14 mm DOI: ISSN ... · ARTÍCULOS Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter...

ISSN: 0514-7336 - ISSN electrónico: 2386-3943 Vol. LXXIX, enero-junio 2017DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus201779

ZEPHYRVSREVISTA DE PREHISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA

LXXIXenero-junio

2017

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ISSN: 0514-7336 – e-ISSN: 2386-3943 – DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus201779 – CDU: 902 : 903IBIC: Arqueología (HD) – BIC: Archaeology (HD) – BISAC: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Archaeology (SOC003000)

Vol. LXXIX, enero-junio 2017

ÍNDICE

ARTÍCULOS

Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter (Gouveia, Portugal) and the issue of primitive transhumance practices in the Estrela Mountain rangeANTÓNIO FAUSTINO CARVALHO, VERA PEREIRA, CARLOS DUARTE y CATARINA TENTE .................................................. 19-38

‘Biografía’ de un monumento megalítico: fases de uso y clausura en el dolmen de El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes, Salamanca)CRISTINA TEJEDOR RODRÍGUEZ, MANUEL A. ROJO GUERRA, RAFAEL GARRIDO PENA, ÍÑIGO GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ DELAGRÁN y ÁNGEL L. PALOMINO LÁZARO ....................................................................................................................... 39-61

Rasgos básicos de la extracción de variscita en Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)RAMÓN FÁBREGAS VALCARCE y CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ RELLÁN ........................................................................................ 63-79

Situación de tumbas con ajuares de objetos cotidianos en algunas necrópolis celtibéricas de los ss. IV a II a. C.MAGDALENA BARRIL VICENTE....................................................................................................................................... 81-101

La identificación del catastro rural romano a través de los fundi. Una metodología aplicada en el ager IliberritanusMARIO GUTIÉRREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, MARGARITA ORFILA PONS y ELENA H. SÁNCHEZ-LÓPEZ............................................. 103-125

Pinturas romanas procedentes de Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): un taller en el valle medio del EbroCARMEN GUIRAL PELEGRÍN........................................................................................................................................... 127-148

Un titulus pictus con titulatura imperial de Carthago Nova y puntualizaciones a la dinámica urbana de la ciudad a inicios del s. III d. C.JOSÉ MIGUEL NOGUERA CELDRÁN, JUAN MANUEL ABASCAL PALAZÓN y MARÍA JOSÉ MADRID BALANZA ....................... 149-172

Un nuevo ocultamiento monetario de bronces romano-republicanos y de Castulo en el sur de Hispania: Torre de Benagal-bón (Málaga)BARTOLOMÉ MORA SERRANO y ARTURO PÉREZ PLAZA .................................................................................................. 173-195

The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgeryIGNACIO RODRÍGUEZ TEMIÑO ...................................................................................................................................... 197-217

VARIA

Sobre la pregnancia en la utilización del relieve en las cuevas de Bédeilhac (Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España)GEORGES SAUVET y MARÍA GONZÁLEZ-PUMARIEGA ...................................................................................................... 221-231

RECENSIONES

VILLALOBOS, R.: Análisis de las transformaciones sociales en la Prehistoria Reciente de la Meseta Norte española (milenios VI-IIIcal a.C.)ANTONIO BLANCO GONZÁLEZ ...................................................................................................................................... 233-234

CARRASCO, G. (coord.): Vías de comunicación romanas en Castilla-La Mancha (Homenaje a Pierre Sillières)JUAN JOSÉ PALAO VICENTE............................................................................................................................................ 235-237

ARÉVALO, A. (edit. científica): Monedas para el más allá. Uso y significado de la moneda en las necrópolis tardopúnicas y romanasde Ebusus, Gades y MalacaCRUCES BLÁZQUEZ CERRATO ........................................................................................................................................ 238-240

FELLE, A. E. y ROCCO, A. (eds.): Off the Beaten Track. Epigraphy of the BordersSANTIAGO SÁNCHEZ DE LA PARRA PÉREZ....................................................................................................................... 241-242

Fecha de publicaciónde este volumen: junio, 2017

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ÍNDICEARTÍCULOS

Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter (Gouveia, Portugal) and the issue of primitive transhumance practices in the Estrela Mountain range

António Faustino Carvalho, Vera Pereira, Carlos Duarte y Catarina Tente ................................................ 19-38‘Biografía’ de un monumento megalítico: fases de uso y clausura en el dolmen de El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes,

Salamanca) Cristina Tejedor Rodríguez, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Rafael Garrido Pena, Íñigo García Martínez de

Lagrán y Ángel L. Palomino Lázaro ...................................................................................................................... 39-61Rasgos básicos de la extracción de variscita en Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora) Ramón Fábregas Valcarce y Carlos Rodríguez Rellán ....................................................................................... 63-79Situación de tumbas con ajuares de objetos cotidianos en algunas necrópolis celtibéricas de los ss. iv a ii a. C. Magdalena Barril Vicente ..................................................................................................................................... 81-101La identificación del catastro rural romano a través de los fundi. Una metodología aplicada en el ager Iliberritanus Mario Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Margarita Orfila Pons y Elena H. Sánchez-López ........................................... 103-125Pinturas romanas procedentes de Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): un taller en el valle medio del Ebro Carmen Guiral Pelegrín ......................................................................................................................................... 127-148Un titulus pictus con titulatura imperial de Carthago Nova y puntualizaciones a la dinámica urbana de la ciudad a inicios

del s. iii d. C. José Miguel Noguera Celdrán, Juan Manuel Abascal Palazón y María José Madrid Balanza ...................... 149-172Un nuevo ocultamiento monetario de bronces romano-republicanos y de Castulo en el sur de Hispania: Torre de Bena-

galbón (Málaga) Bartolomé Mora Serrano y Arturo Pérez Plaza ................................................................................................. 173-195The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgery Ignacio Rodríguez Temiño ..................................................................................................................................... 197-217

VARIA

Sobre la pregnancia en la utilización del relieve en las cuevas de Bédeilhac (Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España) Georges Sauvet y María González-Pumariega ..................................................................................................... 221-231

RECENSIONES

Villalobos, R.: Análisis de las transformaciones sociales en la Prehistoria Reciente de la Meseta Norte española (milenios vi-iii cal a.C.)

Antonio Blanco González ..................................................................................................................................... 233-234Carrasco, G. (coord.): Vías de comunicación romanas en Castilla-La Mancha (Homenaje a Pierre Sillières) Juan José Palao Vicente ........................................................................................................................................... 235-237

Arévalo, A. (edit. científica): Monedas para el más allá. Uso y significado de la moneda en las necrópolis tardopúnicas y romanas de Ebusus, Gades y Malaca

Cruces Blázquez Cerrato ....................................................................................................................................... 238-240Felle, A. E. y Rocco, A. (eds.): Off the Beaten Track. Epigraphy of the Borders Santiago Sánchez de la Parra Pérez ...................................................................................................................... 241-242




Vol. LXXIX, January-June 2017

INDEXARTICLES


António Faustino Carvalho, Vera Pereira, Carlos Duarte and Catarina Tente ............................................ 19-38‘Biography’ of a Megalithic monument: phases of use and closure at the passage grave of El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes,

Salamanca) Cristina Tejedor Rodríguez, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Rafael Garrido Pena, Íñigo García Martínez de

Lagrán and Ángel L. Palomino Lázaro .................................................................................................................. 39-61Basic features of the variscite extraction in Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora) Ramón Fábregas Valcarce and Carlos Rodríguez Rellán ................................................................................... 63-79Grave goods tombs situation with everyday objects in some Celtiberian necropolis to the ivth-iind centuries bc Magdalena Barril Vicente ..................................................................................................................................... 81-101Detection of Roman rural cadasters through fundi. A methodology applied in ager Iliberritanus Mario Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Margarita Orfila Pons and Elena H. Sánchez-López ....................................... 103-125Roman wall paintings from Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): a workshop in the middle Ebro valley Carmen Guiral Pelegrín ......................................................................................................................................... 127-148A titulus pictus with an imperial mention in Carthago Nova and some considerations concerning the urban dynamics of

the city in the early 3rd century ad José Miguel Noguera Celdrán, Juan Manuel Abascal Palazón and María José Madrid Balanza .................. 149-172A new Republican Coin Hoard with Roman asses and coinage of Castulo bronzes from Southern Hispania: Torre de Bena-

galbón (Málaga) Bartolomé Mora Serrano and Arturo Pérez Plaza ............................................................................................. 173-195The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgery Ignacio Rodríguez Temiño ..................................................................................................................................... 197-217

VARIA

About the prominence in the use of natural accidents in the caves of Bédeilhac (Ariège, France) and El Pindal (Asturies, Spain) Georges Sauvet and María González-Pumariega ................................................................................................. 221-231

REVIEWS

Villalobos, R.: Análisis de las transformaciones sociales en la Prehistoria Reciente de la Meseta Norte española (milenios vi-iii cal a.C.)

Antonio Blanco González ..................................................................................................................................... 233-234Carrasco, G. (coord.): Vías de comunicación romanas en Castilla-La Mancha (Homenaje a Pierre Sillières) Juan José Palao Vicente ........................................................................................................................................... 235-237Arévalo, A. (edit. científica): Monedas para el más allá. Uso y significado de la moneda en las necrópolis tardopúnicas y

romanas de Ebusus, Gades y Malaca Cruces Blázquez Cerrato ....................................................................................................................................... 238-240Felle, A. E. y Rocco, A. (eds.): Off the Beaten Track. Epigraphy of the Borders Santiago Sánchez de la Parra Pérez ...................................................................................................................... 241-242


ÍNDICE ANALÍTICO



LXXIX, enero-junio 2017 - 244 páginasFuente de la clasificación: CDU. Fuente de los Descriptores: Autor. Todos los derechos reservados

António Faustino Carvalho*, Vera Pereira**, Carlos Duarte*** y Catarina tente****. * Dpto. de Artes y Humanidades. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales. Univ. de Algarve. Campus de Gambelas. 8000-117 Faro (Portugal). Correo-e: [email protected]. ** Dpto. de Arqueología. Facultad de Artes y Humanidades. Univ. de Coimbra. Largo da Porta Férrea. 3004-530 Coimbra (Portugal). Correo-e: [email protected]. *** Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (iiipc). Univ. de Cantabria. Avda. de los Castros, 52. 39005 Santander. Correo-e: [email protected]. **** Dpto. de Historia. Instituto de Estudios Medievales. Univ. Nova de Lisboa. Avenida de Berna, 26c. 1069-061 Lisboa (Portugal). Correo-e: [email protected]

La arqueología neolítica en el Abrigo de Penedo dos Mouros (Gouveia, Portugal): la evidencia de prácticas de trashumancia primitiva en la Sierra de la Estrella

Zephyrus, lxxix, enero-junio 2017, pp. 19-38

Ubicado en las estribaciones del sector no de la Sierra de la Estrella (provincia de Beira Alta, en el cen-tro-norte de Portugal), el Abrigo de Penedos dos Mouros ha revelado una sucesión de tres horizontes arqueoló-gicos distintos, asignables al Neolítico Antiguo evolucionado y Neolítico Medio, coincidiendo así, parcialmen-te, con el inicio del Megalitismo regional. El hallazgo de un número limitado de restos de caprino –al menos una posible oveja– entre un largo espectro de especies –cerdo, conejo, liebre, lince ibérico y sapo– convierte este yacimiento en el más antiguo de la región con evidencia directa de mantenimiento de ganado. Vasos de pequeño tamaño, uso oportunista de materias primas líticas locales, acompañado de uso extensivo de sílex exógeno y baja densidad de artefactos, indican una estrategia de movilidad residencial en la misma línea de evidencias similares observadas en otros yacimientos en Beira Alta. Dadas reivindicaciones anteriores de tras-humancia vertical entre la meseta serrana –en verano– y las planicies bajas –en invierno–, esta hipótesis es discutida –y refutada– con base en el análisis espacial de yacimientos neolíticos, caracterización económica del periodo, orografía local y restricciones bioclimáticas.

Palabras clave: Neolítico; Beira Alta; Megalitismo; sistemas de asentamiento; ganadería; pastoreo.

4 Índice analítico


Cristina tejeDor roDríguez*, Manuel a. rojo guerra**, Rafael garriDo Pena***, Íñigo garCía Martínez De lagrán* y Ángel l. PaloMino lázaro****. * Instituto Arcadia. Fundación General de la Univ. de Valladolid. Residencia Universitaria Alfonso VIII. C/ Real de Burgos, s/n. 47011 Valladolid. Correo-e: [email protected]; [email protected]. ** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uva. Plaza del Campus, s/n. 47011 Valladolid. Correo-e: [email protected]. *** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facul-tad de Filosofía y Letras-uam. Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km 15. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Correo-e: [email protected]. **** Aratikos-Arqueólogos, sl. C/ Estación, 37. 47004 Valladolid. Correo-e: [email protected]

‘Biografía’ de un monumento megalítico: fases de uso y clausura en el dolmen de El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes, Salamanca)


El dolmen de El Teriñuelo, ubicado en el municipio de Aldeavieja de Tormes, forma parte de uno de los focos megalíticos más nutridos y mejor documentados de la provincia de Salamanca. Este sepulcro de corredor ha sido objeto de numerosas intervenciones arqueológicas que, desde fechas anteriores a 1930, han ido des-granando partes de su historia. Los resultados de la última campaña de excavación, que fue llevada a cabo por los firmantes de este artículo en 2005, han permitido completar su secuencia de utilización, gracias al hallazgo de nuevas evidencias de su uso y, en particular, de su clausura. A lo largo de este trabajo, se presentarán las distintas manifestaciones arqueológicas de este singular evento ritual, dentro del contexto de las distintas fases de ocupación del dolmen y partiendo de un enfoque biográfico que permita mostrar la compleja sucesión de prácticas que se han ido enmascarando y superponiendo a lo largo de toda la ‘vida’ de este importante centro funerario y ceremonial.

