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channels, then it is essential that American investmentresources should bemobilized so as to obtain unity ofaction.Further, the European countries, in order to be justified inlooking for outside credit, must at once address themselvesto arrange their international situation as to currency, taxes,&c., in a way to command the confidence of the investingpublic. In the grantingofcredits, thfl active cooperation oftheUnited States, England, France, and neutral countries as wellshould be enlisted. In this connection, the countries furnish-ing raw materials should be prepared to extend the creditsrequired to cover the sales ofsuch materials.Source: Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers ofWoodrow Wilson, Vol. 59,May lO-May 31,1919 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1988),175-178.

187. Treaty of Peace between the Alliedand Associated Powers and Germany,and Protocol (Incorporating theCovenant of the League of Nations,Part I, and the Constitution of theInternational Labour Organisation, PartXIII), Signed at Versailles, 28 June 1919At the end ofJune 1919 Allied and German delegates finallysigned the Treaty of Versailles, the first of the peace treatiesbetween the Allies and the various Central Powers. Each peacetreaty also incorporated the Covenant ofthe League ofNationsand the Constitution ofthe new International Labour Organi-sation. Even though the defeated Central Powers were not ini-tially permitted to join the League ofNations, they had toaccept its authority. The Treaty ofVersailles detailed the terri-torial penalties, including the loss both ofterritory previouslyincorporated in the state itselfand ofcolonies, together withoverseas rights andprivileges in such countries as China, con-sequent upon Germany's loss ofthe war. The treaty also lim-ited German military, naval, and aviation forces and madeGermany liable to pay substantial reparations to the AlliedPowers. With appropriate modifications, the Treaty of Ver-sailles served as amodelfor the subsequentAllied treaties withAustria (Treaty ofSaint-Germain-en-Laye), Bulgaria (Treatyof Neuilly-sur-Seine), Hungary (Treaty of Trianon), andTurkey (Treaty ofSevres) negotiatedduring 1919-1920. Revi-sion ofthe terms ofthe Treaty ofVersailles immediately becameamajor objective ofevery German political party.

ContentsTREATY OF PEACE (Versailles, 28 June 1919)PreamblePart I (Articles 1-26): The Covenant of the League ofNations

Part II (Articles 27-30): Boundaries ofGermany

Part III (Articles 31-117): Political clauses for EuropePart IV (Article 118-158): German rights and interestsoutside Germany

Part V(Articles 159-213): Military, naval and air clausesPart VI (Articles 214-226): Prisoners ofwar and gravesPart VII (Articles 227-230): PenaltiesPart VIII (Articles 231-247): ReparationPart IX (Articles 248-263): Financial clausesPart X(Articles 264-312): Economic clausesPart XI (Articles 313-320): Aerial navigationPart XII (Articles 321-'386): Ports, waterways and rail-ways

Part XIII (Articles 387-427): Labour [InternationalLabour Organisation]

Part XIV (Articles 428-433): GuaranteesPart XV (Articles 434-440): Miscellaneous provisions

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE BRITISHEMPIRE, FRANCE, ITALY AND JAPAN, these Powers beingdescribed in the present Treaty as the Principal Allied andAssociated Powers,

BELGIUM, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, CHINA, CUBA, ECUADOR,GREECE, GUATEMALA,HAITI, THEHEDJAZ,HONDURAS,LIBERIA, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, PERU, POLAND, POR-TUGAL,ROUMANIA, THESERB-CROAT-SLOVENESTATE,SIAM, CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND URUGUAY, these Powersconstituting with the Principal Powers mentioned above theAllied andAssociated Powers, ofthe one part;

And GERMANY ofthe other part;

BEARING IN MIND that on the request of the Imperial Ger-man Government an armistice was granted on 11 November1918 to Germanybythe PrincipalAllied andAssociated Pow-ers in order that a Treaty of Peace might be concluded withher, and

THE ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS being equallydesirous that the war in which they were successivelyinvolved directly or indirectly and which originated in thedeclaration of war by Austria-Hungary on 28 July 1914against Serbia, the declaration of war by Germany againstRussia on 1 August 1914, and against France on 3 August1914, and in the invasion ofBelgium, should be replaced bya firm and durable peace,

... [H]ave agreed as follows:

From the coming into force ofthe present Treaty the state ofwarwill terminate. From thatmoment and subject to the pro-,visions of this Treaty official relations with Germany, and,

, with any ofthe German States, will be resumed by the Alliedand Associated Powers.

Part J ,The Covenant'of the League ofNationsTHE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES,

IN ORDER TO PROMOTE international co-operation and toachieve international peace and security

by the acceptance ofobligations not to resort to war,by the prescription of open, just and honourable relationsbetween nations,

bythefirm establishmentoftheunderstandings ofinternationallaw as the actual rule ofconduct among Governments, and

by the maintenance ofjustice and ascrupulous respect for alltreaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples withone another,

AGREE to this Covenant of the League ofNations.

Article 1The originalMembers ofthe League ofNations shall be thoseof the signatories which are named in the Annex to thisCovenant and also such of those other States named in theAnnex as shall accede without reservation to this Covenant.Such accession shall be effected by a declaration depositedwith the Secretariat within two months of the coming intoforce ofthe Covenant. Notice thereofshall be sent to all otherMembers ofthe League.

Any fully self-governing State, Dominion, or Colony notnamed in the Annex may become aMember ofthe League ifits admissionis agreed to by two-thirds oftheAssembly, pro-vided that it shallgive effectiveguarantees ofits sincere inten-tion to observe its international obligations, and shall acceptsuch regulations as maybeprescribedbytheLeague in regardto its military, naval and air forces and armaments.

AnyMember ofthe League may, after two years' notice ofitsintention so to do, withdraw from the League, provided thatall its international obligations and all its obligations underthis Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time ofits with-drawal.

Article 2The action ofthe League under this Covenant shall be effectedthrough the instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Coun-cil, with apermanent Secretariat.

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Article 3TheAssemblyshall consistofrepresentatives oftheMembersofthe League.

TheAssembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time totime as occasion may require at the seat of the League or atsuch other place as may be decided upon.

The Assembly may deal at its meetings with any matterwithin thesphereofactionofthe Leagueoraffecting the peaceofthe world.

At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the Leagueshall have one vote, and may have not more than threerepresentatives.

Article 4The Council shall consist of representatives of the PrincipalAllied and Associated Powers, together with representativesoffourotherMembers ofthe League. These four Members ofthe League shall be selected by the Assembly from time totime in its discretion. Until the appointment ofthe represen-tatives ofthe fourMembers ofthe League first selected by theAssembly, representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Spain andGreece shall be members ofthe Council.

.With the approval ofthemajority ofthe Assembly, the Coun-cil may name additional Members of the League whose rep-resentatives shall always be members of the Council; theCouncilwith like approval may increase the number ofMem-bers of the League to be selected by the Assembly for repre-sentation on the Council.

