16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform...
Transcript of 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform...
![Page 1: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
16.36: Communication Systems and Networks
USRP Laboratory 1: Introduction
Igor, Thomas, Vishrant, Jianan and Prof. Eytan Modiano
Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
![Page 2: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Goal• familiarity with LabVIEW Communications and with the USRP• introduce the concept of modulation
• Intro to LabVIEW Communications• experiment one: Hello World• experiment two: PAM-2 and Power Spectrum Density
• Intro to the USRP• experiment three: Send and receive a tone signal
Obs.: A few questions will be made during the lab.
Each pair of students should turn in the answers!2
![Page 3: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Intro to LabVIEW Communications
• LabVIEW = Graphical Programming Environment
• LabVIEW Program = Virtual Instrument (VI)• Front PANEL = User Interface
• Block DIAGRAM = Graphical Code
• Software in your workstation:• LabVIEW
• LabVIEW Communications
• Drivers to the USRP
• MATLAB3
![Page 4: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Big Picture: read an input string and copy it to an output string
Front Panel
Block Diagram
Laboratory script (~10 minutes). Wait for instructions on Experiment TWO.
Experiment ONE: Hello World
4
String Input
String Output
Hello World
Hello World
String Input String Output
![Page 5: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
5
Generation of bits
PAM-2Baseband
SignalPSD
1 0 1
BASEBAND SIGNAL
A
T
time
2T 3T-A
BITS SYMBOLS
1 -1 1
![Page 6: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal
• Question: how to transform a sequence of bits into a sequence of symbols using PAM-2?
• Example: 11101000111001 into PAM-2? Answer: 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
6
Generation of bits
PAM-2Baseband
SignalPSD
![Page 7: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Big Picture:
• Question: how to transform a sequence of symbols into a baseband signal?
• Example: 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 into a sequence of rectangular pulses?
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
7
Generation of bits
PAM-2Baseband
SignalPSD
(more specifically…)
![Page 8: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
PAM-2 ? Baseband Signal
Sequence of symbols
1 -1 1
Baseband Signal
A
T
time
2T 3T-A
time
A
T
Pulse Shape
Hint:
![Page 9: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
PAM-2• Pre-processing
• Convolution
Baseband Signal
Sequence of symbols
1 -1 1
Baseband Signal
A
T
time
2T 3T-A
time
A
T
Pulse Shape
![Page 10: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
10
PAM-2
1
time
T
2T-1
Sequence of symbols
1 -1 1
time
A
T
Pulse Shape
Pre-processing
ProcessedSymbol
![Page 11: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
11
PAM-2 Convolution
Sequence of symbols
?1 -1 1
time
A
T
Pulse Shape1
time
T
2T-1
Symbol
Pre-processing
![Page 12: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
12
PAM-2
Sequence of symbols
Baseband Signal
1 -1 1
time
A
T
Pulse ShapeBaseband Signal
A
T
time
2T 3T-A
Pre-processing Convolution
![Page 13: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD [Discrete Case]
13
PAM-2Upsampling
with KBaseband
Signal
1
1 2
4 5
7 samples
3
6 8-1samples
1
1 2
Adding K-1 zeros after each symbolSequence of symbols
1 -1 1
Pulse Shape
(for K=3)
Baseband Signal
Convolution
![Page 14: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Big Picture:
• PSD: Power Spectrum Density of the Baseband Signal:
𝑃 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑋 𝑓𝑘2, where 𝑋 𝑓𝑘 is the Fourier transform of the baseband signal
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
14
Generation of bits
PAM-2Baseband
SignalPSD
![Page 15: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Big Picture:
• Experiment TWO:• Goal: implement the system above.
• Please follow the instructions on your laboratory script. (~ 30 minutes)
• Stop after finishing. Wait for instructions on Experiment THREE.
