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TIME PERIOD 2

SPANISH ROYAL DECREES & THE NEW WORLD

Laws of the Indies Law of Burgos (1512) 1st codified laws governing behavior of Spanish towards native people in the Americas.• Forbade mistreatment of natives• Encouraged conversion to Christianity• Legalized encomiendas (40-150 people) where Indians worked for colonial

masters for pay.• Forbade punishment by encomienderos (only town officials).• ** little of no enforcement or follow through= protests.The New Laws (1542)- prohibited enslavement on encomiendas & gradual abolition of the encomienda system.• Natives are “free persons” no longer required to forced labor…only to pay

tribute.• Wages in exchange for labor.• Ordered encominedas (land) be turned over to the crown.• ** caused great revolt among landowning encomienderos in the New World.• ** the New Laws were unsuccessful at outlawing encomiendas

however; it did free thousands of native workers.

THE SPANISH IN NORTH AMERICA

• Juan Ponce de Leon (1513) arrived in “La Florida”.• Found @ 150,000 to 300,000 Native AmericansSpanish Conflict with Natives & other Europeans• 1560’s- Spain expelled French Huguenots from

(Jacksonville) to north east Florida.• 1586- Sir Francis Drake (Sea Dog)burned Spanish

settlement at St. Augustine.Methods of Conquest• 1500-1600’s-Spanish crown granted missionaries the right

to live among the Timucua and Guale villagers• Spanish crown encouraged settlement through the

encomienda system until the mid to late 1600’s.• By the 1630’s the mission system extended into the

panhandle of Fla. (Apalachee District)

THE APALACHEE INDIANS

The Apalachee Indians—one of the most powerful tribes in Fla.Territory- Modern day Florida-Georgia line to the Gulf of Mexico.• Apalachee farmers grew corn and carried surplus

crops east along the Camino Real (royal road) that connected western Spanish mission system with St. Augustine.

• Spanish settlers drove cattle east across the St. John’s River and had ranches as far west as Apalachee.

• * The Spanish had a tenuous grip on Fla.

THE SPANISH IN THE WEST

• 1598– Juan de Onate (83 wagons, 400 settlers, soldiers, & missionaries) from Mexico went into N. Mexico.

• Battle of Acoma (1599)• Acoma (“sky city”) was sacked by the Spanish; half of 1500

inhabitants killed. The Spanish severed a foot from every surviving male over age 15 and enslaved the women & children.

• 1610- Santa Fe (1st permanent European settlement in the Southwest established).

• Few Spanish settled the area (only 3,000 by 1680’s)• Puebloan population decreased (1600-60,000 to 17,000 by

1680).• ** AFTER Popes Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt)—shifted to the

missions as engines of colonization.• missions established in New Mexico , Texas, & California (21 in

all in California) by Spanish friars (Father Junipero Sera)

THE SPANISH IN TEXAS

• Province of New Spain from 1690 to 1821.• 1690—Alonso de Leon & Spanish missionaries set up

first mission in Texas after looking for a supposed French fort in the area.

• Local Hasinai Indians called “Tejas” by the Spanish.• The Spanish attempted to set missions among different

tribes—who began to resist & steal cattle & horses too.• Smallpox swept the Indian populations---survivors rose

up against missions (Caddo Indians).• Missionaries burned the mission, buried the mission

bell, and returned to Mexico.• Spain ignored Texas area for 20 years.

THE SPANISH & AFRICAN SLAVERY

• Due to massive loss of Indian laborers lives (disease, violence, and ending of encomienda), the Spanish imported massive numbers of African slaves to the New World.

• Slaves used especially in Caribbean Spanish colonies to work on sugar plantations.

• Casta System of Racial Hierarchy: developed by the Spanish to legally define a person’s race by the % of non-white blood.

• In Spanish held lands, people with dark skin were viewed as inferior.

• * This classification & degradation by race will influence British North America also!

THE PLANTING OF THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA

1 5 0 0 - 1 7 3 3… F O R I S H A L L Y E T S E E I T ( V I R G I N I A ) A N E N G L I S H N A T I O N .

