1550 to early 1600s Obedience and Religiosity Conflict –Submission to Secular Authority Questioned...
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Transcript of 1550 to early 1600s Obedience and Religiosity Conflict –Submission to Secular Authority Questioned...
1550 to early 1600s
• Obedience and Religiosity Conflict– Submission to Secular Authority
Questioned– Luther- Diet of Augsburg– Calvin-Reluctantly Justified Political
Resistance– Knox - “Blast the Trumpet”
Six Degrees of Philip II
Setting• Philip takes Throne• Austere Catholicism
– Maranos (ex-Jews), Moriscos (ex-Muslims)
• Ferdinand (Uncle) has 1/2 Kingdom– Leads to Austrian/Spanish Habsburg
• Protestant Reformation will underway• England- Mary has died, Elizabeth Queen• Netherlands- Calvinist
Philip II• Bureaucrat
– Micromanager• Expanded Government workers• Significantly raised taxes (10% sales)->alienating
• Rigid Catholicism– The Escorial (Bedroom next to the Altar)
• Diplomacy through Marriage– Uniting the Iberian Peninsula
• Married the Princess of Portugal • Mary Tudor (Maria Princess of Portugal had died)• Pursuing Elizabeth (Mary Tudor had died)
– Helped incite French Catholics• Married Elizabeth of Valois (Catherine de’ Medici’s and
Henry II daughter)- died—Philip totaled 4 wives in the end)
Protecting the Flanks and the Religion
• One successful– 1571 Battle of Lepanto (note: Cervantes
who wrote Don Quixote injured in battle)– Ottomans defeated -Spain->control W. Med– Converted Moriscos exiled
• One less so– United Provinces (Netherlands) Calvinists
rise up and become Independent,
Unites Iberia (1580)
• "I inherited, I bought, I conquered”– King dies w/out an heir– Philip (Uncle) claims throne
Inflation Woes
• 16th Century– Population Increase– Huge influx Silver (New World) -> massive
inflation->Grain prices up 5x
• Spain declares Bankruptcy several occasions• Most prosperous area, Netherlands, gains
independence• Qualified Jews and Muslims leave country
NetherlandsProsperous area- Substantial Textile IndustryCalvinist and Roman Catholic provinces- Cardinal Granvelle->Catholicize Country- centralize
ChurchRegent Margaret imposes Council of TrentCompromise signed oppose Catholic laws– >1566 Calvinists vandalize Catholic Churches– >Philip retaliates->Duke of Alba Governor General-
Council of Troubles=Council of Blood->1000s leave, many executed-> William of Orange rises (assassinated 1584)
– Sea beggars (includes English)• Philip retaliates,”Spanish Fury”@ Antwerp, 7000 di
United Provinces->Republic (Union of Brussels)
Catholic and Protestant Provinces Ally• Spanish evicted (Perpetual Edict)• Union Brussels- divides
– Catholic Union of Arras (eventually 1820s becomes Belgium…note what’s happening there today!)
– Protestant Union of Utrecht
• Independence declared• William of Orange assassinated• Elizabeth Supports Dutch->troops and $• French do too!
England
• Elizabeth takes the throne
• “Protestantism Lite”
• Mary Stuart- Queen of Scots
• Spanish Armada
Mary (Bloody)• Lost Calais• Restores Catholicism• Marries Philip II• Executes 1000s Protestants
– Including “Book of Common Prayer” Cranmer
• Exiles became Radicalized (including John Knox)
Protestant Queen• Restores Protestantism
– 39 Articles of Religion (www.anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html)
• Largely based Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Prayer• Seeds of Discontent
– Puritans demand more say» Complain of Sabbath activities» Popery
– Papal Bull Excommunicates Elizabeth
• Protestantism Lite– Catholic Ceremonies– Catholic Organization
• Congregationalists demand Presbyter
Carries Torch Protestantism• Politique• Supports Dutch in revolt
– Earlier Disassociated w/Sea Beggars
• Philip II also supporting Catholics France and England– 1584
• Protestant William of Orange Assassinated• Henry Navarre converts back to Catholicism
– 1587• Executes cousin, Mary Queen of Scots
• When the smoke clears- Church of England or dead/exiled (Conventicle Act 1593)
Spanish ArmadaGod blew and they were scattered
• Protestant England v. Catholic Spain• Virgin Queen v. Unrequited? Marriage
Partner• Sea Beggars in Netherlands, Piracy at Sea
(Drake) + Support of Netherlands->Armada• Armada->30,000 to 50,000 men!!!