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
15
Generation of bits
PAM-2Baseband
SignalPSD
![Page 16: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Software Defined Radio: some components that have been typically implemented in HW are implemented by means of SW
• HW Characteristics:
Frequency range 70 MHz to 6 GHz
Frequency step <1kHz
56 MHz bandwidth
Maximum output power (Pout) 20 dBm
Tri-band antennas: 144MHz, 400MHz, 1200MHz
• Electrostatic Sensitive Devices
Experiment THREE: Radio
16
USRP 2900
Based on the book “Introduction to Communication Systems”, by Bruce A. Black.
![Page 17: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Experiment THREE: Radio
17
• LabVIEW interacts with the USRP TRANSMITTER by means of four blocks:
![Page 18: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Experiment THREE: Radio
18
• LabVIEW interacts with the USRP transmitter by means of four blocks:
Open Tx Session:• initiates the transmitter session • control “device names” to inform
LabVIEW of the USRP ID.
![Page 19: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Experiment THREE: Radio
19
• LabVIEW interacts with the USRP transmitter by means of four blocks:
Configure Signal: is used to set• IQ rate = 1/𝑇• Carrier Frequency = 𝑓𝐶• Gain = 𝐴• Active Antenna
![Page 20: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Experiment THREE: Radio
20
• LabVIEW interacts with the USRP transmitter by means of four blocks:
Write Tx Data:• Sends the baseband signal to the USRP
for transmission.• Baseband signal = array of complex
values.
If we write: 𝑔𝐼 𝑛𝑇 + 𝑗𝑔𝑄(𝑛𝑇)
The transmitted signal is: 𝐴𝑔𝐼 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 − 𝐴𝑔𝑄 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡
![Page 21: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Experiment THREE: Radio
21
• LabVIEW interacts with the USRP transmitter by means of four blocks:
Close Session:• Terminates transmitter operation.
![Page 22: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Experiment THREE: Radio
22
• LabVIEW interacts with the USRP RECEIVER by means of five blocks.
![Page 23: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Experiment THREE: Radio
23
• LabVIEW interacts with the USRP receiver by means of five blocks.
• Most blocks are analogous. The main difference is:
Fetch Rx Data:• Receives block of samples from the
USRP.• The size of the block is controlled by
the parameter “number of samples”• Samples are provided as an array of
complex numbers.
![Page 24: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Big Picture:
• Experiment THREE:• Goal: transmit a tone signal using cables and antennas. Compare the results.
• Please follow the instructions on your laboratory script.
• Turn in your answers at the end of the lab!
• Frequency assignments next.
Experiment THREE: Radio
24
Power Attenuator.Used to avoid burning the radio.
![Page 25: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Unlicensed Band: from 902 MHz to 928 MHz
• 5 groups each has 5.2 MHz of available BW
• Central Frequency Assignments:• S1_Radio1_TX: 904.6 MHz
• S2_Radio1_TX: 909.8 MHz
• S3_Radio1_TX: 915 MHz
• S4_Radio1_TX : 920.2 MHz
• S5_Radio1_TX : 925.4 MHz
Frequency assignment
25
![Page 26: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Supplementary Slides
26
![Page 27: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Big Picture:
• Experiment THREE:• Goal: transmit a tone signal using cables and antennas. Compare the results.
• Please follow the instructions on your laboratory script.
• Turn in your answers at the end of the lab!
Experiment THREE: Radio
27
Power Attenuator.Used to avoid burning the radio.
![Page 28: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Raised Cosine:
Frequency Response Time Response
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
28Pictures by Krishnavedala
![Page 29: 16.36: Communication Systems and Networkskadota/PDFs/USRP_Laboratory_1.pdf•Big Picture: transform a bit sequence into a baseband signal Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD 5 Generation](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040910/5e83be6de1abff64c357de1c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Raised Cosine:
Frequency Response:
• (Squared) Root-Raised Cosine:
Frequency Response: 𝐻𝑟𝑟𝑐 𝑓 = 𝐻(𝑓)
• Look into Nyquist ISI Criterion
Experiment TWO: PAM-2 and PSD
29