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Course Guide ix xiii

Topic 1 Defining and Describing 11.1 Defining Someone or Something 2

1.1.1 How Definitions Work 31.1.2 Language Patterns for Definition 4

1.2 Describing a Mechanism 51.2.1 How to Explain a Mechanism 61.2.2 Writing Explanations of Mechanisms 7

1.3 Explaining Procedures 8

1.3.1 Stating Procedures 91.3.2 Procedures for Explaining Mechanisms 12

Summary 15Key Terms 15

Topic 2 Analysing 162.1 Analysing Through Classification 16

2.1.1 How Classifications Work 182.1.2 Language Patterns for Classification 20

2.2 Cause-effect and Compare-contrast Relationships 22

2.2.1 How Cause and Effect Works 232.2.2 How Compare/Contrast Technique Works 252.2.3 Language Structures for Making Comparison and

Contrast 252.3 Analysing Through Evidence 28

2.3.1 Learning About Evidence 282.3.2 Looking For Evidence 28

Summary 33Key Terms 33

Topic 3 Summarising 343.1 Writing Effective Summaries 35

3.1.1 Topic Sentence 363.1.2 Main Ideas 373.1.3 Substituting With a General Term 383.1.4 Omitting Details 39

3.2 Different Types of Summaries 40Summary 43Key Terms 43

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Topic 4 Technical Genre 444.1 Sending Messages: Memorandum 44

4.1.1 Simple Memos 44

4.1.2 Parts of a Simple Memo 454.1.3 Memo Report 484.2 Sending Information: E-Mail 51

4.2.1 Benefits of E-mail 524.2.2 Structure of an E-mail Message 52

4.3 Explanations of Cause 58Summary 61Key Terms 62

Topic 5 Using Visuals 63

5.1 Why Use Visuals? 635.1.1 Describing 645.1.2 Highlighting Important Points 645.1.3 Interpreting Information Accurately 65

5.2 Incorporating Visuals in Text 675.2.1 Placement and Labelling in Writing 675.2.2 Talking About Visuals 69

5.3 The Right Words and Structures 735.3.1 Result Pattern 735.3.2 Contrast Pattern 74

Summary 76Key Terms 76

Topic 6 Technical Vocabulary 776.1 Lexicon Matters 77

6.1.1 Highly Technical Vocabulary 776.1.2 Semi-Scientific or Semi-technical Vocabulary 78

6.2 Formation of Technical Words 806.2.1 Suffixes 806.2.2 Numeral Prefixes 81

6.3 Writing For Specialist and Non-specialist Readers 826.3.1 Specialist Readers 826.3.2 Non-specialist Readers 836.3.3 Mixed Audience 86

Summary 87Key Terms 88

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Topic 7 Mathematical Concepts 897.1 Numerical Concepts 90

7.1.1 Concept of Real Numbers 90

7.1.2 Concept of Fraction 917.2 Geometrical Concept 927.2.1 Concept of Angles 927.2.2 Concept of Triangles 947.2.3 Concept of Quadrilaterals 96

7.3 Statistical Concepts 987.3.1 Concept of Central Tendency 98

7.4 Algebraic Concepts 98Summary 99Key Terms 100

Topic 8 Mathematical Skills 1018.1 Approximation and Estimation 101

8.1.1 Approximation 1018.1.2 Estimation 103

8.2 Arithmetic Manipulation 1048.2.1 Working with Whole Numbers and Their Signs 1048.2.2 Working with Fractions 1068.2.3 Working with Percentages 107

8.3 Algebraic Manipulation 1088.3.1 Algebraic Expressions 1088.3.2 Algebraic Equations 1098.3.3 Inequality 110

8.4 Handling Data 1118.4.1 Types of Data 1118.4.2 Tables 1128.4.3 Bar Charts 1128.4.4 Pie Charts 1138.4.5 Histograms 1148.4.6 Scatter Diagrams 115

Summary 116Key Terms 117

Topic 9 Problem-solving Processes 1189.1 Heuristics in Problem-solving 1199.2 Strategies for Problem-solving 120

9.2.1 Looking for a Pattern 1209.2.2 Working Backwards 1219.2.3 Using Before After Concept 1219.2.4 Making Suppositions 121

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9.2.5 Restating the Problem 1229.2.6 Simplifying the Problem 1239.2.7 Using Equations 123

Summary 124Key Terms 124References 124

Answers 125