neutrino Facilities
around the world
…a selected overview...
L. R. Sulak
CPPM Marseille and Boston University
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 2
a new era since 1998, the advent of neutrino mass and oscillations
now a panoply of key, very difficult, experiments precision neutrino oscillation parameters Petcov
...search for CP violation in a second sector of nature neutrinoless double beta decay Avignone,Vergados
absolute mass scale...the problem of mass Feruglio
neutrino astronomy
all point to high energy scale, possibly Grand Unification scale each goal has very different needs
neutrino sources...flux, energy, baseline
detectors...shielding, depth, volume
neutrinos...physics as important as searching for electroweak scale
... neutrinos merit the many required new facilities
de Gouvea, Spiro, Wolfenstein...
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 3
...the future...
Evolution of Major Neutrino Research Worldwide
Facility Detectors Neutrino Source
SNOLab SNO→SNO+ →SNO++ Bruce Reactor + , Dark Matter + ...
Soudan Lab Minos→NOA NuMI → p driver+
Kamioka Lab SK→Hyper-K K2K→T2K KEK → JPARC+
Kamland→ many reactors + ...
Gran Sasso Lab Opera, Icarus CNGS → SPL+ + ...
Modane Lab→ →Megaton CERN → SPL+ + ...
South Pole Amanda→IceCube astro
Mediterranean Antares/Nemo/Nestor→Km3 astro
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 4
...time limits talk to selected future operations not already discussed...
(apologies to many friends for providing info for other facilities)
SNOLab... “new” international lab, in transition
$50 M expansion program to accommodate many experiments
SNO detector evolution Wilkerson
Km3 astrophysical observatory... 3 sites and 2 technologies Piatelli, Thompson
first data from Nestor prototype “star” Tzamarias
construction of 12 “string” Antares underway Anton
requested 10 M Euro for Km3 engineering, site study in approval process
Frejus Lab...a home for Megaton?
with potential ideal beams from CERN
Neutrino planning studies in the US
Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 5
Nestor prototype“Star” Deployment March 2003
6 blue optical modules
2 pm’s each
6 yellow floats
above pix:
white lines to bouy
red line to LED beacon
below, unseen:
lines to junction box Tzamarias
17 June 2004 6
Run: 63_37 Event: 396
Track Candidate
Number of Hits
Number of Used
Hits
Number of Degrees
of Freedom
Zenith Angle
(Degrees)
Azimuth Angle
(Degrees)
Impact Parameter
(m)
Pseudovertexχ2 -lnLch
Vx (m) Vy (m) Vz (m)
1 7 7 2 30 (± 35)
82 ±3) 11 11(± 21)
30 (± 23)
42(± 9)
3 36.5
2 7 7 2 101(± 10)
33(± 29)
9 43(± 15)
32(± 16)
-4(± 8)
2.7 30.3
Nestor: 800 events from 106 4-fold triggers
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 7
Zenith Angle (degrees)
(1/N
)dN
/dco
s(θ)
M.C. Prediction
Data Points
Angular Fits to Nestor Raw DataAngular Fits to Nestor Raw Data
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 9
...deployment of Antares preproduction prototype string, 5 OMs, 2002 Anton
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 10
beside geography,
why so many facilities?
for Megaton...
the bigger the better.
for solar and
background sensitive exp’ts
the deeper, the better
e.g. impossible for IMB
consider SNO at Sudbury
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 11
...Letters of Intent, presentations from last month… Sinclair
Prospective Experiments at New SNOLab Int’l Facility
6 kmwe, deepest int’l facility: 70 muons/day vs. 26,000/day at Kamioka
2 new halls, 30m x 15m, approved (~1/2 size vs. Gran Sasso), $50 M upgrades
potentially in new halls, starting ‘07: Dark Matter Searches
CDMS vs Soudan, SNO depth minimizes muon-induced fast neutrons Akerib
ZEPLIN dark matter with liquid scintillator, if Boulby is not deep enough Smith
CLEAN 1 T (10 T for solar ) self-shielded, scintillating liquid Ne/Xe* McKinsey
XENON drifting charge dark matter search - R & D Aprile
DRIFT dark matter with pointing using low pressure TPC: Martoff
PICASSO acoustic detection of nuclear recoil with superheated bubbles in gel Zacek
or Neutrino Experiments
HALO SNO 3He detectors with Pb, supernova neutrinos Duba
Noble Liquid Tracking Detectors for solar neutrinos with He or Xe Willis
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 12
or Double Beta Decay searches
Majorana 500 kg of Ge detectors for : scale up of known technology Elliott
GERDA (~GENIUS) 1 T Ge crystals in clean Liq N2, no housings, self-shielded Abt
EXO Xe TPC, with laser fluorescence tag of Ba upon decay Gratta
COBRA CdZnTe...semiconductor, all 3 candidates Zuber
with the SNO Detector or Cavity
after 3He neutral current work is done, SNO Phase III over, D2O comes out in ’07
SNO+ geo and reactor neutrinos: fill with scintillator
with n tag, get 700 kT fiducial Chen &
SNO++ Decay: scintillator + 1 Ton of Te or Nb nanocrystals McDonald
or + 2 Ton Xe dissolved gas
SNO best facility in world for almost all experiments?
