1300 Henley Court Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 Table of Contents · 2018-09-21 · 1300 Henley Court...
Transcript of 1300 Henley Court Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 Table of Contents · 2018-09-21 · 1300 Henley Court...
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12
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Chapters 1-12 Copyright Digilent, Inc. All rights reserved. Other product and company names mentioned may be trademarks of their respective owners. Page 1 of 688
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1: Circuit Analysis Fundamentals ............................................................................ 39
1 Introduction and Chapter Objectives ............................................................................ 39
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ....................................................... 39
1.1 Basic Circuit Parameters and Sign Conventions ............................................................. 40
1.1.1 Electrical Charge ..................................................................................................... 40
1.1.2 Voltage .................................................................................................................... 40
1.1.3 Current .................................................................................................................... 41
1.1.4 Power ...................................................................................................................... 41
1.1.5 International System of Units and Prefixes ............................................................ 41
1.1.6 Passive Sign Convention ......................................................................................... 42
Example 1.1: .......................................................................................................................... 42
Example 1.2: .......................................................................................................................... 43
Example 1.3: .......................................................................................................................... 43
1.1.7 Voltage Subscript and Sign Conventions ................................................................ 44
1.1.8 Reference Voltages and Ground ............................................................................. 44
Example 1.4: .......................................................................................................................... 44
1.1.9 Power and Sign Conventions .................................................................................. 45
Example 1.5: .......................................................................................................................... 45
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 45
1.1 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 46
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1.2 Power Sources ................................................................................................................ 47
1.2.1 Independent Voltage Sources ................................................................................. 47
1.2.2 Independent Current Sources ................................................................................. 48
1.2.3 Dependent Sources ................................................................................................. 48
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 50
1.2 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 50
1.3 Resistors and Ohm’s Law ............................................................................................... 50
1.3.1 Conductance ........................................................................................................... 52
1.3.2 Power Dissipation ................................................................................................... 52
1.3.3 Practical Resistors ................................................................................................... 52
Example 1.6: .......................................................................................................................... 54
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 54
1.3 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 54
1.4 Kirchhoff's Laws .............................................................................................................. 55
1.4.1 Nodes ...................................................................................................................... 55
Example 1.7 ........................................................................................................................... 55
1.4.2 Loops ....................................................................................................................... 56
Example 1.8 ........................................................................................................................... 56
1.4.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law .......................................................................................... 56
Example 1.9: .......................................................................................................................... 57
Example 1.10: ........................................................................................................................ 57
1.4.4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law .......................................................................................... 58
Example 1.11: ........................................................................................................................ 59
Application Examples: Solving for Circuit Element Variables ............................................... 60
Example 1.12: ........................................................................................................................ 60
Example 1.13: ........................................................................................................................ 61
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 62
1.4 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 62
Chapter Summary: .................................................................................................................... 62
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 64
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1.1: Solderless Breadboards, Open-circuits, and Short-circuits ............................................... 64
Symbol Key ............................................................................................................................ 64
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 64
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 64
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 65
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 67
1.1: Breadboards and Ohmmeters (20 points total) ................................................................ 67
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 68
1.2.1: Independent Power Supplies, Ammeters, and Voltmeters ............................................ 68
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 68
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 68
Notes: .................................................................................................................................... 69
Note: ..................................................................................................................................... 69
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 69
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 70
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 71
1.2.1: Power Supplies, Voltmeters, Ammeters (25 points total) .............................................. 71
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 73
1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs.................................................................................. 73
Overview: .............................................................................................................................. 73
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 73
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 73
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 74
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 74
Appendix A: Waveform Generator to Apply Constant Voltages .............................................. 76
Important notes relative to the Enabled/Disabled button: .................................................. 77
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 78
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1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs (55 points total) ....................................................... 78
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 79
1.3.1: Resistors and Ohms Law – Resistance Variations ........................................................... 79
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 79
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 79
Important Note: .................................................................................................................... 79
Related information: ............................................................................................................. 80
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 80
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 80
Appendix A: Basic Statistics ...................................................................................................... 80
Mean value: .......................................................................................................................... 80
Median value: ....................................................................................................................... 80
Standard deviation: ............................................................................................................... 80
MATLAB syntax: .................................................................................................................... 81
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 82
1.3.1: Resistance Variations (20 points total) ........................................................................... 82
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 83
1.3.2: Resistors and Ohms Law – Voltage-Current Characteristics .......................................... 83
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 83
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 83
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 84
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 84
Related information: ............................................................................................................. 85
Post-lab Exercises:................................................................................................................. 85
Appendix A: Linear Regression: ................................................................................................ 85
Least-squares curve fitting: ................................................................................................... 85
Using MATLAB for least squares curve fitting: ..................................................................... 86
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 88
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1.3.2: Resistance from Measured Current-voltage Data (25 points total) ............................... 88
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 89