S I R W A L T E R R A L E I G H , 1 6 0 2

ECOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

• 100 years after Columbus- New World was transformed.

• European crops & livestock introduced• Depopulation of native peoples• Growth of African slavery (Caribbean & Brazilian

sugar plantations). • Spain held most of the New World (Florida & NM

southward)

THREE POWERS VIE FOR POWER IN NORTH AMERICA

• Spanish – Santa Fe (1610)

• French – Quebec (1608)

• English- Jamestown (1607)

ENGLAND• 1500’s England not interested in empire

(Spain’s ally at this point)Internal conflicts Preoccupy the English• Religious- 1530-Henry VIII broke with Roman

Catholic Church (English Protestant Reformation)= religious warfare between Catholics & Protestants

• 1558- Queen Elizabeth- intensified religious tension with Spain

• England put down the Irish revolt, seized land through violence, pushed Irish out.

• The same tactics they will use in North America; idea of the“SAVAGE NATIVE” -

ELIZABETH ENERGIZES ENGLAND

• Encouraged “buccaneers” or “sea dogs” raid Spanish ships (Sir Francis Drake -most famous)

• Goals: Protestantism & Plunder

English Attempts to colonize• Newfoundland collapsed when (Sir Humphrey

Gilbert- died at sea 1583)– inspired half-brother Sir Walter Raleigh)

ROANOKE (THE LOST COLONY)

• 1584- English claimed new colony of Virginia for England- returned to England with 2 Indians & maps.

• 1585- (Sir Walter Raleigh)- sends 100 men to settle North Carolina’s Roanoke island (coast of Virginia)– settlement leaves for England after less than a year (food shortages & Indians).

• 1587- Sir Walter Raleigh sent 3 more ships, 117 colonists (17 women & 9 children) to Roanoke— John White named Governor

• Governor White took his daughter, Eleanor & her husband Ananais Dare.

• Aug. 18, 1587- Virginia Dare was born (1st English child born in the New World).

• Aug. 1587- White returned to England to get supplies (he could not get back for three years)

• Instructed colonists to carve location on a tree if they relocated (carve a cross if in danger).

• White returned Aug. 18, 1590-colony had vanished!

• “CROATOAN” WAS CARVED IN A TREE

DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA

• 1588- England defeated the invading Spanish Armada.

How?1. Maneuverable ships piloted by “seadogs”2. “Protestant Wind”

Significance• Began the 300 year decline of Spanish empire• Spain began to loose territory (Spanish

Netherlands, Spanish Caribbean)• England gains dominance over the North

Atlantic** 1604- England & Spain signed a peace treaty.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Sir Francis Drake

ENGLAND’S RISE TO POWER

1. Strong Unified nation-state under a popular ruler (Protestantism)

2. Religious Unity (Protestantism)

3. Sense of National identity & pride• Shakespeare’s poetry & plays of the period are

illustrative of this era.

INTERNAL ENGLAND ON THE EVE OF EMPIRE

• Population explosion (3 million in 1550 to 4 million by 1600)

• Landlords practice “enclosure”= woolen districts composed of Puritans- supplied many immigrants to America.

• Economic Depression (late 1500’s)-1/4 to ½ lived in poverty; alarmed the elite to believe there was “surplus population”.

• Laws of Primogeniture- Gilbert, Drake, Raleigh (young sons seek their own fortune)

ENGLISH MOTIVATIONS FOR COLONIZING

Richard Hakluyt (1584) wrote “Discourse on Western Planting”.•Repeated the “Black Legend”—bring Protestant brand of religion to the New World would be “better”.

•Economics (Most important)- New World would provide resources to enrich England.

•A place for homeless “vagabonds”

•Improved economy for British workers

JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA

• 1607- 1st permanent English settlement in New World

• The Virginia Company (a joint-stock company) received a charter from King James I (1606)

Goals: Find Gold, silver, iron, fur, pitch, tar, & route to Indies through America.

• Short-term Goal – investors hoped to liquidate it after a couple of years= pressure on settlers to find gold or else.

SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN

• The Jamestown Charter- promised settlers the same rights of Englishmen- later granted to other English colonists.

