16 a Pll Ications
Transcript of 16 a Pll Ications
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2. Engineering Material Standard and Designation
Standard : a reference document for propertiesmeasurement and procedures.
Standard types :
Specification, Testing Methods, and RecommendedPractice
Specification : engineering and commercial
requirements of a product
Testing Methods : procedures to identify,
measured, and evaluate material properties
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Recommended Practice : a guidance to conduct good
operation and maintenance
Standards are issued by :
Country : ASTM, JIS, DIN, BS, AFNOR, AS, GOST, NORSOK,
GB, SNI
Professional Organization : AISI, ASME, API, NACE, SAE, AWS, AWWA
UNS (Unified Numbering System) : to combine/correlatingmany nationally used metal and alloy numbering system currently
administered by societies, trade association, and those individualusers and producers of metals and alloys
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UNS Series Metals and Alloys
Axxxxx Aluminum and aluminum alloys
Cxxxxx Copper and copper alloys
Fxxxxx Cast iron
Gxxxxx AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steel
Hxxxxx AISI and SAE H-steel
Jxxxxx Cast steel (except tool steel)
Kxxxxx Miscellaneous steel and ferrous alloys
Lxxxxx Low melting metals and alloys
Mxxxxx Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys
Nxxxxx Nickel and nickel alloys
Pxxxxx Precious metals and alloysRxxxxx Reactive and refractory metals and alloys
Sxxxxx Heat and corrosion resistant steels
Txxxxx Tool steels, wrought and cast
Wxxxxx Welding filler metals
Zxxxxx Zinc and zinc alloys
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Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section Title
I Power Boiler
II Material Specifications :
A. Ferrous
B. Non-FerrousC. Welding rod, electrodes, and filler metal
III Nuclear Power Plant Components
IV Heating Boiler
V Non Destructive Examination
VI Recommended Rule for Care and Operation on Heating Boiler
VII Recommended Rule for Care and Operation on Power Boiler
VIII Pressure Vessel
Code : a standard or rules that must be adopted.
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ASTM Specification Material Product
ASTM A 53 Carbon steel Welded and seamless pipe
ASTM A 106 Carbon steel Seamless pipe
ASTM A 105 Carbon steel Forged pipe
ASTM A 181 Carbon steel Forged flange
ASTM A 234 Carbon steel Fitting
ASTM B 167 Inconel 600 Seamless pipe
ASTM B 241 Aluminum Seamless pipe
ASTM B 43 Copper Seamless pipe ASTM B 337 Titanium Seamless pipe
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FERROUS ALLOYS
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Classifications of
Metallic Materials
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Steel and its alloys are the most widely used metallic material inindustries
General types : PLAIN CARBON STEEL :
Low Carbon Steel : C < 0.2%
Medium Carbon Steel : C = 0.2 – 0.5%
High Carbon Steel : C > 0.5%
LOW ALLOY STEEL :
Alloying elements < 8%
HIGH ALLOY STEEL :
Alloying elements > 8% :
Corrosion Resistant Steel
Heat Resistant Steel
Wear Resistant Steel
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Type of Steels based on De-oxidation Practice
Killed Steel : fully deoxidized
Rimmed Steel : no deoxidizer is added
Capped Steel : deoxidizer, quality between Killed and
Rimmed
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Killed steel :
High quality steel, no porosities
Slight evolution of gas during solidification after pouring
More uniform chemical composition and properties
De-oxidixers : Si, Al, Ti, V, Zr
Semi-killed steel :
Medium quality, for structural shape steel
More evolution of gas compare to killed steel but less than
capped and rimmed steels
Rimmed and capped steel :
For steel sheet, porosities will be eliminated during cold rolling Non uniform chemical composition
Low carbon and manganese content
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Effect of Alloying Elements in Steels
CARBON ( C ) : Main strengthening element
Carbide forming element, crack initiation site
MANGANESE (Mn) : Pick-up S to form MnS (%Mn = 1.7(%S) + 0.15)
Strengthening element
Increase impact value
SILICON (Si) : Deoxidizer
Increase Yield Strength
Increase impact value
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ALUMINUM (Al) :
Deoxidizer
To refine the grain (AlN precipitates on the grain boundary)
Increase impact value
COPPER (Cu) :
Increase strength
Increase atmospheric corrosion resistance ( > 0.2%)
CHROMIUM (Cr) :
Corrosion and oxidation resistance