The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion mayrequire, and at least once ayear, at the seat of the League, orat such other place as may be decided upon.

The Council may deal at its meetings with anymatter withinthe sphere ofaction ofthe League or affecting the peace oftheworld.

AnyMemberoftheLeaguenot representedon theCouncil shallbe invited to send a representative to sit as a member at anymeetingoftheCouncilduringtheconsiderationofmatters spe-cially affecting the interests ofthatMember of the League.

At meetings ofthe Council, each Member of the League rep-resented on theCouncil shallhave onevote, andmayhave notmore than one representative.

Article 5Exceptwhere otherwise expressly provided in this Covenantor by the terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any meet-

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ing ofthe Assembly or ofthe Council shall require the agree-ment of all the Members of the League represented at themeeting.

Allmatters ofprocedure atmeetings oftheAssemblyor oftheCouncil, including the appointment ofCommittees to inves-tigate particular matters, shall be r.egulated by the Assemblyor by the Council and may be decided by a majority of theMembers ofthe League represented at the meeting.

The first meeting ofthe Assembly and the first meetingoftheCouncil shall be summoned by the President of the UnitedStates ofAmerica....

Article 8The Members of the League recognize that the maintenanceofpeace requires the reduction ofnational armaments to thelowest point consistent with national safety and the enforce-ment by common action of international obligations.

TheCouncil, taking account ofthe geographical situation andcircumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for suchreduction for the consideration and action of the severalGovernments.

Suchplans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision atleast every ten years.

After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Gov-ernments, the limits ofarmaments therein fixed shall not beexceededwithout the concurrence ofthe Council.

The Members of the League agree that the manufacture byprivate enterprise of munitions and implements of war isopen to grave objections. The Couneil shall advise how theevil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be pre-vented, due regardbeinghad to the necessities ofthoseMem-bers of the League which are not able to manufacture themunitions and implements ofwar necessary for their safety.

TheMembers ofthe League undertake to interchange full andfrank information as to the scale of their armaments, theirmilitary, naval and air programs and the condition ofsuch'oftheir industries as are adaptable to war-like purposes....

Article 10The Members of the League undertake to respect and pre-serve as against external aggression the territorial integrityand existing political independence of all Members of theLeague. In case ofany such aggression or in case ofany threator danger of such aggression the Council shall advise uponthe means bywhich this obligation shall be fulfilled.

Article 11Anywar or threat ofwar, whether immediatelyaffecting anyoftheMembers ofthe Leagueornot, is herebydeclared amat-ter ofconcern to the whole League, and the League shall takeany action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safe-guard the peace of nations. In case any such emergencyshould arise the Secretary General shall on the request ofanyMember of the League forthwith summon a meeting of theCouncil.

It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member ofthe League to bring to the attention ofthe Assembly or oftheCouncil any circumstance whatever affecting internationalrelations which threatens to disturb international peace orthe good understanding between nations upon which peacedepends.

Article 12The Members of the League agree that if there should arisebetween them anydispute likely to lead to arupture, theywillsubmit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by theCouncil, and they agree in no case to resort to war until threemonths after the award by the arbitrators or the report by theCouncil.

In anycase under thisArticle the awardofthe arbitrators shallbemadewithin areasonable time, and the report ofthe Coun-eil shall be made within six months after the submission ofthe dispute.

Article 13TheMembers ofthe League agree thatwhenever any disputeshall arise between them which they recognize to be suitablefor submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfac-torily settled by diplomacy, they will submit the whole sub-ject-matter to arbitration.

Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any ques-tion ofinternational law, as to the existence ofany fact whichifestablishedwould constitute a breach ofany internationalobligation, or as to the extent and nature ofthe reparation tobe made for any such breach, are declared to be among thosewhich are generally suitable for submission to arbitration.

For the consideration of any such dispute the court of arbi-tration to which the case is referred shall be the court agreedon by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any conven-tion existing between them.

The Members of the League agree that they will carry out infull good faith any award that maybe rendered, and that they.will not resort to war against aMember of the League which,

, complies therewith. In the event of any failure to carry outsuch an award, the Council shall propose what steps shouldbe taken to give effect thereto.

Article 14The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members ofthe League for adoption plans for the establishment ofaPer-manent Court of International Justice. The Court shall becompetent to hear and determine any dispute ofan interna-tional character which the parties thereto submit to it. TheCourt may also give anadvisory opinion upon any dispute orquestion referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly.

Article 15Ifthere should arise betweenMembers ofthe League any dis-pute likelyto lead to arupture,which is not submitted to arbi-tration in accordance with Article 13, the Members of theLeague agree that they will submit the matter to the Council.Any party to the disputemay effect such submission by giv-ing notice ofthe existence ofthe dispute to the SecretaryGen- .eral, who will make all necessary arrangements for a fullinvestigation and consideration thereof.

For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicateto the SecretaryGeneral, as promptly as possible, statementsof their case, with all the relevant facts and papers, and theCouncil may forthwith direct the publication thereof.

The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the dis-pute, and if such efforts are successful, a statement shall bemade public giving such facts and explanations regarding thedispute and the terms of settlement thereof as the Councilmay deem appropriate.

If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unani-mously or by amajorityvote shall make and publish a reportcontaining a statement ofthe facts ofthe dispute and the rec-ommendations which are deemed just and proper in regardthereto.

Any Member of the League represented on the Council maymake public a statement of the facts of the dispute and ofitsconclusions regarding the same.

If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by themembers thereof other than the representatives of one ormore ofthe parties to the dispute, theMembers ofthe Leagueagree that theywill not go towarwith any party to the disputewhich complies with the recommendations of the report.

If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimouslyagreed to by the members thereof, other than the represen-

World War I Documents (1919) 1603

tatives ofone ormore ofthe parties to the dispute, the Mem-bers oftheLeague reserve to themselves the right to take suchaction as they shall consider necessary for the maintenanceof right and justice.

If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one ofthem,and is found by the Council, to arise out ofamatter which byinternational law is solelywithin the domestic jurisdiction ofthat party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no rec-ommendation as to its settlement.

The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dis-pute to the Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at therequest of either party to the dispute, provided that suchrequest bemadewithin fourteen days after the submission ofthe dispute to the Council.

In any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions ofthisArticle and ofArticle 12 relating to the action and powers ofthe Council shall apply to the action and powers oftheAssem-bly' provided that areportmadebytheAssembly, ifconcurredinby the representatives ofthoseMembers ofthe League rep-resented on the Council and of amajority of the other Mem-bers oftheLeague, exclusive in eachcase ofthe representativesof the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as areport by the Council concurred in by all the members thereofother than the representatives ofone ormore ofthe parties tothe dispute.

Article 16Should anyMember ofthe League resort to war in disregardofits covenants under Articles 12, 13 or 15, it shall ipso factobe deemed to have committed an act ofwar against all otherMembers of the League, which hereby undertake immedi-atelyto subject it to the severance ofall trade or financial rela-tions, the prohibition of all intercourse between theirnationals and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State,and the prevention of all financial, commercial or personalintercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breakingState and the nationals ofany other State, whether aMemberofthe League or not.

