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How to Clean Up Our Water

Ten Simple Ways You Can Help Reduce Pollution and Runoff

Everyday household activities contribute to water pollution.When it rains, fertilizer from lawns, oilfrom driveways, paint and solvent residues from walls and decks and even pet waste are all washed intostorm sewers or nearby lakes, rivers and streams -- the same lakes, rivers and streams we rely on fordrinking water supply, boating, swimming and fishing. Also, improper handling of materials around thehouse can lead to pollution. Here are some ways you can help reduce your impact on waterways.

In Your Yard

1. Decrease impervious surfaces around your home. Having fewer hard surfaces of concrete andasphalt willreduce runofffrom your property. Landscape with vegetation, gravel or other porousmaterials instead of cement; install wood decking instead of concrete, and interlocking bricks and paverstones for walkways. Redirect rain gutters and downspouts away from buildings and to rain barrels andgardens, soil, grass or gravel areas. Planting vegetation at lower elevations than nearby hard surfacesallows runoff to seep into soil.

2. Use native plants and natural fertilizers. Native plants need less water, are more tolerant ofdrought conditions, cost less to maintain and provide habitat for birds and butterflies. Apply natural

fertilizers and soil conditioners, such as compost, peat, rotted manure, and bone meal to stimulate plantgrowth and retain soil moisture. You can create your own compost; compost bins are widely availablefor purchase, or you can make your own. Composting decreases the need for chemical fertilizers, helpssoil retain moisture, and diverts waste from landfills. If you don't know how to compost, visit TheCompost Resource Page or the EPA's composting pages.

3. Don't over-water lawns and gardens. According to the EPA, "nationwide, landscape irrigation isestimated to account for almost one-third of all residential water use, totaling more than 7 billiongallons per day." Most obviously, limit irrigation to vegetated areas - prevent overspray ontosidewalks, driveways, and street curbing. Avoid sprinkler irrigation on steep slopes and narrow strips
http://www.queen.gr/YGEIA-FITNESS/DIATROFH-DIAITES/item/44106-fysiko-metalliko-nero-contrex-symmaxos-mas-sto-ygies-adynatisma#ixzz2TUqXnT18http://www.queen.gr/YGEIA-FITNESS/DIATROFH-DIAITES/item/44106-fysiko-metalliko-nero-contrex-symmaxos-mas-sto-ygies-adynatisma#ixzz2TUqXnT18http://www.queen.gr/YGEIA-FITNESS/DIATROFH-DIAITES/item/44106-fysiko-metalliko-nero-contrex-symmaxos-mas-sto-ygies-adynatisma#ixzz2TUqXnT18http://www.nrdc.org/water/stormwater/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/stormwater/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/health/safe-drinking-water.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/ttw/http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/rooftopsii/http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/rooftopsii/http://www.nrdc.org/water/stormwater/default.asphttp://www.oldgrowth.org/compost/http://www.oldgrowth.org/compost/http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/watersense/pubs/outdoor.htmlhttp://www.queen.gr/YGEIA-FITNESS/DIATROFH-DIAITES/item/44106-fysiko-metalliko-nero-contrex-symmaxos-mas-sto-ygies-adynatisma#ixzz2TUqXnT18http://www.queen.gr/YGEIA-FITNESS/DIATROFH-DIAITES/item/44106-fysiko-metalliko-nero-contrex-symmaxos-mas-sto-ygies-adynatisma#ixzz2TUqXnT18http://www.nrdc.org/water/stormwater/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/health/safe-drinking-water.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/ttw/http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/rooftopsii/http://www.nrdc.org/water/stormwater/default.asphttp://www.oldgrowth.org/compost/http://www.oldgrowth.org/compost/http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html


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that cannot be watered efficiently. Know how much water your lawn is getting by using a rain gauge totrack precipitation and match the amount of water you apply to the actual needs of your variety of turf.For non-turf areas, use slow-watering techniques, i.e. trickle or "drip" irrigation systems and soakerhoses, which are 20 percent more efficient than sprinklers. Over-watering lawns not only wastes water,but can also increase the leaching of fertilizers into groundwater. Watering before the sun comes up, orafter it sets, will also decrease the amount of water lost to evaporation.

In Your Home

4. Recycle and dispose of all trash properly. Never flush non-degradable products -- such asdisposable diapers or plastic tampon applicators -- down the toilet. They can damage the sewagetreatment process and end up littering beaches and waters. And make sure to properly dispose of all petwaste from your property to keep it out of storm drains and water supplies.

5. Correctly dispose of hazardous household products. Keep paints, used oil, cleaning solvents,polishes, pool chemicals, insecticides, and other hazardous household chemicals out of drains, sinks,and toilets. Many of these products contain harmful substances -- such as sodium hypochlorite,

petroleum distillates, phenol and cresol, ammonia and formaldehyde -- that can end up in nearby waterbodies. Contact your local sanitation, public works, or environmental health department to find outabout hazardous waste collection days and sites, or checkEarth911.com for local recycling options. If alocal program isn't available, request one. Additionally, incorrect disposal ofpharmaceuticalsandpersonal care products leads to the presence of pharmaceutical residues in our waterways and,ultimately, our drinking water. To keep pharmaceuticals and personal care products out of waterways,never flush them down the toilet. The best way to dispose of these items is through "take-back"programs where drugs are returned to a facility that can dispose of them properly. Contact your localhealth officials or household hazardous waste facility to find out what options exist in your region.