• April 1607- 3 ships landed near mouth of Chesapeake (attacked by Indians) 1606-1607- 40 died on the voyage over

• Settled on a peninsula on the James River (100 people-all men & half were “gentlemen”)

• Dozens died of malaria, disease, starvation once ashore (“gentlemen” too not used to fending for themselves)

THE POWHATAN CONFEDERACY

• 1607- Chief Powhatan ruled Algonquian-speaking natives (@10,000) along the James River.

• Used fire ecology to create vast park-like grasslands for easier hunting.

• Saw English colonists as allies early on– to dominate Indian rivals

• Tensions mounted– English raided Indian villages for food

JOHN SMITH, JAMESTOWN, AND POWHATANS

• 1607- Smith was kidnapped by Chief Powhatan (“saved” by Pocahontas)= Pocahontas served as intermediary= shaky peace.

• Natives traded corn for beads, metal tools, weapon• Smith took charge of Jamestown in 1608• “He who shall not work shall not eat”• 1609-Smith returned to England; 400 new colonists arrived

1609-1610 The Starving Time• Colonists continued to die (100)– cannibalism! (also ate

rats, dogs etc.)• 1609- of 400 who made it to Virginia—60 survived the

“starving time” of 1609-1610• 1616—80% of all English immigrants in Jamestown died.

John Rolfe

TOBACCO: ECONOMIC SAVIOR OF VIRGINIA

“noxious weed,…loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to the lungs” King James I on tobacco.• 1612- John Rolfe perfected methods for growing

& curing tobacco (crossed seed strains from Trinidad & Spanish seeds= “Orinoco”= sweeter)

• Demand for tobacco increased in Europe– Jamestown settlers grew it in the streets & around gravesites.

• Within 15 years—500,000 pounds exported per year

• In 40 years---15 million pounds per year exported.

EFFECTS OF TOBACCO ON CHESAPEAKE

• Tobacco growing was tough on the land= demand for new land insatiable.

• Virginia tied itself to a single cash crop (at the mercy of fluctuating prices)

• Promoted the plantation system & demand for labor (African Slavery)

• Drew large numbers merchants, traders, and settlers to America.

INDENTURED SERVANTS

*The Headright System—used mostly in the Chesapeake (Va. & Maryland).• Landowner (master) given 50 acres of land for each laborer

(indentured servant) they paid to bring across from Europe.*Indentured Contract• Servant given room & food upon arrival by master• Servant worked in fields• Length of contract on average (5 years) at the start.

*Freedom Dues- servant given land, a gun or clothes or food when contract was up.• Most Indentured servants were white• ** ¾ of Chesapeake’s early settlers came as indentured

servants.**only about 40% lived to complete their contracts!

THE 1ST ANGLO-POWHATAN WAR

• 1610- Lord De La Warr arrived– Virginia Company now declared war on the Indians.

• Veteran of Irish campaigns- utilized “Irish Tactics” against the Indians.

• 1614- peace settlement (marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe)= period of peace.

• 1622- Indians attacked & killed 347 colonists (John Rolfe included).

• Virginia Company – declared “perpetual war” to prevent Indians “from being a people…”

2ND ANGLO-POWHATAN WAR

• 1644- Indians make last effort to remove Virginians

• Indians were defeated

• 1646- peace treaty- removed these Indians from ancestral lands (separation of white & Indians)--- origins of reservation system.

• 1669- census—only 2,000 Indians remained in Virginia (only 10% of the original)

• 1685- English considered the Powhatans extinct

• Powhatans affected by the 3 D’s: DISEASE, DISORGANIZATION, & DISPOSABLITY.

IMPACT OF EUROPEANS ON INDIANS

• Indians no stranger to change before European arrival

Impact • Introduction of horses by Spanish= Indian

migration to Great Plains (Lakota Sioux)• Disease- biggest disrupter-extinguished entire

cultures (elders died) forced migration.• Trade- barter and exchange gave way to desire

for European goods (firearms)

SLAVES COME TO AMERICA

• 1619- Dutch warship holding 20 African slaves appeared near Jamestown

• Not sure if they were slaves or indentured servants???

• Planted the seeds of slavery in North America (not immediately…but over time!)