It shall be the duty ofthe Council in such case to recommendto the several Governments concerned what effective mili-tary, naval or air force the Members ofthe League shall sev-erally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect thecovenants ofthe League.

The Members of the League agree, further, that they willmutually support one another in the financial and economicmeasureswhich are taken under this Article, in order to min-imise the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above

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measures, and that theywill mutually support one another inresisting any special measures aimed at one oftheir numberby the covenant-breaking State, and that they will take thenecessary steps to afford passage through their territory tothe forces ofany ofthe Members ofthe League which are co-operating to protect the covenants ofthe League.

AnyMember ofthe League which has violated any covenantof the League may be declared to be no longer aMember ofthe League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the rep-resentatives of all the other Members of the League repre-sented thereon.

Article 17In the event ofadispute between aMember oftheLeague andaStatewhich is notaMember ofthe League, orbetweenStatesnotMembers ofthe League, the State or States notMembersof the League shall be invited to accept the obligations ofmembership in the League for the purposes ofsuch dispute,upon such conditions as the Council may deem just. If suchinvitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles 12 to 16inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may bedeemed necessaryby the Council. Upon such invitationbeinggiven the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry intothe circumstances ofthe dispute and recommend such actionas may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.

If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations ofmembership in the League for the purposes ofsuch dispute,and shall resort to war against aMember of the League, theprovisions ofArticle 16 shall be applicable as against the Statetaking such action.

Ifboth parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to acceptthe obligations ofmembership in the League for the purposesof such dispute, the Council may take such measures andmake such recommendations as will prevent hostilities andwill result in the settlement ofthe dispute....

Article 19The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsider-ation by Members of the League of treaties which havebecome inapplicable and the consideration of internationalconditions whose continuance might endanger the peace ofthe world.

Article 20TheMembers ofthe League severallyagree thatthis Covenantis accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandingsinter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, andsolemnlyundertake that theywill nothereafter enter into anyengagements inconsistent with the terms thereof.

In case anyMember of the League shall, before becoming aMember of the League have undertaken any obligationsinconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be theduty of suchMember to take immediate steps to procure itsrelease from such obligations.

Article 21Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the valid-ity ofinternational engagements, such as treaties of arbitra-tion or regional understandings like theMonroe doctrine, forsecuring the maintenance ofpeace.

Article 22To those colonies and territories which as a consequence ofthe late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of theStates which formerly governed them and which are inhab-ited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under thestrenuous conditions of the modern world, there should beapplied the principle that the well-being and development ofsuch peoples form asacred trust ofcivilisation and that secu-rities for the performance ofthis trust should be embodied inthis Covenant.

The best method ofgiving practical effect to this principle isthat the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted toadvanced nations who by reason of their resources, theirexperience or their geographical position can best undertakethis responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and thatthis tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories onbehalfof the League.

The character of the mandate must differ according to thestage of the development of the people, the geographical sit-uation of the territory, its economic conditions and othersimilar circumstances.

Certain communities formerly belonging to the TurkishEmpirehave reached astage ofdevelopmentwhere their exis-tence as independent nations canbe provisionally recognizedsubject to the rendering of administrative advice and assis-tance byaMandatoryuntil such time as they are able to standalone. The wishes of these communities must be a principalconsideration in the selection of the Mandatory.

Other peoples, especially those ofCentral Africa, are at sucha stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for theadministration of the territory under conditions which willguarantee freedom ofconscience and subject onlytothe maintenance ofpublic order and mora1s, the prohibitionof abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and theliquor traffic, and the prevention ofthe establishment offor-tifications or military and naval bases and ofmilitary train- ,

Jng of the natives for· other than police purposes and thedefence ofterritory, and will also secure equal opportunitiesfor the trade and commerce ofotherMembers ofthe League.

\

There are such as South-West Africa and certainof the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparsenessof their population, or their small size, or their remoteness.from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical conti-guity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circum-stances, can be best administered under the laws of theMandatory as integral portions ofits territory, subject to thesafeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indige-nous population.

In every case ofmandate, the Mandatory shall render to theCouncil an annual report in reference to the territory com-mitted to its charge.

The degree ofauthority, control, or administration to be exer-cised by the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed uponby the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in eachcase by the Council.

ApermanentCommission shall be constituted to receive andexamine the annual reports oftheMandatories and to advisethe Council on all matters relating to the observance of themandates.

Article 23Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of interna-tional conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon,the Members ofthe League:

(a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair andhumane conditions of labour for men, women, andchildren, both in their own countries and in all coun-tries to which their commercial and industrial rela-tions ext<ind, and for that purpose will establish andmaintain the necessary international organizations;

(b) undertake to secure just treatment of the nativeinhabitants of territories under their control;

(c) will entrust the League with the general supervisionover the execution of agreements with regard to thetraffic in women and children, and the traffic inopium and other dangerous drugs;

(d) will entrust the League with the general supervisionof the trade in arms and ammunition with the coun-tries inwhich the control ofthis traffic is necessary inthe common

(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedomofcommunications andoftransit and equitable treat-ment for the commerce ofallMembers ofthe League.

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In this connection, the special necessities of theregions devastated during thewar of1914-1918 shallbe borne in mind;

(f) will endeavourto take steps inmatters ofinternationalconcern for the prevention and control ofdisease.

Article 24There shall be placed under the direction of the League allinternational bureaux already established by general treatiesif the parties to such treaties consent. ...

Article25TheMembers ofthe League agree to encourage and promotethe establishment and co-operation of duly authorized vol-untary national Red Cross organizations having as purposesthe improvement ofhealth, the prevention ofdisease and themitigation ofsuffering throughout the world.

Article 26Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratifiedby the Members of the League whose representatives com-pose the Council and by a majority of the Members of theLeague whose representatives compose the Assembly.

No such amendment shall bind any Member of the Leaguewhich signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shallcease to be aMember ofthe League.

Annex [to Part I}I.OriginalMembers ofthe League ofNationsSignatories ofthe Treaty ofPeaceUnited States of America, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, BritishEmpire, Canada,Australia, SouthAfrica, NewZealand, India,China, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti,Hedjaz, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama,Peru, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, Serb-Croat-SloveneState, Siam, Czecho-Slovakia, Uruguay.

States Invited to Accede to the CovenantArgentine Republic, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Nether-lands, Norway, Paraguay, Persia, Salvador, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Venezuela.

II. First SecretaryGeneral ofthe League ofNationsThe Honourable Sir James Eric Drummond KCMG, CB.

Part /IBoundaries ofGermanyArticle 27The boundaries ofGermanywill be determined as follows:

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1. With Belgium:From the point common to the three frontiers of Belgium,Holland and Germany and in a southerly direction:

the north-easternboundary ofthe former territory ofneutralMoresnet then the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Eupen,then the frontier between Belgiumand the Kreis ofMontjoie,then the north-eastern and eastern boundary of the Kreis ofMalmedy to its junction with the frontier ofLuxemburg.

