16/07/092009 ASM Montreal Biogeochemical Outbreak 1 Modelling of Biogeochemical Cycles and...

16/07/09 2009 ASM Montreal Biogeochemical Outbreak

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Modelling of Biogeochemical Cycles and Ecosystems in the

Arctic Ocean

Participants: Nadja Steiner (DFO/EC), Dieter Wolf-Gladrow (AWI), Diane Lavoie (DFO),David Plummer (EC), Yvonnick Le

Clainche (U. Rimouski), Clara Deal (IARC/UAF), Leif Anderson (U

Gotenborg), Mat Reagan (Berkeley Lab)


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1. Science questions that can be best answered with

coupled Arctic regional climate models; science questions missing from existing plans.

How will cycling of elements (C,N,P,Ca,S,O,Fe) change in the next decades?

What is the impact of climate-relevant gases producedin the ocean on Arctic climate?

Strengths of biogeochemical feedbacks.

Time scales: current/preindustrial, future (next decades), past (glacial-interglacial and beyond)


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Cycling of nutrients and organic matter in the currentsystem: What are the major processes? Rates? Coherent quantitative description?How much food is available for higher trophic levels?(fish, mammals),

Occurance of HABs...

Future changes due to temperature change, retreat/vanishing of summer sea ice, ocean acidification,coastal erosion, melting of permafrost, ...: What is the impact on cycling of nutrients and organicmatter? Change in marine ecosystems (primary production,species assemblage, ..., impact on higher trophic levels)?


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Biogeochemical feedbacks

Sulfur: DMS -> Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) -> -> radiation -> temperature -> ...

Impact of ice algae on melting of sea ice (Zeebe et al., 1996)

Impact of phytoplankton blooms on mixed layer temperature (Manizza et al., 2005)

(Biogeo)chemistry in sea ice: discovery of ikaite (CaCO3 * H2O), consequences for bromine oxid (BrO) formation and ozone depletion events (ODEs) in polar marine boundary layer, mercury sink, carbon flux within sea-ice, marine carbonate system


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Instability of gashydrates -> CH4 release from sediments-> oxidation of CH4 in the water column -> ...(bacterial request of copper: Scott Elliot)

Impact of black carbon on albedo and melting of sea ice

Input of nutrients (including metals) and various formsof carbon: transformations in the river-sea transitionzone.

Dissolution of CaCO3 in surface sediments (oceanacidification)


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Instability of gashydrates -> CH4 release from sediments-> oxidation of CH4 in the water column -> ...(bacterial request of copper: Scott Elliot)

Impact of black carbon on albedo and melting of sea ice

Input of nutrients (including metals) and various formsof carbon: transformations in the river-sea transitionzone.

Dissolution of CaCO3 in surface sediments (oceanacidification)


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The inclusion of a biogeochemical process into coupled models makes sense only when the

corresponding feedback implemented, e.g. when, for

example, atmospheric DMS and its transformation is included.

What do atmospheric models represent?


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2. Existing/planned modelling and model validation efforts to address the above

AWI: Polarstern expeditions (central Arctic, Fram Strait) Various research activities in the Lena Delta and

Laptev Sea (river input, coastal erosion, sedimentation)

Needed: historical data review, archive......

-> develop modified sampling strategies


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3. Reasonable boundaries for the 'Arctic System' for respective research areas; What are the opportunities and limitations due to

a limited Arctic model domain?

Hydrological cycle under global change requires larger domain (or time dependent boundary conditions).The same applies on somewhat longer time scale toinflow of Atlantic and Pacific water.

Opportunities: better representation of small scale processes


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4. How are observations incorporated into model development and how can

the link be improved?Parameterizations of various processes based onobservations.Data assimilation/inverse models to improve parameterizations.Involve modellers in development of sampling strategies(What is needed? What is possible?)Involve observers in model development - improve process understanding => Two way communication !!!

Modellers need to tell funding agencies they need observations (seasonal data, fill local gaps, archive historical data)


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5. Would regional modelling efforts benefit from an international, centralized

method for sharing model output for intercomparison and for sharing validation data and validation

code/methods?Yes!

