17 Binary Code & CPUs Digital Signals
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Transcript of 17 Binary Code & CPUs Digital Signals
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9/17 Binary Code & CPUs
• Digital Signals– digital versus analog, examples
• Binary Numbers– Transistors: introduction
• Binary Code– bits & bytes– types: ASCII, UNICODE, EBCDIC
• CPUs– Parts of a sample CPU– Types of CPUs available
011010100110110110010110
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Digital Signals: why they are discussed.
• Virtually everything in a computer runs in a digital system: data storage, communication, output on the screen, …
• Everything is in its lowest form either ON or OFF, UP or DOWN, YES or NO.
• Bits & bytes are combinations of digital signals and codes.
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Digital Signals: what are they?
• Digital signals have two settings: ON or OFF.• Examples: smoke signals, Morse code,
fluorescent lights, pass or fail• Anything that can be compared to ON or OFF can
be a digital signal:– Magnets: north or south– Voltage: high or low– Light: light or dark– Gates: open or shut
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Digital Signals versus Analog Signals
• Digital signals have two settings: ON or OFF.
• Analog signals have ranges of settings: dimmer switches, human voices, ocean waves
• Sound: Digital versus analog.– Analog is a wave: continuous, gradual– Digital is a step: non-continuous, ON/OFF
Analog signal Digital signal
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Binary Numbers
• A digital system• Can represent any decimal
number with only two characters: 0 & 1
• Why not use decimal numbers? Computersuse digital systems (on or off)
Decimal Binary 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 100110 101011 101112 1100
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Transistors: tiny ON/OFF switches• Tiny electrical gates with two paths:
1. Control path (gatekeeper) 2. Signal path (goes through gate)
• Only two possible states: gate is OPEN or gate is CLOSED.
• Transistors are what makeup computer chips.– AMD Athlon chip has 22
million transistors.
Image courtesy of AMD
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Binary Code: Bits & Bytes• Bit: a single element of code. 0 or 1.
– Contraction of “Binary digit”• Byte: a collection of 8 bits. 00000000.
– Possible number of different bytes: 25600000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 0000010000000101 00000110 00000111 00001000 0000100100001010 00001011 00001100 00001101 0000111000001111 00010000 00010001 00010010 0001001100010100 00010101 00010110 00010111 0001100000011001 00011010 00011011 00011100 0001110100011110 00011111 etc.
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Binary Code: Bits & Bytes• Each byte represents 1 character or command.• A simple text file ( log.txt ) can be only a few
hundred bytes. A spreadsheet ( book1.xls ) can be millions.
• kilobyte: KB 2 to the 10th (1,024) bytes.megabyte: MB 2 to the 20th (1,048,576) gigabyte: GB 2 to the 30th (1,073,741,824)terabyte: TB 2 to the 40th (1,099,511,627,766)
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When is a kilobyte NOT a kilobyte?• Common usage (not exactly correct, but close)• kilobyte: KB 1,000 bytes
megabyte: MB 1,000,000 bytesgigabyte: GB 1,000,000,000 bytes terabyte: TB 1,000,000,000,000 bytes
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Why we don’t type in binary digits.• Codes (lookup tables) in the computer.• Each character corresponds to a byte.• As we type, the keystrokes are translated into
bytes by the computer.• The computer reverse-translates to show the
characters on the monitor.• Common code sets: ASCII, UNICODE, EBCDIC
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Code Types.• ASCII “As-key” American Standard Code for
Information Interchange.– 1st half of the slots in the table are for “standard”
ASCII characters. The second half contains the “extended” ASCII character set.
• UNICODE uses 2 bytes/char rather than 1. – Supports many more characters (34,168). Esp. used
for non-English languages• EBCDIC “eb-see-dik” Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code.– Mainly used on mainframe computers
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The CPU• CPU terms
– capacity, -bit– clock speed, MHz – CISC, RISC
• CPU brands & models
image courtesy of AMD.com
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CPU: Central Processing Unit• The Microprocessor or
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the “brains” of the computer.
• All other components (RAM, monitor, disk drive) act like bridges to link you & the processor.
image courtesy of AMD.com
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Coprocessors• Coprocessors are also
in PC’s. • They handle functions
like graphics, 3-D acceleration, and sound cards.
• Help reduce the load on the main processor.
image courtesy of How Computers Work
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Data Capacity• refers to the amount of data that the processor can
process at one time. If a number is bigger than what the processor can handle, it breaks it down into manageable parts, processes it, and puts it back together.
• 8 bit processor: handles numbers up to 8 bits long (2 to the 8th power: 256)
• 16 bit processors handle numbers up to 2 to the 16th power or 65,536)
• 32, 64 bit processing (etc.)
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Clock Speed• Timer that everything in the processor uses as a
pacesetter.• Measured in MegaHertz (millions of cycles per
second)• Same model of processors can have their
clock speeds compared. • Different models of processors
cannot be compared so easily.
image from http://web.scps.k12.fl.us/site/agenda/default.htm
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Instruction Sets• A chip’s vocabulary.• Types of instructions that a chip can perform.• Bigger does not necessarily equal better in
instruction sets.• CISC: Complex instruction set chips
– use complex instructions to process instructions.• RISC: Reduced instruction set chips
– break down instructions before processing with a simpler instruction set.
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Types of chips: Intel• Intel Pentium 4 – specs
– Up to 2.20 GHz– Rapid execution engine
• Intel Pentium III - specs– up to 1.33 GHz– 70 new instructions for 3D, voice recognition, etc.– integrated 256 KB L2 cache
• Intel Celeron - specs– economy chip– up to 1.30 MHz– integrated 128 KB L2 cache
images courtesy of TigerDirect.com, Intel
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Types of chips: AMD• AMD Athlon XP - specs
– Designed for Windows XP, (works w/ other OS’s)– Up to 1.67 GHz (but runs faster than Pentium 4 2.0 GHz)– integrated 256 KB L2 cache– 266 MHz system bus
• AMD Athlon - specs– up to 1.4 GHz – integrated 256 KB L2 cache– 266 MHz system bus
• AMD Duron – specs– economical– up to 1.3 GHz– 128 KB L1 cache, 64 KB L2 cache images courtesy of AMD
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Types of Chips: Other Brands• Cyrix MII• Motorola PowerPC• Apple• Sun• Digital• others available
images courtesy of Sun