2. With Luxemburg:The frontier of3 August 1914 to its junctionwith the frontierofFrance of 18 July 1870.

3. With France:The frontier of 18 July 1870 from Luxemburg to Switzerlandwith the reservations made in Article 48 ofSection IV (SaarBasin) ofFart III.

4. With Switzerland:The present frontier.

5. With Austria:The frontier of 3 August 1914 from Switzerland to Czecho-slovakia as hereinafter defined.

6. With Czechoslovakia:The frontier of3August 1914 between Germany andAustriafrom its junction with the old administrative boundary sep-arating Bohemia and the province of Upper Austria to thepoint north ofthe salient ofthe old province ofAustrian Sile-sia situated at about 8kilometres east ofNeustadt.

7. With Poland: [details omitted] ...

8. With Denmark:The frontier as itwill be fixed in accordancewith Articles 109to III ofPart III, SectionXII (Schleswig).

Article 28The boundaries ofEast Prussia, with the reservations madein Section IX (East Prussia) ofFart III, will be determined asfollows: [details omitted] ...

Part 11/Political Clauses for EuropeSection IIILeft Bank ofthe RhineArticle 42Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any fortifica-tions either on the left bank ofthe Rhine or on the right bank

to the west of a line drawn 50 kilometres to the east of theRhine.

Article 43In the area defined above the maintenance and the assemblyof armed forces, either permanently or temporarily, andmilitary manoeuvres of any kind, as well as the upkeep ofall permanent works for mobilization, are in the same wayforbidden.

Article 44In case Germany violates in any manner whatever the provi-sions ofArticles 42 and 43, she shall be regarded as commit-ting a hostile act against the Powers signatory ofthe presentTreaty and as calculated to disturb the peace ofthe world.

Section IVSaar Basin

Article 45As compensation for the destruction ofthe coal mines in thenorth ofFrance and as part payment towards the total repa-ration due from Germany for the damage resulting from thewar, Germanycedes to France in full and absolutepossession,with exclusive rights ofexploitation, unencumbered and freefrom all debts and charges of any kind, the coal mines situ-ated in the Saar Basin as defined in Article 48.

Article 46In order to assure the rights andwelfare ofthe population andto guarantee to France complete freedom in working themines, Germany agrees to the provisions ofChapters I and IIof the Annex hereto.

Article 47In order to make in due time permanent provision for thegovernment of the Saar Basin in accordance with the wishesof the population, France and Germany agree to the provi-sions ofChapter III of the Annex hereto....

Article 49Germany renounces in favour ofthe League ofNations, in thecapacity of trustee, the government of the territory definedabove.

At the end of fifteen years from the coming into force of thepresent Treaty the inhabitants of the said territory shall becalled upon to indicate the sovereignty under which theydesire to be placed.

Article 50The stipulations under which the cession of the mines in theSaar Basin shall be carried out, together with the measures-

intended to guarantee the rights and the well-being of the, inhabitants and the government ofthe territory, as well as theconditions in accordance with which the plebiscite hereinbe-fore provided for, is to be made, are laid down in the Annexhereto. This Annex shall be considered as an integral part ofthe present Treaty, and Germany declares her adherence to it.

Annex [to Part 11/, Section IV]Chapter IIGovernment ofthe Territory ofthe Saar Basin16. The Government ofthe territory ofthe Saar Basin shall beentrusted to a Commission representing the League ofNations. The Commission shall sit in the territory ofthe SaarBasin....

Chapter IIIPlebiscite34. At the termination of a period of fifteen years from thecoming into force ofthe present Treaty, the population oftheterritory ofthe Saar Basinwill be called upon to indicate theirdesires in the following manner:

Avote will take place by communes or districts, on the threefollowing alternatives:

(a) maintenance ofthe regime establishedby the presentTreaty and by this Annex;

(b) union with France;(c) unionwith Germany.

All persons without distinction of sex, more than twentyyears old at the date ofthe voting, resident in the territory atthe date of the signature of the present Treaty, will have theright to vote.

Theotherconditions, methods and the date ofthevotingshallbe fixed by the Council ofthe League ofNations in such awayas to secure the freedom, secrecy and trustworthiness ofthevoting....

Section VAlsace-LorraineTHEHIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, recognizing themoralobligation to redress the wrong done by Germany in 1871both to the rights ofFrance and to the wishes of the popula-tion ofAlsace and Lorraine, which were separated from theircountry in spite ofthe solemn protest oftheir representativesat the Assembly ofBordeaux,AGREE upon the following Articles:

Article 51The territories which were ceded to Germany in accordancewith the Preliminaries ofPeace signedatVersailles on 26 Feb-

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ruary 1871 and the Treaty of Frankfort of 10 May 1871 arerestored to French sovereignty as from the date of theArmistice of 11 November 1918.

The provisions of the Treaties establishing the delimitationofthe frontiers before 1871 shall be restored....

Article55The territories referred to in Article 51 shall return to France,free and quit of all public debts, under the conditions laiddown in Article 255 ofPart IX (Financial Clauses) ofthe pres-entTreaty.

Article 56In conformity with the provisions of Article 256 of Part IX(Financial Clauses) of the present Treaty, France shall enterinto possession of all property and estate within the territo-ries referred to in Article 51, which belong to the GermanEmpire or German States, without any payment or credit onthis account to any ofthe States ceding the territories....

Section VIAustriaArticle 80Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the inde-pendence ofAustria, within the frontiers which may be fixedin a Treaty between that State and the Principal Allied andAssociated Powers; she agrees that this independence shallbe inalienable, except with the consent of the Council of theLeague ofNations.

Section VIICzecho-Slovak StateArticle 81Germany, in conformitywith the action already taken by theAllied andAssociated Powers, recognizes the complete inde-pendence of the Czecho-Slovak State which will include theautonomous territory of the Ruthenians to the south of theCarpathians. Germanyhereby recognizes the frontiers ofthisState as determined by the Principal Allied and AssociatedPowers and the other interested States.

Article 82The old frontier as it existed on 3August 1914 between Aus-tria-Hungary and the German Empire will constitute thefrontier between Germany and the Czecho-Slovak State.

Article 83Germany renounces in favour of the Czecho-Slovak State allrights and title over the portion ofSilesian territory definedas follows: ... [details omitted]

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Article 86The Czecho-Slovak State accepts and agrees to embody in aTreaty with the Principal Allied and Associated Powers suchprovisions as maybe deemed necessary by the said Powers toprotect the interests ofinhabitants ofthat Statewho differ fromthemajority ofthe population in race, language or religion....

