14th Workshop of the IEA Implementing Agreement on RFP Research

Padova, 26-28 April, 2010

Wandong LiuSchool of Physical Sciences, University of Science

and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China

Fusion Research in China and at USTC

Outline

Fusion program in China

– Focus on tokamak research

Plasma physics and fusion research at the

University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC)

– The role of USTC in fusion program in China

The past and possible future RFP program in

China

Outline

Fusion program in China

– Focus on tokamak research

Plasma physics and fusion research at the

University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC)

– The role of USTC in fusion program in China

The past and possible future RFP program in

China

Fusion program in China

Diversity during the early days (starting

from 1958):

– Z pinch, Ө pinch, FRC, reversed field pinch

– focus, mirror device

– stellarator

– tokamak

An early stellarator in China

Stellarator “LinYun”: designed in1965, capacitor bank energy: 800kJ plus ICRF heatingStellarator “LinYun”: designed in1965, capacitor bank energy: 800kJ plus ICRF heating

Tokamaks in China

Past decades:

– Tokamaks: CT-6, HL-1, HL-2, HT-6, KT-5

Today:

– Tokamaks in institutes: EAST, HT-7, HL-2A

– Tokamak in universities : J-TEXT, Sunist (ST)

The tradition of diversified fusion research has been lost!

The tradition of diversified fusion research has been lost!

Tokamaks in China

SouthWestern Institute of PhysicsHL-2A at SWIP

Huazhong University of Science & TechJoint-TEXT at HUST

Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

EAST & HT-7 at ASIPP

University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)

Qinghua University ST: SUNIST

HT-7 superconducting tokamak （ ASIPP）

R = 1.22m, a = 0.27m

Ip = 100~250 kA (250)

BT = 1~2.5T(2.5)

ne = 1~8x1019m-3 (6.5)

Te = 1~5 KeV (4)

Ti = 0.2~1.5K eV (1.5)

ICRF:

f = 15~30MHz, P = 0.3MW(0.35)

f = 30~110MHz, P = 1.5MW (0.6)

LHCD:

f = 2.45GHz, P = 1.2MW(0.8)

Pellet injector

Supersonic beam injection

Main Goal: Advanced Steady-state operation and related physics

EAST full superconducting tokamak （ ASIPP）

HL-2A Tokamak （ SWIP ）

HL-2A HL-2M

Ip kA 450 1200

BT T 2.8 2.57

R0 m 1.65 1.80

a m 0.4 0.50

Flux Swing V·S 5.0 10.0

Kx 1.2 1.6~1.8

δx 0.1 ≥0.5

Upgrade of HL-2A:Upgrade of HL-2A:HL-2M TokamakHL-2M Tokamak

J-TEXT Tokamak （ HUST ）

J-TEXT

Ip kA 400

BT T 3

R0 m 1.05

a m 0.27

Pulse length Sec 0.5

Averaged

Density

m-3 2 ～5x1019m-3

Averaged Te keV 1.0

Former TEXT in AustinFocus on training fusion engineers

Outline

Fusion program in China

– Focus on tokamak research

Plasma physics and fusion research at the

USTC

– The role of USTC in fusion program in China

The past and possible future RFP program in

China

University of Science and Technology of China

USTC was established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing in 1958, and moved to Hefei, Anhui in 1970.

USTC is aimed at providing the country and the rest of world with high level scientists and engineers.

Enrollment to USTC is extremely selective, for only top 3-5 ‰ of the high school graduates in China are admitted.

70% of the undergraduates continue to pursue post-graduate study home and abroad every year.

Over 10,000 alumni are working or studying outside China, mostly in northern America. Year 2008

750, 40%

497, 27%

619, 33% graduate study

inside China

graduate studyoutside China

others

Key Figure & Fact of USTC

1350 academic staff, including 463 full professors, 30 academicians of CAS and/or CAE.

16000 students, including 7400 undergraduates, 8200 graduate students (2400 PhD ).

“Time Higher Education Supplement” ranked USTC the 3rd place in China in 2008

1350 academic staff, including 463 full professors, 30 academicians of CAS and/or CAE.

16000 students, including 7400 undergraduates, 8200 graduate students (2400 PhD ).