Palabras clave: Megalitismo; Valle del Duero; ‘vidas megalíticas’; rituales de clausura; reutilización; Campaniforme.

Ramón Fábregas valCarCe y Carlos roDríguez rellán. gepn-aat, Dpto. Historia. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-usc. Praza da Universidade, 1. 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Correo-e: [email protected]; [email protected]

Rasgos básicos de la extracción de variscita en Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)


Desde que se dio a conocer en 1970, Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora) se convirtió en ‘la fuente de va-riscita’ para el no ibérico. Estudios geológicos posteriores y hallazgos casuales han demostrado que este mi-neral posee una distribución mucho más amplia, incluyendo otras localidades de Zamora, Norte de Portugal


Índice analítico 5

(Tras-os-Montes), el o de León (Bierzo) y del e y so de Galicia (Ourense y Pontevedra). Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre la minería prehistórica de este mineral es escaso todavía, tal vez debido al pequeño tamaño de las venas que, además, se encuentran ampliamente dispersas, lo que probablemente ha tenido una fuerte influencia en la naturaleza de las labores de extracción y su visibilidad arqueológica. Con el objetivo de evaluar los rasgos básicos, en cuanto a naturaleza e intensidad, de los trabajos de extracción en el área de Las Cercas/Teso del Diablo, hemos hecho uso de datos lidar de alta resolución y herramientas sig para obtener una imagen más nítida de la superficie del terreno, lo que nos ha permitido identificar la enorme entidad de las ex-cavaciones llevadas a cabo en el pasado. Finalmente, hacemos unas breves consideraciones sobre la cronología y pautas de distribución de la variscita en el área occidental de la Península Ibérica.

Palabras clave: no ibérico; fosfatos alumínicos; mina; lidar; sig.

Magdalena barril viCente. Museo de Cuenca. C/ Obispo Valero, 12. 16001 Cuenca. Correo-e: [email protected]

Situación de tumbas con ajuares de objetos cotidianos en algunas necrópolis celtibéricas de los ss. iv a ii a. C.


En algunas necrópolis del ámbito céltico hispano se hallan ajuares con elementos utilizados en la vida cotidiana. Piezas que nos remiten al hogar y a actividades productivas y/o económicas. Son objetos que en las tumbas se asocian a armas y/o a elementos de la indumentaria, formando conjuntos que acompañaban al difunto al Más Allá.

Entre los relacionados con el hogar incluimos trébedes, parrillas o asadores, cuya presencia en ajuares funerarios se interpreta en relación con la celebración de banquetes fúnebres. Son elementos de aparición esporádica en el ámbito celtibérico.

También se documentan útiles asociados a actividades agrícolas, ganaderas y artesanales, en ámbitos celti-béricos. Su presencia también es escasa, pero ofrece un variado repertorio, entre ellos hoces, podaderas, hachas, tijeras y leznas o punzones.

En este trabajo, se analiza su presencia y distribución espacial dentro de algunas necrópolis celtibéricas, para comprobar si es posible dilucidar si este tipo de objetos en los ajuares proporcionan información sobre la vida y espiritualidad de los difuntos. Para ello, y a modo de ensayo, se parte de los datos conocidos de una selección de necrópolis celtibéricas que publican los planos de distribución de las tumbas: Las Madrigueras, Riba de Saelices, La Yunta, El Altillo de Cerropozo de Atienza, La Mercadera y Numancia.

Palabras clave: ritual funerario prerromano; organización de tumbas; útiles para el fuego; útiles agrícolas; jefaturas; sacerdocio.



Mario gutiérrez-roDríguez, Margarita orFila Pons y Elena h. sánChez-lóPez. Dpto. de Prehistoria y Ar-queología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-ugr. Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s/n. 18071 Granada. Grupo hum 296, Arqueología de época clásica y Antigüedad Tardía en Andalucía Oriental. Correo-e: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

La identificación del catastro rural romano a través de los fundi. Una metodología aplicada en el ager Iliberritanus


El estudio de los paisajes rurales antiguos se ha visto enriquecido por una mayor comprensión de las villae y otras formas de asentamiento rural. Estas instalaciones agrícolas son, en muchos casos, el único registro ar-queológico visible de una realidad normalmente perdida del paisaje agrario romano: los fundi. En este trabajo proponemos una metodología para identificar catastros romanos, usando las variables cuantitativas y cualitati-vas que las villae ofrecen: visibilidad, prominencia topográfica, cronología, orientación, distancia entre asenta-mientos, cercanía a ejes teóricos, etc. Para ello, se examina el caso de estudio del territorio asignado a Florentia Iliberritana, la ciudad de Granada en época romana. Como resultado de la investigación llevada a cabo en las últimas décadas, se ha identificado una alta densidad de instalaciones agropecuarias en el área periurbana, cuyo momento fundacional coincide con la adquisición de estatuto municipal por parte de la urbs. La aplicación de las variables anteriormente citadas, junto con las metodologías consolidadas en la historiografía, como el análisis regresivo del paisaje y el estudio de documentación cartográfica y archivística, ha permitido identificar una centuriatio de módulo de 20 x 20 actus con divisiones internas de 10 x 10 actus.

Palabras clave: Florentia Iliberritana; paisaje agrario; Sistemas de Información Geográfica; catastro; villae.

Carmen guiral Pelegrín. Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-uned. C/ Senda del Rey, 7. 28040 Madrid. Correo-e: [email protected]

Pinturas romanas procedentes de Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): un taller en el valle medio del Ebro


Los fragmentos de pinturas romanas que presentamos proceden de la excavación realizada en la c/ Dr. Palomar n.º 4; se hallaron fuera de su contexto original, en un depósito secundario, por lo que no es posible conocer la estancia que decoraban. Se han podido recomponer dos conjuntos, cuya decoración se integra en los sistemas compositivos característicos del s. ii d. C. El primero corresponde a una pared de fondo blanco, arti-culada en paneles mediante bandas y filetes rojos y amarillos, que se disponen sobre un zócalo blanco moteado. El segundo conjunto presenta también un zócalo moteado, de fondo rosa, y en la zona media se disponen paneles decorados con imitaciones marmóreas que alternan con columnas. Un tercer grupo, compuesto por



escasos fragmentos que no permiten realizar una restitución, decoraba un techo estrellado sobre fondo blanco, característico de las cubiertas de edificios termales y religiosos, especialmente lararios. Están realizados por un taller provincial cuya huella se constata en otras ciudades del valle medio del Ebro.

Palabras clave: paredes blancas; imitaciones marmóreas; columnas; techo estrellado; larario.

José Miguel noguera CelDrán*, Juan Manuel abasCal Palazón** y María José MaDriD balanza***. * Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y cc y tt Historiográficas. Facultad de Le-tras-umu. C/ Santo Cristo, 1. 30001 Murcia. Correo-e: [email protected]. ** Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, H.ª Antigua y Filologías Griega y Latina. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-ua. Carretera de San Vicente del Ras-peig, s/n. 06390 San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante). Correo-e: [email protected]. *** Parque Arqueológico del Molinete. Cartagena. C/ Pólvora, s/n. 30203 Cartagena (Murcia). Correo-e: [email protected]

Un titulus pictus con titulatura imperial de Carthago Nova y puntualizaciones a la dinámica urbana de la ciudad a inicios del s. iii d. C.


El registro arqueológico y epigráfico de Carthago Nova sugiere un periodo de inestabilidad y regresión de la dinámica urbana de la colonia durante la segunda mitad del s. ii y el iii d. C., seguramente consecuencia de la ralentización de sus bases económicas, el descenso demográfico, el colapso de las instituciones locales y la crisis del evergetismo. El resultado fue un cambio sustancial del paisaje urbano, con el repliegue del espa-cio habitado, la interrupción del hábito epigráfico, el abandono, expolio y reocupación de áreas y edificios públicos, la amortización de barrios domésticos y la falta de mantenimiento de las calles. Ello ha llevado a la crítica a sugerir que desde mediados del s. ii y, sobre todo, en el iii d. C. la ciudad perdió su importancia y fue completamente abandonada. Sin embargo, la constatación reciente de una importante reforma en el Edificio del Atrio (Insula i del Molinete) a inicios del s. iii d. C. y el hallazgo de parte de un titulus pictus con datación consular donde se cita a Heliogábalo y al prefecto del pretorio Adventus permiten en fechar la conclusión de dicha refectio en 218 d. C. y retomar el debate sobre la recesión urbana de los ss. ii-iii d. C., formulando algunas puntualizaciones.

Palabras clave: Cartagena; crisis del s. iii; Edificio del Atrio; inscripción pintada; Heliogábalo; Adventus; evergetismo.

Bartolomé Mora serrano* y Arturo Pérez Plaza**. *Dpto. de Ciencias Históricas (Área de Arqueología). Fa-cultad de Filosofía y Letras-uma. Campus de Teatinos. 29071 Málaga. Correo-e: [email protected]. ** Servicio de Protección del Patrimonio Histórico. Dirección General de Bienes Culturales y Museos. Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía. C/ Levíes, 27. 41004 Sevilla. Correo-e: [email protected]



Un nuevo ocultamiento monetario de bronces romano-republicanos y de Castulo en el sur de Hispania: Torre de Benagalbón (Málaga)


Durante la campaña de excavaciones arqueológicas de 2003-2004 en la villa romana de la Torre de Bena-galbón (Rincón de la Victoria, Málaga), se localizó un modesto ocultamiento de moneda de bronce integrado por 19 ases y 1 semis romano-republicanos, junto con 9 unidades de la ceca ibérica meridional de Castulo/Ka.ś.ti.l.o (Cazlona, Jaén). Este hallazgo contribuye al estudio de los ocultamientos mixtos –moneda romana y local– en el s de la Península Ibérica durante la segunda mitad del s. ii a. C. Su singular composición plantea su formación en el distrito minero de Castulo, bien comunicado con el puerto de Malaca por una importante ruta documentada por las fuentes literarias y arqueológicas. Se discute también el prestigio de la moneda oficial romana sobre la local, especialmente después de 146/141 a. C., así como el perfil metrológico de estos oculta-mientos y su transformación en el s. i a. C.

Palabras clave: Ocultamiento monetario; ases romano-republicanos; Castulo; Malaca; Hispania Ulterior.

Ignacio roDríguez teMiño. Conjunto Arqueológico de Carmona. Junta de Andalucía. Avda. Jorge Bonsor, 9. 41410 Carmona (Sevilla). Correo-e: [email protected]

Los ‘hallazgos excepcionales’ de Iruña-Veleia (Álava): sintaxis de una falsificación arqueológica


En 2006 se dio a conocer el hallazgo de unos ostraca grafiteados con palabras en latín, euskera y dibujos de temática cristiana en las excavaciones realizadas en el yacimiento de Iruña-Veleia (Álava, España) en 2005 y 2006. Posteriormente en 2008 se demostró que tales piezas eran falsificaciones. Este caso, conocido como “caso Iruña-Veleia”, ha sido objeto de algunos estudios parciales, centrados sobre todo en las falsificaciones. Sin embargo, este trabajo analiza este caso desde una perspectiva contextual. Para ello se ha definido previa-mente el patrón habitual de las falsificaciones históricas, al que se ha denominado “sintaxis”. Posteriormente se ha aplicado al caso Iruña-Veleia y se ha observado su evolución en los ámbitos académico, político e institucio-nal y social. En cada uno de ellos esta sintaxis presenta ciertas peculiaridades debido sobre todo al marco social en el que se ha desenvuelto y su vinculación con la identidad nacionalista, tema relacionado con el contenido de las falsificaciones. Sin embargo, no puede concluirse que en este caso la vinculación nacionalista haya sido el motor de la falsificación.

Palabras clave: fraude; nacionalismo; País Vasco; medios de comunicación.