6. Use nontoxic household products whenever possible. Discarding harmful products correctly isimportant, but not buying them in the first place is even better. Ask local stores to carry nontoxic

products if they don't already. For examples of safe substitutes for environmentally harmful householdproducts, checkEPA's Greener Products website.

Maintaining Your Car

7. Recycle used motor oil. Dont pour waste oil into gutters or down storm drains, and resist thetemptation to dump wastes onto the ground. A single quart of motor oil that seeps into groundwater canpollute 250,000 gallons of drinking water. If you don't have a place to recycle used motor oil in yourcommunity, ask your local sanitation or public works department to create one. CheckEarth911.comfor local recycling options. When you buy motor oil, ask if the store or service station has a program to

buy back waste oil and dispose of it properly. Keep up with car maintenance to reduce leaking of oil,coolant, antifreeze and other hazardous fluids.

8. Be "green" when washing your car. Skip the home carwash. Take your car to a professional -professional carwashes are required to drain their wastewater into sewer systems, where it is treatedbefore being discharged. This spares your local rivers and bays from the brake fluid, oil and automotivefluids that could otherwise contaminate your water. Many carwashes also recycle their wastewater, anduse less than half the amount of water of a home carwash. Ask around to find a carwash that practiceswastewater recycling. Alternatively, you can "wash" your car at home using a waterless carwashproduct.
http://earth911.com/http://www.nrdc.org/health/files/dosed4pgr.pdfhttp://www.nrdc.org/health/files/dosed4pgr.pdfhttp://www.nrdc.org/health/files/dosed4pgr.pdfhttp://www.nrdc.org/health/toxics.asphttp://epa.gov/greenerproducts/http://earth911.com/http://www.simplesteps.org/mmm/save-water-give-car-waterless-carwashhttp://www.simplesteps.org/mmm/save-water-give-car-waterless-carwashhttp://earth911.com/http://www.nrdc.org/health/files/dosed4pgr.pdfhttp://www.nrdc.org/health/toxics.asphttp://epa.gov/greenerproducts/http://earth911.com/http://www.simplesteps.org/mmm/save-water-give-car-waterless-carwashhttp://www.simplesteps.org/mmm/save-water-give-car-waterless-carwash


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In Your Community

9. Help identify, report and stop polluters. Join a local clean water or environmental group thatmonitors industries and sewage treatment plants that are discharging wastes. Local groups can beeffective working together with state environmental agencies, EPA and national groups like NRDC toensure that industries comply with regulations. To find a local clean water organization in your area,

contact the Clean Water NetworkorWaterkeeper Alliance.

10. Be an activist. Educate yourself about water issues in your community. Find out where and howdecisions are made about investments in projects and programs to protect your water and the rates andcharges you pay for water and wastewater service.Contact your public officials and attend hearings toencourage them to support laws and programs to protect our water. Ask officials to control pollutedrunoff, ensure protection for wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems, reduce the flow of toxics into ourwaterways, and strengthen enforcement. Volunteer for a beach or stream clean up, tree planting, waterquality sampling, or stream pollution monitoring project sponsored by a local environmental group orwatershed council. Visit NRDC'sAction Centerto learn about urgent issues you can get in involved in.

Related NRDC Webpages:

Advanced Ways to Clean Up Our Water

Rooftops to Rivers II: Green Strategies for Controlling Stormwater and Combined Sewer

Overflows

Stormwater Runoff: Challenges and Solutions for American Communities

After the Storm: How Green Infrastructure Can Effectively Manage Stormwater Runoff from

Roads and Highways

Testing the Waters: A Guide to Water Quality at Vacation Beaches

In Fracking s Wake: New Rules are Needed to Protect Our Health and Environment from

Contaminated Wastewater

NRDC Staff Blog Posts Covering Clean Water Issues

last revised 8/22/2012
http://www.cleanwaternetwork.org/http://www.waterkeeper.org/http://www.waterkeeper.org/http://www.usa.gov/Contact.shtmlhttp://www.usa.gov/Contact.shtmlhttp://www.nrdc.org/action/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/action/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/grunoff.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/rooftopsii/http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/rooftopsii/http://www.nrdc.org/water/stormwater/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/afterthestorm.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/afterthestorm.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/ttw/http://www.nrdc.org/energy/fracking-wastewater.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/energy/fracking-wastewater.asphttp://switchboard.nrdc.org/cgi-bin/mt/mt-search.cgi?tag=cleanwater&limit=20http://www.cleanwaternetwork.org/http://www.waterkeeper.org/http://www.usa.gov/Contact.shtmlhttp://www.nrdc.org/action/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/grunoff.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/rooftopsii/http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/rooftopsii/http://www.nrdc.org/water/stormwater/default.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/afterthestorm.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/afterthestorm.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/ttw/http://www.nrdc.org/energy/fracking-wastewater.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/energy/fracking-wastewater.asphttp://switchboard.nrdc.org/cgi-bin/mt/mt-search.cgi?tag=cleanwater&limit=20


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Dear EarthTalk: Bottled water companies would have us all believe that tap water is unsafe to

drink. But Ive heard that most tap water is actually pretty safe. Is this true?

-- Sam Tsiryulnikov, Los Angeles, CA

Tap water is not without its problems. In 2005, the nonprofitEnvironmental Working Group (EWG)tested municipal water in 42 states and detected some 260 contaminants in public water supplies. Ofthose, 141 were unregulated chemicals for which public health officials have no safety standards, muchless methods for removing them.