Section VIIIPolandArticle 87Germany, in conformitywith the action already taken by theAllied andAssociated Powers, recognizes the complete inde-pendence of Poland, and renounces in her favour all rightsand title over the territoryboundedby the BalticSea, the east-ern frontier ofGermany as laid down in Article 27 ofpart II(Boundaries ofGermany) ofthe present Treaty up to a pointsituated about 2kilometres to the east ofLorzendorf, then aline to the acute anglewhich the northern boundaryofUpperSilesia makes about 3 kilometres north-west of Simmenau,then the boundary ofUpper Silesia to its meeting point withthe old frontier between Germany and Russia, then this fron-tier to the point where it crosses the course of the Niemen,and then the northern frontier ofEast Prussia as laid down inArticle 28 ofPart II aforesaid.

The provisions of this Article do not, however, apply to theterritories of East Prussia and the Free City of Danzig, asdefined in Article 28 ofPart II (Boundaries ofGermany) andin Article 100 ofSection XI (Danzig) of this Part.

Theboundaries ofPolandnot laid down in the presentTreatywill be subsequently determined by the Principal Allied andAssociated Powers....

Article 88In the portion of Upper Silesia included within the bound-aries described below, the inhabitants will be called upon toindicate by a vote whether they wish to be attached to Ger-many or to Poland: ...

Germanyhereby renounces in favour ofPoland all rights andtitle over the portion ofUpper Silesia lying beyond the fron-tier line fixed by the Principal Allied and Associated Powersas the result of the plebiscite....

Section IXEast PrussiaArticle 94In the area between the southern frontier ofEast Prussia, asdescribed in Article 28 ofPart II (Boundaries ofGermany) ofthe present Treaty, and the line described below, the inhabi-

tants will be called upon to indicate by a vote the State towhich theywish to belong:

the western and northern boundary of RegierungsbezirkAllenstein to its junction with the boundary between theKreise of Oletsko and Angerburg; thence, the northernboundary of the Kreis ofOletsko to its junction with the oldfrontier ofEast Prussia....

Article 96In the area comprising the Kreise of Stuhm and Rosenbergand the portion ofthe Kreis ofMarienburg which is situatedeast of the Nogat and that ofMarienwerder east of the Vis-tula, the inhabitants will be called upon to indicate by avote,to be taken in each commune (Gemeinde), whether theydesire the various communes situated in this territory tobelong to Poland or to East Prussia....

Section XMemelArticle 99Germany renounces in favour of the Principal Allied andAssociated Powers all rights and title over the territoriesincluded between the Baltic, the north-eastern frontier ofEast Prussia as defined in Article 28 ofPart II (Boundaries ofGermany) of the present Treaty and the former frontierbetween Germany and Russia.

Germany undertakes to accept the settlement made by thePrincipalAllied andAssociated Powers in regard to these ter-ritories, particularly in so far as concerns the nationality ofthe inhabitants.

Section XIFree City ofDanzigArticle 100Germany renounces in favour of the Principal Allied andAssociated Powers all rights and title over the territory com-prisedwithin the following limits: ... [details omitted]

Article 102The Principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake toestablish the town ofDanzig, togetherwith the rest ofthe ter-ritory described in Article 100, as aFree City. Itwill be placedunder the protection ofthe League ofNations.

Article 103Aconstitution for the Free City ofDanzig shall be drawn upby the duly appointed representatives of the Free City inagreementwith aHigh Commissioner to be appointed by the'

League ofNations. This constitution shall beplaced under theguarantee ofthe League ofNations....

Article 104 \The Principal Alliea and Associated Powers undertake tonegotiate a Treaty between the Polish Government and theFree City ofDanzig, which shall come into force at the sametime as the establishment of the said Free City, with the fol-lowing objects:

(1) To effect the inclusion of the Free City of Danzig withinthe Polish Customs frontiers, and to establish a free area inthe port;

(2) To ensure to Poland without any restriction the free useand service of all waterways, docks, basins, wharves andotherworks within the territory ofthe Free City necessary forPolish imports and exports;

(3) To ensure to Poland the control and administration oftheVistula and ofthe whole railway systemwithin the Free City,except such street and other railways as serve primarily theneeds of the Free City, and of postal, telegraphic and tele-phonic communication between Poland and the port ofDanzig;

(4) To ensure to Poland the right to develop and improve thewaterways, docks, basins, wharves, railways and otherworksand means of communication mentioned in this Article, aswell as to lease or purchase through appropriate processessuch land and other property as may be necessary for thesepurposes;

(5) To provide against any discrimination within the FreeCityofDanzig to the detriment ofcitizens ofPoland and otherpersons ofPolish origin or speech;

(6) To provide that the Polish Government shall undertakethe conduct ofthe foreign relations ofthe Free City ofDanzigas well as the diplomatic protection of citizens of that citywhen abroad.... [Provisions on Schleswig and Heligolandomitted.]

Section XIVRussia and Russian StatesArticle 116Germany acknowledges and agrees to respect as permanentand inalienable the independence ofall the territories whichwere part of the former Russian Empire on 1August 1914.

In accordance with the provisions of Article 259 of Part IX(Financial Clauses) and Article 292 of Part X (Economic

World War I Documents (I919) 1609

Clauses) Germany accepts definitely the abrogation of theBrest-Litovsk Treaties and of all other treaties, conventionsand agreements entered into byherwith theMaximalistGov-ernment in Russia.

The Allied andAssociated Powers formally reserve the rightsofRussia to obtain from Germany restitution and reparationbased on the principles of the present Treaty.

117Germany undertakes to recognize the full force ofall treatiesor agreements which may be entered into by the Allied andAssociated Powers with States now existing or coming intoexistence in future in the whole or part ofthe former EmpireofRussia as it existed on 1August 1914, and to recognize thefrontiers ofany such States as determined therein.

Part IVGerman Rights and Interests Outside GermanyArticle 118In territory outside her European frontiers as fixed by thepresentTreaty, Germany renounces all rights, titles and priv-ileges whatever in or over territory which belonged to her orto her allies, and all rights, titles andprivilegeswhatever theirorigin which she held as against the Allied and AssociatedPowers.

Germany hereby undertakes to recognize and to conform tothe measures which maybe taken now or in the future by thePrincipal Allied and Associated Powers, in agreement wherenecessarywith third Powers, in order to carry the above stip-ulation into effect.

In particular Germany declares her acceptance ofthe follow-ing Articles relating to certain special subjects.

Section IGerman ColoniesArticle 119Germany renounces in favour of the Principal Allied andAssociated Powers all her rights and titles over her overseapossessions.

Section /IChinaArticle 128Germany renounces in favour ofChina all benefits and priv-ileges resulting from the provisions of the final Protocolsigned at Peking on 7September 1901, and from all annexes,notes and documents supplementary thereto. She likewise

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renounces in favour ofChina any claim to indemnities accru-ing thereunder subsequentto 14March 1917....

Article 131Germany undertakes to restore to China within twelvemonths from the coming into force-'{)f the present Treaty allthe astronomical instrumentswhichher troops in 1900-1901carried away from China, and to defray all expenses whichmay be incurred in effecting such restoration, including theexpenses of dismounting, packing, transporting, insuranceand installation in Peking.