Georges sauvet* y María gonzález-PuMariega**. * Centre de Recherche et d’Études de l’Art Préhistorique (creap-Cartailhac). Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société de Toulouse (usr 3414). Universi-té de Toulouse Jean-Jaurés. Allées Antonio Machado. Toulouse (France). Correo-e: [email protected]. ** Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Principado de Asturias. Cueva El Pindal. Correo-e: [email protected]

Sobre la pregnancia en la utilización del relieve en las cuevas de Bédeilhac (Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España)


El aprovechamiento de relieves naturales es una característica bien conocida del arte parietal paleolítico, aunque no se le concede generalmente la atención que merece. En esta nota, queremos añadir al repertorio dos ejemplos inéditos que provienen de las cuevas de Bédeilhac (Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España). En ambos casos, se trata de relieves ligeramente separados de la pared que fueron acondicionados para repre-sentar cabezas de animales indeterminados. La intervención humana es mínima pues consiste en la adición de un ojo grabado y algunos trazos de pigmento rojo. La similitud de los tratamientos en estas dos cuevas atesti-gua motivaciones compartidas y una comunidad de pensamiento. Así, los relieves utilizados de Bédeilhac y El Pindal se suman a las numerosas convergencias ya conocidas entre ambos sitios, particularmente la presencia de claviformes pirenaicos en El Pindal, y confirman una proximidad cultural muy fuerte entre los Pirineos centrales y el occidente de la región cantábrica durante el Magdaleniense.

Palabras-clave: Magdaleniense; Pirineos franceses; Región Cantábrica; intercambios culturales; Psicología de la Forma.


ANALYTIC SUMMARY



LXXIX, January-June 2017 - 244 pagesSource clasification: CDU. Source Keywords: Autor. All rights reserved

António Faustino Carvalho*, Vera Pereira**, Carlos Duarte*** and Catarina tente****. * Dpt. of Arts and Humanities. Faculty of Human and Social Sciences. Univ. of Algarve. Campus de Gambelas. 8000-117 Faro (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]. ** Dpt. of Archaeology. Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Univ. of Coim-bra. Largo da Porta Férrea. 3004-530 Coimbra (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]. *** Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (iiipc). Univ. of Cantabria. Avda. de los Castros, 52. 39005 Santander. E-mail: [email protected]. **** Dpt. of History. Institut of Medieval Studies. Nova Univ. of Lisboa. Avenida de Berna, 26c. 1069-061 Lisbon (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]


Zephyrus, lxxix, January-June 2017, pp. 19-38

Located in the foothills of the north-western sector of the Estrela Mountain (Beira Alta province in cen-tral-north Portugal), Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter revealed a succession of three distinct archaeological horizons datable to the evolved Early Neolithic and initial Middle Neolithic, thus partially coinciding with the onset of the regional Megalithism. The find of a few caprine remains at least one possible sheep, among a large spectrum of species –swine, rabbit, hare, Iberian lynx and toad–, makes this site the oldest in the region to provide direct evidence for herding practices. Small-sized pots, expedient use of local lithic raw materials together with curated use of exogenous flint, and low density of artefacts indicate a strategy of residential mo-bility in line with similar evidence observed elsewhere in Beira Alta. Given previous claims of Neolithic vertical transhumance between montane plateaux –in the summer– and lowland plains –in the winter–, this hypothe-sis is here discussed –and refuted– based on spatial analysis of Neolithic sites, economic characterization of the period and local orographic and bioclimatic constraints.

Key words: Neolithic; Beira Alta; Megalithism; settlement systems; livestock; pastoralism.

12 Analytic summary


Cristina tejeDor roDríguez*, Manuel a. rojo guerra**, Rafael garriDo Pena***, Íñigo garCía Martínez De lagrán* and Ángel l. PaloMino lázaro****. * Instituto Arcadia. Fundación General de la Univ. de Vallado-lid. Residencia Universitaria Alfonso VIII. C/ Real de Burgos, s/n. 47011 Valladolid. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]. ** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uva. Plaza del Campus, s/n. 47011 Valladolid. E-mail: [email protected]. *** Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uam. Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km 15. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. E-mail: [email protected]. **** Aratikos-Arqueólogos, sl. C/ Estación, 37. 47004 Valladolid. E-mail: [email protected]

‘Biography’ of a Megalithic monument: phases of use and closure at the passage grave of El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes, Salamanca)


The passage grave of El Teriñuelo is located in the village of Aldeavieja de Tormes (province of Salaman-ca). It is part of one of the most important and well-documented megalithic areas of inner Iberian Peninsula. Since before 1930 several archaeological works have taken place at this passage grave, thanks to which it has been possible to reconstruct parts of its ‘biography’. The last excavation season, conducted by the authors of this paper in 2005, discovered new evidences of the use sequence and, mainly, of the closure event of this monument. In this paper the archaeological remains of this single ritual ceremony will be presented within the context of the different use phases of the dolmen, with a biographic approach which attempts to deal with the complex superposition of ritual practices of the ‘life-history’ of this important ceremonial and burial centre.

Key words: Megalithism; Douro Valley; ‘Megalithic life-histories’; closing rituals; reuse; Bell Beaker.

Ramón Fábregas valCarCe and Carlos roDríguez rellán. gepn-aat, Dpto. Historia. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-usc. Praza da Universidade, 1. 15782 Santiago de Compostela. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Basic features of the variscite extraction in Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)


Ever since first published in 1970, Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora) became known as “the variscite source” for nw Iberia. Later geological surveys and casual finds have shown this mineral to be much more widespread, including other localities in Zamora, Northern Portugal (Tras-os-Montes), Western León (Bier-zo) and Eastern and Southwest Galicia (Ourense and Pontevedra). Still, the evidence of prehistoric mining is little known, perhaps due to the small size of the veins that otherwise are widely scattered, both circumstances


Analytic summary 13

possibly having a strong influence on the nature of the quarrying works and their archaeological visibility. With the aim of assessing the basic characteristics, regarding both the nature and intensity of the extractive works at Las Cercas / Teso del Diablo area, we have made use of high-resolution lidar data and gis tools for obtaining a sharper image of the present surface and revealing the sheer importance of the excavations carried on in earlier times. Also, some brief remarks are made on the chronology and distribution of this commodity across Western Iberia.

Key words: nw Iberia; aluminium phosphates; quarrying; lidar; gis.

Magdalena barril viCente. Museo de Cuenca. C/ Obispo Valero, 12. 16001 Cuenca. E-mail: [email protected]

Grave goods tombs situation with everyday objects in some Celtiberian necropolis to the ivth-iind centuries bc


In some Hispanic Celtic cemeteries there are grave good with elements of daily life. Pieces related with home and productive and / or economic activities. They are objects in the tombs associated with weapons and / or items of clothing together into packages that accompanied the deceased to the afterlife.

Among those related to home we include trivets, grills or barbecues, whose presence in funerary objects is interpreted in relation with the celebration of funeral feasts. They are elements still sporadic appearance in the Celtiberian territory.

They are also documented tools to agricultural, livestock and craft economic activities, in Celtiberian areas. Their presence is also poor, but offers a varied repertoire, including sickles, pruning knives, axes, scissors and awls or punches.

In this paper, its presence and spatial distribution within some Celtiberian necropolis is analyzed to see if it is possible to determine whether these objects in the graves provide information on the life and spirituality of the deceased. To do this, and as a test, is part of the known data from a selection of Celtiberian cementerian published floorplans of graves: Las Madrigueras, Riba de Saelices, La Yunta, El Altillo de Cerropozo of Atien-za, La Mercadera and Numancia.

Key words: Prerroman funerary ritual; burial organization; fire tools; farm tools; leadership; priesthood.

Mario gutiérrez-roDríguez, Margarita orFila Pons and Elena h. sánChez-lóPez. Dpto. de Prehistoria y Ar-queología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-ugr. Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s/n. 18071 Granada. Grupo hum 296, Arqueología de época clásica y Antigüedad Tardía en Andalucía Oriental. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

14 Analytic summary


Detection of Roman rural cadasters through fundi. A methodology applied in ager Iliberritanus


A better understanding of villae and other forms of rural settlement has enriched the study of ancient ru-ral landscapes. These agricultural installations are, in many cases, the only visible archaeological records of a lost reality of the Roman agrarian landscape: the fundi. In this paper, we propose a methodology to identify Roman cadasters, using the qualitative and quantitative variables that villae offer: viewshed, topographic pro-minence, chronology, orientation, distance between villae, closeness to the theoretical axes etc. To do this, we examine the case-study of the territory assigned to Florentia Iliberritana, the city of Granada in Roman times. As a result of the research carried out in the last decades, it has been identified a high density of agricultural se-ttlements in the peri-urban area, whose construction coincides with the acquisition of municipal status by the urbs. The application of the aforementioned variables, along with established methodologies in historiography as the regressive analysis of the landscape and the study of cartographic and archival documentation as well, has allowed to identified a 20 x 20 actus centuriation with internal divisions of 10 x 20 actus.

Key words: Florentia Iliberritana; agrarian landscape; Geographical Information Systems; cadastre; villae.

Carmen guiral Pelegrín. Dpto. Prehistoria y Arqueología. Facultad de Geografía e Historia-uned. C/ Senda del Rey, 7. 28040 Madrid. E-mail: [email protected]

Roman wall paintings from Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): a workshop in the middle Ebro valley


The paper presents a set of fragments of Roman paintings. The fragments of Roman paintings that we pre-sent come from the excavation carried out in the street Dr. Palomar n.º 4. They appeared out of original con-text, in a secondary deposit, and its relation with a specific space of housing can not be established. However, two walls with the characteristic compositional systems of the 2nd century can be reconstituted. First of them is composed by white wall panels articulated by bands and fillets red and yellow bands and fillets, arranged on a speckled white base. The second set also has a speckled base, with a pink background, and in the middle there are panels decorated with marble imitations alternating with columns. A third group, composed of few fragments that don’t allow a restitution, decorated a starry ceiling on a white background, characteristic of the roofs of thermal and religious buildings, especially lararios. They are made by a provincial workshop whose footprint is found in other cities in the middle valley of the Ebro.

Key words: White walls; imitations of marble; columns; star-filled ceiling; domestic shrine.


Analytic summary 15

José Miguel noguera CelDrán*, Juan Manuel abasCal Palazón** and María José MaDriD balanza***. * Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y cc y tt Historiográficas. Facul-tad de Letras-umu. C/ Santo Cristo, 1. 30001 Murcia. E-mail: [email protected]. ** Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, H.ª Antigua y Filologías Griega y Latina. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-ua. Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n. 06390 San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante). E-mail: [email protected]. *** Parque Arqueológico del Molinete. Cartagena. C/ Pólvora, s/n. 30203 Cartagena (Murcia). E-mail: [email protected]

A titulus pictus with an imperial mention in Carthago Nova and some considerations concerning the urban dynamics of the city in the early 3rd century ad


The archaeological and epigraphic record in Carthago Nova suggests that the colony underwent a period of instability and urban retreat during the second half of the 2nd and the 3rd century ad. This was probably trig-gered by the slowing down of economic activity, a shrinking population and collapse of local institutions and the crisis of evergetism. The process caused a substantial transformation of urban landscapes and a reduction of the size of the inhabited areas; the interruption of the epigraphic habit, the abandonment, looting and reoccu-pation of public areas and buildings; the pulling down of domestic buildings; and the insufficient maintenance of the urban road network. This has led some specialists to suggest that the city lost importance, and even that it could have been totally abandoned during the second half of the 2nd and, especially, the 3rd century ad. The recent discovery of the substantial transformation of the Atrium Building (Insula i Molinete) in the early 3rd century ad, and of a titulus pictus which mentions the consuls for the year, Heliogabalus and the prefect of the praetorium Adventus, which dates the final date for the refectio in 218 ad, resituates the debate around the retreat of the urban centre in the 2nd and 3rd centuries ad.

Key words: Cartagena; crisis 3rd century; Atrium Building; painted inscription; Heliogabalus; Adventus; evergetism.

Bartolomé Mora serrano* and Arturo Pérez Plaza**. *Dpto. de Ciencias Históricas (Área de Arqueología). Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-uma. Campus de Teatinos. 29071 Málaga. E-mail: [email protected]. ** Ser-vicio de Protección del Patrimonio Histórico. Dirección General de Bienes Culturales y Museos. Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía. C/ Levíes, 27. 41004 Sevilla. E-mail: [email protected]

A new Republican Coin Hoard with Roman asses and coinage of Castulo bronzes from Southern Hispania: Torre de Benagalbón (Málaga)


16 Analytic summary


During the excavations in the Roman villa of Torre de Benagalgón (Rincón de la Victoria, Málaga), in 2003-2004, a modest bronze coin hoard was discovered. It contained 19 Roman asses and one semis, and 9 units from Castulo/Ka.ś.ti.l.o (Cazlona, Jaén). This coin find contributes to the study of mixed bronze coin hoards –Roman and local coinage– in the south of Hispania during the second half of the second century bc. Its possible formation in the mining district of Castulo, well connected with de port of Malaca by an ancient pre-Roman road known by archaeological and literary sources, are discussed here. Finally, it is emphasized the role of Roman bronzes in relation to the local coinages, especially from 146/141 bc, and also the changes in the metrological criteria during the 1st century bc.

Key words: Coin Hoard; Roman Republican asses; Castulo; Malaca; Hispania Ulterior.