Environmentalists Fault EPA for Failing to Establish Tap Water Standards

EWG did find over 90 percent compliance by water utilities in applying and enforcing standards thatexist, but faulted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for failing to establish standards onso many of the contaminantsfrom industry, agriculture and urban runoffthat do end up in ourwater.

Tap Water vs Bottled Water

Despite these seemingly alarming stats, theNatural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), which hasalso conducted extensive tests on municipal water supplies as well as bottled water, says: In the shortterm, if you are an adult with no special health conditions, and you are not pregnant, then you can drinkmost cities tap water without having to worry. This is because most of the contaminants in publicwater supplies exist at such small concentrations that most people would have to ingest very largequantities for health problems to occur.

What are the Health Risks of Tap Water?

NRDC does caution, however, that pregnant women, young children, the elderly, people with chronicillnesses and those with weakened immune systems can be especially vulnerable to the risks posed by

contaminated water. The group suggests that anyone who may be at risk obtain a copy of their citysannual water quality report (they are mandated by law) and review it with their physician.

What are the Health Risks of Bottled Water?

As for bottled water, it is first important to know that 25 to 30 percent of it comes straight frommunicipal tap water systems, despite the pretty nature scenes on the bottles that imply otherwise. Someof that water goes through additional filtering, but some does not. NRDC has researched bottled waterextensively and has found that it is subject to less rigorous testing and purity standards than thosewhich apply to city tap water.

Bottled water is required to be tested less frequently than tap water for bacteria and chemicalcontaminants, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration bottled water rules allow for some

contamination byE. coli orfecal coliform, contrary to EPA tap water rules that prohibit any suchcontamination.

Similarly, NRDC found that there are no requirements for bottled water to be disinfected or tested forparasites such as cryptosporidium orgiardia, unlike more stringent EPA rules regulating tap water. Thisleaves open the possibility, says NRDC, that some bottled water may present similar health threats tothose with weakened immune systems, the elderly and others they caution about drinking tap water.

Goal: Make Tap Water Safe for Everyone

The bottom line is that we have invested considerably in highly efficient municipal water deliverysystems that bring this precious liquid straight to our kitchen faucets any time we need it. Instead of
http://www.ewg.org/tapwater/findings.phphttp://www.ewg.org/tapwater/findings.phphttp://environment.about.com/od/waterpollution/a/tap_water_probe.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htmhttp://environment.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=environment&cdn=newsissues&tm=51&f=00&su=p284.13.342.ip_p504.6.342.ip_&tt=2&bt=4&bts=4&zu=http%3A//www.nrdc.org/waterhttp://www.ewg.org/tapwater/findings.phphttp://environment.about.com/od/waterpollution/a/tap_water_probe.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htmhttp://environment.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=environment&cdn=newsissues&tm=51&f=00&su=p284.13.342.ip_p504.6.342.ip_&tt=2&bt=4&bts=4&zu=http%3A//www.nrdc.org/water


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taking that for granted and relying on bottled water instead, we need to make sure our tap water is cleanand safe for all.

GOT AN ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTION? Send it to: EarthTalk, c/o E/The EnvironmentalMagazine, P.O. Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881; submit it at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/,or e-mail: [email protected].

EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are

reprinted on About Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E.

Bottled Water by Kimberly Button

Many people purchase bottled water because they are concerned about drinking tap water. Bottledwater is somehow thought to be purer and healthier than what is coming out of the tap. Ironically, thisis not the case. In fact, you might be spending more money for water that is actually less healthy thanwhat you can get for free.
http://www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/http://www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/


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Different Regulations

Bottled water and tap water are regulated by two different agencies in two different ways. Tap water isregulated by the EPA. Bottled water, though, is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA), and is actually considered a food for regulation purposes. The FDA does not do its own healthand safety testing. It relies on the manufacturers of the product to do that. While the FDA has legalstandards on the books for health and safety that manufacturers are supposed to follow by law, it mightonly be notified about possible health hazards in a product after an inspection at a plant. However,according to the FDA, bottled water plants generally are assigned a relatively low priority forinspection.

All public water systems must publish water quality tests each year identifying what is in the tap water.Bottled water companies are not required by federal law to give the public any information about whatis in the bottled water. Since FDA inspections do not occur frequently, and water quality reports ofbottled water are often not published for public inspection, there is cause for concern about finding outwhat exactly is in your bottled water.

A California law that went into effect in 2009 requires bottled water companies to label the name and

location of their water source and provide consumers with water quality testing reports, which includesthe treatment process, on request. This law applies only to bottled water sold within the state ofCalifornia.

Marketing Claims

If you read any bottled water label, you will likely be led to believe that the water quality far exceedsanything that could come out of your tap. Many labels tout the claims that the water is pure, naturalspring water, or filtered by the earth to naturally remove any impurities. There are no laws regardingthese marketing claims, and the water source might be the exact same source that supplies your tapwater. The Environmental Working Group (EWG) found thirty-eight pollutants in ten bottled water

brands that they tested in 2008. Two of those bottled water brands actually had pollutant levels thatexceeded state and industry health standards.

Find out what is in your favorite bottled water at www.ewg.org/health/report/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Scorecard/Search. This handy website lists bottled waters by brand name, and you can click oneach brand to see the source of the water, the purification methods, what testing has been done, and thewater quality report.