Article 132Germany agrees to the abrogation ofthe leases from the Chi-nese Government under which the German Concessions atHankow and Tientsin are now held.

China, restored to the full exercise ofher sovereign rights in theabove areas, declares her intention ofopening them to interna-tional residence and trade. She further declares that the abro-gationofthe leases underwhich these concessions are nowheldshall not affect the property rights of nationals of Allied andAssociatedPowerswho areholders oflots in these concessions.

Section VMoroccoArticle 141Germany renounces all rights, titles and privileges conferredon her by the General Act ofAlgeciras of7April 1906, andbythe Franco-German Agreements of 9 February 1909 and 4November 1911. All treaties, agreements, arrangements andcontracts concluded by her with the Sherifian Empire areregarded as abrogated as from 3August 1914.

In no case can Germany take advantage ofthese instrumentsand she ul1dertakes not to intervene in any way in negotia-tions relating to Morocco which may take place betweenFrance and the other Powers.

Article 142Germany having recognized the French Protectorate in Mo-rocco, hereby accepts all the consequences ofits establishment,and she renounces the regime of the capitulations therein.

This renunciation shall take effect as from 3August 1914....

Section VIEgyptArticle 147Germany declares that she recognizes the Protectorate pro-claimedoverEgyptbyGreatBritainon 18December 1914, andthat she renounces the regime ofthe Capitulations in Egypt.

This renunciation shall take effect as from 4August 1914.

Article 148All treaties, agreements, arrangements and contracts con-cluded by Germanywith Egypt are regarded as abrogated asfrom 4August 1914.

In no case canGermany avail herselfofthese instruments andshe undertakes not to intervene in any way in negotiationsrelating to Egyptwhichmay take place between Great Britainand the other Powers....

Section VIITurkey andBulgariaArticle 155Germany undertakes to recognize and accept all arrange-ments which the Allied and Associated Powers may makewith Turkey and Bulgariawith reference to any rights, inter-ests and privileges whateverwhich might be claimedby Ger-many or her nationals in Turkey and Bulgaria and which arenot dealt with in the provisions of the present Treaty.

Section VIIIShantungArticle 156Germany renounces, in favour of Japan, all her rights, titleand privileges-particularly those concerning the territoryofKiaochow, railways, mines and submarine cables-whichshe acquired in virtue of the Treaty concluded by her withChina on 6March 1898, and of all other arrangements rela-tive to the Province ofShantung....

Part VMilitary, Naval and Air ClausesIn order to render possible the initiation ofageneral limitationof the armaments ofall nations, Germany undertakes strictlyto observe themilitary, naval and air clauses which follow.

Section IMilitary ClausesChapter IEffectives and Cadres ofthe German ArmyArticle 159TheGermanmilitary forces shallbe demobilized and reducedas prescribed hereinafter. \

Article 1601. By adate which must not be later than 31 March 1920, theGermanArmymust not comprise more than seven divisionsof infantry and three divisions of cavalry.

After that date the total number of effectives in the Army ofthe States constituting Germany must not exceed one hun-dred thousandmen, including officers and establishments ofdepots. TheArmysqall be devoted exclusively to the mainte-nance of order within the territory and to the control of thefrontiers.

The total effective strength ofofficers, including the person-nel of staffs, whatever their composition, must not exceedfour thousand.

2. Divisions and Army Corps headquarters staffs shall beorganized in accordance with Table No.1 annexed to thisSection.

The number and strengths of the units of infantry, artillery,engineers, technical services and troops laid down in theaforesaid Table constitute maxima which must not beexceeded.

The following units may each have their own depot:

An Infantry regiment;ACavalry regiment;Aregiment ofFieldArtillery;Abattalion ofPioneers.

3. The divisions must not be grouped under more than twoarmy corps headquarters staffs.

The maintenance or formation of forces differently groupedor of other organizations for the command of troops or forpreparation for war is forbidden.

The Great German General Staffand all similar organizationsshall be dissolved and may not be reconstituted in any form.

The officers, or persons in the position ofofficers, in theMin-istries ofWar in the different States in Germany and in theAdministrations attached to them, must not exceed threehundred in number and are included in the maximumstrength of four thousand laid down in the third sub-para-graph ofparagraph 1of this Article.

Article 161Army administrative services consisting of civilian person-nel not included in the number ofeffectives prescribed bythepresent Treatywill have such personnel reduced in each classto one-tenth ofthat laid down in the Budget of 1913.

Article 162The number of employees or officials of the German Statessuch as customs officers, forest guards and coastguards, shall

WorldWad Documents (1919) 1611

not exceed that of the employees or officials functioning inthese capacities in 1913.

The number of gendarmes and employees or officials of thelocal or municipal police may only be increased to an extentcorresponding to the increase ofpopulation since 1913 in thedistricts or municipalities in which they are employed.

These employees and officials may not be assembled for mil-itary training.

Article 163The reduction of the strength of the German military forcesas provided for inArticle 160maybe effectedgradually in thefollowing manner:

Within three months from the coming into force ofthe pres-ent Treaty the total number ofeffectives must be reduced to200,000 and the number of units must not exceed twice thenumber ofthose laid down in Article 160.

At the expiration ofthis period, and at the end ofeach subse-quent period of three months, a Conference of militaryexperts of the Principal Allied andAssociated Powers will fixthe reductions to be made in the ensuing three months, sothat by 31 March 1920 at the latestthe total number of Ger-man effectives does not exceed the maximum number of100,000 men laid down in Article 160. In these successivereductions the same ratio between the number ofofficers andofmen, andbetween thevarious kinds ofunits, shall bemain-tained as is laid down in that Article.

Chapter 1/Armament, Munitions andMaterialArticle 164Up till the time at which Germany is admitted as a memberofthe League ofNations the GermanArmymust not possessan armament greater than the amounts fixed in Table No. IIannexed to this Section....

Germany agrees that after she has become a member of theLeague ofNations the armaments fixed in the saidTable shallremain in force until they are modified by the Council of theLeague. Furthermore sheherebyagrees strictly to observe thedecisions ofthe Council of the League on this subject.

Article 165The maximum number ofguns, machine guns, trench-mor-tars, rifles and the amount of ammunition and equipmentwhich Germany is allowed to maintain during the periodbetween the coming into force of the present Treaty and thedate of31 March 1920 referred to inArticle 160, shall bear the

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Table No.1STATEAND ESTABLISHMENT OF ARMY CORPS HEADQUARTERS STAFFS

AND OF INFANTRYAND CAVALRY DIVISIONSThese tabular statements do not form a fIxed establishment to be imposed on Germany, but the fIgures contained in

them (number ofunits and strengths) represent maximum fIgures, which should not in any case be exceeded." I. ARMY CORPS HEADQUARTERS STAFFS

Maximum strengthsofeach unit

Maximum no. N.C.O.'sUnit authorized OffIcers andMen

Army Corps Headquarters Staff 2 30 150TOTAL for Headquarters Staffs 60 300

II. ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INFANTRYDIVISIONMaximum strengths

Maximum No. of ofeach unitsuch units in a N.C.O.'s

Unit single division OffIcers and Men

Headquarters ofan infantry division 1 25 70Headquarters ofdivisional infantry 1 4 30Headquarters ofdivisional artillery 1 4 30Regiment ofinfantry 3 70 2,300(Each regiment comprises 3battalions ofinfantry.Each battalion comprises 3companies ofinfantryand 1machine gun company.)