Ignacio roDríguez teMiño. Conjunto Arqueológico de Carmona. Junta de Andalucía. Avda. Jorge Bonsor, 9. 41410 Carmona (Sevilla). E-mail: [email protected]

The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgery


In 2006, news broke of the discovery of ostraca bearing text in Latin and Basque, as well as Christian drawings, during the 2005 and 2006 excavation campaigns at the Iruña-Veleia site in Álava, Spain. In 2008, these pieces were shown to be fakes. The ‘Iruña-Veleia case’, as it has come to be known, has been the subject of several partial studies, primarily focused on the forgeries. This paper will analyse it from a contextual pers-pective. To this end, it first defines the general pattern, or ‘syntax’, followed by historical forgeries. It then applies this syntax to the Iruña-Veleia case, reviewing how it unfolded in the academic, political, institutional and social spheres. In each one, the syntax showed certain oddities, mainly due to the social context in which the events took place and their link to nationalist identity, a subject related to the content of the forged spe-cimens. Despite this link, however, in this case it cannot be concluded that nationalism was the driving force behind the forgery.

Key words: fakes; nationalism; Basque Country; mass media.

Georges sauvet* and María gonzález-PuMariega**. * Centre de Recherche et d’Études de l’Art Préhistorique (creap-Cartailhac). Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société de Toulouse (usr 3414). Université de Toulouse Jean-Jaurés. Allées Antonio Machado. Toulouse (France). E-mail: [email protected]. ** Conse-jería de Educación y Cultura. Principado de Asturias. Cueva El Pindal. E-mail: [email protected]


Analytic summary 17

About the prominence in the use of natural accidents in the caves of Bédeilhac (Ariège, France) and El Pindal (Asturies, Spain)


The utilisation of natural reliefs is well known in the rock art of the Upper Palaeolithic, but it is often un-derestimated. In this note, two unpublished examples coming from the caves of Bédeilhac (Ariège, France) and El Pindal (Asturias, Spain) are described. In both cases, they are reliefs slightly separated from the wall, which have the shape of a natural animal head. The only human intervention consisted in the addition of an engraved eye and some traces of red pigment. The similarity of treatment in the two caves suggests a commonality of thought. Thus the reliefs used in Bédeilhac and El Pindal must be added to the numerous convergences already known between the two sites, among which the presence of Pyrenean claviforms in El Pindal, and confirms a strong cultural proximity between the French Pyrenees and the western side of the Cantabrian region during the Magdalenian period.

Key words: Magdalenian; French Pyrenees; Cantabrian region; cultural exchanges; Gestalt psychology.


ISSN: 0514-7336DOI: https://doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus2017791938

NEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE PENEDO DOS MOUROS ROCK-SHELTER (GOUVEIA, PORTUGAL) AND THE ISSUE OF PRIMITIVE TRANSHUMANCE PRACTICES IN THE ESTRELA MOUNTAIN RANGE

La arqueología neolítica en el Abrigo de Penedo dos Mouros (Gouveia, Portugal): la evidencia de prácticas de trashumancia primitiva en la Sierra de la Estrella

António Faustino Carvalho*, Vera Pereira**, Carlos Duarte*** and Catarina Tente****

* Dpt. of Arts and Humanities. Faculty of Human and Social Sciences. Univ. of Algarve. Campus de Gambelas. 8000-117 Faro (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]** Dpt. of Archaeology. Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Univ. of Coimbra. Largo da Porta Férrea. 3004-530 Coimbra (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]*** Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (iiipc). Univ. of Cantabria. Avda. de los Castros, 52. 39005 Santander. E-mail: [email protected]**** Dpt. of History. Institut of Medieval Studies. Nova Univ. of Lisboa. Avenida de Berna, 26c. 1069-061 Lisbon (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]

Recepción: 9/10/2016; Revisión: 3/02/2017; Aceptación: 23/03/2017

Abstract: Located in the foothills of the north-western sector of the Estrela Mountain (Beira Alta province in central-north Portugal), Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter revealed a succession of three distinct archaeological horizons datable to the evolved Early Neolithic and initial Middle Neolithic, thus partially coinciding with the onset of the regional Megalithism. The find of a few caprine remains at least one possible sheep, among a large spectrum of species –swine, rabbit, hare, Iberian lynx and toad–, makes this site the oldest in the region to provide direct evidence for herding practices. Small-sized pots, expedient use of local lithic raw materials together with curated use of exogenous flint, and low density of artefacts indicate a strategy of residential mobility in line with similar evidence observed elsewhere in Beira Alta. Given previous claims of Neolithic vertical transhu-mance between montane plateaux –in the summer– and lowland plains –in the winter–, this hypothesis is here discussed –and refuted– based on spatial analysis of Neolithic sites, economic characterization of the period and local orographic and bioclimatic constraints.

Key words: Neolithic; Beira Alta; Megalithism; settlement systems; livestock; pastoralism.

Resumen: Ubicado en las estribaciones del sector no de la Sierra de la Estrella (provincia de Beira Alta, en el centro-norte de Portugal), el Abrigo de Penedos dos Mouros ha revelado una sucesión de tres horizontes arqueo-lógicos distintos, asignables al Neolítico Antiguo evolucionado y Neolítico Medio, coincidiendo así, parcialmen-te, con el inicio del Megalitismo regional. El hallazgo de un número limitado de restos de caprino –al menos una posible oveja– entre un largo espectro de especies –cerdo, conejo, liebre, lince ibérico y sapo– convierte este

20 A. F. Carvalho, V. Pereira, C. Duarte and C. Tente / Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter…


1. Introduction1

The Estrela Mountain –Serra da Estrela, in Por-tuguese– forms the westernmost tip of the Iberian central ridge (Fig. 1a-b), and is the highest moun-tain range in continental Portugal, reaching 1993 metres above sea level –hereafter, a.s.l.–. In geo-logical terms, it is characterized mostly by granites, along with schists in its more southerly sectors, often under a very thin, acid soil cover. Due to anthropogenic deforestation and subsequent soil erosion –a fact attested since Prehistoric times– fer-tile lands are found mostly in lower areas, at the foot of the mountains and in the surrounding river valleys, where thicker sedimentary deposits can be found. In higher altitudes, outcrops dominate the landscape. The so-called ‘castles of rocks’ are the resulting features of erosion over granite outcrops and constitute true landmarks on the mountain’s summits and plateaux. Some of these granite boul-ders attracted human occupation in several periods, in rock-shelters in some cases or as enclosed settle-ments in others, when their specific location in the landscape was favoured. Penedo dos Mouros –or ‘Boulder of the Moors’– is one of these cases.

Due to the relative proximity of the Atlantic, to the west, and the Spanish Meseta, to the east,

1 The excavations at the Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter took place in the framework of the research project The Upper Mondego Valley: land of frontier between Christians and Muslims, directed by Catarina Tente, which was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology for the 2007-2010 triennium. Acknowledge-ments are due to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful insights and suggestions that helped improving a first ver-sion of this paper. Any errors or omissions remain however our responsibility.

highly diversified climate conditions characterise the region. Determined not only by these oceanic and continental factors but also by altitude, the vegetation in the mountain is today divided into three distinct sections: the basal –up to 800-900 m.a.s.l.–, under strong Mediterranean influence and profoundly altered by human intervention; the middle –from 800-900 to 1300-1600 metres a.s.l.–, corresponding to the declining oak forests due to fire and long-lasting economic strategies of sheep and goat grazing –see below–; and the upper section –above 1,300-1,600 metres a.s.l.–, where juniper dominates after the human destruction of the post-Würmian cover of pine and birch.

Palynological research in highland lakes –such as at Charco da Candeeira and Lagoa Comprida, located at 1400 and 1600 metres a.s.l., respectively (e.g. Van Den Brink and Janssen, 1985; Van Der Knaap and Van Leeuwen, 1995, 1997)– allowed the reconstruction of an anthropogenic and biocli-matic model from the end of the Pleistocene to the present-day. According to this model, after a rapid expansion of Post-Glacial vegetation in the Pre-boreal climatic period –with oak forest optimum reaching 1,777 m.a.s.l.–, three other main phases of vegetation succession were recognized: moist and cold climate with human impact on the forest –grazing and small-scale local deforestation– from c. 3300 cal bc (Late Neolithic) onwards; large-scale human-induced deforestation in the 1500-1100 cal bc period (Bronze Age), but with forest regenera-tion; and forest disappearance and soil erosion due to intensive grazing, burning and agriculture, from 1,100 cal bc onwards. The consequence was the ir-reversible replacement of the spontaneous vegetal cover of oak, birch and willow by heath.

yacimiento en el más antiguo de la región con evidencia directa de mantenimiento de ganado. Vasos de pequeño tamaño, uso oportunista de materias primas líticas locales, acompañado de uso extensivo de sílex exógeno y baja densidad de artefactos, indican una estrategia de movilidad residencial en la misma línea de evidencias similares observadas en otros yacimientos en Beira Alta. Dadas reivindicaciones anteriores de trashumancia vertical entre la meseta serrana –en verano– y las planicies bajas –en invierno–, esta hipótesis es discutida –y refutada– con base en el análisis espacial de yacimientos neolíticos, caracterización económica del periodo, orografía local y restricciones bioclimáticas.

Palabras clave: Neolítico; Beira Alta; Megalitismo; sistemas de asentamiento; ganadería; pastoreo.


A. F. Carvalho, V. Pereira, C. Duarte and C. Tente / Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter… 21

Fig. 1. a) Location of the Mondego Platform in the Iberian Peninsula (box); b) The Mondego Platform and location of the study area, the north-western sector of the Estrela mountain range (box). Early/Middle Neolithic sites mentioned in text: 1. Penedo dos Mouros; 2. Prazo; 3. Quebradas; 4. Folhadal. c) Location of Penedo dos Mouros (n.º 1) and dolmen of Rio Torto (n.º 2) in the Carta Militar de Portugal, n.º 201 (squares = 1 km).



Around the mountain’s northern and western flanks, Estrela’s principal drainage system is the upper section of the Mondego River, which drains to the south-west and meets the Atlantic north of the Estremadura region. Together with the Vouga river basin that drains to the west, it forms a vast highland plateau –the Mondego Platform, according to the designation proposed by Ferreira (1978)– separated from the coastal plain by the Gralheira and Caramulo mountain chains.

The economy of the Estrela Mountain has long been famous for the herding of sheep and goats according to a vertical transhumant regime, with highland pastures exploited in the summer and lowland plains and valleys during the winter months. Grazing animals in the lowlands often im-plied travelling across vast territories, to the Dou-ro River and to the Montemuro Mountain –c. 80 km to the north and north-west–, and to the lower Mondego basin and the Beira Baixa province, in the fields around Idanha –c. 100 km and 80 km to the south-west and south-east, respectively–. There are also post-Medieval written records on transhu-mant itineraries reaching as far south as the Ourique region of the Lower Alentejo province, about 300 km away. These traditional practices were tho- roughly studied in the 1930-40s by Ribeiro (e.g., 1941), who was able to observe them before their collapse in the last quarter of the twentieth centu-ry. This economic and cultural phenomenon has been proposed for the prehistoric past in Estrela as a key feature of subsistence strategies from the end of the fourth millennium bc onwards (Cardoso et al., 1995/96; Senna-Martinez, 1995/96), or even starting at the very beginning of the Neolithic (Sen-na-Martinez and Ventura, 2008). Such claims are exclusively based on deforestation events record-ed in pollen diagrams from the above-mentioned highland lakes.

However, the dating of anthropogenic impact in the montane landscape may be dubious. For example, vegetal cover changes and the presence of Cerealia in so-called pollen zones b3b-b5a at the Charco da Candeeira were dated to c. 6450-5500 cal bc and interpreted as “[...] either a period of

agriculture in the lowlands or a period of hu-man-induced expansion of steppe grasses”. It is only after pollen zone c1, dated to c. 4500 cal bc, that those phenomena are fully present in montane environments, a moment during which “[...] the forest dynamics are predominantly anthropogenic, including some grazing and small-scale deforesta-tion, although the area covered by forest was hardly affected” (Van der Knaap and Van Leeuwen, 1995: 186, 191, respectively). The problem with the older date is its anteriority to any documented farming economy in the whole Iberian Peninsula! The only possible conclusion from these data is that the dating of pollen sequences suffers from anomalies –an ‘old wood effect’ inherent to the dated samples?– that need to be scrutinized and evaluated. Thus, the chronological structure of these pollen diagrams and the derived conclusions must be understood with serious reservations when correlations to historical events are attempted. Similar problems of a scarcity of data also affect later periods. Ribeiro (1941) him-self acknowledges the scarcity of written documents preventing a clear depiction of Medieval practices from being obtained. Interpretative models are still sketchy and based on indirect observations and eth-nographic parallels from elsewhere rather than sup-ported by local zooarchaeological data2.

Indeed, little was known about the medieval settlement and economy in the Estrela Mountain until a systematic research project was designed to evaluate human occupation between the sixth and twelfth centuries –for syntheses, see Tente, 2007, 2010, 2012/13–. It enabled the excavation of several archaeological sites, including the resumption of the work at the enclosed settlement of Penedo dos Mouros. Unexpectedly, these allowed Neolithic occupations in a small rock-shelter, with faunal preservation, to be identified and studied.