The EPA states that Bottled water is not necessarily safer than your tap water. The agency also saysthat Some bottled water is treated more than tap water, while some is treated less or not treated at all,and adds that Consumers who choose to purchase bottled water should carefully read its label tounderstand what they are buying, whether it is a better taste, or a certain method of treatment. If you

are buying bottled water because you believe that it is healthier, you must do all of the research on yourown to find out how your bottled water has been treated, what contaminants might be in the water, andwhether it is any safer than what you can get for free out of your kitchen sink.

CHECKLIST FOR HEALTHY WATER

Find out what it is in your drinking water by looking at your consumer confidence report or askingyour water system for a water quality report. The only way to know what is lurking in your drinkingwater is to read your water quality report. It will tell you exactly which chemicals and minerals are in
http://www.ewg.org/health/report/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Scorecard/Searchhttp://www.ewg.org/health/report/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Scorecard/Searchhttp://www.ewg.org/health/report/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Scorecard/Searchhttp://www.ewg.org/health/report/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Scorecard/Searchhttp://www.ewg.org/health/report/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Scorecard/Search


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the water and at what concentrations.

If you have a private well, have your water tested. If you have a private well, it is imperative for you totest your water because no one else is monitoring its safety. Pollutants change throughout the years, andjust because it was safe many years ago, does not mean that it still is.

Allow your tap water to run until cold before drinking it. This method ensures that standing water hasbeen flushed through the pipes and does not contain lead from sitting in the pipes for too long.

Have your tap water tested for lead. Even though a water quality report does not show lead in yourwater, it could still be there at high concentrations if your indoor plumbing contains lead.

Determine whether fluoride is added to your drinking water, and how much you are getting throughoutthe day. There are many different schools of thought about having fluoride in your water, so find out atwhich concentration fluoride might be in your water and what effects it could have.

Boil your water if you are concerned about pathogens. High heat will kill bacteria in your drinkingwater, but will not remove chemicals.

Allow chlorine to evaporate naturally in a pitcher if you are not using a filter. Chlorine can naturallyrelease out of water if left uncovered for a day or so.

Invest in a water filter to remove contaminants and improve the taste of your tap water. Though watertreatment plants should be removing pollutants, you can remove even more of the ones that you areconcerned about with personal water filters.

Avoid bottled water when possible. Surprisingly, bottled water is less regulated than tap water, whichmeans you could be putting yourself at more risk to contaminants.

Investigate the health standards and safety tests of the bottled water manufacturers that you purchase.With little regulation, you should be very concerned about the source and bottling methods of thebottled water that you choose.


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Filtering Your Tap Water by Kimberly Button

Maybe you want to filter your tap water because you do not like the taste. Perhaps you have found acontaminant in your drinking water that you want removed. Or you just want to play it safe and filter asmany contaminants out of your drinking water as possible, regardless of what the tests might say.Adding a filter to your home's water supply is a smart choice that allows you to be in more control ofwhat ends up in your drinking water. With more than 40 percent of Americans investing in a waterfilter, it seems that many people are concerned about the quality of their tap water.

Not all water filters are the same, though. Some are more effective at removing certain contaminantsthan others. The following are some common contaminants and what kind of filter it takes to remove

them from your water, according to the EPA:Water ContaminantFilter Needed to Remove ContaminantGiardia and Cryptosporidum

If you are concerned about removing a particular contaminant, be sure to purchase a filter that has beenproven to remove that contaminant. If you want to clean up your drinking water as much as possible,you will want a system that combines different types of filtering agents to remove many contaminants.Look for water filter manufacturers that can supply you with research of how much of eachcontaminant is removed with the filter. This information is often available on the package or on thecompany's website. You can then compare the percentages of contaminants removed and pick the onethat you think would work best for your situation.

Pitcher and Faucet FiltersOne of the easiest ways to filter tap water is to purchase a pitcher with a water filter built in. Yousimply fill the pitcher with normal tap water and the carbon filter will draw out impurities as the watersettles into the pitcher. These types of filters are less expensive at first, but the filter often has to bechanged frequently, which can increase the cost. Most pitcher filters use a carbon-based filter, whichare good at improving the taste of your water as well as filtering out some contaminants. These types offilters will generally not remove as many contaminants as other types of filters, so be sure to read thelabels and determine what the filter will actually remove.

Other types of faucet filters can be a system that is easily attached to your plumbing and sits on thecounter or can be hidden under the sink. These types of filters can allow you to switch between using

normal tap water, such as for doing dishes, and filtered tap water that you use for cooking and drinking.Countertop and under-the-sink models generally have an additional faucet that you install to dispensefiltered water.

It can be really easy to forget when you installed a new filter in your water pitcher or faucet filter. Writethe date down on a sticker that you can attach to the system. You can also figure out the time framewhen you will need to purchase a new filter and add it to your calendar as a reminder.

Filters attached to the faucet directly might need to have the filter changed more frequently, butcountertop and under-the-sink models generally only need a filter change once or twice a year. Pur


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(www.purwater.com) and Brita (www.brita.com) make pitcher filters and faucet-mounted water filters.Aquasana (www.aquasana.com), Paragon Water Systems (www.paragonwater.com), and Multi-PureDrinking Water Systems (www.multipureco.com) offer countertop and under-the-sink models.