Trench mortar company 3 6 150Divisional squadron 1 6 150Field artillery regiment 1 85 1,300(Each regiment comprises 3groups ofartillery.Each group comprises 3batteries.)

Pioneer battalion 1 12 400(This battalion comprises 2companies ofpioneers,1pontoon detachment, 1searchlight section.)

Signal detachment . 1 12 300(This detachment comprises 1telephone detachment,1listening section, 1carrier pigeon section.)

Divisional medical service 1 20 400Parks and convoys 14 800

TOTAL for infantry division 410 10,830

III. ESTABLISHMENT OF ACAVALRY DIVISIONMaximum strengths

Maximum No. of ofeach unitsuch units in a N.C.O.'s

Unit single division OffIcers and Men

Headquarters ofa cavalry division 1 15 50Cavalry regiment 6 40 800(Each regiment comprises 4 squadrons.)

\\Horse artillery group (3 batteries) 1 20 400TOTAL for cavalry division 275 5,250

World War I Documents (1919) 1613

Table No. II

TABULAR STATEMENT OFARMAMENTESTABLISHMENTFORAMAXIMUMOF7 INFANTRYDIVISIONS,3 CAVALRY DIVISIONS, AND 2ARMY CORPS HEADQUARTERS STAFFS

Material Infantry For 7 Cavalry Fod 2Army Total ofDivision Infantry Division Cavalry Corps Head- columns

Divisions Divisions quarters 2,4Staffs and 5

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)Rifles 12,000 84,000 ... . .. This estab- 84,000Carbines ... . .. 6,000 18,000 lishment 18,000Heavy machine guns 108 756 12 36 must be 792Light machine guns 162 1,134 .. . ... drawn from 1,134Medium trench mortars 9 63 ... . .. the increased 63Light trench mortars 27 189 ... . .. armaments of 1897.7cmguns 24 168 12 36 the divisional 20410.scm howitzers 12 84 .. . ... infantry. 84

Table No. 11/

MAXIMUM STOCKS AUTHORIZEDMaterial Maximum Establishment Maximum

number of arms per unit Totalsauthorized

Rounds RoundsRifles 84,000 } 400 40,800,000Carbines 18,000Heavy machine guns 792 } 8,000 15,408,000Light machine guns 1,134Medium trench mortars 63 400 25,200Light trench mortars 189 800 151,200Field artillery:7.7cmguns 204 1,000 204,00010.5cm howizers 84 800 67,200

same proportion to the amount authorized in Table No. IIIannexed to this Section as the strength ofthe German Armyas reduced from time to time in accordance with Article 163bears to the strength permitted under Article 160.

Article 166At the date of31 March 1920, the stock ofmunitions whichthe German Army may have at its disposal shall not exceedthe amounts fIxed in Table No. III annexed to this Section.

Within the same period the German Government will storethese stocks at points to be notified to theGovernments ofthePrincipal Allied and Associated Powers. The German Gov-

ernment is forbidden to establish any other stocks, depots orreserves ofmunitions....

Article 168The manufacture of arms, munitions, or any war material,shall only be carried out in factories or works the location ofwhich shall be communicated to and approved by the Gov-ernments ofthe Principal Allied andAssociated Powers, andthe number ofwhich they retain the right to restrict. ...

Article 169Within two months from the coming into force ofthe presentTreatyGerman arms, munitions andwarmaterial, including

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anti-aircraft material, existing in Germany in excess of thequantities allowed, must be surrendered to the Governmentsofthe PrincipalAllied andAssociatedPowers to be destroyedor rendered useless. This will also apply to any special plantintended for the manufacture of military material, exceptsuch as may be recognized as necessary for equipping theauthorized strength ofthe German Army.

The surrender in question will be effected at such points inGerman territoryas maybe selectedby the saidGovernments.

Within the same period arms, munitions and war material,includinganti-aircraftmaterial, oforiginother thanGerman,in whatever state they may be, will be delivered to the saidGovernments, who will decide as to their disposal.

Arms and munitions which on account of the successivereductions in the strength of the German army become inexcess ofthe amounts authorizedbyTables II and III annexedto this Sectionmust be handed over in themanner laid downabove within such periods as may be decided by the Confer-ences referred to in Article 163.

Article 170Importation intoGermanyofarms, munitions andwarmate-rial ofevery kind shall be strictly prohibited.

The same applies to themanufacture for, and export to, foreigncountries ofarms, munitions andwarmaterial ofevery kind.

Article 171The use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and allanalogous liquids, materials or devices being prohibited,their manufacture and importation are strictly forbidden inGermany.

The same applies to materials specially intended for theman-ufacture, storage and use ofthe said products or devices.

The manufacture and the importation into Germany ofarmoured cars, tanks and all similar constructions suitablefor use in war are also prohibited....

Chapter IIIRecruiting andMilitaryTrainingArticle 173Universal compulsory military service shall be abolished inGermany.

The German Armymay only be constituted and recruited bymeans ofvoluntary enlistment.

Article 174The period ofenlistment for non-commissioned officers andprivates must be twelve consecutive years.

The number of men discharged for any reason before theexpiration oftheir term ofenlistment must not exceed in anyyear five percent of the total effectives fixed by the secondsubparagraph of paragraph 1 of Article 160 of the presentTreaty.

Article 175The officerswho are retained in theArmymust undertake theobligation to serve in it up to the age offorty-five years at least.

Officers newly appointed must undertake to serve on theactive list for twenty-five consecutive years at least.

Officers who have previously belonged to any formationswhatever ofthe Army, and who are not retained in the unitsallowed to be maintained, must not take part in any militaryexercise whether theoretical or practical, and will not beunder anymilitary obligations whatever. ...

Article 176On the expiration oftwo months from the coming into forceof the present Treaty there must only exist in Germany thenumber ofmilitaryschoolswhich is absolutely indispensablefor the recruitment ofthe officers of the units allowed. Theseschools will be exclusively intended for the recruitment ofofficers ofeach arm, in the proportion ofone school per arm.

The number ofstudents admitted to attend the courses ofthesaid schools will be strictly in proportion to the vacancies tobe filled in the cadres ofofficers. The students and the cadreswill be reckoned in the effectives fixed bythe secondand thirdsubparagraphs of paragraph 1 of Article 160 of the presentTreaty....

Article 177Educational establishments, the universities, societies ofdis-charged soldiers, shooting or touring clubs and, generallyspeaking, associations of every description, whatever be theage of their members, must not occupy themselves with anymilitarymatters.