The aim of this paper is thus twofold: to present a detailed description of the Neolithic at Penedo dos Mouros, from stratigraphic contexts to material

2 Fernández-Mier, M. and Tente, C.: “Transhumant herding systems in Iberia”. In Costello, E. and Svensson, E. (eds.): Historical archaeologies of transhumance across Europe. London: Routledge; in press.



culture and faunal remains, and to discuss its inte-gration in the early stages of the Neolithic in the Es-trela Mountain, paying particular attention to the beginning of caprine herding in the region. Despite the limited excavated area, the scanty artefactual assemblages and the poor preservation conditions of the faunal remains, these are exceptional finds if the overall adverse geological features of the area are considered, and constitute therefore unique pieces of evidence on the subject.

2. The Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter

Penedo dos Mouros is located on a platform sur-rounded by granitic tors around 435 metres a.s.l., in the municipality of Gouveia (Fig. 1C). Previous citations of the site in the literature were provided by Alarcão (1993), who includes it in the archaeological survey of the Estrela Mountain Natural Park, and by Tente and Martins (1994) when describing a rock-cut tomb found on top of the higher boulder at the site. However, the first known reference to its archaeological interest dates back to the nine-teenth century, when it was mistakenly referred to as a dolmen located “[...] between [the villages of] Rio Torto and Arcozello, called ‘Pedra de Orca’ or ‘Penedo dos Mouros’” (Sarmento, 1883: 21), after oral information obtained by the scientific expedi-tion to the Estrela Mountain carried out by the Lis-bon Geographic Society in 1881.

Three excavation seasons in 1999-2001 allowed the recognition of an enclosed settlement built on top of the steep slope that delimits the site on its western rim (Fig. 2a-c). A medieval stone wall and palisade, enclosing an estimated area of around 0,6 ha, were built between boulders to protect open sections of the settlement. Inside, different types of archaeological testimonies–carved steps and notches to support beams, remains of burnt tree trunks, etc.–indicate the existence of wooden structures in its central part –Sector i–, very likely a two-storey building with a roof made with perishable materials –roof tiles were not found–. The finds of artefactual assemblages –mainly pottery and metal artefacts–

along with abundant botanic remains of broad bean (Vicia faba var. minuta), wheat (Triticum aestivum), sweet cherry and/or dwarf cherry (Prunus avium and/or Prunus cesarus) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum)3 suggested the presence of storage facilities associated with a domestic use of the site. Two ra-diocarbon determinations indicated the tenth cen-tury ad (Tente and Carvalho, 2011)4. The choice for this location was determined not only by its invisibility in the surrounding landscape, but also by its proximity to the Boco Valley (Angelucci et al., 2004), which would have been exploited by the farming group established at Penedo dos Mouros (Fig. 2c); the hundreds of broad beans referred to above may have been cultivated in small, irrigated plots on both banks of the stream.

A rock-shelter formed under granite boulders –Sector ii– near the settlement’s original entrance, facing east (Fig. 2b), was excavated in 2008, 2009 and 2011. It revealed a thick, heterogeneous deposit interpreted as an embankment for the regularization of the local surface with very high concentrations of phytoliths –originated from the accumulation of ash, straw, cereal ears, and wild grasses– that were interpreted as testimony of a sheepfold used during the Medieval occupation of the site5, as it is still to-day used as shelter by local shepherds. Underlying this more recent deposit, at a depth of around 1,5 metres, Neolithic layers with potsherds, knapped and polished stone tools, and faunal and botanic remains were identified.

The main objective of the 2008 excavation sea-son was to test the shelter’s deposit to evaluate the possibility of older occupations being preserved there, a possibility suggested by its clear thickness

3 Also cf. Queiroz, P. F. and Ruas, J. P. (2001): Es-tudos de arqueobotânica do Penedo dos Mouros. Trabalhos do cipa, 13. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia; unpublished report; Queiroz, P. F. (2009): Novos dados ar-queobotânicos sobre o Penedo dos Mouros (Gouveia). Lisbon: Terra Scenica, Territórios Antigos, unpublished report.

4 Also cf. Tente, C.: Arqueologia medieval cristã no Alto Mondego. Ocupação e exploração do território nos séculos v a xi. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation defended in 2010 at the Universidade Nova of Lisboa.

5 Cf. op. cit. n. 1.



Fig. 2. a) General view of Penedo dos Mouros, from the south-east; b) Close-up view of the rock-shelter. Note the medieval/modern dry stone wall contouring the shelter’s deposit; c) Topographic profile through Penedo dos Mouros and the Boco stream valley (Angelucci et al., 2004: fig. 6, adapted); d) Excavation plan at the Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter, with indication of the square units where Neolithic occupations could be individualized (grey squares).



as observable from the exterior (Fig. 2a-b). With that purpose in mind, two test pits were opened (Fig. 2d): Test 1, between the shelter’s natural wall and a dry-stone wall (probably built in the first half of the twentieth century over the medieval struc-ture), and Test 2, in its north-east section. Whereas Test 2 was 2 × 2 m in area and soon revealed what seemed to be a boulder collapsed from the shelter’s roof –allowing the excavation of only a portion, around 0,5 m2, of the Neolithic level–, Test 1 was better preserved in both stratigraphic and archaeological terms. Initially, it was excavated in a 2 × 4 m area –square units a-d/7-8–. However, as the digging progressed it was observed that in squares a-b/7‒8 and partially in c8 there was a stone feature (related to the building of the medieval stone wall?) preventing further excavations. During the 2009 and 2011 seasons the area under work reached the local bedrock in squares c-d/6 only due the pres-ence of collapsed boulders. Thus, the Neolithic de-posit comprised a total area of little more than 6 m2 at the end of the fieldwork (Fig. 2d).

The excavation was carried out according to strati-graphic units divided into 10 cm –thick arbitrary spits–. Sediments were systematically dry-screened

in 2 mm mesh screens, with 3d coordination of main artefacts and osteological elements. Samples of sedi-ments were collected for phytolith and micromor-phological analyses, and charcoal was retrieved for anthracological analyses and radiocarbon dating.

2.1. Stratigraphy and formation phases

A complete, more representative stratigraphic sequence was recorded in Test 1, where it comprises a total of 17 different units that are testimony to rather complex formation processes, both anthropic and natural. In particular, micromorphological analysis provided evidence that the sediment source is the local granite and incipient surrounding soils exposed to erosion. Sedimentary microstructure also suggests that cryogenic and biogenic activities were responsible for sediment transport and contributed to the general reworking and homogenization of the deposit. Human occupations, that were seasonal –see discussion–, did not affect the rate of sedimentation. These conditions ceased at some point between the Neolithic and the building of the medieval structures, as testified by the development

Sample14C Lab. number

δ13C (‰) Years bp Cal range bc/ad

(95,4% prob.) (1) Comments

Test 1, unit 07

fragment of mandible (Canis familiaris)

wk-27462 – – – abandoned; no collagen

Test 1, unit 09

charcoal (Erica arborea) wk-25818 -25.0 1,147 ± 30 776-974 cal ad (95,4%) Medieval occupation

Test 1, unit 09

bone fragments (unknown species) wk-25159 – – – abandoned; no collagen

Test 1, unit 11

epiphysis of metacarpal (Ovis aries) wk-35998 (2) 3,559 ± 27 2,013-1,999 cal bc (2,0%);1,979-1,871 cal bc (79,7%);1,846-1,812 cal bc (8,2%);1,803-1,777 cal bc (5,5%).

rejected

Test 2, unit 12

fragment of mandible (Sus sp.) wk-25160 – – – abandoned; no collagen

Test 2, unit 13

charcoal (Erica sp.) wk-25158 -24,9 2,375 ± 30 702-696 cal bc (0,6%);541-390 cal bc (94,8%).

intrusive; percolation?

(1) Calibrations according to IntCal13 atmospheric curve (Reimer et al., 2013) with OxCal program, version 4.2.4 (Bronk-Ramsey, 2013).(2) Comments from the laboratory: Because of the small size of this sample, the Carbon 13 stable isotope value (δ13C) was measured on

prepared graphite using the ams spectrometer. The radiocarbon date has therefore been corrected for isotopic fractionation. However the ams-measured δ13C value can differ from the δ13C of the original material and it is therefore not shown.

Fig. 3. Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter: radiocarbon determinations.



2.2. Pottery

As can be seen in Fig. 4, the pottery assemblage totals 168 pieces, with a total weight of 1,458 kg, if all Neolithic layers are summed together. The majority of the potsherds were found in Test 1, which is not surprising given its better state of preservation, its thickness and the larger excavation area. In this regard, it is also interesting to note that the larger assemblage is from the thinner layer

08 –c. 20 cm– rather than from the thicker layer 11 –c. 50 cm–, respectively with 85 –55%– and 70 –45%– potsherds.

A minimum number of 14 vessels from the two test pits have been recognized after systematic refitting. Based on technological and typological analyses, it was possible to draw a general over- view of their main characteristics. Most vessels show recipes with abundant inclusions –n = 7; 50%–, mostly locally available quartz sands, with

of a spodic b-horizon in the Neolithic deposit, with a hard pan in its lower part –layer 09–. Bone preservation is due to cementation of layer 11 by calcium carbonate coming from dispersed ashes, only visible at microscopic scale, that precipitated as result of both water percolation, possibly from melting snow or frost, and stagnant water. These balanced the originally acidic pH of the sediment and prevented the dissolution of at least some of the bones in layer 11.

Overall, the micromorphological characteristics of the deposit provide explanation for the diffe- rential conservation of organic matter and the respective radiocarbon results (Fig. 3), that failed in dating the Neolithic at the site. The hard pan that constitutes layer 09 preserved the only charcoal in the entire sequence; however, as the radiocarbon date indicates, this charcoal might have migrated from above together with the colloidal gels that form the pan. Also, bones observed in thin section display severe mineralization by calcium carbonate and oxidation, which might have affected the result obtained with the sheep metacarpal from layer 11.

In sum, the stratigraphic and archaeological evidence obtained in the excavation suggests the following phasing:

– Phase 1: Successive Early and Middle Neolithic –fifth-fourth millennia bc– occupations of the rock-shelter taking place in the context of short stays by Neolithic human groups inhabiting lower sectors of the Estrela mountain range –as will be discussed below–.

– Phase 2: Abandonment phase between the third millennium bc and the first millennium ad during which there is no archaeological evidence for human occupation at the rock-shelter.

– Phase 3: Occupation of the rock-shelter in the tenth century, when this sector was used as a sheepfold belonging to the medieval settlement built on the adjacent platform.

– Phase 4: Post-Medieval abandonment phase.– Phase 5: Recent occupation horizon represented

by a pit-hearth identified in Test 2 and by the use of the site as temporary shelter by modern-day shepherds.

Rimsherdsplain decorated Sherds

plain decorated Otherknobs cords Total

Number Weight (g)

Test 1, layer 08 6 1 73 1 2 2 85 723Test 1, layer 11 7 - 65 3 - - 75 390Test 2, layer 07 - - 1 - - - 1 24Test 2, layer 11 6 - - - 1 - 7 321Total 19 1 139 4 3 2 168 1458

Fig. 4. Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter: inventory of pottery; one and three decorated sherds from layers 02 and 05 of Test 1, respectively, not included.



Fig. 5. Neolithic pottery from stratigraphic unit 08: 1) Vessel 6, decorated with incised lines and fingerprints on both sides of the rim; 2) cord segmented with (nail?) imprints; 3) sherd with dotted impressed lines; 4) Vessel 4; 5) Vessel 5; 6) Vessel 7; 7) Vessel 8; 8-9) knobs (drawings by M. F. Sousa).



medium paste consistencies –n = 9; 64%– and schistose-like textures –n = 9; 64%–. Surfaces are mostly smoothed –n = 6; 43%– or rough –n = 5; 36%–, whereas the typical almagre red slip was not recorded despite its acknowledged presence in other Neolithic sites of the region. Reduction firing atmospheres dominate, with 11 vessels –79%–. In terms of morphological analysis, it can only be inferred that straight and open mouths predominate whenever this attribute could be observed, with three –22%– and two –14%– cases, respectively. Indeed, high fragmentation patterns prevented refitting providing sound indications on the formal variability of the assemblage. If the wall thicknesses of the identified vessels are considered, it can be concluded that the assemblage is made of small-sized pots; larger vessels, such as storage containers, are absent. It is only possible to deduce that vessels had round bases, simple spherical morphologies –in which carinated or necked forms are absent–, in some cases with incised or impressed decoration and with knobs or handles.