1.4.1: Dusk-to-Dawn Light ........................................................................................................ 89
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 89
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 89
Diodes and LEDs: ................................................................................................................... 90
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): ...................................................................................... 91
Photocell: .............................................................................................................................. 91
Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 92
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 92
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ................................................................................... 93
1.4.1: Dusk-to-dawn Light (20 points total) .............................................................................. 93
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 94
1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation ............................................................................. 94
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 94
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 94
Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 95
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 95
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 96
1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation (20 points total) .................................................. 96
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 97
1.4.3: Input Resistance .............................................................................................................. 97
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 97
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 97
Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 98
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 98
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 99
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1.4.3: Circuit Input Resistance (25 points total) ....................................................................... 99
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 100
1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 100
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 100
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 100
Related Material: ................................................................................................................ 101
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 102
Note on the design process: ............................................................................................... 102
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 102
Post-Lab Exercises: .............................................................................................................. 103
1.4.4 Background Information: Resistive Temperature Sensors ....................................... 103
Resistive Temperature Detectors: ...................................................................................... 104
RTD Signal Conditioning: ..................................................................................................... 105
Thermistors: ........................................................................................................................ 105
Thermistor Signal Conditioning: ......................................................................................... 106
Issues associated with resistive temperature measurement: ............................................ 106
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 107
1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System (40 points total) .................................................. 107
Real Analog Chapter 1: Homework .................................................................................... 109
Chapter 2: Circuit Reduction .............................................................................................. 115
2 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 115
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 115
2.1 Series Circuit Elements and Voltage Division ............................................................... 115
2.1.1 Series Connections ................................................................................................ 116
2.1.2 Voltage Division .................................................................................................... 117
Example 2.1 ......................................................................................................................... 118
Section Summary: ............................................................................................................... 118
2.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 119
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2.2 Parallel Circuit Elements and Current Division ............................................................ 119
2.2.1 Current Division .................................................................................................... 120
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 121
2.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 122
2.3 Circuit Reduction and Analysis ..................................................................................... 122
Example 2.2 ......................................................................................................................... 123
Example 2.3 ......................................................................................................................... 123
Example 2.4 ......................................................................................................................... 124
Example 2.5: Wheatstone Bridge ....................................................................................... 125
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 126
2.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 126
2.4 Non-ideal Power Supplies ............................................................................................ 126
2.4.1 Non-ideal Voltage Sources .................................................................................... 126
Example 2.6 ......................................................................................................................... 127
Example 2.7: Charging a Battery ......................................................................................... 127
2.4.2 Non-ideal Current Sources .................................................................................... 128
Example 2.8 ......................................................................................................................... 129
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 130
2.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 130
2.5 Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .............................................................. 130
2.5.1 Voltmeter and Ammeter Models .......................................................................... 131
2.5.2 Voltage Measurement .......................................................................................... 131
2.5.3 Current Measurement .......................................................................................... 132
Caution ................................................................................................................................ 132
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 133
2.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 133
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 134
2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 134
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 134
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 134
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Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 135
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 136
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 137
2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System (50 points total) .................................................. 137
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 138
2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 138
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 138
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 138
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 139
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 139
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 140
2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (20 points total) ................... 140
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 141
2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 141
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 141
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 141
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 142
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 142
Note: ................................................................................................................................... 142
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 143
2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (25 points total) ................... 143
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 144
2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources ................................................................................................. 144
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 144
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 144
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 145
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Hint – non-ideal voltage sources: ....................................................................................... 145
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 145
Note: ................................................................................................................................... 146
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 147
2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources (20 points total) ...................................................................... 147
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 148
2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .................................................................. 148
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 148
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 148
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 149
Hint – non-ideal voltmeters: ............................................................................................... 149
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 150
Note: ................................................................................................................................... 150
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 151
2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement (25 points total) ....................................... 151
Real Analog Chapter 2: Homework .................................................................................... 152
Chapter 3: Nodal and Mesh Analysis .................................................................................. 155
3 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 155
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 155
3.1 Introduction and Terminology ..................................................................................... 155
Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156
Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 157
3.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 157
3.2 Nodal Analy sis ............................................................................................................. 158
Example 3.1 ......................................................................................................................... 161
Note .................................................................................................................................... 163
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3.2.1 Supernodes ........................................................................................................... 163
3.2.2 Alternate Approach: Constraint Equations ........................................................... 165
Example 3.2 ......................................................................................................................... 167
3.2.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 168
Example 3.3 ......................................................................................................................... 168
Example 3.4 ......................................................................................................................... 169
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 170
3.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 170
3.3 Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 170
Example 3.5 ......................................................................................................................... 173
3.3.1 Alternate Approach to Constraint Loops: Constraint Equations .......................... 174
3.3.2 Clarification: Constraint Loops .............................................................................. 175
Example 3.6: Version 1 ....................................................................................................... 176
Example 3.6: Version 2 ....................................................................................................... 177
Example 3.6: Version 3 ....................................................................................................... 177
3.3.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 178
Example 3.7 ......................................................................................................................... 178
Example 3.8 ......................................................................................................................... 179
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 180
3.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 180
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 182
3.2.1: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 182
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 182
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 182
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 183
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 183
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 184
3.2.1: Nodal Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 184
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 185
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3.2.2: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 185
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 185
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 185
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 186
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 186
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 187
3.2.2: Nodal Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 187
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 188
3.2.3: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 188
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 188
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 188
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 189
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 189
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 190
3.2.3: Nodal Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 190
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 191
3.3.1: Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 191
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 191
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 191
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 192
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 192
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 193
3.3.1: Mesh Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 193
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 194
3.3.2: Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 194
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 194
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General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 194
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 195
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 195
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 196
3.3.2: Mesh Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 196
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 197
3.3.3: Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 197
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 197
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 197
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 198
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 198
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 199
3.3.3: Mesh Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 199
Real Analog Chapter 3: Homework .................................................................................... 200
Chapter 4: System and Network Theorems ........................................................................ 204
4 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 204
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 204
4.1 Signals and Systems ..................................................................................................... 205
Example 4.1: Mass Subjected to an External Force ............................................................ 206
Example 4.2: Electrical Circuit ............................................................................................. 206
Example 4.3: Temperature Control System ........................................................................ 207
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 208
4.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 209
4.2 Linear Systems .............................................................................................................. 209
4.2.1 Linearity: ............................................................................................................... 211
4.2.2 Dependent Variables and Linearity: ..................................................................... 211
4.2.3 Linearity: ............................................................................................................... 212
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Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 212
4.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 212
4.3 Superposition ............................................................................................................... 213
Example 4.4 ......................................................................................................................... 214
Example 4.5 ......................................................................................................................... 214
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 215
4.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 216
4.4 Two-terminal Networks ............................................................................................... 216
4.4.1 Resistive Networks ................................................................................................ 217
Example 4.6 ......................................................................................................................... 217
4.4.2 Two-terminal Networks with Sources .................................................................. 218
Example 4.7 ......................................................................................................................... 219
Example 4.8 ......................................................................................................................... 219
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 221
4.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 221
4.5 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems ............................................................................. 222
4.5.1 Thévenin’s Theorem ............................................................................................. 222
Example 4.9 ......................................................................................................................... 224
4.5.2 Norton’s Theorem ................................................................................................. 225
Example 4.10 ....................................................................................................................... 226
4.5.3 Source Transformations ........................................................................................ 227
Example 4.11 ....................................................................................................................... 228
4.5.4 Voltage-current Characteristics of Thévenin and Norton Circuits ....................... 229
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 230
4.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 230
4.6 Maximum Power Transfer ............................................................................................ 231
4.6.1 Practical Power Supplies ....................................................................................... 233
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 234
4.6 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 234
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 235
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4.3.1: Superposition ................................................................................................................ 235
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 235
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 235
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 236
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 236
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 237
4.3.1: Superposition (25 points total) ..................................................................................... 237
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 238
4.3.2: Superposition ................................................................................................................ 238
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 238
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 238
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 239
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 239
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 240
4.3.2: Superposition (25 points total) ..................................................................................... 240
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 241
4.4.1: Two-terminal Characteristics ........................................................................................ 241
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 241
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 241