– Bad communications, weak leadership and a poor wind
– Earlier Drake delayed onset->attacked Cadiz
Mary StuartHenry VII Granddaughter• Catholic
• Mother Mary of Guise (French family)• Age 5 sent to France (Devote Catholic)
» First married to Henry II of France’s Son (Francis II), Mary becomes Queen of France
– Mother dies->Queen of Scotland,Husband dies-> returns to Scotland 1561->remarries->has a son->Palace intrigue-Mary abdicates- one year old son->James VI->Mary escapes to England
• Scotland->Protestant->John Knox– James VI Protestant
• Conspiring– France and Spain secretly conspire w/Mary– Offered to hand over crown to Philip II (Babington Plot)
France
Catherine de Medici marries Henry II
Large Huguenot Populations
Weak Kings- Intrigue and plotting
Bourbons and Guise
Religious War
Henry of Navarre
Politiques
Henry II (Valois) 1547-1559• Francis I son• Marries Catherine de Medici
– Later known for poisoning– MANY Children
• *Charles (became Charles IX, Catherine was Regent- 8 of 14 years of reign), incompetent
• *Henry (became Henry III- note was also King of Poland-) 1589 stabbed to death
• *Margueritte (married Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) St. Bartholomews Massacre!->later divorced him)
• Elizabeth who married Philip II of Spain (at her wedding, Henry II jousted got hurt and died!!!
• Francis (became Francis II but died at just 16) married Mary, Queen of Scots!
Hugeunots• French Calvinists
– Early Tolerance gave way to intolerance (Edict of Fountainebleau 1540), smattering of tolerance (1562- January Edict)
• Few of Population but– 1/3rd of Nobles– Often Noblewoman! Charlotte de Bourbon marries
William of Orange• Bourbon family conversions->Other noble conversions
• 1562 Fighting begins- Massacre at Vassy. Guise attack on Huguenots. Protestant Churches burned, congregants killed
Weak Kings
• Incompetence led to Intrigue– Francis II dies young– Charles IX killed by his mom?– Henry III, alienates Catholics, bungles an
assassination and is himself murdered.
• Catherine- Expert at Poisoning– Balancing Guise and Bourbons
Bourbons and Guise
• Became clear the House of Valois wouldn’t gain throne->next in Line->Bourbon family– Bourbon family conversions to Protestantism– Henry II’s death->power vacuum– 1572- Catherine conspires w/Guise family against
Bourbons- St. Bartholomew’s Massacre– 1588->Guise family plots w/Philip’s Spain against
Henry III- Henry assassinates Duke of Guise• (Philip II married into Valois family and his daughter was to
marry Henry of Guise (aiming to be king)
– 1596 Henry IV (Bourbon) enters into treaty w/House of Guise
France
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre-– August 1572– In One Week- 100,000 French
Calvinists (Huguenots) Slaughtered
Keep your friends close but your enemies closer?
• Henry III– Catholic tensions rise, belief Henry III not vigilant-
>Catholic League formed– Placates Catholics, amends Peace of Bealieu-
provided some rights to Huguenots– Henry Navarre leads Protestants– Catholic League (Guise) supported by Spanish
• ->Henry kills Guise leaders• Retaliation pushes Henry III to ally w/Henry Navarre
– Later->Henry stabbed by fervent monk– No children->Bourbon family takes Power
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)Paris is worth a Mass
• Changed Religions Several Times (at least 3 times was R.C.
• EDICT OF NANTES– 1598-RELIGIOUS TOLERATION-
PROTESTANTS ARE ALLOWED TO LIVE IN FRANCE, no services in Paris
• On taking throne converted Catholicism• 1596 Treaty w/Guise Family• Assassinated 1610
Politiques
• Term to describe moderate Catholics in France– Politics ahead of Religion– Pragmatists as opposed to idealists