“Time Higher Education Supplement” ranked USTC the 3rd place in China in 2008

Schools

Mathematics

Physical Sciences

Life Science

Information Science & Tech.

Humanities & Social Science

Gifted Young

Chemistry & Material Science

Engineering Science

Earth & Space Science

Management

Nuclear Science & Tech

Computer Science & Tech.

School of Physical Sciences

Department LaboratoryDiscipline

CAS Key Lab of Quantum InformationCAS Key Lab of Quantum Information

CAS Key Lab of Basic Plasma PhysicsCAS Key Lab of Basic Plasma Physics

CAS Key Lab of Nucl Det. & ElectronicsCAS Key Lab of Nucl Det. & Electronics

PKL Physical Electronics LaboratoryPKL Physical Electronics Laboratory

NC for Phys Experiment Teaching NC for Phys Experiment Teaching

PKL The Photo-Electro Laboratory PKL The Photo-Electro Laboratory

CAS Key Lab of Galaxies and CosmologyCAS Key Lab of Galaxies and Cosmology

NL Physical Science at Microscale NL Physical Science at Microscale

NL Synchrotron RadiationNL Synchrotron Radiation

Dept. PhysDept. Phys

Dept Modern PhysDept Modern Phys

Dept Optics & OEDept Optics & OE

Dept. AstronomyDept. Astronomy

C Phys Ex Teaching C Phys Ex Teaching

Atom & Mole Phys Atom & Mole Phys

Theoretical PhysTheoretical Phys

Particle & Nuclear PhysParticle & Nuclear Phys

Plasma PhysicsPlasma Physics

Optical EngineeringOptical Engineering

Physical ElectronicsPhysical Electronics

OpticsOptics

Condense Matter PhysCondense Matter Phys

Micro-ElectronicsMicro-Electronics

astrophysicsastrophysics

Physics Research Situation in USTC (1999-2009, ESI)

Type Range to compare Rank of USTC

Published

Papers

All institutions 24

All universities 13

Chinese universities 1

Total

Citations

All institutions 92

All universities 63

Chinese universities 1

Citation per

paper

All institutions 582

All universities 428

Chinese universities 1

Plasma research at USTC

Plasma division in USTC– Founded in 1972– Has the most comprehensive subjects in China

CAS key Laboratory of Basic Plasma Physics– 31 faculty membersFusion plasma physics

Diagnostic & Experimental & Theoretical & Simulation researchMagnetic confinement fusion (12 members)Inertial confinement fusion (7 members)

Space plasma physics (10 members)Data analysis & Theory & Simulation

Low temperature plasma and its application (8 members)Fundamental plasma research & plasma application

Facilities of Plasma research in USTC

KT-5 Tokamak Linear Magnetized Device

Double Plasma Device Collisional Plasma Device

R=30cma=8cmIp=15kABt~3kGt~2ms

L = 200cmD = 25cmBt ~ 1kG108~1013cm-3

Plasma is produced via high energy electron beam in high pressure.

Dusty plasmaIon acoustic waveNonlinear phenomena

Main research activities

Diagnostic Techniques for Tokamak Plasma

– Laser

• HCN interfemeter, CO2 coherent scattering, CO2 phase

contrast, Thomson scattering…

– Microwave

• Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging at EAST and HT-7

• Doppler reflectometer at EAST and HT-7

– Electrostatic probe at HT-7, EAST and HL-2A

• Zonal flow research in edge plasma

Zonal flow research in the edge plasma of HL-2A

• The mode numbers are estimated to be .1 1m n and

#8297#8530

Poloidal and Toroidal Symmetries

Liu et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 095002 (2009)

Probe Arrays Configuration

2000 2500 3000-0.06-0.04-0.02

00.020.04

2660 2680 2700 2720 2740 2760 2780 2800 2820 2840-0.1

0

0.1

t (s)

Te/

Te

1 23 4 56 7 8

1

r (cm)

Z (c

m)

8 10-10

-5

0

5

10

2

r (cm)8 10

-10

-5

0

5

10

3

r (cm)8 10

-10

-5

0

5

104

r (cm)8 10

-10

-5

0

5

10

5

r (cm)8 10

-10

-5

0

5

10

6

r (cm)8 10

-10

-5

0

5

107

r (cm)8 10

-10

-5

0

5

10

8

r (cm)