In particular they will be forbidden to instruct or exercisetheirmembers, or to allow them tobe instructedor exercised,in the profession or use ofarms.

These societies, associations, educational establishmentsand universities must have no connectionwith theMinistries'ofWar or any other military authority....

Chapter IVFortificationsArticle 180All fortifiedworks,Yortresses and field works situated inGer-man territory to the west of a line drawn fifty kilometres tothe east of the Rhine shall be disarmed and dismantled....

Section IINaval ClausesArticle 181After the expiration ofaperiod oftwo months from the com-ing into force ofthe present Treaty the German naval forcesin commission must not exceed:

, 6battleships oftheDeutschland or Lothringen type,6 light cruisers,12 destroyers,12 torpedo boats,or an equal number of ships constructed to replace themas provided in Article 190.

No submarines are to be included....

Article 183After the expiration ofaperiod oftwo months from the com-ing into force ofthe present Treaty the total personnel of theGerman Navy, including the manning of the fleet, coastdefences, signal stations, administration and other land ser-vices, must not exceed fifteen thousand, including officersand men ofall grades and corps.

The total strength of officers and warrant officers must notexceed fifteen hundred.

Within twomonths from the coming into force ofthe presentTreaty the personnel in excess of the above strength shall bedemobilized.

No naval ormilitary corps or reserve force in connectionwiththeNavymaybe organized inGermanywithoutbeingincludedin the above strength.

Article 185Within aperiod oftwo months from the coming into force ofthe present Treaty the German surfacewarships enumeratedbelow [omitted] will be surrendered to the Governments ofthe Principal Allied and Associated Powers in such Alliedports as the said Powers may direct. ...

Article 190Germany is forbidden to construct or acquire any warshipsother than those intended to replace the units in commissionprovided for in Article 181 of the present Treaty.

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The warships intended for replacement purposes as aboveshall not exceed the following displacement:

Armoured ships 10,000 tonsLight cruisers 6,000 tonsDestroyers 800 tonsTorpedo boats 200 tons

Exceptwhere aship hasbeen lost, units ofthe different classesshall onlybe replaced at the end ofaperiod oftwentyyears inthecase of battleships and cruisers, and fifteen years in thecase of destroyers and torpedo boats, counting from thelaunching of the ship.

Article 191The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even forcommercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Germany....

Section /IIAir ClausesArticle 198The armed forces ofGermanymust not include any militaryor naval air forces....

Article 199Within two months from the coming into force ofthe presentTreaty the personnel of the air forces on the rolls ofthe Ger-man land and sea forces shall be demobilized....

Part V/IIReparation

Section IGeneral ProvisionsArticle 231TheAllied andAssociatedGovernments affirm andGermanyaccepts the responsibility ofGermanyand her allies for caus-ing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associ-atedGovernments and their nationals have been subjected asa consequence ofthe war imposed upon them by the aggres-sion ofGermany and her allies.

Article 232The Allied and Associated Governments recognize that theresources of Germany are' not adequate, after taking intoaccountpermanentdiminutions ofsuch resourceswhichwillresult from other provisions of the present Treaty, to makecomplete reparation for all such loss and damage.

The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require,and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation

1616 World War I Documents (1919)

for all damage done to the civilian population of the Alliedand Associated Powers and to their property during theperiod of the belligerency of each as an Allied or AssociatedPower against Germany by such aggression by land, by seaand from the air, and in general all damage as defined inAnnex I hereto....

Article 233The amount ofthe above damage for which compensation isto be made by Germany shall be determined by an Inter-Allied Commission, to be called the Reparation Commissionand constituted in the form and with the powers set forthhereunder and in Annexes II to VII inclusive hereto....

The Commission shall concurrently draw up a schedule ofpayments prescribing the time and manner for securing anddischarging the entire obligation within a period of thirtyyears from 1May 1921. If, however, within the period men-tioned, Germany fails to discharge her obligations, any bal-ance remaining unpaid may, within the discretion of theCommission, be postponed for settlement in subsequentyears, or may be handled otherwise in such manner as theAllied and Associated Governments, acting in accordancewith the procedure laid down in this Part of the presentTreaty, shall determine.

... [Articles 234-240 omitted.]

Article 241Germany undertakes to pass, issue andmaintain in force anylegislation, orders and decrees that may be necessary to givecomplete effect to these provisions.... [Provisions relatingto International Labour Organisation omitted.]

Part XIVGuaranteesSection IWestern EuropeArticle 428As aguarantee for the execution ofthe present TreatybyGer-many, the German territory situated to the west ofthetogetherwith the bridgeheads, will be occupiedbyAllied andAssociated troops for a period offifteen years from the com-ing into force of the present Treaty.

Article 429If the conditions of the present Treaty are faithfully carriedoutbyGermany, the occupation referred to in Article 428 willbe successively restricted [at five-year intervals] ....

Article 430In case either during the occupation or after the expiration ofthe fifteen years referred to above the Reparation Commis-sion finds that Germany refuses to observe the whole or partof her obligations under the present Treaty with regard toreparation, the whole or part of the areas specified in Article429 will be re-occupied immediately by the Allied and Asso-ciated forces.

Article 431Ifbefore the expiration ofthe period offifteen years Germanycomplies with all the undertakings resulting from the presentTreaty, the occupying forces will bewithdrawn immediately.

Article 432All matters relating to the occupation and not provided for bythe present Treaty shall be regulated by subsequent agree-ments, which Germany hereby undertakes to observe.

Source: Lt.-Col. Lawrence Martin, ed., The Treaties ofPeace,1919-1923,2 vols. (New York: Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace, 1924), 1:3-263.

188. President Woodrow Wilson,Address to the U.S. Senate, 10 July 1919On returning to the United States, President Woodrow Wilsonformally presented the Treaty ofVersailles before the Senateforratification. He arguedforcefully that the United States couldnot avoid future involvement in international affairs andshould not turn backfrom thepath now open to it. In orderforthe United States to ratifY the treaty, it was necessary that theSenate vote in favor ofratification bya two-thirds majority. Itwas therefore essential that Wilson persuade the Senate to sup-port ratification. In this speech Wilson also gavefull rein to hisbeliefthat the United States had entered the war in pursuit ofhigh ideals that the European Allies did not share.

Gentlemen of the Senate: The treaty of peace with Germanywas signed at Versailles on the twenty-eighth ofJune. I availmyselfof the earliest opportunity to lay the treatybefore youfor ratification and to inform you with regard to the work ofthe Conference bywhich that treaty was formulated.

The treaty constitutes nothing less than aworld settlement.Itwould not be possible for me either to summarize or to con-strue its manifold provisions in an address which must ofnecessity be something less than a treatise. My services andall the information I possess will be at yO,l1r disposal and atthe disposal ofyour Committee on Relations at anytime, either informally or in session, as you may prefer, andI hope that you will not hesitate to make use of them. I shall