This is a predominately undecorated assemblage, with five decorated potsherds out of 168 –3%–, a percentage that increases very little –4%– if the two cordoned fragments listed in Table 3 are included. A trend within the shelter’s sequence is the fact that most decorated potsherds were exhumed from layer 08, and this is an important differentiating feature between the two layers. The exception is a refitted incised sherd from layer 11 (Fig. 6, n.º 4) which finds no parallel in the Estrela Mountain region but which can be compared in broad stylist terms with incised motifs described as “decorative organization xvii”, comprising “[...] a band in which the basic motif is the triangle, defined by incised lines, and filled also by incisions oblique to the rim” (Monteiro-Rodrigues, 2011: 234; Portuguese original), from layer 3 in Sector vii at the open-air site of Prazo, in the north-east sector of the Beira Alta province (Fig. 1b, n.º 2), where this is dated to around 4,500-4,350 cal bc. Thus, this is the likely archaeologically-based

chronology for the oldest Neolithic at Penedo dos Mouros. An attempt at radiocarbon dating the sheep metacarpal found near the bottom of layer 11 (Fig. 3) has to be rejected given its aberrant result, probably due to the acidity of the sandy sediments where it was buried.

As a consequence of the above, the upper layer 08 at Penedo dos Mouros is attributable to the second half of the fifth millennium or to the beginning of the following. Decoration and handle types recorded here are scarcely represented or unknown in the Beira Alta region but share similarities with sites dated to this time period in Portuguese Estremadura –evolved Early Neolithic and initial Middle Neolithic–. This is the case of Vessel 6 –the only decorated rim fragment– which shows incised lines forming triangular motifs on the exterior surface associated with finger imprints around both sides of the rim (Fig. 5, n.º 1). The cordoned sherd and handles (Fig. 5, n.º 2 and 8-9, respectively) are similar, among other examples, to the pottery productions known at Cortiçóis (Cardoso et al., 2013: figs. 15, 17-18, 21-23) and Costa do Pereiro –unpublished; see Carvalho, 2008: 51-52 for a short description–, open-air sites attributable to the Early-Middle Neolithic transition. These parallels indicate the late fifth and early fourth millennia bc as the likely chronology for layer 08. The more striking parallel, however, comes from the nearby dolmen of Rio Torto, located only 2 km to the south-west (Fig. 1c, n.º 2), where a rim fragment similar to the impressed sherds from layers 05 and 08 (Fig. 5, n.º 3 and Fig. 6, n.º 5-8) was found during the 1895 excavations (Vasconcelos, 1895), although only published one century later (Leisner, 1998: taf. 70, n.º 32). Clearly, this find suggests some contemporaneity between the later Neolithic occupation at Penedo dos Mouros, recorded in layer 8, and the earliest phases of the local megalithism, thus reinforcing the above chronology as the strongest possibility.



2.3. Knapped stone

Figures 7 and 8 inventory the knapped stone as-semblages from layers 08 and 11, respectively, along with other raw materials employed in the making of polished tools (axes/adzes and grinding stones). A feature common to both layers is the dominance of locally-available raw materials. Quartz has in this

regard a particular role, representing the majority of the knapped material, with very similar percentages: 87% –44 out of 52 pieces– and 88% –187 out of 212– in layers 08 and 11, respectively. Other presumably local or regional raw materials present in these layers are rock crystal, schist, granite and quartzite. Among the quartz there is a particular type of micro-quartz with reddish colour displaying

Fig. 6. Neolithic pottery from stratigraphic units 05 (n.º 5, 6 and 8) and 11 (n.º 1 to 4): 1) Vessel 11; 2) Vessel 12; 3) Vessel 14; 4) Drawing and photo of refitted sherd, with incised lines; 5-8) Four sherds decorated with dotted impressed lines, probably from the same vessel; piece 7 was found misplaced in stratigraphic unit 02 (drawings by M. F. Sousa).



very good knapping qualities, of un-known origin –but also found in the unpublished excavations of the fourth millennium bc dolmen of Lapa da Meruje, in the north-western sector of the Caramulo Mountain–. Only for flint can an exogenous, supraregio- nal origin be securely attributed since this rock’s sources are inexistent in the whole Beira Alta province, so the sources known in Estremadura are an acceptable possibility given the pottery stylistic parallels referred to above. This is surely why flint is represented by very low percentages, with 10% –5 out of 52– and 3% –7 out of 212– in layers 08 and 11, respectively. It is however interesting to note that, despite the low number of pieces, some still show cor-tical surfaces, thus indicating that this raw material circulated in the form of nodules or cores, not blanks. This behaviour is documented elsewhere at coeval Neolithic contexts in Beira Alta –such as Quebradas (Carvalho, 1999) and Folha-dal (Senna-Martinez and Ventura, 2008) (Fig. 1b, n.º 3 and 4, respec-tively)– where flint cores and main-tenance products were also found.

With the exception of one rock crystal core, all the remaining cores are in quartz. Both raw materials show expedient knapping strate-gies, thus in good accord with its local abundance: core blanks were obtained from dismantled quartz layers and were subsequently used to produce flakes or chips –which are the most abundant products– following random, not predeter-mined, knapping sequences. This option resulted in the abandonment of cores with very irregular shapes, a high number of non-cortical flakes with flat butts, and low percentages of formal, retouched tools. Among

the latter, side-retouched flakes and wedges –mainly in layer 11– predominate, whereas only one micro-lithic tool was found: a backed bladelet from layer 11. Quartz flakes must have been used expediently,

Flint Quartz Quartzite Schist TotalDebitage:Cortical flakes - 1 1 - 2Partially cortical flakes 1 - - - 1Non-cortical flakes 1 24 - 1 26Bladelets 1 - - - 1Cores - 2 - - 2Debris:Fragments - 2 1 - 3Chips 1 13 - - 14Retouched tools:Side-retouched flakes - 1 - - 1Wedges - 1 - - 1Side-retouched blade 1 - - - 1Total 5 44 2 1 52

Flint Quartz RedQuartz

RockCrystal Quartzite Total

Debitage:Cortical flakes 1 3 2 1 - 7Partially cortical flakes 1 - - - 1 2Non-cortical flakes 2 110 - 2 - 114Bladelets - 2 - - - 2Cores - 1 - 1 - 2Debris:Fragments - 5 1 4 - 10Chips 3 60 - 6 - 69Retouched tools:Side-retouched flakes - 2 - - - 2Splintered pieces - 1 - - - 1Wedges - 2 - - - 2Backed bladelets - 1 - - - 1Total 7 187 3 14 1 212

Fig. 7. Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter (Test 1, layer 08): general inventory of the lithic assemblage; two amphibolite flakes from the resharpening of polished tools not included.

Fig. 8. Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter (Test 1, layer 11): general inventory of the lithic assemblage. One pebble (schist), six fire-cracked pebbles, one fragmented grinding stone and one pebble used as hammer (all in granite) not included.



without retouch. Flint is represented almost exclu-sively by debris and unretouched flakes, therefore suggesting that knapping activities did take place at the site but were probably aimed at the production and recycling of lithic implements that were used elsewhere in the landscape and/or subsequently taken to other sites. Clearly, this pattern indicates a curated strategy contrasting with, but complement-ing the one employed in the exploitation of quartz and rock crystal. Both coexisting strategies consti-tute a generalized, patterned behaviour identified at all Neolithic sites in the Beira Alta province.

2.4. Zooarchaeology

A few bone remains, largely from layer 11 of Test 1, were exhumed during the 2008 and 2009 excavations at Penedo dos Mouros. Although very scarce and poorly preserved, this faunal assemblage is however extremely useful and interesting since bone preservation in granitic contexts is quite rare. Furthermore, this is one of the few faunal assem-blages known in the whole Beira Alta region attributable to Neolithic times –see discussion–, and the first to be discovered in the region. The presence of possible domestic animals, as will be described below, may attest the presence of production economies in the mountain range and neighbouring areas from this early period onwards.

All animal remains recovered were analysed and a number of key features were taken into account. Criteria used to examine and record bones included all the excavation references as well as the data obtained from the bone itself: taxonomic identifi-cation to a species level –whenever possible–; ele-ment; portion; side; fusion; human, animal and natural modifications. Measurements were taken with a digital calliper according to the parame-ters described in Von Den Driesh (1976), and bone classification was concluded with the aid of the zooarchaeological reference collections of the General-Directorate of Cultural Heritage (Lisbon) and University of Algarve (Faro) laboratories. This assemblage consists of a total number of 38 bone

fragments, with a number of identified specimens –hereafter, nisp– of 14. Most –n = 32; 84.2%– come from layer 11 in Test 1, with the exception of one element (indeterminate) from layer 8 in Test 1, three –two indeterminate, one Ovis/Capra tooth– from layer 09 in Test 1, and two elements –one Sus sp. mandible and one indeterminate– from layer 12 in Test 2.

Both amphibians and mammals were recog-nized but with a clear predominance of the latter, with 16 specimens out of 17 –94%–. Thus, a wider range of bone elements (n = 21) –mostly belonging to the appendicular skeleton–could not be classed at species level due to high fragmentation–. All bones display traces of burning –from light brown to charred–, are more or less mineralized, and show iron concretions on the surface. These alterations are undoubtedly the causes underlying their preservation; otherwise the acidity of the sediments would have resulted in the completely decay of the organic matter. However, as a consequence of their exposure to fire and mineralization, these bones were not suitable for radiocarbon dating, as demonstrated by one aberrant and two unsuccessful determinations (Fig. 3).

The taxonomy of identified species is described below according to Order.

anuraBufo sp. (Toad)

This amphibian species is represented by a sin-gle bone, a complete tibio-fibula. Its presence in the Neolithic layers suggests a moist environment un-der the rock-shelter during their formation.

lagomorphaOryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)

Rabbit is represented by seven documented elements: two incisor teeth, a scapula fragment, a proximal half of a left femur, a fragmented cal-caneus, a proximal half of a left metatarsal iii and an unidentified diaphysis. This is the most relevant species in terms of nisp, with 41,2%, but representing a minimum number of individuals –hereafter mni– of one.



Lepus sp. (Hare)As expected given its usual low representation

in archaeological contexts, the total number of hare remains is lower than rabbit. Only three remains were recovered –nisp = 17.6%–: a complete right tibia, a diaphysis fragment of a left tibia and the proximal half of a left metatarsal iii, thus with a mni of one.

carnivoraLynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

Although nowadays it subsists as a rare species in Portugal, in danger of extinction, it was quite common in prehistoric times; thus, it is not surpris-ing to find a distal half of a metapodial among the assemblage.

artiodactylaSus sp. (Wild Boar or Pig)

Evidence for swine was attested through a frag-mented mandible and one incisor, representing 11,8% of nisp. Unfortunately, there is not enough evidence to determine whether these remains be-long to wild boar (Sus scrofa) or domestic pig (Sus domesticus).

Caprines (Sheep and/or Goat)In the majority of the Caprine bones the dis-

tinction between goat-either ibex (Capra pyrenaica) or domestic goat (Capra hircus) –and sheep (Ovis aries) was not possible; therefore, they were analysed together. A fragment of a tooth (m3), a fragment of a calcaneus and a proximal epiphysis of a metacar-pal were identified –nisp = 17,7%–. Although diffi-cult to distinguish, the latter fragment was relatively well preserved, allowing a morphological approach and subsequent distinction.

Many authors have studied different methodologies on the distinction of sheep and goat and, through measurements alone, were not able to identify any distinctive patterns for the proximal metacarpals, focusing afterwards on the distal ends, as Rowley-Conwy (1998), for example. In this case, the measurements of the greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) is 23,47 mm, which could be

either sheep or goat, confirming the lack of biome- tric divisions. But when the approach is centred at the morphology of the skeletal elements, some va- riances are consistently identified as a reliable source to distinguish sheep from goat, as Boessneck et al. (1964) point out and later agreed by Fernández (2001). Accordingly, the palmar edge of the lateral facette of the articular surface is curved down on the palmar side, which often happens in sheep and nearly never in goats (Boessneck et al., 1964: 107, 116 and fig. 66b)6. Furthermore, there is a clear an-gle between the medial and lateral facette of the ar-ticular surface on the palmar edge, representative of sheep –with 53% of incidence–7 while in goat the palmar edges are somewhat straight. Also, the me-dial facies articularis for the c2 + 3 protrudes dor-sally (Boessneck et al., 1964: 107, fig. 66b, feature a) which happens very often in the case of sheep. Due to all these individualities combined, it strongly suggests sheep (Ovis aries) and, consequently, the earliest direct evidence for Neolithic pastoralism in the Estrela mountain range –see discussion–.

3. Discussion

According to the comparisons presented above, the Neolithic at Penedo dos Mouros is dated to the second half of the fifth millennium bc –layer 11– and the transition to the following millenni-um –layer 08–. This broad chronology coincides, respectively, with the end of the Early Neolithic and the emergence of the earliest megalithism in the region, i.e., the Middle Neolithic. The record retrieved from this site is therefore critical as it pro-vides a picture of the domestic contexts coeval with such important cultural changes within Neolithic societies. In this regard, Penedo dos Mouros is ex-traneous to issues surrounding the introduction of

6 Fernández, H.: Ostéologie comparée des petits rumi-nants eurasiatiques sauvages et domestiques (genres Rupicapra, Ovis, Capra et Capreolus): diagnose différentielle du squelette appendiculaire: p. 250, mtc a8. Unpublished Ph.D. disser-tation defended in 2001 at the University of Genève.

