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AP Biology Objectives

Unit 8

By Kandace Thomas

1. The characteristics of the members of the kingdom

Plantae are leaves with a waxy coat, a root system, which

branches out, provides support, absorbs water, a stem the

provides support and is the reproductive organ of the

plant, organs, organ system, and chloroplasts.

2. Non-Vascular plants have true roots, stems, and leaves

without vascular tissue. Vascular plants have true roots,

stems and leaves with vascular tissues. Vascular plants are

seeded. Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in a hollow ovary

and gymnosperms have seeds but they are not enclosed in a

hollow ovary. Cycads are another group of plants. They have

taproots and small branched lateral roots. Nonvascular seed

plants do not develop or reproduce like vascular plants.

Moss is nonvascular just like ginkgo. Ferns are vascular.

3. The function of antheridia and archegonia in alternation

of generations is the sex organs. The archegonia is the

female gametangia and archegonia is the male gametangia.

Antheridia and archegonia are diploid while the generation

before theirs and after is haploid. This allows the

generation to alternation and survival.

4. The plant kingdom has made seed plant adaptations for

life on land. They have adapted to a system that allows for

alternation of generations. They have a cell wall to

protect themselves and plastids in their cytoplasm.

Chloroplasts help plants get their energy from the sun.

They have developed waterproof surfaces and a way to

exchange gases. To survive on land plants had to make

specialized cells and tissues to support themselves. The

xylem and phloem were created for materials moving in and

out and within the plant. Plants also had to adapted toreproduction issues. To overcome those issues pollen tubes

were made, lived in moist environments, and special

delivery systems just to survive on land.

5. Stoma position relates to photosynthesis because it has

to gain carbon dioxide, release oxygen, and do it all

without losing water. Carbon dioxide is required for

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photosynthesis. Gas exchange and water is required to and

since both of those happen in the stoma, it controls

photosynthesis.

6. Pith is internal to the vascular tissue, in the center

of the stem. It is a light, spongy substance consisting of

parenchyma cells. Bark is the outermost layers of stems and

roots of woody plants in the vascular group. It is the

outer dermis. It is thick and rough. The cambium is the

meristems. The cells are incompletely differentiated from

one another. They are apical meristems on root tips and

shoot tips. Spring wood is formed early in the season and

is on the inside. It is a lighter color and forms rapidly.

Summer wood is the darker wood on the outside making up the

ring that is formed slower in the summer time. Heartwood is

the wood that has died and wont decay as fast. It is a

colored circle, darker than the living wood and it forms

with age. The other kind of wood is sapwood. It is the

living wood in the tree. All wood in the tree is originally

sap wood. It conducts water from the roots to the leaves.

7. Leaf medications help conserve water sometimes. Needle-

shaped leaves help control water loss. Sunken stomata help

prevent excessive water loss and thick waxy cuticles help

keep water in the same place. The stomata can even be moved

to the inner surface to prevent water loss.

8. The most important nutrients to plants are hydrogen,

oxygen and carbon. Without these nutrients, photosynthesiscould not occur and the plant would die. The other

important nutrients are phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen,

sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and iron.

9. The role of nitrogenase to nitrogen fixation is very

important. It is the enzyme that is used to fix atmospheric

nitrogen gas and it is the only known enzyme that can

accomplish the task of fixing nitrogen.

10. Some nutritional adaptations observed in the plant

kingdom are parasitic plants and carnivorous plants.Parasitic plants like mistletoe supplement their nutrition

made by photosynthesis by being a parasite. Other parasitic

plants little Doffer do not use photosynthesis at all, but

live off other plants. Another adaptation is carnivorous

plants like the Venus Fly-Trap. If the soil is poor then

certain plants like the Pitcher Plant will supplement their

photosynthesis with insects.

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11. The general features of photosynthesis are Sun and

light hit the leaf, the chloroplast makes ATP, and

reactions to dark and light. The leaves are made how they

are so that they can catch light easily for the

chloroplast. The roots are there to absorb water for the

plant and minerals for energy so it can grow and produce

more ATP. The plants have a stem to allow transport of the

different processes in photosynthesis.

12. Pollination is what brings the male and female

gametophytes together which leads to fertilization. Without

pollination, the male and female gametophytes would never

be bought together and the ovary would never be fertilized

and reproduction would never occur. The process for

pollination starts with a pollen sac on a flower. That

pollen sac will have a micro-sporocyte that will become

microspores that will split and there will be 4. The

generative cell will form 2 sperms which make a male

gametophyte. This male gametophyte will be carried by air,

insects, or other animals to another flower where it will

fertilize a female gametophyte.

13. Pollination can occur when some angiosperms release

quantities of tiny pollen grains into the air. For this to

work the adaptation is enormous quantities to make up for

the randomness. Another way is insects or animals. The

flowers make their nectar appealing and know that it will

be carried to the next flower of its kind. Pollen transfer

between flowers is the last way and the way that would workis the flowers would have to adapt to grow close to one

another.

14. There are various types of tropism. In phototropism

plants grow towards light. In chemotropism there is growth

in response to chemicals. In gravitropism there is movement

in response to gravity. In Heliotropism there is movement

in response to sunlight. In Thermotropism there is movement

in response to temperature. In Thigmotropism there is

movement in response to touch. All of these are different

based on what they respond to. They all respond todifferent things, but all require the same things that

plants need to survive. All the tropisms also are in

response and can be found affecting a plant alone or

together.

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