17 Digestive
Transcript of 17 Digestive
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Chapter 17Digestive System
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Digestive System
Functions of Digestive System• ingestion• mechanical digestion• chemical digestion• propulsion• absorption• defecation
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Major Organs
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Alimentary Canalvs.
Accessory Organs• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Small Intestine (SI)• Large Intestine (LI)• Anus
• Teeth• Tongue• Salivary glands• Pancreas• Liver• Gall bladder
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Alimentary Canal
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Alimentary Canal Wall
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Movements of the Tube
• mixing movements• peristalsis
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Innervation of the Tube
• parasympathetic impulses – increase activities of digestive system
• sympathetic impulses – inhibit certain digestive actions
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Mouth
• ingestion• mechanical
digestion• prepares food for
chemical digestion
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Palates & Pharynx
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Swallowing Mechanism
• soft palate and uvula raise
• hyoid bone and larynx elevate
• epiglottis closes off top of trachea
• longitudinal muscles of pharynx contract
• inferior constrictor muscles relax and esophagus opens
• peristaltic waves push food through pharynx
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Swallowing Mechanism
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Esophagus
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Stomach
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Radiograph of Stomach
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Gastric Secretions
• pepsinogen• from chief cells• inactive form of pepsin
• pepsin• from pepsinogen in presence of
HCl• protein splitting enzyme
• hydrochloric acid• from parietal cells• needed to convert
pepsinogen to pepsin
• mucus• from goblet cells and mucous
glands• protective to stomach wall
• intrinsic factor• from parietal cells• required for vitamin B12
absorption
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Mixing and Emptying Actions
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Three Parts of Small Intestine
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Mesentery
• suspends portions of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
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Intestinal Villus
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Wall of Small Intestine
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Large Intestine
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Large Intestinal Wall
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Functions of Large Intestine
• little or no digestive function• absorbs water and electrolytes• secretes mucus• forms feces• carries out defecation
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Feces
• water• electrolytes• mucus • bacteria• bile pigments altered by bacteria provide color• smell produced by bacterial compounds
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Accessory Organs
• Tongue• Teeth• Salivary glands• Pancreas• Liver• Gall bladder
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Tongue
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Primary Teeth
• 8 incisors• 4 cuspids• 8 molars
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Secondary Teeth
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Section of a Tooth
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Salivary Glands
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Secretions of Salivary Glands
• Parotid glands • clear• water, serous fluid• rich in amylase
• Submandibular glands• primarily serous fluid• some mucus
• Sublingual glands• primarily mucus• most viscous
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Pancreas
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Pancreatic Juice
• pancreatic amylase – splits glycogen into disaccharides (carbs)
• pancreatic lipase – breaks down triglycerides (fats)• trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase – digests
proteins• nucleases – digest nucleic acids
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Liver
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Liver Functions
• produces glycogen (storage form) from glucose• breaks down glycogen into glucose• converts noncarbohydrates to glucose• oxidizes fatty acids• synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol• converts carbohydrates and proteins into fats• deaminates amino acids • forms urea• synthesizes plasma proteins• converts some amino acids to other amino acids• stores glycogen, vitamins A,D, B12, iron, and blood
• **Makes, converts and stores many things!!!!**• **phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign substances**• **removes toxins from blood**
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Composition of Bile
• water• bile salts
• emulsification of fats• absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble
vitamins• bile pigments• cholesterol• electrolytes
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Gallbladder
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Regulation of Bile Release
• fatty chyme entering duodenum stimulate gallbladder to release bile