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1501 Life-span development
Means of study longitudinal/cross-sectional
Development occurs toward differentiation– few to many– simple to complex– general to specialized– homogeneous to diverse
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Nature to nurture controversy Maturation:
– any relatively permanent change as the result of internal prompted processes, without regard to environment or personal experience.
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Piaget and Vygotsky
Jean Piaget– Development depends on
• organization• adaptation
– assimilation– accommodation
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– Stages• Sensorimotor
– spans from birth to 2 years of age– the focus is on concrete actions– development of object permanence– the beginning development of symbolic play
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– Cont stages• Preoperational
– spans 2 to 7 years of age– the focus is on the missing abilities
» egocentrism» centration» irreversibility
• Concrete operational– spans 7 to 11 years of age– focus on decentration, reversibility, seriation
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Cont stages– Formal operational
• spans 12 years and up• focuses on
– abstract thinking– systematic thinking– logical and reflective thinking
Evaluate Piaget
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The theory of Leo Vygotsky
Social influence is more important than biological influences.
Cognitive development occurs through internalization, whereby individuals absorb knowledge from their social context.
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Cont. theory of Vygotsky
Develop intelligence within a zone of proximal development (ZPD), the range of ability between a child’s developed, observable level of ability and the child’s full level, potentially hidden.
In summary, Piaget emphasized maturation(nature), while Vygotsky emphasized learning (nurture).
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Physical Development
Pre-natal development– 3 stages
• germinal• embryonic• fetal
Teratogens
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Cont. physical development
Newborn Development– The newborn prefers
• to look at human faces• listen to the human voice• the most fully developed sense is touch• motor reflexes: automatic behavior necessary
for survival• cephlocaudal (head to toe) See milestones in
chart, pg. 313.
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Emotional development
Attachment – Not insananeous– Begins around 6 to 8 months– Peaks at 14 to 18 months– Tapers and is usually resolved around 30
months.
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3 Theories of attachment– Reinforcement theory
• Harry and Margaret Harlow
– Biological • John Bowlby
– Social • Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation
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– 3 types of personality» secure attachment» ambivalent attachment» avoidant attachment
Strength of attachment effects emotional development. Secure attachment results in obedient, persistent, curious, independent children.
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Childhood
Socioemotional Development Erikson
– Trust vs. Mistrust • Birth to 1 year of age• Dependent for biological needs
– Autonomy vs Shame/doubt• 1 to 3 years of age• Toilet training and other regulating behavior.
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– Initiative vs Guilt• 3 to 6 years of age• social function within the family
– Industry vs Inferiority• 6 to puberty• social function outside the family
– Identity vs role confusion• adolescence• try to figure out who they are
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– Intimacy vs isolation• young adult• develop loving intimate relationships
– Generativity vs stagnation• middle adult• work and prepare for the next generation
– Integrity vs despair• late adulthood• reflection on life
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Gender development
2-3 no gender constancy 4-5 gender identity Gender socialization
– learn gender norms of culture Gender schema
– knowledge, beliefs, expectations about gender roles.
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Interpersonal relationships
Follows ability to consider another’s point of view.
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Adolescence Development
Physical development– Puberty
Cognitive development– Inductive reasoning
• Observing specifics and making hypotheses
– Deductive reasoning• Taking general principles and applying to
specific instances.
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– Personal fable• Destined to fame or fortune
– Invincibility fallacy• Not subject to the same risks as everyone else.
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Socioemotional development– Identity crisis– Imaginary audience
• They feel they are the constant object of the thoughts, judgments, and observations of other people.
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Moral Development by L. Kohlberg– Preconventional
• Acts are right/wrong because they are punished/rewarded
– Conventional• Rules are necessary for social order
– Postconventional• Personal code of ethics
For most, depend on situation and will regress when necessary.
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Cont. Moral development– Carol Gilligan
• Justice vs compassion.
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Adult Development
Cognitive development– Slower processes– IQ remains stable through adulthood with a slight
decline after 60 years of age and a more rapid decline a few years before death primarily due to health problems.
– Even though the thinking processes may slow, the decline is balanced by stabilization and even advancement of well-practiced mental functioning.
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Important milestones– Social clock– Long-term relationships/marriage
• Validating marriage:– Compromise and calmly resolve conflict
• Conflict-avoiding marriage:– agree to disagree and avoid conflict
• Volatile marriages– frequent conflicts
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What destroys a marriage– Attacking a partner’s character, rather than
behavior– Being defensive– Failing to respond to the needs of the
partner
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Career/stages– Exploration: search for a career– Establishment: begins to be identified with
a particular career– Mid-career: established in career– Late-career: fully established and may
even be a mentor.
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Mid-life crisis Retirement
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Language Development
0-6 month: crying– Motherese
6-10 month: phonemes 10-13 month: morphomes 13-18 month: 3-50 words
– overextention 18-2y begin to put 2-3 words together -
– telegraphic
18m-6y: 8000-14000 words– overregularization