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 242
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 242
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 243
4.4.1: Two-terminal Characteristics (25 points total) ............................................................. 243
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 244
4.5.1: Thevenin’s Theorem ..................................................................................................... 244
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 244
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General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 244
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 245
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 245
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 246
4.5.1: Thevenin’s Theorem (35 points total) .......................................................................... 246
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 248
4.6.1: Maximum Power Transfer ............................................................................................ 248
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 248
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 248
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 248
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 249
Real Analog Chapter 4: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 251
4.6.1: Maximum Power Transfer (30 points total) ................................................................. 251
Real Analog Chapter 4: Homework .................................................................................... 252
Chapter 5: Operational Amplifiers ..................................................................................... 254
5 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 254
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 255
5.1 Ideal Operational Amplifier Model .............................................................................. 255
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 257
5.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 258
5.2 Operational Amplifier Model Background ................................................................... 258
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 261
5.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 261
5.3 Commercially Available Operational Amplifiers .......................................................... 261
5.3 Exercises: .................................................................................................................. 263
5.4 Analysis of Op-amp Circuits ......................................................................................... 263
Example 5.1 ......................................................................................................................... 264
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Example 5.2 ......................................................................................................................... 266
Example 5.3 ......................................................................................................................... 267
Example 5.4 ......................................................................................................................... 268
Example 5.5 ......................................................................................................................... 269
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 270
5.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 271
5.5 Comparators ................................................................................................................. 271
5.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 272
5.6 A Few Non-ideal Effects ............................................................................................... 272
5.6.1 Input Resistance Effects ........................................................................................ 273
5.6.2 Output Resistance Effects ..................................................................................... 274
5.6.3 Finite Gain Effects ................................................................................................. 274
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 275
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 276
5.4.1: Inverting Voltage Amplifier ........................................................................................... 276
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 276
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 276
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 277
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 277
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 278
5.4.1: Inverting Voltage Amplifier (30 points total) ................................................................ 278
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 279
5.4.2: Summing Amplifier ....................................................................................................... 279
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 279
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 279
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 280
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 280
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 281
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5.4.2: Summing Amplifier (30 points total) ............................................................................ 281
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 282
5.4.3: Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier ................................................................................... 282
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 282
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 282
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 283
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 283
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 284
5.4.3: Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier (30 points total) ........................................................ 284
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 285
5.4.3: Difference Amplifier ...................................................................................................... 285
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 285
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 285
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 286
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 286
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 287
5.4.4: Difference Amplifier (30 points total) ........................................................................... 287
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 288
5.4.5: Temperature Measurement System Design ................................................................. 288
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 288
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 288
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 289
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 289
Design Hint: ......................................................................................................................... 290
Design Hint: ......................................................................................................................... 290
Appendix A: Wheatstone Bridge Circuits ................................................................................ 291
Wheatstone bridge sensitivity to resistance variations: .................................................... 291
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Balancing the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit: .......................................................................... 292
Governing equations for balanced circuit: ......................................................................... 292
Practical Note: ..................................................................................................................... 293
Appendix B: Difference Amplifier ........................................................................................... 293
Real Analog Chapter 5: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 294
5.4.5: Temperature Measurement System (100 points total) ................................................ 294
Real Analog Chapter 5: Homework .................................................................................... 296
Chapter 6: Energy Storage Elements .................................................................................. 302
6 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 302
After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ....................................................... 302
6.2 Fundamental Concepts ................................................................................................ 303
6.2.1 Systems with no Energy Storage ........................................................................... 303
6.2.2 Systems with Energy Storage ................................................................................ 304
Example 6.1: Mass-damper system .................................................................................... 305
Example 6.2 ......................................................................................................................... 306
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 308
6.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 308
6.2 Basic Time-varying Signals............................................................................................ 309
6.2.1 Step Function ........................................................................................................ 309
6.2.2 Exponential Functions ........................................................................................... 312
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 313
6.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 314
6.3 Capacitors ..................................................................................................................... 314
6.3.1 Capacitors ............................................................................................................. 314
Example 6.3 ......................................................................................................................... 316
Example 6.4 ......................................................................................................................... 317
6.3.2 Energy Storage ...................................................................................................... 318
Example 6.5 ......................................................................................................................... 319
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6.3.3 Capacitors in Series ............................................................................................... 320
6.3.4 Capacitors in Parallel ............................................................................................. 321
6.3.5 Practical Capacitors ............................................................................................... 322
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 323
6.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 324
6.4 Inductors ...................................................................................................................... 324
6.4.1 Inductors ............................................................................................................... 324