...but potential cavity size too small for Megaton
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 13
...potential future of SNO+ Detector, for geo and reactor neutrinos...
A Closer Look at SNO+
infrastructure for low background work
e.g. low Rn cover gas (N2), 1 neutron capture/day from U&Th
1 kT of low background liquid scintillator, as in KamLAND w/ 10-17
Geo electron anti-neutrinos Gratta
energy = 3.4 MeV - 1.8 MeV Q = 1.6 MeV positron + 1 MeV e+e- annihilation = 2.6 MeV deposited
for KamLAND: at 180 km from reactors, looking for geo at <2.6 MeV
overwhelmed by 2nd oscillation minimum at 3 MeV
...hard to extract geo since reactor spectrum distorted just there
and only ~40 geoneutrinos per year
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 14
...but geo-neutrinos and reactor neutrinos are difficult to separate
consider geo signal to noise Fiorentini
...KamLAND poised to make another “splash” ...
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 15
... SNO+ vs. KamLAND: how important is distance from reactor?
SNO+ is 240 km from 14 GW Bruce vs KamLAND at 180 km from 80 GW Gratta
2nd reactor oscillation minimum moves up x 1.5 to 5 MeVreactor flux is max
no geo signal >3.4 MeV ...clean for reactor neutrinosnarrower dip sharper spectral distortion
a notch at 5 MeV 80 events / year, if no reactor oscillations
note subtle difference in pattern with Casper’s Oscillator
for geo-neutrinos, look < 2.6 MeV, at SNO+ many fewer reactor neutrinos (1 reactor, further away)
oscillation pattern smeared out64 geo-neutrino events / year vs. 29 at KamLAND & 10 at Borexino
U/Th neutrino source thick continental crust, Galbiativs. the thin coastal crust in Japan
SNO+... ideal to separate geo from reactor neutrinos?
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 18
...again using the great depth...
SNO+ as low energy solar neutrino detector
7Be 0.86 MeV line
10% calculational, 40% experimental uncertainty...difficult
pep 1.44 MeV line...a precision measurement
1% predicted uncertainty...3000/year oscillated
muon-induced 11C → e+ gives 1 MeV within 20 minutes
untenable background in KamLAND , Borexino
SNO+ : with only 70 muons/day
track muon and veto 1 m radius around it
see talk of Suzuki
17 June 2004
...the other lab with a rebirth...
Modane Megaton detector: two possible sites, both ~130 km to CERN
Fréjus I required second tunnel, near the present lab, ’05-’08
deep covering, 4800 mwe
dry rock, good quality, well known
question: 5m diameter safety tunnel or 10m roadway?
Fréjus II 15 km experimental tunnel for new Lyon-Torino TGV train
(actual train tunnel to be longest and deepest in Europe)
endorsed by Chirac and Berlusconi on Monday
covering of 7000 mwe
rock expected to be hard, but not yet studied
potentially water, since glaciers above
problem: regional support for lab if no entry in France?
Bouchez, Gerbier, Mosca
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 20
13 km (12 870 m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 232425262728293031323334
70m x 70m x 250m
France Italy
Future Lab.
Present road Tunnel at Fréjus (grey)andfuture Tunnel (black) for safety with 34 bypasses (shelters)connecting the two Tunnels
EU: build Megaton for proton decay and supernova after tunneling
super and beta beams later...(CLIC competition?)