Open access of model output and observations parallel to publication of articles (collaborative ?).

Compare: open access to CO2 observations (CDIAC).

Data center for validation and intercomparison: provide constraints for data submission


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6. What interactions are there between regional modelling and global modelling in your field of

research? Would projects benefit from a community-coordinated program for obtaining

data from and sharing model output with a global modelling community?

Need interaction for time dependent boundary conditions...Compexity of ecosystem models - global versus regioal

CCCma - close collaboration between global GCM and RCM, forecast .... for ecosystem only starting. other groups similar?

CICE, many groups collaborating, development of parameterisations


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7. What plans are in action for including emerging modules into existing regional arctic models?

IARC/UAF/LANL: Regional ecosystem, ice algae , nutrients in CICE (sea-ice internal), DMS within ice

DFO/EC: Earth system model developments, ecosystem models in ocean models, 1-D: marine sulphur cycle (DMS), ice algae

Berkely Lab/ LANL: coupling a gas hydrate/methane model in POP


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8. What human dimension modelling is being done in conjunction with physical

modelling?


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9. What are possible interface strategies for collaboration between natural-science modelling and research on adaptation and

human living conditions?

Importance of river input ( Influx Changes with land use changes, permafrost melting)

Ocean acidification

Fisheries

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), ...


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10.What level of interaction between components is

desirable?

Depending on feedbacks

(examples: Atmospheric depositionGas exchange with retreating ice cover, ice ecosystem, river inflow ...)


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11. What is the benefit of interactive coupling on the

complete system?

Inclusion of feedbacks.

Continuous simulations


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12. Which other components should your component be

coupled to?

Answer depends on questions/time scales.

Start: atmosphere, ocean, ice, pelagic ecosystem (carbonate system, nutrients, plankton)ecosystem in the iceclimatically active gases ...

On longer time scales: add sediment module


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13. On what time scale is interactive coupling/one-way

coupling useful?

General answer: depends on the feedback(s) under investigation Limitation due to boundary conditions in regional models.

What is required: list of possible feedbacks, their strengths and their characteristic time constants.


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Coupling of ecosystem models with circulation

modelsThe coupling of ecosystem models to circulation modelsis relative easy because the various compartments ofecosystem models (nutrients, DIC, TA, phytoplankton,zooplankton) can be treated similar to other passivetracers, however, with specific sources and sinks.Thus the implementation should be possible in less thanone month. For gases (CO2, DMS, ...) air-sea gas-exchangehas to be added.


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The End

Thanks for your attention


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Discussion


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Steiner & Denman 2008

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Ikaite


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Loose et al. 2009


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Type of questions

Global: cycles of elements

Regional: climate-relevant gases, food production (fisheries, higher trophic levels)

Local: variations in ecosystems

Fundamental: fast changes

Carmack & Wassmann, 2006


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Manizza et al. 2005


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Organic Carbon Budget: Arctic Ocean vs. Global Ocean

Stein & Macdonald (2004)

Quantity Arctic Ocean Global OceanPrimary production > 330 (1%) 30000 - 50000River input (POC) 5.5 130-200River input (DOC) 24.5 (10%) 210-230Eolian input 1.7 100-320Coastal erosion 5.4 ?

units: all values in 106 t C year-1


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Manizza et al. 2005


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Manizza et al. 2008


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Zeebe et al. 1996


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Dieckmann et al. 2008


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Morin et al. 2008Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime ﾪ

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Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7317–7324, 2008www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/7317/2008/


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Zhao et al. 2008


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Ice sheets model:Mass balance & sea levelIce-ocean interactionPermafrost

Biogeochemistry/Ecosystem•marine biogeochemical cycles (based on RECOM)• continental weathering input• sediment module

Isotope modules: 13C,18O,30Siice cores, marine sediments, …

Programme: PACES

Earth System Model

… expansion of the COSMOS

ECHAM5

OASIS

MPI-OM

HAMOCC5

Chemistry

IsotopeProxy Models

Ice Sheets Model

Modules (following COSMOS)

16/07/092009 ASM Montreal Biogeochemical Outbreak 1 Modelling of Biogeochemical Cycles and...

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