Distillation

Distillation water filters can be placed on your countertop to filter water, but they can be slow and morecostly. Distillation heats water to its boiling point, which kills microbes. The pure water vapor rises,leaving the contaminants behind. The water vapor then condenses and accumulates in an attachedpitcher for you to drink. Distilled water might have a distinct taste, because the natural minerals of thewater have been removed. Waterwise (www.waterwise.com) makes a wide range of water distillers.

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse-osmosis systems are costly, but they are highly effective. A reverse-osmosis water filter forceswater through a membrane that absorbs many contaminants in the water. This type of water filter isextremely effective at reducing most chemical contaminants and eliminating disease causing

organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Many reverse-osmosis systemsactually waste three to four gallons of water for every gallon of water that they purify. More efficientmodels are available, so be sure to look for them when choosing a filter. Watts Premier (www.wattspremier.com) and Multi-Pure Drinking Water Systems (www.multipureco.com) are among themanufacturers with reverse-osmosis water filtration systems.

Whole House Filters

You can eliminate the need to fill pitchers or remember to use a special faucet if you use a whole homewater filter. These expensive filters must be installed by a plumber. The system will filter out impuritiessuch as chlorine from every single tap in your house, including water in the bathroom for bathing and

brushing your teeth, as well as cooking and drinking water in the kitchen. While chlorine is primarilythe contaminant that is removed from these systems, check to see what other contaminants might alsobe eliminated in particular filters. Watts Premier (www.wattspremier.com) and Aquasana(www.aquasan
http://www.purwater.com/http://www.brita.com/http://www.aquasana.com/http://www.paragonwater.com/http://www.multipureco.com/http://www.waterwise.com/http://www.multipureco.com/http://www.wattspremier.com/http://www.aquasana.com/http://www.purwater.com/http://www.brita.com/http://www.aquasana.com/http://www.paragonwater.com/http://www.multipureco.com/http://www.waterwise.com/http://www.multipureco.com/http://www.wattspremier.com/http://www.aquasana.com/


14/28

Water Now More Valuable Than Oil?

Savvy Investors and Successful Companies are Turning Water

Into Gold

From Larry West, former About.com Guide

Ads:

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Chlorine Water Treatment

Water Purification

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The most valuable commodity in the world today, and likely to remain so for much of this century, isnot oil, not natural gas, not even some type of renewable energy. Its waterclean, safe, fresh water.

