16662073 Dynamic Ecosystem Endangered Ecosystem[1]

8/6/2019 16662073 Dynamic Ecosystem Endangered Ecosystem[1]

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Dynamic

Ecosystem

CHAPTER 8

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8.1 The Abiotic and Biotic

Component of the Environment

The abiotic component

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The non-living components such as

1.pH value – soil and water2.Light intensity – as source of energy

3.Temperature

4.Humidity – amount of water vapour

present in the air

5.Topography – physical features of land(altitude, gradient and aspect of region)

6.Microclimate – climate in a microhabitat

The biotic component

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The living organisms in the environment

such as

• Producers – synthesise organicsubstances (plants)

• Consumers – eat other organisms

(primary consumer, secondary

consumer, tertiary consumer)

• Decomposers – microorganisms thatbreak down waste products and dead

bodies (bacteria and fungi)

Food chain, food web and trophic

levels

4



Food chain - sequence of organisms

through

which energy istransferred.

Each stage - trophic level

Food chain, food web and trophic levels5



Food web – food chain interconnected.

Energy flows through food web and lostwhen

it transferred from one level to

another levelof the trophic levels in the form of

heat

6



7



The interaction between biotic component

in relation to feeding

8



Organisms interact with one another in

various ways such as

• Symbiosis• Saprophytism

• Prey-predator

Symbiosis

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• close relationship between two or more

different species which live closely

together and interact with each other

• three categories:

Commensalism

Mutualism

Parasitism

CommensalismOne species (the commensal) benefits, the

other (the host) don’t get benefits nor is

harmed

E.g. epiphytes grows on branches of trees

MutualismRelationship between two species of

organisms in which both benefit

E.g. bacteria in the digestive system of human

Commensalism

One species (the commensal) benefits, the

other (the host) don’t get benefits nor is

harmed10



E.g. epiphytes grows on branches of trees

Mutualism

Relationship between two species of

organisms in which both benefit

E.g. bacteria in the digestive system of human

Parasitism

Relationship between two organisms in which

one organism (the parasites) benefits from

the other organism (the host)

Two types:

Ectoparasites – live on the surface of the host

(e.g. ticks and fleas) Endoparasites – live inside the body of the

host (e.g. tapeworms)

Prey-predator

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Relationship where an organism which

is

smaller, called the prey, is hauntedand eaten

by a stronger animal, the predator

E.g. an owl (predator) and a rat (prey)

The interaction takes place in a cycle

thatkeeps the populations of both

organisms in a

dynamic equilibrium

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The interaction between biotic

component in relation to competition

Competition – interaction between

organisms living together in a

habitat andcompeting for the same

resources thatare limited supply

Two types:

Intraspecific – competitionbetween thesame species

Interspecific – competition

between

differentspecies

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8.2 Colonisation and

Succession in an Ecosystem

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Ecosystem

A community of organisms which

interactwith their non-living environment &

function

as unit.

Vary in size.

Have level of organisation:

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Species – a group of organisms that

have

similar characterisitics, share the

same rolesin an ecosystem and are capable of

interbreeding.

Population – a group of organisms of

same

species living in the same habitatat the same

time.

Community – several different species

living

in the same habitat in anecosystem

Niche – role of an organism in

ecosystem16



Colonisation and succession

Colonisation takes place in a newly

formed

areas where no life previously

existed. The first organism occupy a newly

formed

area are called pioneer species.17



Characteristics:

1.Hardy plant that have dense root

system (grass)2.Short life-cycle

They modify and creating more

conducive

condition to other organisms

Second species came after the pioneer

species are the successor species.

Characteristics:

1.Bigger than pioneer species (herbs)2.Have small wind-dispersal seeds (to

spread and grow rapidly)

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They change the structure and quality

of the soil and creating more conducive

condition for larger plants to grow.

Third and permanent species are thedominant species (shrub).

Modify the environment for larger trees

togrow.

Succession – the gradual process

through19



which one community changes its

environment to be replaced by

anothercommunity.

Climax community – ecological

succession

leads to relatively stable

community(equilibrium with its environment)

8.3 Population Ecology

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population ecology

A branch of ecology that studies the

structure and dynamics of population.21



Population density – number of

organism per unit area of habitat

Affected by abiotic and biotic factors,birth rate, death rate, immigration and

emigration.

Direct counting – method to estimate

the size and density of population

(impractical due to the size of ecosystem, the number of plants

involved and the movement of the

animal).

Sampling technique – more practical

way, enable us to estimate the totalpopulation size of the organism.

The quadrat sampling technique

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• Used in estimating the size of plant

population and immobile animal.