7 Fernández, H.: op. cit. n. 3, p. 249, mtc a5.



farming economies in the Estrela Mountain region, of which the neighbouring site of Buraco da Mou-ra de São Romão (Valera, 1998) is an important point of reference. An assessment and discussion of this process under different perspectives can be found in Carvalho (1999), Valera (2005) and Monteiro-Rodrigues (2011), among others. Nor is it our intention to discuss here the emergence of local megalithism in its all complexities, but rather to stress the contribution of Penedo dos Mouros to the study of the lifeways of the builders and to open up some possibilities for future research.

3.1. Archaeological horizons at Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter

One crucial aspect is the observation –which was rapidly acquired during fieldwork–that at least two, but most probably three, independent occupa-tion events, or archaeological horizons, are recorded in the vertical scattering patterns of artefacts and human made structures within the rock-shelter’s stratigraphic sequence detected in Test 1. As dis-cussed in the previous section, and synthesized in Figure 9, the following archaeological horizons can be established from top to bottom:

Layer 08. Individualized in sedimentological terms, the Neolithic horizon recorded in layer 08 is characterized by cordoned and decorated pottery with thick knobs (Fig. 5), which are ab-sent from the underlying unit. More relatively abundant flint artefacts (Fig. 7), presence of all the polished stone tools found in the rock-shelter –two amphibolite flakes from arbitrary spit 1, square d6, resulting from the reshaping of axes or adzes–, and an ochre nodule found in spit 2 in square c6, related to indeterminate uses –personal ornamentation? painted rock-art?– also characterise this horizon.

Top of layer 11. The only decorated potsherd from layer 11 was found in arbitrary spit 2 in square c7 (Fig. 6, n.º 4). It should also be noted that spits 1 and 2 yielded the highest

amounts of potsherds and knapped stone arte-facts in layer 11 –both in terms of number and weight–, which decrease downwards (Fig. 9). Among the knapped material there is a reddish micro-quartz (Fig. 8), which is not found in layer 08 or in the bottom of layer 11, and the single backed armature. Lying immediately be-low these spits –i.e., in arbitrary spit 3– there were a few human-made structures, consist-ing of granite blocks and slabs accumulated to form what seems to be a hearth and associated wind-shield.

Bottom of layer 11. After diminishing amounts of materials in spits 3 to 5, another increase in the frequency of artefacts takes place in the lower spit 6 (Fig. 9). It should be noted that this is not a topographically regular level –its thickness varies due to the irregular topography of the bedrock– and therefore it is not straight-forwardly comparable with the overlying spits. Thus, the possibility that it is an artefact of the excavation rather than a discrete archaeological horizon cannot be completely excluded. Pottery is exclusively plain and knapped stone is not characteristic –mostly quartz and rock-crystal by-products–.

In general terms, the faunal remains seem to be evenly scattered throughout the strata but sho- wing one peak in arbitrary spit 4 in layer 11 (Fig. 9), which does not coincide with any of the above archaeological horizons. This peak is formed by six taxonomically indeterminate remains (most of them belonging to small-sized mammals), six rabbit and two hare remains. Interestingly, these rabbit and hare specimens constitute the overwhelming majority of these species’ remains in all Neolithic units, repre-senting 86% (six out of seven) and 67% (two out of three) of the respective total inventory. In sum, the scarcity of medium-sized mammals in this level –either presumably hunted (swine) or domesticated (sheep/goat)– is very suggestive of a twofold aspect: a hiatus in the human occupation during which only naturally deposited animal remains occurred, and the logical inference that the Leporids found at



Penedo dos Mouros were not hunted. The species inventory in the overlying spit 3 (rabbit, hare, lynx and toad) should be understood as accumulating in the very same context.

3.2. Settlement and subsistence strategies: the issue of Neolithic transhumance

Regardless of their distinctive features, the three archaeological horizons described above show com-mon trends that strongly suggest short stays at the rock-shelter in Neolithic times. This is particularly evident in the preferential exploitation of local raw materials –quartz, rock-crystal– along with the cu-rated use of exogenous flint, in the small sizes of ceramic pots –suggesting either a local, expedient production or their transport from campsites–, and the exclusiveness of caprines among the domestic mammals –the domestic or wild status of the swine remains cannot be assessed–, as previously also ob-served at the open-air sites of Prazo (Monteiro-Ro-drigues et al., 2008) and Quebradas (Carvalho, 1999) (Fig. 1b, n.º 2 and 3, respectively). There-fore, the open question is to determine the purpose of these occupations at Penedo dos Mouros and the broader settlement systems within which these were carried out, from the mid-fifth millennium bc to the beginning of the following.

Unfortunately, the only botanic remains pre-served in Test 1–charcoal of cork oak (Quercus

suber) and heath (Erica arborea) collected in layer 09– are intrusive and cannot be correlated to the Neolithic. Phytolith analysis of sediment samples from layer 11 failed to identify clear traces of hu-man use of vegetal species. As pointed out in the results’ comments8 “[e]n lo referente a la muestra neolítica, su interpretación se ve dificultada por el alto número de [fitolitos] alterados. Aún así, la alta presencia de carbonatos, así como de fitolitos de leñosas, nos hace pensar en la posibilidad de la existencia de un hogar o quizás cenizas dispersas. Esta hipótesis se basa en la composición mineral y el tipo de fitolitos, ya que el número de fitolitos es relativamente bajo para tener un origen antrópico”. In other words, direct evidence for agriculture is lacking; the only indirect testimony of such prac-tices at the site would be, with all due reservations, the granite grinding stone found in arbitrary spit 4 in layer 11 in square c6 which in fact can also be correlated with the processing of inorganic –e.g., ochre, as testified by the nodule found in layer 08 of Test 1– or wild botanic species –e.g., acorns–.

Although a residential hypothesis cannot be ruled out with the available evidence and the small area that was excavated, the archaeological and zooar-chaeological records observed at Penedo dos Mouros are suggestive of a type of settlement system and mo-bility first hypothesised for the Beira Alta after the

8 icphes [Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social] (2009): Análisis de fitolitos. Tarragona: urv, p. 13, unpublished report.

Pottery Knapped stone Faunal remainsNumber Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number

layer 08, artificial level 1 68 523 40 104 0layer 08, artificial level 2 17 200 13 26 1layer 11, artificial level 1 16 74 47 70 2layer 11, artificial level 2 20 130 64 57 3layer 11, artificial level 3 11 66 34 22 7layer 11, artificial level 4 12 51 31 35 14layer 11, artificial level 5 2 13 6 7 1layer 11, artificial level 6 8 40 27 24 5Total 154 1097 262 345 33

Fig. 9. Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter: vertical scattering of material culture items and faunal remains according to num-ber and weight of pieces (Test 1 only); granite and amphibolite artefacts not included; faunal remains from layer 09 (n = 3) not included.



study of the Neolithic open-air sites in the Côa Val-ley Archaeological Park. One of the two settlement models then put forward –residential versus logistical mobility– seems now to be better substantiated em-pirically, thus deserving to be quoted at length (Car-valho, 1999: 68; Portuguese original):

In sum, the few contexts presently known for the Early Neolithic in the Beira Alta and Trás-os-Montes seem to reflect a settlement carried out by small human groups with a still high degree of mobility, within a strategy of ‘residential mobility’. The do- minant strategy would rely on frequent changes of camps accompanied by successive forest clearances for crops or pastures. Indeed, these sites always have in common: small areas, even in the case of open-air sites; presence of archaeological palimpsests only in locations favourable to reoccupation events within a given space, such as rock-shelters; and the recurrent identification of a domestic component. As tentatively demonstrated, these sites may occasionally exhibit a greater functional bias in favour of agricultural activities –as at Quinta da Torrinha–, herding and/or hunting –as at Quebradas–, or others, which is reflected in the respective artefactual contents. The reasons determining these variations would rely mostly on the seasonal character of some economic activities and on some geographical factors –regime of water courses, topography, etc.–.

This residential mobility model seems to have been corroborated, not only now by Penedo dos Mouros, but also by discoveries that took place in the meantime at Prazo (Monteiro-Rodrigues, 2011) or along the sector of the Mondego valley between Nelas and Carregal do Sal, where a number of open-air sites have been under study and interpreted in a similar fashion (Valera, 2005; Senna-Martinez and Ventura, 2008).

As mentioned in the introduction section, claims for seasonal transhumant practices have also been explicitly proposed for the Estrela mountain range –starting as early as the beginning of the Neolithic– deriving mostly from pollen evidence obtained in mountain lakes. However, it is our opinion that site distribution patterns, pastoralism economics and, to some extent, ethno-historic evidence may provide

in the current state of our knowledge a sounder ap-proach to test the likelihood of Neolithic transhu-mance in the region.

Indeed, the megaliths known between the mountain range and the left banks of the Mondego River do not surpass the 500 m.a.s.l. contour line –see Senna-Martinez and Ventura, 2000a, 2000b and respective maps–. Moreover, with very few ex-ceptions on (or near) hilltops, most sites are located on the sandy plateaux of this vast, elongated plat-form, preferentially in the vicinities of the Monde-go’s main tributaries. In sum, repeating the same strategy identified at Penedo dos Mouros and com-patible with a mixed farming regime encompassing herding practices and agriculture. Only the Early Neolithic rock-shelter site of Buraco da Moura de São Romão shows a rather distinct location, in the foothills of the mountain at 680 m.a.s.l. (Valera, 1998) but clearly still away from the mountain’s higher sectors.

If the absence of settlements or megaliths in higher altitudes can be attributable to lacunae in the current state of the research –obviously, more evi-denced in the former rather than in the latter cases due to relative archaeological visibility–, the altitu-dinal scheme of the mountain range’s agricultural potential proposed by Ribeiro and Santos (1949) provide interesting research possibilities. Despite being based on orographic and modern-day biocli-matic features, these authors established a sequence of stratified compartments within which traditional cultures find favourable ecological conditions. As can be seen in Fig. 10, wheat could have only been cultivated below 800 m.a.s.l. The outcome of this observation is twofold. First, the upper limit of wheat agriculture in the Estrela Mountain is in itself a very relevant constraint, preventing a full farming economy to be permanently established in the range’s higher sectors. Therefore, if wheat was part of these groups’ “farming package” –see Car-valho (2017) for a discussion on Early Neolithic agriculture in Portugal– such restriction must have favoured the occupation of the lowlands only, a possibility apparently confirmed by current site dis-tribution maps. Second, if transhumant herding is



hypothesised above the upper limit of wheat, the question of what its triggering cause/s might have been requires explanation.

Demographic pressure, bioclimatic forcing or economic intensification are the most commonly argued causes to explain emergent transhumant pastoralism in small-scale societies. If the first can be ruled out given the relatively low demographic density of early farmers in Iberia, especially after the sixth-fifth millennia bc transition (Bernabeu et al., 2014), the second cause must be also ex-cluded from reasoning in the southern regions of temperate Europe. As stated by Greenfield (1999: 16), “[...] in strong contrast to arid and alpine conditions, temperature extremes in the lowlands are not sufficiently extreme during the summer to drive livestock into the mountains in search of pastures. Sufficient water and grazing are available year-round in most low and mid-altitude pastures in temperate climatic zones. Ecologically, there are fewer incentives for pastoralists from low and mid-altitude settlements in temperate regions to practice transhumance. Stock may be safely herded throughout the year in the lowlands, es-pecially where a host of micro-environments are juxtaposed (e.g. marshes, streams, plains, hills, etc.) [...]”. This applies well to the Estrela Moun-tain region even if its specific bioclimatic condi-tions in the Middle Holocene are considered. On the other hand, most authors agree that there is no evidence in Beira Alta pointing to relevant eco-nomic intensification pro-cesses taking place through-out the earliest stages of the local Neolithic (e.g., Va- lera, 2005; Senna-Martinez and Ventura, 2000a, 2008; Monteiro-Rodrigues, 2011; Monteiro-Rodrigues et al., 2008). Such processes, however, would have to be necessarily present to envis-age the beginning of trans-humance in the higher

sectors of the mountain. This scenario has been recently put forward by Rojo et al. (2013) to ex-plain the zooarchaeological evidence from the cave site of Els Trocs, in the axial Pyrenees. But if the Pyrenees are to be used as framework for the Beira Alta case, it should also be borne in mind that the identification of a logistical type of mobility in the region –i.e., permanent settlements located in the more fertile soils around which specialized activi-ties take place, as also hypothesised by Carvalho (1999) and recently identified in the lower sector of Portuguese Estremadura (Carvalho, 2017)– would be another previous requisite that does not find support in the empirical evidence from the Estrela counterpart at this point of the research.

4. Conclusions

It is our opinion that the available evidence and theoretical prerequisites favour a settlement model according to which the Estrela mountain range might have been devoid of any form of permanent eco-nomic exploitation –even if on a seasonal basis only– at least before the end of the fourth millennium bc. The finds of polished stone axes and grinding stones on the right bank of the Vale do Rossim Dam (Fig. 10), at 1430 m.a.s.l., is compatible with this view if their typological attribution to the Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic, as proposed by Cardoso and González (2002), is confirmed in the future.