Follow the Money

When you want to spot emerging trends, always follow the money. Today, many of the worlds leadinginvestors and most successful companies are making big bets on water. Do a little research, and its
http://environment.about.com/bio/Larry-West-16812.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=water%20clean%20up&d=Water%20Clean%20Up&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=chlorine%20water%20treatment&d=Chlorine%20Water%20Treatment&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=water%20purification&d=Water%20Purification&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=oil%20and%20water&d=Oil%20and%20Water&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=drink%20water&d=Drink%20Water&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://zpu%28512%2Cuy+%27/z/ad/wasl.htm',450,425,'wao',100,100)http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=CpzagWWaVUYr6Ocfp-gbt94CIBOW9oKMF9bj8v3Oko-12EAEgvKX3ASgIUO7aq4H4_____wFgrQKgAdOYptQDyAEBqQJKKPCb8ae1PqgDAaoElQFP0KEM0odBKePsVbrPeLGURDsYnorpcvDSX70LheJrPcC2zE2iwG3y9zF2vpe6BMWvpm0IwgvVndIsRAN8vc6j1arvPlz1Mtgu8q1F53RBZfKdp7senCC3tla1ryGAKrQZe-FA8fHCSgUIFfixnEKdP3MAcLgrtuJ9ucQU6yGMnOPpfWWZDS9iibYgjzdD8UbjhPULqIgGAYAHlefZKw&num=1&cid=5GgWYuAyJl49Or7a7JFzRP5J&sig=AOD64_3bZUVsQthqyYSVmDAgn7St8qAkPw&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://intranet.greenwood-management.com/landing_page_1122.htmlhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CmKCdWWaVUYr6Ocfp-gbt94CIBIrUut8B8vnJ5BrAjbcBEAIgvKX3ASgIUNSVl_8EYK0CyAEBqAMBqgSTAU_QoVHNh0Ip4-xVus94sZREOxieiuly8NJfvQuF4ms9wLbMTaLAbfL3MXa-l7oExa-mbQjCC9Wd0ixEA3y9zqPVqu8-XPUy2C7yrUXndEFl8p2nux6cILe2VrWvIYAqtBl74UDx8cJKBQgVr53zIZ0_cwBwuCu24n25xBTrIYyc4-l9ZZkNL2KJtiCPN0PxRuOlfIAHzKg9&num=2&sig=AOD64_1UZqfJN9MOJh9tzaoTP24M3JcZZw&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.lenntech.com/romembranes.htmhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=C1GwNWWaVUYr6Ocfp-gbt94CIBInzqLEC7ZLTkwvAjbcBEAMgvKX3ASgIUKSyt6oHYK0CoAGbi9nvA8gBAakCNdvZck6uuT6oAwGqBJUBT9CBPcKHQynj7FW6z3ixlEQ7GJ6K6XLw0l-9C4Xiaz3AtsxNosBt8vcxdr6XugTFr6ZtCMIL1Z3SLEQDfL3Oo9Wq7z5c9TLYLvKtRed0QWXynae7Hpwgt7ZWta8hgCq0GXvhQPHxwkoFCBX0xbYpnT9zAHC4K7bifbnEFOshjJzj6X1lmQ0vYom2II83Q_FG49LTG5OIBgGAB830phA&num=3&cid=5GgWYuAyJl49Or7a7JFzRP5J&sig=AOD64_1vClcL3TPMlY_nRV61AYj6rvo7Zg&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.teslaforecast.comhttp://environment.about.com/lr/water_scarcity/142081/1/http://environment.about.com/lr/desalination/142081/2/http://environment.about.com/lr/commodities_investing/142081/3/http://environment.about.com/lr/safe_drinking_water/142081/4/http://www.about.com/lr/global-warminghttp://environment.about.com/bio/Larry-West-16812.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=water%20clean%20up&d=Water%20Clean%20Up&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=chlorine%20water%20treatment&d=Chlorine%20Water%20Treatment&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=water%20purification&d=Water%20Purification&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=oil%20and%20water&d=Oil%20and%20Water&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://environment.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=drink%20water&d=Drink%20Water&r=http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/waterinvesting.htmhttp://zpu%28512%2Cuy+%27/z/ad/wasl.htm',450,425,'wao',100,100)http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=CpzagWWaVUYr6Ocfp-gbt94CIBOW9oKMF9bj8v3Oko-12EAEgvKX3ASgIUO7aq4H4_____wFgrQKgAdOYptQDyAEBqQJKKPCb8ae1PqgDAaoElQFP0KEM0odBKePsVbrPeLGURDsYnorpcvDSX70LheJrPcC2zE2iwG3y9zF2vpe6BMWvpm0IwgvVndIsRAN8vc6j1arvPlz1Mtgu8q1F53RBZfKdp7senCC3tla1ryGAKrQZe-FA8fHCSgUIFfixnEKdP3MAcLgrtuJ9ucQU6yGMnOPpfWWZDS9iibYgjzdD8UbjhPULqIgGAYAHlefZKw&num=1&cid=5GgWYuAyJl49Or7a7JFzRP5J&sig=AOD64_3bZUVsQthqyYSVmDAgn7St8qAkPw&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://intranet.greenwood-management.com/landing_page_1122.htmlhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=CpzagWWaVUYr6Ocfp-gbt94CIBOW9oKMF9bj8v3Oko-12EAEgvKX3ASgIUO7aq4H4_____wFgrQKgAdOYptQDyAEBqQJKKPCb8ae1PqgDAaoElQFP0KEM0odBKePsVbrPeLGURDsYnorpcvDSX70LheJrPcC2zE2iwG3y9zF2vpe6BMWvpm0IwgvVndIsRAN8vc6j1arvPlz1Mtgu8q1F53RBZfKdp7senCC3tla1ryGAKrQZe-FA8fHCSgUIFfixnEKdP3MAcLgrtuJ9ucQU6yGMnOPpfWWZDS9iibYgjzdD8UbjhPULqIgGAYAHlefZKw&num=1&cid=5GgWYuAyJl49Or7a7JFzRP5J&sig=AOD64_3bZUVsQthqyYSVmDAgn7St8qAkPw&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://intranet.greenwood-management.com/landing_page_1122.htmlhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CmKCdWWaVUYr6Ocfp-gbt94CIBIrUut8B8vnJ5BrAjbcBEAIgvKX3ASgIUNSVl_8EYK0CyAEBqAMBqgSTAU_QoVHNh0Ip4-xVus94sZREOxieiuly8NJfvQuF4ms9wLbMTaLAbfL3MXa-l7oExa-mbQjCC9Wd0ixEA3y9zqPVqu8-XPUy2C7yrUXndEFl8p2nux6cILe2VrWvIYAqtBl74UDx8cJKBQgVr53zIZ0_cwBwuCu24n25xBTrIYyc4-l9ZZkNL2KJtiCPN0PxRuOlfIAHzKg9&num=2&sig=AOD64_1UZqfJN9MOJh9tzaoTP24M3J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15/28

easy to see why. There simply isnt enough freshwater to go around, and the situation is expected to getworse before it gets better.

According toBloomberg News, the worldwide scarcity of usable water worldwide already has madewater more valuable than oil. The Bloomberg World Water Index, which tracks 11 utilities, hasreturned 35 percent to investors every year since 2003, compared with 29 percent for oil and gas stocksand 10 percent for the Standard & Poor's 500 Index.

"There is only one direction for water prices at the moment, and that's up," said Hans Peter Portner,who manages a $2.9 billion US Water Fund at Pictet Asset Management in Geneva, according to areport byBloomberg News. The value of the fund increased 26 percent in 2005, and Portner expectswater to provide 8 percent annual returns through 2020.

Freshwater Becoming More Scarce

The United Nations estimates that by 2050 more than two billion people in 48 countries will lacksufficient water. Approximately 97 percent to 98 percent of the water on planet Earth is saltwater (theestimates vary slightly depending on the source). Much of the remaining freshwater is frozen inglaciers or the polar ice caps. Lakes, rivers and groundwater account for about 1 percent of the worldspotentially usable freshwater.

If global warming continues to melt glaciers in the polar regions, as expected, the supply of freshwatermay actually decrease. First, freshwater from the melting glaciers will mingle with saltwater in theoceans and become too salty to drink. Second, the increased ocean volume will cause sea levels to rise,contaminating freshwater sources along coastal regions with seawater.

