1560 Student Ch 7 Handout

1 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 1 Visualizing

Psychology

by Siri Carpenter &Karen Huffman

Chapter 7: Memory

PSYCH 1560

Dr. Giorgetti

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing

Psychology

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Slide 2 Lecture Overview

The Nature of Memory

Biological Bases of

Memory

Forgetting

Memory Distortions



Psychology

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Slide 3 The Nature of Memory

Memory: internal record or

representation of some prior

event or experience

Memory is also a constructive process



Psychology

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2 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 4 The Nature of MemoryDescription of Four Memory Models

1. Information Processing Approach



Psychology

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(Continued)2. Parallel Distributed

Processing Model



Psychology

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(Continued)

3. Levels of Processing Approach

4. Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model



Psychology

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3 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 7 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review

1. The _____ sees memory as a process similar to a computer.

2. Which of the four major memory models best explains how you can wash dishes, wave to your neighbor, and talk to your friend on the phone all at the same time?



Psychology

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Slide 8

Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Information Processing System

Sensory

Memory

Working

MemoryPerception Long-term

memory

Retrieve

learn

Executive Control Processes

Work Space-

Temporary Storage

Decision

makingPermanent

Storage

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Slide 9



Psychology

Diagram of Three-Stage Memory Model

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4 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 10 The Nature of MemoryDescription of Three Stage

Memory Model

Sensory Memory

Capacity

Duration

Role of attention



Psychology

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Slide 11 Sperlings Experiment with Sensory Memory

When flashed an arrangement of 12 letters for 1/20 of a second, most people can only recall 4 or 5. Sperling proved all 12 letters were available in sensory memory if they can be attended to quickly.



Psychology

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Slide 12 The Nature of Memory

Three Stage Memory Model (Continued)

Short-Term Memory (STM) Capacity

Duration

Strategies



Psychology

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5 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 13



Psychology

STM, also called working memory, is much more than just a passive, temporary holding area.

Three parts of working memory: visuospatial sketchpad central executive phonological loop

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Slide 14 The Nature of MemoryThree Stage Memory Model

(Continued)

Long-Term Memory (LTM) Capacity

Duration



Psychology

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Slide 15 Types of Long-Term Memories



Psychology

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6 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 16

Allyn & Bacon 2007

Types of Memory

Episodic

Semantic

Procedural

Yesterdays

golf

outing

The concept

airplane

How to

give a

presentation

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Slide 17 Improving Long-Term Memory (LTM)

LTM can be improved with:

Organization

Elaborative Rehearsal

Retrieval Cues

Recognition

Recall



Psychology

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Slide 18 An Example of Elaborative Rehearsal

Understanding and memory may be enhanced by elaborating on previously known information (e.g., using knowledge of geography to better understand history)



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7 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 19 An Example of Recognition Vs. Recall

Research shows people are better at recognizing photos of previous high school classmates than recalling their names.



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1. Why is short-term memory (STM) also called working memory?

2. Elaborative rehearsal helps improve _____ memory, whereas ______ rehearsal improves

short-term memory (STM).



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Slide 21 Biological Bases of Memory

Biological changes in neurons facilitate memory

1. repeated stimulation of a synapse

2. neurons ability to release its neurotransmitters



Psychology

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8 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 22 Biological Bases of Memory (Continued)

Hormones flashbulb memories



Psychology

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Slide 23 Where Are Memories Located?

Memory tends to be localized and distributed throughout the brain--not just the cortex.



Psychology

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Slide 24 Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease

Amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia



Psychology

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9 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 25 Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease (Continued)



Psychology

Alzheimers Disease (AD)

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Slide 26 Forgetting: How Quickly Do We Forget?

Ebbinghaus found:

forgetting occurs most rapidly immediately after learning.

relearning takes less time than initial learning.



Psychology

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Slide 27 Why Do We Forget? Five Key Theories

Decay

Interference

Motivated Forgetting

Encoding Failure

Retrieval Failure



Psychology

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10 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 28 Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued)

1. Decay Theory

2. Interference Theory

Retroactive Interference

Proactive Interference



Psychology

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Slide 29 Two Forms of Interference



Psychology

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Slide 30 Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued)

3. Motivated Forgetting

4. Encoding Failure

5. Retrieval Failure

(tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)



Psychology

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11 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 31 A Test for Encoding: Can You Identify the Actual Penny?



Psychology

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Slide 32 Overcoming Problems with Forgetting

Serial Position Effect

Source Amnesia



Psychology

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Slide 33 Overcoming Problems with Forgetting(Continued)

Sleeper Effect

Spacing of Practice distributed practice vs.

massed practice



Psychology

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12 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti


1. You remember material from the first and last of the chapter better than material in the middle. This is a good example of the _____ effect.

2. The _____ of forgetting best explains why you forgot the name of a previous employer who gave you a bad

performance evaluation.



Psychology

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Slide 35 Memory Distortions

Why do we distort our memories?

Need to maintain logic and consistency.

Need to shape and construct our memories because it is more efficient to do so.



Psychology

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Slide 36 Memory and the Criminal Justice System

Two memory problems with profound legal implications:

Eyewitness Testimony

Repressed Memories



Psychology

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13 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 37 Figure 6.9: The Impact of Questions

on Eyewitness Memory

Copyright Houghton Mifflin

Company. All rights

reserved.

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Slide 38 Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology?

Psychological research conducts basic research, which helps us describe and understand our own and others memory processes. This basic research also leads to applied research that shows us how to improve our

sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.



Psychology

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Slide 39 Tips for Memory Improvement

Three Popular Mneumonics

Method of Loci

Peg-word

Method of Word Associations



Psychology

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14 PSYCH 1560

Chapter 7 Memory

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 40 Ways to Improve Memory

Knowledge of results

Recitation

Rehearsal

Selection

Organization

Whole versus part learning

Serial position effect

Cues

Overlearning

Spaced practice

Sleep

Review

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Slide 41 Visualizing

Psychology

by Siri Carpenter &Karen Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

End of

Chapter 7: MemorySiri Carpenter, Yale University

Karen Huffman, Palomar College



Psychology

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1560 Student Ch 7 Handout

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Transcript of 1560 Student Ch 7 Handout