Example 6.6 ......................................................................................................................... 326
6.4.2 Energy Storage ...................................................................................................... 328
6.4.3 Inductors in Series ................................................................................................. 328
6.4.4 Inductors in Parallel .............................................................................................. 329
Summary: Series and Parallel Inductors ............................................................................. 330
6.5 Practical Inductors ........................................................................................................ 331
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 331
6.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 332
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 333
6.2.1: Time-varying Signals ..................................................................................................... 333
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 333
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 333
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 335
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 336
Note on selecting parameters: ........................................................................................... 336
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 338
6.2.1: Time-varying Signals (40 points total) .......................................................................... 338
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 339
6.3.1: Capacitor Voltage-current Relations ............................................................................ 339
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 339
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 339
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 340
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Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 340
Post-lab Exercises:............................................................................................................... 341
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 342
6.3.1: Capacitor Voltage-current Relations (35 points total) ................................................. 342
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 343
6.3.2: Leakage Currents and Electrolytic Capacitors .............................................................. 343
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 343
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 343
Caution: ............................................................................................................................... 344
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 345
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 345
Post-lab Exercises:............................................................................................................... 346
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 348
6.3.2: Electrolytic Capacitor Leakage Currents (35 points total) ............................................ 348
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 349
6.4.1: Inductor Voltage-current Relations .............................................................................. 349
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 349
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 349
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 350
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 350
Post-lab Exercises:............................................................................................................... 351
Appendix A: Math channel to calculate current from resistor’s voltage ............................... 351
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 353
6.4.1: Inductor Voltage-current Relations (40 points total) ................................................... 353
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 354
6.4.2: Non-Ideal Inductor Effects ............................................................................................ 354
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Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 354
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 354
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 355
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 356
Real Analog Chapter 6: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 358
6.4.2: Non-ideal Inductor Effects (45 points total) ................................................................. 358
Real Analog Chapter 6: Homework .................................................................................... 359
Chapter 7: First Order Circuits ............................................................................................ 360
7 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 360
After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ....................................................... 360
7.1 Introduction to First Order Systems ............................................................................. 361
7.1.1 Mass-damper System Example ............................................................................. 362
Summary ............................................................................................................................. 366
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 368
7.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 369
7.2 Natural Response of RC Circuits ................................................................................... 369
7.2.1 Generalization to Multiple Resistors .................................................................... 372
Example 7.1 ......................................................................................................................... 372
7.2.2 Determining Initial Conditions .............................................................................. 374
Example 7.2: Switched Circuit Natural Response ............................................................... 374
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 375
7.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 376
7.3 Natural Response of RL Circuits ................................................................................... 376
7.3.1 Generalization to Multiple Resistors .................................................................... 378
7.3.2 Determining Initial Conditions .............................................................................. 378
Example 7.3: Switched RL Circuit Natural Response .......................................................... 379
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 380
7.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 381
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7.4 Forces Response of First Order Circuits ....................................................................... 381
7.4.1 Generalization to Multiple Resistors .................................................................... 383
Example 7.4 ......................................................................................................................... 384
Example 7.5 ......................................................................................................................... 385
Example 7.6 ......................................................................................................................... 386
7.4.2 Cross-checking Results .......................................................................................... 386
Example 7.7 ......................................................................................................................... 387
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 387
7.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 388
7.5 Step Response of First Order Circuits .......................................................................... 389
Example 7.8 ......................................................................................................................... 390
Example 7.9 ......................................................................................................................... 392
Example 7.10 ....................................................................................................................... 394
7.5.1 Cross-checking Results .......................................................................................... 395
Example 7.11 ....................................................................................................................... 396
Example 7.12 ....................................................................................................................... 396
7.5.2 DC Gain .................................................................................................................. 396
Example 7.13 ....................................................................................................................... 396
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 397
7.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 398
Real Analog Chapter 7: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 400
7.2.1: Passive RC Circuit Natural Response ............................................................................ 400
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 400
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 400
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 401
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 401
Appendix A: Triggering and Single Acquisition ....................................................................... 402
Appendix B: Continuous Acquisition....................................................................................... 404
Real Analog Chapter 7: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 405
7.2.1: Passive RC Circuit Natural Response (35 points total) ................................................. 405
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Real Analog Chapter 7: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 407
7.3.1: Passive RL Circuit Natural Response ............................................................................. 407
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 407
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 407
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 408
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 408
Appendix A: Triggering and Single Acquisition ....................................................................... 409
Appendix B: Continuous Acquisition....................................................................................... 411
Real Analog Chapter 7: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 412
7.3.1: Passive RL Circuit Natural Response (35 points total) .................................................. 412
Real Analog Chapter 7: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 414
7.4.1: Inverting Differentiator ................................................................................................. 414
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 414
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 414
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 415
Note: ................................................................................................................................... 415
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 415
Post-lab Exercises:...............................................................................................