8 10-10

-5

0

5

10

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

Low-field side (Ip=170kA, ne=2.4, Bt=1.9T, qa=3.3)

2D visualization of sawtooth reconnection

Sawtooth research via ECEI in HT-7 & EAST

ECEI system in HT-7 Sigal noise ratio ≥20 dBData Acqusition: 128Ch*1M/s

1

ECEI spatial resolution

about 3 5 ~ 2 1

~ 1r

k d cm

d cm

2004 Plasma Sci. Technol. 6 21662006 Plasma Science Technol. 8 762009 Chin. Phys. B, 18, 1153 2010 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion,52,015008

Plasma research activities on campus

• Fundamental plasma research in small deviceKT-5 Tokamak

• Ion Bernstein Wave, Turbulence, Coherent structure, Biased electrode, shear flow induced by RF…

Linear magnetized device• Drift turbulence, Zonal flow, Coherent structure, Source technology…

• Magnetic reconnection experiment

x(cm)

y(cm

)

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

x(cm)

y(cm

)

-5 0 5-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

x 10-3

Theoretical Studies of Fusion Plasmas

Instability criterion of tearing modes for arbitrary magnetic shear configuration, Ding Li, Phys. Plasmas, 1998, 5, 1231

Finite bootstrap current density and finite neo-classical reduction of electrical conductivity at the magnetic axis of a tokamak, S. Wang, Phys. Plasmas 5, 3319 (1998)

Non-local relaxation of neoclassical ions in tokamaks, S. Wang, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1393 (1999)

New Coulomb logarithm and its effects to Fokker-Planck equation, relaxation times and cross-field transport in fusion plasma, Ding Li, Nucl. Fusion, 2001, 41, (5), 631

Destabilization of Internal Kink Modes at High Frequency by Energetic Circulating Ions, S. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5286 (2001)

Effects of Circulating Energetic Ions on Sawtooth Oscillations, S. Wang, T. Ozeki, and K. Tobita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 105004 (2002)

Outline

Fusion program in China

– Focus on tokamak research

Plasma physics and fusion research at the

University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC)

– The role of USTC in fusion program in China

The past and possible future RFP program

in China

The former RFP research in China

Construction from 1985 running from 1989Shutdown in 1997

R=0.48m, a=0.1mair core

Al shell: d=1cmstainless steel liner: d=0.4mm

plasma pulse < 2ms, Ip~150kA(max)Te~100eV

The first RFP device in China :SWIP-RFP

Time evolution in SWIP-RFP

The former RFP research in China

Why re-start RFP project in China?

Toroidal alternate research is

essential for fusion program in

China!

Motivation

Diversity is part of the nature, so is fusion

research.

– Ancient Chinese philosophy “Let a hundred

schools of thought contend” (BC 770)

Improve the understanding of toroidal

confinement in general

Test bed for diagnostics development

Why in USTC

Favorable geographic location: close to EAST, ASIPP

(15km)

Training of fusion talents is the priority of university

Human resource advantage: USTC has strong research

teams in both fusion and space plasma research

The richness of the RFP physics fits the need of USTC

The possible parameters of USTC-RFP

Major radius: 1.6 m

Minor radius: 0.35 m

Chamber thickness (Al): 3 cm

Plasma current: 0.1 ～ 1 MA

Plasma Pulse: 10 ～ 30 ms

Loop Voltage: 10 ～ 50 V

Plasma inductance: ～ 4 μH

Poloidal flux: 5 V٠S

Electron temperature: 600 ～ 800 eV

Plasma density (1 ～ 2) x 1019 m-3

Cartoon of USTC-RFP

Ohm Heating Coilcenter group

Ohm Heating CoilEdge group

Aluminum Chamber

Iron Core Air Core

Possible research subjects

Single helical state

Dynamo (in collaboration with space plasma physicists)

Reconnection in RFP (sawtooth)

Wall condition: Lithium (Limiter)

Resistive wall mode

Plasma shape control, divertor (?)

Open for suggestions

Possible Location of USTC-RFP

FloorPlan

Thanks, and Welcome to USTC!