• A quadrat – metal, wooden frame or

PVC pipe frame which form a square ofa known area (1 m2).

• Placed randomly in an ecosystem

where sampling is carried out.

• Frequency – number of times a

particular species is found present

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The capture, mark, release and

recapture technique

Used to estimate mobile animals (small

mammals, butterflies, birds and

insects)

Procedure:

1.Animal sample is captured2.Marked

3.Released

4. Second sample captured & number of

marked animal recorded.

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8.4 Biodiversity

What is meant by biodiversity…

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The diverse species of plants and

animal interacting with one another onEarth.

Need to be classified because there are

many organisms in this world.

Classification of Organisms

Taxonomy – branch of Biology

concerned with identifying, describingand naming organisms.

Systematic method of classifying plants

and animal based on the similarities in

their characteristics.

27



Classification of Organisms

Organisms can be classified into 5major kingdom:

1.Monera / Prokaryotae

2.Protista

3.Fungi

4.Plantae5.Animalia

28



The hierarchy in the classification of organisms

7 hierarchy levels

1.Kingdom

2.Phylum3.Class

4.Order

5.Family29



6.Genus

7.Species

The number of organisms at each levels

decreases

Naming of organisms is based on

Linnaeus binomial system.

Each organism has two names in Latin –first name is the name of genus (begins

with capital letter) & second name is

the name of species (begins with small

letter)

E.g. Mimosa pudica – Mimosa refers

to the genus and pudica refers to the

species.

Specific names are written in italic orunderline.

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E.g. Mimosa pudica or Mimosa

pudica

The importance of biodiversity

Provide various biological products –

food,

medicine, timber, etc.

31



Provide many environmental

services –

nutrient cycle, pollination, etc.Give diversity in the genetic pool.

8.5 The impact of

Microorganisms on Life

32



Microorganism

Tiny living things that only can be seen

using microscope

33



Classified based on their characteristics

(appearance, shape, size, method

of reproduction, nutrition and habitat)

Classified into 5 groups:

1.Viruses – smallest microorganisms, not

a living cell and must use living cells toreproduce. (E.g. HIV, Influenza virus

etc.)

2. Bacteria – unicellular organisms, have

cell wall, form spores under

unfavourable condition and have 3common shape à spherical, rod-shaped

and spiral. (E.g. Lactobacillus sp.,

Straphyloccous sp. etc.)

3. Protozoa – unicellular organism, haveplasma membrane and can carry out

living processes. (E.g. Amoeba sp.,

Paramecium sp. etc.)34



4. Algae – have chlorophyl and chloroplast,

can undergoes photosynthesis process.

(E.g. Spirogyra sp.)

5.Fungi – heterotrophic microorganisms,

feeds bysecreting enzymes that break down

thesurrounding organic material into

simplemolecule before absorb them. (E.g.

Mucor sp.,

yeast etc.)

35



The role of useful microorganisms inthe ecosystem

The role of useful microorganisms in the ecosystem

Roles of microorganisms in

ecosystem

Decomposition The nitrogen cycle

Digesting animal’sfood

Digesting human’sfood

36



The harmful microorganisms

Microorganisms that cause diseases are

called pathogens

Pathogens are classified as parasites or

saprophytes They cause diseases in two ways:

1.Produce poisonous chemical

2.Attack and destroy host cells and body

tissues

Transmission of diseases

1.Air

2.Water

3.Food

4.Vectors5.Direct Contact

6.Indirect Contact

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Controlling pathogens

38



The uses of microorganisms inbiotechnology

Biotechnology – application of biological

processes in the manufacturing and

servicing industries

39



The use of

microorganisms

in

biotechnology

Production of

antibiotics, vaccinesand hormones

Waste treatment

Production of

biodegradable plastic

(bioplastic)

Cleaning of oil spills

Production of energy

from biomass

Food processing

Appreciating Biodiversity

40



• Through conservation and

preservation.

EndangeredEcosystem

41



CHAPTER 9

9.1 Human Activities that

Endangered an Ecosystem

Pollution

42



Pollution - Any undesirable change in

the natural environment caused by

pollutant.

Pollutant – substance that cause

pollution

Pollution – being make dirty

Types of environmental pollution:

1.Air pollution

2.Water pollution3.Soil pollution

4.Pollution caused by solid waste and

hazardous (dangerous) waste

5.Noise pollution

Air pollution

• Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. Every year,

the health of countless people is ruined or endangered by air pollution.

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• Many different chemicals in the air affect the human body in

negative ways. Just how sick people will get depends on whatchemicals they are exposed to, in what concentrations, and for howlong.

• Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in

the US alone could be over 50,000.

• Older people are highly vulnerable to diseases induced by air

pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additionalrisk. Children and infants are also at serious risk.

• Because people are exposed to so many potentially dangerous

pollutants, it is often hard to know exactly which pollutants are

responsible for causing sickness. Also, because a mixture of different pollutants can intensify sickness, it is often difficult toisolate those pollutants that are at fault.

• Many diseases could be caused by air pollution without their

becoming apparent for a long time. Diseases such as bronchitis,lung cancer, and heart disease may all eventually appear in peopleexposed to air pollution.

• Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide

also have harmful effects on natural ecosystems. They can kill plants and trees by destroying their leaves, and can kill animals,especially fish in highly polluted rivers.

Water pollution

• Boston Harbor is a strong example of how badly pollution can

damage bodies of water. The water is filled with toxic waste

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http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Science/ecosystems.html






and sewage, and routinely receives more waste when rainfall pushes it into the harbor.

• Many bodies of water near urban areas are highly polluted.

This is the result of both garbage dumped by individuals anddangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped by industries.

• The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life

that inhabits water-based ecosystems. Dead fish, birds,dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on beaches,killed by pollutants in their habitat.

• Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants

such as lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later,these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the foodchain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.

• Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well.

People can get diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood thathas been poisoned.

• Ecosystems can be severely changed or destroyed by water

pollution. Many areas are now being affected by careless

human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurthumans.

Soil pollution

• Not enough oxygen in the soil,

• acidy soils that may burn the plant,

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• bugs will go and start an infestation in the

soil,

•

it effects plants growth,• the soil pollution eats away at the

nutrients and becomes

• a bigger soil polluter,

• not enough drainage,

• new soil diseases develop every year,

• not enough moisture in the soil.

Noise Pollution

• Noise pollution disturbs our health and behavior in a

number of ways including deafness causing lack of

sleep, irritability, indigestion, heartburn, high blood

pressure, ulcers, and heart disease. Just one noise

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explosion from a passing truck drastically alters our

endocrinal, neurological, and cardiovascular functions

in many individuals. If this is prolonged or frequent,

the physiological disturbances become chronic andcontribute to mental illness.

• Sometimes, even low levels of noise are irritating and

can be frustrating, and high volumes can be annoying.

Natural sounds are less irritating than those we find

uncontrollable but intermittent sounds such as a tap

dripping water can be more irritating than the sound

of falling rain.

• Noise more than 50dB can be very difficult to hear and

interpret and cause problems such as partial deafness.

•

Increased noise levels gives rise to a lack of concentration and accuracy at work, and reduce one’s

productivity and performance. Difficult tasks can be

impaired, and instructions or warnings difficult to be

heard and interpreted, causing accidents.

The Greenhouse Effects and the Thinning of the Ozone Layer

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Greenhouse effect.

Occur when greenhouse gasesaccumulates in the atmosphere to form a

layer of gases

Greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide,

chlorofluorocarbon, nitrogen oxides,

methane and water vapour

The layer of gases trap the Sun’s heat

around the world

Greenhouse effect cause the global

warming

48



Ozone layer located in the atmosphere.

consist of ozone molecules which made

up of three oxygen atom (O3).

act as protective shield that absorb the

Sun’s harmful UV radiation

Thinning of ozone layer

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• Main cause - chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

• CFC – man made gases used as

refrigerant (substance that make things

cold or freeze) and propellants

(compressed gas that forces out the

content of an aerosol container)

• CFC when exposed to UV radiation willrelease chlorine

atom which can break down ozone

molecules in chain

reaction causing the ozone layer become

thinner

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The Importance of Proper

Management of Development

Activities and the Ecosystem

The need for development and the

effects of an increasing population on

the ecosystem

The increasing in population cause the

increase in development.

Development interfere the balance in nature.

Unplanned and unmanaged developmentcause environmental problems.

Proper management of development activities

are important

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The importance of proper managementof development activities

Natural resource are non-renewable means

once they have been used they cannot be

replaced.

They need to be manage in proper ways to

maintain balance in nature.

Uncontrolled use of the natural resources will

cause them to be used up.

The importance of proper management

of development activities

Carry out sustainable development to balancethe demands and the needs for resources with

the need to conserve the resources.

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Measures taken in the management of development activities

1.Implementation of laws

2.Use of technology

3.Education on the management of resources

4.Preservation and conservation

activities

5.The practice of biological control

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BY IDZY_93

MRSM MELAKA

16662073 Dynamic Ecosystem Endangered Ecosystem[1]

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