Complicating matters even further is that 95 percent of the worlds cities continue to dump raw sewageinto rivers and other freshwater supplies, making them unsafe for human consumption.

The Need for Freshwater is Increasing Rapidly

Yet, while freshwater supplies are at best static, and at worst decreasing, the worlds population isgrowing rapidly. The United Nations estimates that the world populationapproximately 6.5 billion in2006will grow to 9.4 billion by 2050.

The cost of water is usually set by government agencies and local regulators. Water isn't traded oncommodity exchanges, but many utilities stocks are publicly traded. Meanwhile, investments incompanies that provide desalinization, and other processes and technologies that may increase theworlds supply of freshwater, are growing rapidly.

Companies Investing in Water

General Electric Chairman Jeffrey Immelt said the scarcity of clean water around the world will morethan double GEs revenue from water purification and treatment by 2010to a total of $5 billion.

GEs strategy is for its water division to invest in desalinization and purification in countries that havea shortage of freshwater. Saudi Arabia is expected to invest more than $80 billion in desalinizationplants and sewer facilities by 2025 to meet the needs of its growing population. And while China is

home to 20 percent of the worlds people, only 7 percent of the planets freshwater supply is locatedthere.

"This will be a big and growing market for a long time," Immelt said at the GE annual meeting inPhiladelphia in April 2006.


16/28

Reusing Plastic Bottles Can Pose Serious

Health Hazards

Refilling and reusing plastic bottles can release toxic cancer-causing chemicals

From Earth Talk

Ads:

Recycling Plastic Bottles

Bag Plastic
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17/28

Drinking Water Bottles

Health & Safety System

Plastic Waste Container

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Plastic Packaging Made-In-China.comChina Plastic Packaging Supplier. High Quality, CompetitivePrice.

12 14 www.satividagoodshape.com

Dear EarthTalk: Are the rumors true that refilling and reusing some types of plastic bottles can

cause health problems?

-- Regina Fujan, Lincoln, NE

Most types of plastic bottles are safe to reuse at least a few times if properly washed with hot soapywater. But recent revelations about chemicals in Lexan (plastic #7) bottles are enough to scare even the

most committed environmentalists from reusing them (or buying them in the first place).Chemicals May Contaminate Food and Drinks in Reused Plastic Bottles

Studies have indicated that food and drinks stored in such containersincluding those ubiquitous clearNalgene water bottles hanging from just about every hikers backpackcan contain trace amount ofBisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical that interferes with the bodys natural hormonal messagingsystem.

Reused Plastic Bottles Can Leach Toxic Chemicals

The same studies found that repeated re-use of such bottleswhich get dinged up through normal wear
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and tear and while being washedincreases the chance that chemicals will leak out of the tiny cracksand crevices that develop over time. According to the Environment California Research & PolicyCenter, which reviewed 130 studies on the topic, BPA has been linked to breast and uterine cancer, anincreased risk of miscarriage, and decreased testosterone levels.

BPA can also wreak havoc on childrens developing systems. (Parents beware: Most baby bottles andsippy cups are made with plastics containing BPA.) Most experts agree that the amount of BPA that

could leach into food and drinks through normal handling is probably very small, but there areconcerns about the cumulative effect of small doses.

Even Plastic Water and Soda Bottles Should Not Be Reused

Health advocates also recommend not reusing bottles made from plastic #1 (polyethylene terephthalate,also known as PET or PETE), including most disposable water, soda and juice bottles. According toThe Green Guide, such bottles may be safe for one-time use, but re-use should be avoided becausestudies indicate they may leach DEHPanother probable human carcinogenwhen they are in less-than-perfect condition.

Millions of Plastic Bottles End Up in Landfills

The good news is that such bottles are easy to recycle; just about every municipal recycling system will

take them back. But using them is nonetheless far from environmentally responsible: The nonprofitBerkeley Ecology Center found that the manufacture of plastic #1 uses large amounts of energy andresources and generates toxic emissions and pollutants that contribute to global warming. And eventhough PET bottles can be recycled, millions find their way intolandfills every day in the U.S. alone.

Incinerating Plastic Bottles Releases Toxic Chemicals

Another bad choice for water bottles, reusable or otherwise, is plastic #3 (polyvinyl chloride/PVC),which can leach hormone-disrupting chemicals into the liquids they are storing and will releasesynthetic carcinogens into the environment when incinerated. Plastic #6 (polystyrene/PS), has beenshown to leach styrene, a probable human carcinogen, into food and drinks as well.

Safe Reusable Bottles Do Exist

Safer choices include bottles crafted from safer HDPE (plastic #2), low-density polyethylene (LDPE,AKA plastic #4) or polypropylene (PP, or plastic #5). Aluminum bottles, such as those made by SIGGand sold in many natural food and natural product markets, and stainless steel water bottles are alsosafe choices and can be reused repeatedly and eventually recycled.

GOT AN ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTION? Send it to: EarthTalk, c/o E/The EnvironmentalMagazine, P.O. Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881; submit it at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/,or e-mail: [email protected].

EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are

reprinted on About Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E.
http://www.environmentcalifornia.org/reports/environmental-health/environmental-health-reports/toxic-baby-bottleshttp://www.environmentcalifornia.org/reports/environmental-health/environmental-health-reports/toxic-baby-bottleshttp://www.thegreenguide.com/http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/gw_hub.htmhttp://environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/biodegradable.htmhttp://environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/biodegradable.htmhttp://www.mysigg.com/http://www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/http://www.environmentcalifornia.org/reports/environmental-health/environmental-health-reports/toxic-baby-bottleshttp://www.environmentcalifornia.org/reports/environmental-health/environmental-health-reports/toxic-baby-bottleshttp://www.thegreenguide.com/http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/gw_hub.htmhttp://environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/biodegradable.htmhttp://www.mysigg.com/http://www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/


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Bisphenol A in water bottles

Where Can I Find BPA-Free Water Bottles?

By Wendy Bumgardner, About.com GuideUpdated December 17, 2012

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by ourMedical Review Board

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How to Get Pregnant Fast www.MaximumFertility.comI Stopped these common mistakes and gotPregnant in just 2 months!

Question: Where Can I Find BPA-Free Water Bottles?I have heard that Plastic #7 (Lexan and other clear polycarbonate water bottles) might leach toxicbisphenol A (BPA). Environmental sites claim this can cause cancer and even obesity. Where can I findBPA-free water bottles?

Answer:

While the bulk of the research shows that Plastic #7 (Lexan, Nalgene and other polycarbonate) bottlesdo not leach BPA in amounts proven to cause health concerns in humans, some governmental advisorybodies such as Health Canada are considering banning them. Water bottle manufacturers swiftlyresponded by changing their plastic recipe to eliminate BPA, or happily labeling "BPA-Free" thepolyethylene plastic and aluminum bottles that never had the chemical.

Does Bisphenol A Leach from Bottles?

Studies subjected plastic BPA-containing bottles to brutal conditions to see whether they would

actually leach BPA. The bulk of the research found zero to minimal leaching, far below safetystandards. But many people prefer to avoid it altogether. I had several walkers at a walking festivalquestion whether the free bottles the sponsor provided were "safe." The market responded fast tosatisfy those customers, even if their fears ultimately are unfounded.

Should People Who Use a Water Bottle Regularly Worry about BPA Leaching?

Researcher Scott M. Belcher, PhD of the University of Cincinnati Department of Pharacology and CellBiophysics published research on BPA leaching. Here is his answer:"I am a runner/cyclist and understand the concern - the typical bike bottles and "softer-plastics" are nottypically made with BPA. So if there is a concern about BPA's safety or impact, those bottles are not a

major contributor. The hard plastic or epoxy-lined bottles are the ones to be aware of, and if there is aconcern, avoided."

"As far as worrying - BPA can act as an endocrine disruptor. The direct negative impact on humans isvery hotly contested. This is an on-going discussion between scientists, regulators, consumers,corporations, and advocates. There is evidence from animal models that raise concern. Increasing linksin human epidemiological studies are showing that higher levels of excreted BPA are associated withsome human disorders. There is also evidence that when consumption of BPA in beverages is avoidedby not using BPA containing bottles, a drop in BPA in the body occurs. So if you are concerned aboutthe possible negative health effects of BPA, then it would be prudent to consider whether or not yourwater bottle contains BPA."

Are There BPA-Free Water Bottles?

Yes. Many water bottles were never made with polycarbonate. And companies such as Nalgene havereformulated their plastic without BPA. Look for prominent labeling of BPA-Free on water bottles as amarketing tool. Testing published by Dr. Belcher found that the new Tritan copolyester plastic bottlesand SIGG aluminum bottles lined with EcoCare coployester did not leach any detectable BPA. "Forthose two cases - it looks like there is meaning in the BPA-free label. Co-polyesters should not haveBPA and if you are targeting products made with those materials, it seems to standup to our ability todetect contaminating BPA," said Belcher.
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21/28

Reviews of BPA-Free Water Bottles

Reusable Water Bottles are Better for the Environment

Disposable bottled water bottles and other drink containers are a poor use of the earth's resources, evenif recycled. Using a sturdy, refillable water bottle is a great way for walkers to be thrifty and be kind tothe earth.Ways Walkers Can Be Kind to the Planet

Sources:

Studies of Bisphenol A Exposure in Mice:

vom Saal FS and others. A physiologically based approach to the study of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size

of reproductive organs, daily spermproduction, and behavior. Toxicology and Industrial Health 14:239-260, 1998.

Cagen SZ, Waechter JM Jr, Dimond SS, Breslin WJ, Butala JH, Jekat FW, Joiner RL, Shiotsuka RN, Veenstra GE, Harris LR.

Normal reproductive organ development in Wistar rats exposed to bisphenol A in the drinking water..Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.

1999 Oct;30(2 Pt 1):130-9.

Studies of Leaching of Bisphenol A:

Mountfort KA, Kelly J, Jickells SM, Castle L. Investigations into the potential degradation ofpolycarbonate baby bottles during

sterilization with consequent release of bisphenol A.. Food Addit Contam. 1997 Aug-Oct;14(6-7):737-40.

Onn Wong K, Woon Leo L, Leng Seah H. Dietary exposure assessment of infants to bisphenol A from the use ofpolycarbonate

baby milk bottles. Food Addit Contam. 2005 Mar;22(3):280-8.

James E. Cooper, Eric L. Kendig, Scott M. Belcher. "Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and

stainless steel water bottles." Chemosphere, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 8 July 2011

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drinking guidelines for walkers

bottled water
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16-5 Alitheies Gia to Emfialomeno TELEIO NA DO PALI

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