JPARC/T2K: Hyper-K and 2 MW proton source upgrade tentative, pending
proton decay hint at Super-K, or
favorable θ13 measurement in T2K...Hyper-K could be much later
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 21
Advantages of both Frejus Sites
independent, horizontal access
neutrino super-beams and beta beams likely upgrades to CERN
at “magic distance” and right L/E (130 km/0.3 GeV) for those beams
if LEP RF cavities recycled, 2.2 GeV protons give 0.3 GeV higher energy, muon/pion discrimination a problem
lower energy, muons don’t make enough Cherenkov light in water
(further away, higher E, as in US, e/o/ separation a problem for Č
French and Italian joint initiative
“extension” of Gran Sasso Lab... water prevents a Megaton cavity
preliminary study of large cavity (106 m3) at both Fréjus sites
maximum possible size of cavity for each of 3 shapes?
cost and time of excavation?
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 22
...under study Modane “Megaton,” 2 detector technologies, 3 geometries
1 MT water Cherenkov à la Hyper-K
100 kT liquid argon Bueno, Rubbia
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 23
An « 0ptimal » schedule for a Megaton Physics Project in Europe
Safety Tunnel
Large Cavity
R&D PMT’s, etc.
PMT’s production
2003 2004 2007 2008 2012 2015 2020
Detector installation
Start Megaton Physics
SPL + Super-beam realization
Procedure :
Beta-beam realization
excavation
excavation
R&D PMT’s, etc
PMT’s production
Detector inst.
Start Megaton Physics ………………...………………….
SPL+Super-beam realization
Beta-beam realization
EoI
Year
?
?
studyPre-study
LoI Prop Approv.
Bouchez, Gerbier, Mosca
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 24
...meanwhile in America?
Two Neutrino Physics Planning Processes
American Physical Society Neutrino Study...by August Freedman & Kayserset priorities for experiments with neutrinos: solar & atmospheric
astrophysical reactor
superbeams double beta decay
NSF Initiative: A “Deep Engineering and Science Underground Laboratory”7 potential sites: Henderson, Homestake, Icicle Creek,
Kimburton, San Jacinto, Soudan, WIPP3 solicitations for proposals:
1) site independent physics justification and requirements, May ‘042) site specific proposals, a few to be chosen3) full proposals, limited to the NSF selected sites
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 25
...conclusions...
new recognition of importance of neutrino physics relative to electroweak symmetry breaking
necessity of coupled source / detector facilities
synergism with proton drivers at CERN, FNAL, JPARC increased luminosity and intensity for other experimentsradioactive ion beams...nuclear, biology, medicinenaturally lead to hot neutrino beams
Hayato, Kobayashi, Mezzetto
Neutrino ’06: results expected fromAntares, Minos...as well as many other experiments
longer term: significant promise for Hyper-K, IceCube, Km3, Megaton
...bright future for neutrino facilities, near, medium and long term
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak 26
George Marx and Angel Morales,
homage for this, their conference series
godfathers to neutrino physics
and the legacy of detectors that followed
...but first, a personal “au revoir” recognizing precocious mentorship
for proton decay, neutrino oscillation searches...
wild ideas welcome...
acoustic detection ‘77, water Cherenkov ’77 & ‘79, up/down e asymmetry ‘79
...and the tradition lives on Learned
17 June 2004 Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
…wither this next step in neutrino physics in Europe?
Future European Neutrino Sources and Detectors
Coordinated Accelerator Research in Europe for Hi Intensity Proton Pulsed Injector
CERN accelerator projects: Multi-MegaWatt Proton Linac
RFQ preinjector 3MeV @ 50 mA... a project of CEA, CNRS, IN2P3
Linac 4 3 MeV → 160MeV…5-10 x more protons...R&D
Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL at CERN, Proton Driver at FNAL)
160 MeV → 2 GeV x 2 mA = 4 MW goal for 2014
the promise for neutrino physics:
Super-intense CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (SCNGS)
2 x more neutrinos (limited by other elements in complex)
Super (but conventional) Neutrino Beams...many more neutrinos
(Advantages for LHC (robust operation, hi luminosity for UltraLHC, rare K decays, etc3-4 x more protons on target)
Aleksan