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15–2 Ideas That Shaped
Darwin's Thinking
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Belief of his time
1. Earth was young (~4,000
years old)
2. Plants/ animals never
changed
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An Ancient, Changing Earth
Fossils challenged
both of these Beliefs
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Geologist gave evidence for an older earth
•James Hutton
•Charles Lyell
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An Ancient, Changing Earth
–Earth is many millions of years old
–the processes that changed Earth
in the past = same processes that
operate in the present.
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An Ancient, Changing Earth
Hutton and Geological Change
geological forces act slowly
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An Ancient, Changing Earth
Lyell's Principles of Geology
Past events explained by
processes that they can
actually observe.
Processes continue in the
present.
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An Ancient, Changing Earth
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An Ancient, Changing Earth
Darwin thought…
•If the Earth could change over time,
life might change as well.
•It would have taken many years
(millions) for life to change
This would have been possible only if the Earth were extremely old.
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Other scientists
think about
evolution
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Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
Lamarck stated:
• living things changed over time.
•species were descended from other
species.
•organisms were adapted to their
environments.
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Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
Tendency Toward Perfection
Lamarck: organisms have an innate
tendency toward complexity and
perfection.
They are continually changing and
acquiring features that are
adaptations.
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Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
Lamarck's Hypothesis
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Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
Lamarck's Hypothesis
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Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
Evaluating Lamarck's Hypotheses
● Wrong on some Key items
•An organism can not acquire a trait
during its life time.
•Using a characteristic does not
make it inheritable
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Population Growth
Population Growth: Thomas Malthus
●noted that babies were being born
faster than people were dying of old
age.
●The only forces he observed that
worked against this growth were war,
famine, and disease.
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Population Growth
•If the human population continued to
grow unchecked, sooner or later there
would be insufficient living space and
food for everyone.
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Population Growth
Darwin applied to plants and animals.
Darwin thought that there is a struggle to
survive in nature.
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15–2
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15–2
Hutton and Lyell recognized that geological processes
a. of the past differ from those of the present.
b. indicate that Earth is many millions of years old.
c. operate quickly, often over thousands of years.
d. always involve violent events like volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods.
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The discovery of many fossils challenged the
idea that
a. acquired traits could be inherited.
b. Earth is many millions of years old.
c. species had never changed over time.
d. geological changes are slow.
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15–2
Which of the following scientists proposed the
hypothesis of selective use and disuse?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Charles Lyell
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15–2
The scientist that proposed that Earth is shaped
by geological forces that took place over long
periods of time is:
a. Malthus
b. Hutton
c. Darwin
d. Lamarck
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Darwin’s reading of Thomas Malthus made him realize that
a. because of overpopulation, human beings cannot avoid extinction.
b. all living things must evolve.
c. living things produce more offspring than can possibly survive.
d. the basic ideas of Lamarck were wrong.
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