Carbide forming element (secondary hardening)
Increase strength
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NICKEL (Ni) :
Increase impact value
Austenite stabilizer
Increase strength
MOLYBDENUM (Mo) :
Carbide forming element (secondary hardening) Increase strength
TITANIUM (Ti), VANADIUM (V), NIOBIUM (Nb) :
Deoxidizer
Carbide and nitride forming elements
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ZIRCONIUM (Zr) :
Modified sulphide inclusions
BORON (B) :
Improve harddenability
Small amount (0.0005 – 0.003%)
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LOW CARBON STEELS
Low carbon (< 0.25%), unresponsive to heat treatment
Strengthening by alloying and cold working Low strength, high ductility, good weldability, good machine
ability, high toughness, cheap
Typical application : structural shape, automobile body, pipe, tin
plate
Plain carbon steel : alloying elements C, Si, Mn, Cu
High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) :
additional alloying elements of : V, Ni, Mo; B
strengthened by heat treatment
Higher strength than plain carbon steel, better weldability, better
formability
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Chemical Composition of
Plain Carbon Steel and High Strength Low Alloy Steel
ASTM
Number
UNS
Number
C Si Mn
1010 G10100 0.08 –
0.13
0.30 –
0.60
1020 G10200 0.18 –
0.23
0.30 –
0.60
A36 K02600 < 0.26 < 0.40 0.18 – 1.20
Cu > 0.20
A516 Gr
70
K02700 < 0.27 0.15 –
0.40
0.85 –
1.20
A440 K12810
A633
Gr E
K12002
A656
Gr 70
K11804 < 0.18 < 0.60 < 1.65 V = 0.008 – 0.15, Nb < 0.008, N
< 0.020
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Material Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
Yield
Strength
(MPa
Elongation
(%)
Applications
1010
1020
A36 400 -
550
> 250 > 23 Structural (bridges and
building)
A516 Gr
70485 -
620
> 260 > 21 Low temperature pressure
vessel
A440
A633
Gr E
A656
Gr 70
> 550 > 485 17 Truck frames, rail cars,
crane booms
Mechanical Properties
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Medium Carbon Steel
Carbon content : 0.25 – 0.60 %
Heat treated by Q and T to improve mechanical
properties Alloy addition (Cr, Mo, Ni) to improve hardenability
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High Carbon Steel
Carbon content : 0.60 – 1.4%
The hardest, strongest carbon steel
The lowest ductility Is used under heat treated conditions
Alloying addition (Cr, W, Mo, V) to increase hardenability
Excellent wear resistance
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Stainless Steel
Corrosion resistant by addition of Cr > 10.5%
There are five types :
Ferritic stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steel
Martensitic stainless steel
Duplex stainless steel
Precipitation hardened stainless steel
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The Effect of Alloying Elements
Chromium : To form Cr 2O3 pasivation layer on the surface Minimum content for corrosion resistance, Cr > 10.5%
Layer stability is achieved at Cr = 18 – 20%
Nickel : To obtain austenitic structure at room temperature (6 – 8%)
To increase toughness
To increase the SCC resistance (Ni = 30%)
Manganese : To obtain austenitic structure at room temperature
To increase the strength
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Molybdenum :
To increase pitting corrosion resistance ( 3% )
To stabilize passivation layer
Carbon :
To increase strength, especially for martensitic group
Reducing toughness of the ferritic group Reducing weldability
Reducing corrosion resistance by carbide formation
(Cr 23C6, Cr 3C7, CrC)
Nitrogen : Increase pitting corrosion resistance of austenitic group
Reduce strength of the ferritic group
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Ferritic Stainless Steel :
Microstructure : ferrite
High strength compare to Austenitic Grade
Poor Weldability
Excellent SCC resistanceWidely used : 409, 430
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Type C Cr Mn Si Other Elements405 ≤ 0.08 11.5-14.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Al = 0.10 – 0.30
409 ≤ 0.08 10.5 –11.8 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Ti = 6 x C/0.75 max.
429 ≤ 0.12 14 - 16 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0
430 ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0
430F ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 S > 0.15, Mo < 0.60
430FSe ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 Se > 0.15
434 ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo = 0.75 – 1.25
436 ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo = 0.75 – 1.25,
(Nb + Ta) = 5 x C (0.70 max.)