Fig. 10. Topographic profile of the study area between the Mondego river valley and the Ros-sim Dam near the summit of the Estrela mountain range, with location of Penedo dos Mouros and the modern upper limit of wheat cultivation.



Notwithstanding, the question of what type of occupation in the highlands those artefacts represent remain unanswered. Regarding the Neolithic occu-pation of the mountain range, not only is the absence of any megalithic monuments noteworthy but also a further two phenomena: schematic, Late Prehistoric rock-art is also unknown –a fact that contrasts with evidence from other mountains in the region (Alves, 2008)– and most of the dolmens in the Mondego basin are oriented to the south-east (i.e., to the mid-winter sunrise), thus pointing towards the mountain range (Senna-Martinez et al., 1997). These aspects are very suggestive of the role played by this oro-graphic feature as a landscape reference within the local “megalithic world”, whose specific influence in the lifeways of the surrounding Neolithic communi-ties have been approached only tentatively.

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Senna-Martinez, J. C. and Ventura, J. M. Q. (2008): “Neolitização e Megalitismo na plataforma do Mondego: algumas reflexões sobre a transição

Neolítico antigo/Neolítico médio”. In iv Congreso del Neolítico Peninsular. Alicante: marq, vol. ii, pp. 77-84.

Tente, C. (2007): “Comunidades medievais cristãs do Alto Mondego: projecto de estudo das estratégias de ocupação do território”, Promontoria, 5, pp. 245-269.

Tente, C. (2012/13): “A origem da formação da paisagem rural medieval no Alto Mondego (Guarda, Portugal). O contributo da arqueologia”, Norba, 25-26, pp. 61-75.

Tente, C. and Carvalho, A. (2011): “The establish-ment of radiocarbon chronologies for Early Medieval sites: a case-study from the Upper Mondego Valley (Guarda, Portugal)”, Munibe, 62, pp. 461-468.

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Von Den Driesch, A. (1976): A guide to the measure-ment of animal bones from archaeological sites. Cam-bridge: Peabody Museum Press.

GUIDELINES FOR THE SUBMISSION OF ORIGINAL ARTICLES

1. Zephyrus is a journal published twice a year in June and December. The articles submitted are evaluated by external reviewers using a double blind procedure. Some of these reviewers can be selected by the Editorial Board from a list of five specialists in the topic that the author proposes.

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5. La revue accepte des articles rédigés en espagnol, anglais ou français. Pour les autres langues, le Comité de Rédaction se prononcera, exceptionnellement, pour leur admission. En tout cas, l’auteur devra envoyer chaque texte précédé d’une page contenant, outre ses données, le titre en espagnol et en anglais (et la langue de l’article au cas où il serait rédigé en une autre langue). Le manuscrit doit aussi comporter un résumé d’environ 2.000 mots et plusieurs mots clés dans les langues mentionnées pour faciliter son indexation ; les termes employés dans le titre ne pourront en aucun cas faire partie des mots clés. Le corps du texte doit être structuré en épigraphes numérotées en chiffres arabes.

6. Les originaux de la section Varia doivent avoir une longueur réduite, au tour de 5 pages (environ 2.000 mots), et une structure logique similaire à celle des articles. Ils doivent être accompagnés, également, des éléments signalés auparavant (titres, résumés, etc). Les Compte-rendus, de longueur similaire, ne comporteront que le prénom et nom de l’auteur à la fin du texte et leur contenu sera plus critique que descriptif.

7. Les références bibliographiques citées dans le texte seront insérées dans le texte (nom en minuscules sans initiale du prénom, année et, pour certains cas, pages précédées de deux points) et les notes de bas de page devront se limiter à de brefs commentaires ou références non bibliographiques. Pour les livres ou monographies, le lieu d’édition doit être signalé ; pour les congrès, le lieu et la date de célébration ainsi que le lieu d’édition et les pages. La bibliographie est à présenter comme dans les exemples suivants:Monographies: Jordá, F. and Sanchidrián, J. L. (1992): La Cueva de Maltravieso. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.Articles en revue Maluquer de Motes, J. (1951): “De la Salamanca primitiva”, Zephyrus, II, pp. 61-72.Collaboration dans une œuvre collective Boast, R. (1995): “Fine pots, pure pots, Beaker pots”. En Kinnes, I. y Varndell, G. (eds.): Unbaked Urns of Rudely

Shape. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 69-80. 8. Les tableaux, cartes, graphiques et photographies doivent être de grande qualité et doivent se présenter, préférablement,

en format électronique tiff ou jpg séparément du texte. Tous ces éléments seront numérotés en chiffres arabes, précédés de l’abréviation fig. Leur emplacement approximatif d’insertion dans le texte doit être indiqué et ils doivent avoir une note de bas ou légende indiquant la source.

9. En ce qui concerne les abréviations, la division du texte et la numérotation des épigraphes cf. Feuille de Style.10. Une seule épreuve sera remise aux auteurs. Elle sera corrigée et renvoyée dans un délai de 10 jours à partir de sa réception.

Les corrections se limiteront aux erratas et à de brèves rectifications n’entrainant aucun changement substantiel dans le texte.11. Les droits d’édition correspondent à la Revue et l’autorisation du Conseil de Rédaction, de Ediciones de l’Université de

Salamanca et des auteurs est requise pour la reproduction totale ou partielle du manuscrit ainsi que pour son inclusion dans des référentiels ou des bases de données en ligne. Zephyrus remettra gratuitement aux auteurs de chaque article, dans leur ensemble, un exemplaire de la revue et un tirage à part en pdf.

Ces normes sont à compléter avec les conditions établies dans la Feuille de Style, pdf dans http://campus.usal.es/~ revistas_trabajo/index.php/0514-7336/about/submissions#authorGuidelines.

NORMAS PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN DE ORIGINALES

1. Zephyrus es una revista de periodicidad semestral que se edita en junio y diciembre de cada año. Los artículos recibidosson evaluados por revisores externos, mediante el sistema de doble ciego. Algunos de estos revisores podrán seleccionarse,por el Consejo de Redacción, de una lista de cinco especialistas propuestos por el autor.

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5. Los artículos se publicarán en español, inglés o francés. Pueden admitirse, excepcionalmente, originales remitidos en otraslenguas. El autor deberá enviar su texto precedido de una página que contenga, junto con sus datos, el título en español einglés (y, de hallarse el original en otra lengua, también en ésta). Debe figurar, en los citados idiomas, un resumen (deaproximadamente 200 palabras) y varias palabras clave que faciliten la indización, sin incluir en éstas términos empleadosen el título. El cuerpo del texto deberá estar estructurado en epígrafes, numerados en arábigos.

6. Los originales de la sección Varia tendrán una extensión reducida, en torno a 5 páginas (unas 2.000 palabras), exigiéndoseuna estructura lógica similar a la de los artículos y acompañándose, igualmente, de los elementos antes señalados (títulos,resúmenes, etc.). Las Reseñas, con similar extensión, sólo incluirán el nombre y apellidos del autor al final del texto y sucontenido deberá ser crítico más que descriptivo.

7. Las citas bibliográficas se situarán insertas en el texto (apellidos en minúscula, sin la inicial del nombre, año y, en casosconcretos, páginas precedidas de dos puntos), limitando las notas a pie de página a breves comentarios o referencias no bi-bliográficas. En libros y monografías se señalará el lugar de edición; en los congresos el lugar y fecha de celebración, lugary año de edición y páginas. La bibliografía, exclusivamente la que se cita, se situará al final del texto, ateniéndose al modelode los siguientes ejemplos:Monografía:

JORDÁ, F. y SANCHIDRIÁN, J. L. (1992): La Cueva de Maltravieso. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.Artículo en revista:

MALUQUER DE MOTES, J. (1951): “De la Salamanca primitiva”, Zephyrus, II, pp. 61-72.Colaboración en obra colectiva, congreso, etc.:

BOAST, R. (1995): “Fine pots, pure pots, Beaker pots”. En KINNES, I. y VARNDELL, G. (eds.): Unbaked Urns ofRudely Shape. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 69-80.

8. Los cuadros, mapas, gráficos y fotografías serán de máxima calidad y deben entregarse en formato electrónico TIFF oJPG, separados del texto. Todos ellos irán numerados en cifras arábigas, precedidos de la abreviatura FIG. En el texto impreso,se indicará su colocación aproximada, acompañándose de un pie o leyenda en el que conste la fuente.

9. Para abreviaturas, división del texto y numeración de epígrafes cf. Hoja de estilo.10. Se enviará una sola prueba de imprenta a los autores, que se devolverá corregida en un plazo de 10 días. Las correcciones

se limitarán a posibles erratas y breves subsanaciones, sin cambios sustanciales en el texto.11. Los derechos de edición corresponden a la Revista, y es necesario el permiso del Consejo de Redacción, de Ediciones de

la Universidad de Salamanca y de los autores para su reproducción total o parcial. Zephyrus remitirá a los autores de cadaartículo, en su conjunto, un ejemplar de la revista y una separata digital en formato pdf.

Estas normas se completan con los requisitos que figuran en la Hoja de estilo, PDF en http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0514-7336/about/submissions#authorGuidelines.

ISSN: 0514-7336 - ISSN electrónico: 2386-3943 Vol. LXXIX, enero-junio 2017DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus201779


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ÍNDICE

ARTÍCULOS

Neolithic archaeology at the Penedo dos Mouros rock-shelter (Gouveia, Portugal) and the issue of primitive transhumance practices in the Estrela Mountain rangeANTÓNIO FAUSTINO CARVALHO, VERA PEREIRA, CARLOS DUARTE y CATARINA TENTE .................................................. 19-38

‘Biografía’ de un monumento megalítico: fases de uso y clausura en el dolmen de El Teriñuelo (Aldeavieja de Tormes, Salamanca)CRISTINA TEJEDOR RODRÍGUEZ, MANUEL A. ROJO GUERRA, RAFAEL GARRIDO PENA, ÍÑIGO GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ DELAGRÁN y ÁNGEL L. PALOMINO LÁZARO ....................................................................................................................... 39-61

Rasgos básicos de la extracción de variscita en Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora)RAMÓN FÁBREGAS VALCARCE y CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ RELLÁN ........................................................................................ 63-79

Situación de tumbas con ajuares de objetos cotidianos en algunas necrópolis celtibéricas de los ss. IV a II a. C.MAGDALENA BARRIL VICENTE....................................................................................................................................... 81-101

La identificación del catastro rural romano a través de los fundi. Una metodología aplicada en el ager IliberritanusMARIO GUTIÉRREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, MARGARITA ORFILA PONS y ELENA H. SÁNCHEZ-LÓPEZ............................................. 103-125

Pinturas romanas procedentes de Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza): un taller en el valle medio del EbroCARMEN GUIRAL PELEGRÍN........................................................................................................................................... 127-148

Un titulus pictus con titulatura imperial de Carthago Nova y puntualizaciones a la dinámica urbana de la ciudad a inicios del s. III d. C.JOSÉ MIGUEL NOGUERA CELDRÁN, JUAN MANUEL ABASCAL PALAZÓN y MARÍA JOSÉ MADRID BALANZA ....................... 149-172

Un nuevo ocultamiento monetario de bronces romano-republicanos y de Castulo en el sur de Hispania: Torre de Benagal-bón (Málaga)BARTOLOMÉ MORA SERRANO y ARTURO PÉREZ PLAZA .................................................................................................. 173-195

The ‘exceptional finds’ of Iruña-Veleia (Álava): Syntax of an archaeological forgeryIGNACIO RODRÍGUEZ TEMIÑO ...................................................................................................................................... 197-217

VARIA

Sobre la pregnancia en la utilización del relieve en las cuevas de Bédeilhac (Ariège, Francia) y de El Pindal (Asturias, España)GEORGES SAUVET y MARÍA GONZÁLEZ-PUMARIEGA ...................................................................................................... 221-231

RECENSIONES

VILLALOBOS, R.: Análisis de las transformaciones sociales en la Prehistoria Reciente de la Meseta Norte española (milenios VI-IIIcal a.C.)ANTONIO BLANCO GONZÁLEZ ...................................................................................................................................... 233-234

CARRASCO, G. (coord.): Vías de comunicación romanas en Castilla-La Mancha (Homenaje a Pierre Sillières)JUAN JOSÉ PALAO VICENTE............................................................................................................................................ 235-237

ARÉVALO, A. (edit. científica): Monedas para el más allá. Uso y significado de la moneda en las necrópolis tardopúnicas y romanasde Ebusus, Gades y MalacaCRUCES BLÁZQUEZ CERRATO ........................................................................................................................................ 238-240

FELLE, A. E. y ROCCO, A. (eds.): Off the Beaten Track. Epigraphy of the BordersSANTIAGO SÁNCHEZ DE LA PARRA PÉREZ....................................................................................................................... 241-242

Fecha de publicaciónde este volumen: junio, 2017

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