1300-1361, Tauler. John, The Inner Way, En

The Inner Wayby

John Tauler

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About The Inner Way by John TaulerThe Inner WayTitle:http://www.ccel.org/ccel/tauler/inner_way.htmlURL:Tauler, John (1300-1361)Author(s):Wollaston, Arthur (Editor)Methuen & Co., LondonPublisher:Public DomainRights:1901Date Created:Jon Van Hofwegen (Markup)Contributor(s):All; Sermons; Mysticism; ProofedCCEL Subjects:BV5080LC Call no:

Practical theologyLC Subjects:Practical religion. The Christian life

Mysticism

Table of Contents

p. iiAbout This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 1Main Title. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 2Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 2I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 5I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 7Notes on tauler's Teaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 9Tauler and Mysticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 13The Versions of Tauler's Sermons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 15Inner Way Title. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 16Sermon I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 20Sermon II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 23Sermon III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 27Sermon IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 33Sermon V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 36Sermon VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 40Sermon VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 44Sermon VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 47Sermon IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 51Sermon X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 56Sermon XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 61Sermon XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 64Sermon XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 67Sermon XIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 71Sermon XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 77Sermon XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 81Sermon XVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 85Sermon XVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 89Sermon XIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 92Sermon XX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 95Sermon XXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 99Sermon XXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 103Sermon XXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 106Sermon XXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 109Sermon XXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 114Sermon XXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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John TaulerThe Inner Way

p. 118Sermon XXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 120Sermon XXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 123Sermon XXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 126Sermon XXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 130Sermon XXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 135Sermon XXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 140Sermon XXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 143Sermon XXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 147Sermon XXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 150Sermon XXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 154Three thoughtful Instructions and some useful Advice on Confession . . . .p. 154Instruction I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 154Instruction II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 155Instruction III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 157Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 157Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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John TaulerThe Inner Way

THE INNER WAY

BEING

THIRTY-SIX SERMONS

FOR FESTIVALS BY

JOHN TAULER

FRIAR PREACHER OF

STRASBURG

A NEW TRANSLATION FROM

THE GERMAN EDITED WITH

AN INTRODUCTION BY

ARTHUR WOLLASTON

HUTTON, M.A.

RECTOR OF ST MARY-LE-BOW

CHEAPSIDE

METHUEN & CO.

36 ESSEX ST. W.C.

LONDON

SECOND EDITION

FIRST PUBLISHED MAY 1901

SECOND EDITION NOVEMBER 1909

1

John TaulerInner Way

INTRODUCTION

I

Scope of the Present PublicationIn this volume are contained the thirty-seven Sermons of John Tauler, which form the Third

Part of the complete editions published at Frankfort in 1826 and at Prague (ed. Hamberger) in 1872.These are the Sermons for Festivals (de sanctis), while the First and Second Parts contain theSermons for the Christian Year (de tempore); the total number being 145. Should this volume ofthe Festal Sermons meet with a favourable reception, the Sermons for the Christian Year mayfollow in two or three volumes. Up to the present time only twenty-seven of Taulers sermons haveappeared in English, these being contained in Miss Susanna Winkworths well-known but nowscarce volume, to which Charles Kingsley contributed a preface.1 Of the thirty-seven Festal SermonsMiss Winkworth translated only three (nos. 4, 12, and 31 in the present volume) so that thirty-fourof those now presented to the reader appear here for the first time in English. The Sermons for theChristian Year were translated into French by M. Charles Sainte-Foi, and were published in Parisin 1855; but he did not include the Sermons de sanctis. They are to be found, however, togetherwith all else that is rightly or wrongly ascribed to Tauler, in the Latin version, or rather paraphrase,by Laurentius Surius, a Carthusian,2 which was based on the Cologne German edition of 1543, andwhich was reprinted at least twelve times before the end of the seventeenth century, while it wasalso translated into Italian, French and Dutch.

Until the appearance of Hambergers edition (Prague, 1872), the standard German edition ofthe Sermons was that published at Frankfort, in 1826, without an editors name. This was used byMiss Winkworth, and also by M. Sainte-Foi; and it forms the basis of the present publication, as Ihave only been able to refer to Hambergers edition in the British Museum. In the anonymousIntroduction are indicated the MSS. sources on which the earlier standard German editions (Leipzig,1498; Augsburg, 1508; Basle, 1521; Halberstadt, 1523; Cologne, 1543; Frankfort, 1565; Amsterdam,1588; Antwerp, 1593; and Hamburg, 1621) were based. The original Leipzig edition (1498) wasprinted from MSS. at Strasburg, said to be contemporary with Tauler, and to have been correctedby him. The eighty-four sermons in this edition may therefore be reckoned as authentic, with theexception of four, which are known to have been Eckharts. To the Basle edition of 1521 forty-twosermons were added, the editor, John Rymann, saying of them that they have been more recentlydiscovered and collected with great care and diligence. Although there may be a doubt about someof them, let not that offend thee, for it is certain that they have been written by a right learned manof that age, and are all based on one foundation, namely, true self-surrender and the preparation ofthe spirit for God. Some of these are probably to be ascribed to Eckhart, Suso or Ruysbroek. Suchof them as are found in this volume are distinguished by the mark * in the Table of Contents. Of