442 ≤ 0.20 18 - 23 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0
446 ≤ 0.20 23 - 27 ≤ 1.50 ≤ 1.0 N < 0.25
Typical Chemical Composition ofFerritic Stainless Steel
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Austenitic Stainless Steel :
Microstructure : austenite
Lower strength than ferritic group
Excellent Weldability
Poor SCC resistance
Widely used : 304, 304L, 316, 316L
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Typical Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Type C Cr Ni Mo N Ti Nb
304 ≤ 0.08 18 - 20 8 - 15
304L ≤ 0.03 18 - 20 8 - 15
310 ≤ 0.25 24 - 26 19 – 22
316 ≤ 0.08 16 - 18 10 - 14 2 – 3
316L ≤ 0.03 16 - 18 10 - 14 2 – 3
321 ≤ 0.08 17 - 19 9 - 12 5 x %C
347 ≤ 0.08 17 - 19 9 - 13 10 x % C
904L ≤ 0.020 19 - 23 23 - 28 4 - 5
254SMo ≤ 0.020 19.5 –
20.5
17.5 –
18.5
6 – 6.5 0.18 –
0.22
654SMo ≤ 0.020 24 - 26 21 - 23 7 - 8 0.45 –
0.55
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Martensitic Stainless Steel :
Highest strength and wear resistance
Minimum corrosion resistance
Not recommended above 500 oC
Prone to temper embrittlement
Prone to quenched cracking
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Type C Cr Mn Si Other Elements410 ≤ 0.15 11.5 – 13.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0
414 ≤ 0.15 11.5 – 13.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Ni = 1.25 – 2.5
416 ≤ 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 S > 0.15, Mo > 0.60
416Se ≤ 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 Se > 0.15
420 > 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0
420F > 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 S > 0.15
431 > 0.20 15 - 17 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Ni = 1.25 – 2.50
440A 0.60 -
0.75
16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo > 0.75
440B 0.75 -
0.95
16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo > 0.75
440C 0.95 -
1.20
16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo > 0.75
Typical Chemical Composition ofMartensitic Stainless Steel
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Duplex Stainless Steel :
Microstructure : austenite + ferrite
Strength between austenitic and ferritic
Good Weldability
Good SCC resistance
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Phase Balance
PRE (Pitting ResistanceEquivalent) = % Cr + 3.3(%Mo+%W) + 16 (%N)
DSS : PRE < 40
SDSS : PRE > 40
Resistance to pittingcorrosion, PRE > 30
Ideal austenite to ferrite ratio =50 : 50
Austenite stabilizer : Ni, N, Cu
Ferrite stabilizer : Cr, Mo, Si
Ferrite content of 70 – 80% willgive maximum BM strength atRT
The toughness of BM willdecrease when ferrite content> 60%
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CAST IRON (Besi Cor, Besi Tuang)
Alloying of Fe and C, C > 2.12% There are two types of carbon present :
Compound of Fe3C (cementite)
Free carbon (graphite)
Classification based on fractured surface : White cast iron
Gray cast iron
Classification based on graphite morphology : Flake
Nodular
Compacted
Tempered
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Copper Alloys
The oldest material
There are two types : Pure copper
Copper alloys
Pure Copper : High electrical conductivity
Resistance to atmosphericcorrosion, seawatercorrosion,
Resistance to microbialcorrosion
Soft and good formability
Mechanical properties canbe improved by alloying
Commercial copper conductor
contains 99.9% Cu, and wascalled oxygen free highconductivity (OFHC)
One of the impurities is Cu2O(0.45 – 0.55%). This type ofconductor is called tough pitch
conductor. Cu2O will not affectconductivity
The impurities will decreaseconductivity
Alloyed with 0.5% As toincrease high temperature
strength but will not reduceconductivity
Machinabaility is improved byaddition of 0.5% Pb or Te
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Copper Alloys
1. Brass (Cu-Zn)2. Bronze (Cu-Sn)
3. Tin Brass (Cu-Zn-Sn)
4. Aluminium Brass (Cu-Zn-Al)
5. Free Cutting Brass (Cu-Zn-Pb)
6. Phosphor Bronze (Cu-Sn-P)
7. Aluminum Bronze (Cu-Sn-Al)
8. Copper Nickel (Cu-Ni)9. Nickel Silver (Ni-Ag)
10. Copper Silicon (Cu-Si)
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