16. India and The Ocean Basin
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Transcript of 16. India and The Ocean Basin
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16. India and The Ocean 16. India and The Ocean BasinBasin
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India after the Fall of The Gupta India after the Fall of The Gupta DynastyDynasty
• White Huns (Central Asia) invasion, 451 CE
• Gupta State collapsed mid-6th c.
• Chaos in northern India– Local power struggles– Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian
society
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King Harsha (r. 606-648 CE)King Harsha (r. 606-648 CE)
• Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India• Religiously tolerant• Generous support for poor• Patron of the arts• Assassinated, no successor able to retain control
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Islam invaded Northern IndiaIslam invaded Northern India
• Arabs conquer Sind (north-west India), 711
• Multi-faith population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258
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Merchants and IslamMerchants and Islam
• Arabic trade with India predates Islam
• Dominated trade between India and the west
• Established Arab communities in India
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Mahmud of GhazniMahmud of Ghazni
• Raided into India, 1001-1027
• Plundered, destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples– Often built mosques atop ruins
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The Sultanate of DelhiThe Sultanate of Delhi
• Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory• Capital: Delhi• Ruled northern India 1206-1526• Weak administrative structure
– Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings
• 19 out of 35 Sultans assassinated
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Hindu Kingdoms of Southern Hindu Kingdoms of Southern IndiaIndia
• Chola Kingdom, 850-1267– Maritime power– Not highly centralized
• Kingdom of Vijayanagar– Northern Deccan– Originally supported by
Sultanate of Delhi– Leaders renounce Islam in
1336– Yet maintain relations with
Sultanate
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Agriculture in the Monsoon Agriculture in the Monsoon WorldWorld
• Spring/summer: rains, wind from south-west• Fall/winter: dry season, wind from north-east• Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought,
famine– Especially southern India
• Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels
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Lake BhopalLake Bhopal
• Built in 1000
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The trading world of the Indian The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E.Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E.
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Trade and Economic Development Trade and Economic Development in Southern Indiain Southern India
• Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient
• Certain products traded throughout subcontinent– Iron, copper, salt, pepper
• Southern India profited from political instability in north
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Temples: social centersTemples: social centers
• religious activities
• Also irrigation coordination, other agricultural work– Some Temples had large landholdings
• Provided education
• Banking services
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Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean BasinOcean Basin
• Trade increased• Larger ships
– Dhows, junks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cnj1h_tM1w
• Improved agricultural organization • Establishment of “Emporia”
– Cosmopolitan port cities served as trade warehouses • Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon
steel)
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Junk and DhowJunk and Dhow
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The Kingdom of AxumThe Kingdom of Axum
• Trade-driven development
• Founded 1st c. CE– Adopted Christianity
• Displaced Kush as Egyptian link to the south– destroyed Kushan capital Meroë c. 360 CE– Major territorial expansion to late 6th c.
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Challenges to Caste and Challenges to Caste and SocietySociety
• Migrations• Growth of Islam• Urbanization• Economic development
– Development of Jati (subcastes)– Similar to worker’s guilds
• Caste system expands from north to south• Promoted by Temples, educational system
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Decline of BuddhismDecline of Buddhism
• Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples
• 1196 Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda– Thousands of monks exiled
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Development of HinduismDevelopment of Hinduism
• Growth of devotional cults– Esp. Vishnu, Shiva
• Promise of salvation
• Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north
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Devotional PhilosophersDevotional Philosophers
• Shankara, Brahmin philosopher of 9th c. CE– Devotee of Shiva– Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form– Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional
devotion• Ramanuja, Brahmin philosopher 11th-early 12th c.
– Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on intellect– Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary
Hinduism
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Conversion to IslamConversion to Islam
• 25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total population)
• Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus– Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert,
social status remains same
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SufisSufis
• Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam
• Important missionaries of Islam to India
• Some flexibility regarding local customs
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The Bhakti MovementThe Bhakti Movement
• Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together
• 12th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north
• Guru Kabir (1440-1518)– Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all
manifestations of one Deity– Largely unsuccessful
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Islam in Southeast AsiaIslam in Southeast Asia
• Early populations of Muslim traders
• Increasing popularity with Sufi activity
• Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions
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State of MelakaState of Melaka
• Founded late 14th c. CE by rebellious prince of Sumatra
• Dominated maritime trade routes
• Mid-15th c. converts to Islam