1The History and Life of the Reverend Doctor John Tauler of Strasbourg; with Twenty-five of his Sermons (temp. 1340)

translated from the German with additional Notices of Taulers Life and Times, by Susanna Winkworth. London, 1857.2 D. Joannis Thauleri preaclarissimi viri sublimisque theologi tam de tempore quam de sanctis conciones plane

pilassimae...eaeteraque opera omnia...nune primum ex Germanico idiomate in Latinum transfusa sermonem, interprete LaurentioSurio, Lubecensi, Carthusiae Coloniensis alumno, Coloniae, 1548.

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this Basle edition it should be noted that it was issued in the interests of the Reformation; and thearticle on Tauler in the new edition of the Kirchenlexicon (1899) seems to ignore these forty-twoadditional sermons altogether, and to admit as authentic only five of those added to the Cologneedition presently to be referred to. Something is said below as to the sense in which alone Taulercan be described as a Reformer before the Reformation; but it may be convenient here to notethat Luther, who in 1517 put forth an edition of the Theologia Germanica, the work of one ofTaulers contemporaries, had in the previous year written to Spalatin a commendation of Taulerssermons, of which, as a recognition of their Protestant tendency, too much has certainly been made.The fact that the words were written when Luther was still Prior of Wittenberg, and before therewas any breach with Rome, should have sufficed to secure them from such misinterpretation.3Finally, to the Cologne edition of 1543 (the standard for all subsequent ones) Petrus Noviomagus,the editor, added twenty-five sermons more, which he had found chiefly in the library of StGertrudes Convent in Cologne; and the authenticity of these is in a general way supported, bothby internal evidence, and by the fact that to the nuns at St Gertrudes Tauler frequently preached.Of the Festal Sermons contained in this volume, eighteen are to be found in the original Leipzigedition, fifteen form part of the Basle supplement, and four are of those that were added to theCologne edition. Miss Winkworth, selecting from the whole number of 145 sermons, took elevenfrom the original edition, eleven from the Basle supplement, and five from the Cologne supplement.Of the Festal Sermons she selected only three, her principle of selection being rather edificationthan authenticity.

But, on the general question of authenticity, it must be confessed that not one of the 145 sermonscan claim such as it would have possessed had it been written by Taulers own hand and been putforth by him as representing what he said or desired to say on the occasion. His sermons werealways spoken; and the MSS. are at best only the reports of those who heard him; and such reports,it is hardly necessary to say, do not reproduce the sermons as they actually were delivered; thoughthe way in which the sermons have thus come down to us explains the differences of reading invarious editions and also the obscurity of certain passages. A critical edition of Taulers Sermonsby a competent hand is doubtless a thing to be desired; but it would be a misfortune, from the pointof view of edification, if, in such an edition, matter otherwise admirable found no place, on accountof the uncertainty of its authorship.

The scope of Miss Winkworths edition of Taulers Sermons differed from that of the presentpublication. She had learnt to admire them by hearing some of them read in German Protestanthouseholds as a part of domestic worship; and her idea was to introduce a previously unknownpreacher to an English audience, compiling a volume of sermons for the Sundays and Holy-daysof the year, such as any head of a family might read to his household, or any district visitor amongthe poor. But as she was very properly anxious to publish in their entirety such sermons as sheselected, she felt compelled to omit such as, either in whole or in part, were too much imbued

3 Luthers commendation is as follows: - Si te dilectat puram, solidam, antiquae simillimam theologiam legere in Germanicalingua effusam, sermones Johannis Tauleri, praedictoriae professionis, tibi comparare potes, cujus totius velut epitomen eccehic tibi mitto. Neque enim in Latina neque in nostra lingua theologiam vidi salubriorem et cum Evangelio consonantiorem. Onthis Weiss, in the Biographic universelle (edition of 1826) comments as follows: - Les eloges donnes a ses i.e. Taulers ouvragespar Luther, Melanchthon, et la plupart des chefs de la reforme religieuse, avaient fait soupconner ia purete des principes deTauler; mais dillustres ecrivian catholiques ont pris soin de justifier sa menoire; et Bossuet dit (Instruction sur les etatsdoraison) quil le regarde comme un des plus solides et des plus corrects des mystiques.