** Blacks were too expensive for most colonists to buy early on…

1650- Virginia had only 300 blacks countedBy 1700, blacks made up 14% of its

population (change over time!!)

Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-1750

REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA

• 1619- The London Company- allowed colonists in Virginia to start an “assembly” (the House of Burgesses)

• Other colonies would have similar assemblies

• 1624- James I revoked the charter of the Virginia Company= Virginia became a Royal Colony.

Maryland: Catholic Haven•1634- founded by Lord Baltimore (Catholic)• Second Plantation Colony; 4th English Colony•Partly for profit & partly religious refuge• originally-200 settlers founded Maryland• huge estates awarded to Catholic family members• colonists only came if offered land• Backcountry (Protestants) famers resented the landowners=rebellion (1700’s)•Depended on tobacco •White indentured servants in early years•Freedom of worship granted until the Act of Toleration 1649.

Colonization of Maryland

THE WEST INDIES

• 1600’s-Spain loosened its grip on the West Indies

• 1665- England claimed Jamaica

• Sugar cane was the cash crop in the Indies (a rich man’s crop compared to tobacco)

THE WEST INDIES: WAY STATION TO MAINLAND AMERICA

SUGARCANE & SLAVERY IN THE WEST INDIES

• “Rich man’s crop”• Must be planted extensively to be profitable (ability to buy land) • Required massive, labor intensive land clearing (ability to buy

slaves)• 1640-1690 quarter million African slaves imported

• 1661- Barbados Slaves Codes: gave legal sanction to racial slavery, rights of masters to beat & mutilate slaves without worry of law, slaves are “chattel” and slaves for life.

• 1700-Black slaves outnumbered whites in the Indies.• West Indies dependent on North America for food products & basic

supplies= trade thrived!• English farmers from Barbados arrived in the Carolinas in 1670

with the Barbados Slave Codes

• * European colonist also made slaves of defeated Indians

RESTORATION COLONIES

• Restoration refers to the restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell• Carolinas, Georgia,

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

THE CAROLINAS

• As a reward for helping him gain the throne, Charles II granted a huge tract of land between VA and Spanish Florida to 8 nobles in 1663

• The original proprietorship was broken into 2 royal colonies in 1729

SETTLING SOUTH CAROLINA

• Charles town (Charleston…later)was formed in 1670 by a few colonists from England and some planters from the island of Barbados

• Initially, the economy was based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies

• By the middle of the 18th century, large*rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves created an economy and culture that resembled the West Indies

• Although Carolina was geographically closer to

the Chesapeake colonies, it was culturally closer to

the West Indies in the seventeenth century

since its early settlers—both blacks and whites—

came from Barbados.

• South Carolina retained close ties to the West Indies for more than a

century, long after many of its subsequent settlers

came from England, Ireland, France, and

elsewhere.

DEMOCRATIC NORTH CAROLINA

• Farmers from VA and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms here

• Region had few good harbors and poor transportation so there were fewer large plantations and less reliance on slavery

• By the 18th century, the colony earned a reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British control

• 1712- North Carolina separated from SC to form two colonies.

NORTH CAROLINA & RHODE ISLAND

• Most democratic• Independent minded• Least autocratic• **of all the original 13 colonies.

GEORGIA – THE LAST COLONY

• A proprietary colony and the only colony to receive direct financial support from the home government in London (James Oglethorpe)

• Set up for 2 reasons• Defensive buffer • Rid England’s overcrowded jails of

debtors• Special Regulations

• Absolute ban on drinking rum• Prohibition of slavery• All Christians except Catholics were

tolerated• Colony did not thrive because of

the constant threat of Spanish attack

• Taken over by the British government in 1752 when Oglethorpe and his group gave up• Bans on slavery and rum dropped• Colony grew slowly by adopting the

plantation system of South Carolina

THE PLANTATION COLONIES

Plantation Colonies: any colony or settlement in which settlers are “planted” abroad to establish a permanent or semi-permanent settlement OR colonies with a plantation based economy. • Had slavery• Growth of cities slowed by forests• Schools & churches stunted due to citizens being

spread out• Tobacco, rice, indigo