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with references to the Romish ritual and discipline to be suitable for the Protestant common people.I cannot say that any of the sermons strike me as particularly suitable for such a purpose. Theycontain, indeed, many thought that have become pulpit commonplaces since Taulers day, andother thoughts that might very well acquire such acceptance; but for such a use as Miss Winkworthcontemplated, the sermons need more than mere translation. Their spirit must first be made his ownby any man who is to expound it profitably; and this he then must do in his own language. My ideahas therefore rather been to present these sermons of Taulers in such a form as may aid towardsa more accurate historical appreciation of the man and his teaching. I have had no thought of eitherpruning or adapting his words. He was a Dominican friar of the fourteenth century, and he held allthe beliefs of his age and of his Church without any trace of reserve. The ardour of his Mariandevotion is especially noticeable; and it would be as improper to omit this or to tone it down in atranslation, as it would be to correct any other illustrations of his beliefs and practices, crude andalmost grotesque as some of them undoubtedly are.4 Indeed, in order to preserve throughout theimpression of a Catholic preacher addressing a Catholic congregation, I have even gone out of myway to give the English translation of the Scripture texts from the Douai version; since, though thatdid not exist in Taulers day any more than our own Authorized Version, it is a faithful translationfrom the Vulgate, which Tauler used in the pulpit, translating it into German for the benefit of hishearers. Such at least has been my intention; though, from inadvertence and a greater familiaritywith King James version, I may not have adhered to it throughout. To the lady, by her own desireanonymous, to whose patient labour the bulk of the translation of the Sermons is due, I desire hereto record my most sincere thanks. Taulers sentences are sometimes obscure because they are solong; and that obscurity the translator has in many cases succeeded in removing by breaking up asentence into two or more; but it has not been found possible to remove in all cases the obscurityof the original. (See, at the end of this Introduction, an illustration of the methods used by someearlier translators of Tauler.) The version here presented will, however, be found as a whole, readableand easy; and it should serve to render more familiar one of the most notable figures in the historyof the Christian Church; one whose teaching shows how essential is the unity that underlies aspiritual conception of the Christian Creed, however much its exponents may differ as to mattersof form.

A word must be said in explanation of the title, The Inner Way, which the present volumebears. It is used merely by way of convenience, at the urgent request of the publishers. For myself,I had thought that Taulers Festal Sermons would have amply sufficed to identify the contentsof the volume for all those whom it is likely to interest; and that any additional title might evencause perplexity, especially to those who know that all the spiritual works, except the sermons,once attributed to Tauler, are now generally regarded as unauthentic. But it appears that, in bookselling regarded as a business, the word Sermons bears a fatal significance, and must be avoidedat any cost. Thus urged, I have selected a title which marks the general character of Taulers teaching,and which will not, I trust, give rise to any misconception as to what the volume professes to be.

4 With reference to the singularly detailed account of the way in which the Blessed Virgin occupied her time, given by Taulerin the Sermon here numbered vii., the Rev. Andrew Burn, rector of Kynnersley, Salop has called my attention to similar languagein the gnomes of the Nicene Synod, quoted by Professor Achelis (Journal of Theological Studies, II., 128) which certainlysuggests that the two have a common source in traditions contained in some now lost Apocryphal Gospel. The Gnomes are atpresent only available in two Coptic MSS.; the supposed date of the treatise is c.400.

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II

Some Notes on Taulers LifeThe historical criticism of the nineteenth century did not leave Tauler undisturbed. When Miss

Winkworth published her History and Life of the Reverend Doctor John Tauler in 1857, no onehad questioned, save on grounds of religious sentiment, that he was the Master in Holy Scripturewho was converted by the Friend of God from the Oberland, as is narrated in that quaint andedifying legend. The story in question had, in fact, been printed in every edition of Taulers Sermons,and was regarded as an authentic and almost contemporary document. Quetif and Echard, in theirScriptures Ordinis Praedicatorum, had suggested, early in the eighteenth century, that the legendshould be regarded as an allegory;5 and this view was supported by Weiss, in his article on Taulerin the Biographie universelle (1826) already referred to. But it was reserved to H.S. Denifle, alearned Dominican of our own day, to point out that the story, as applied to Tauler, involves gravehistorical difficulties, and is barely reconcilable with certain matters of ascertained fact.6 Hiscriticisms would seem to have settled the question; but to him Preger, a Protestant, whose life hasbeen largely devoted to the study of the German mystics, and who was selected to be the biographerof Tauler in the Universal German Biography, has made a detailed reply in the third volume ofhis Deutsche Mystik (1893); and many will hold that he has succeeded in rebuilding the edificewhich Denifle was thought to have destroyed. The latters criticisms are however ably reinforcedin the article on Tauler by Von Loe, also a Dominican, in the eleventh volume (1899) of the newedition of the Kirchenlexicon; and it would be impossible for anyone who had not made a prolongedand independent study of the question to decide between the disputants.

Moreover, the controversy is mixed up with a further question, as to whether Tauler did or didnot submit to the Papal interdict, under which Strasburg (and other cities that espoused the causeof the Emperor Louis the Bavarian) lay for many years after 1329. The evidence certainly seemsto point to the conclusion that Tauler, and the Dominican house at Strasburg, did submit. But Pregerholds it as proved that a certain Merswin, a layman who had withdrawn from a distinguished civicposition and led a penitential life as one of the Friends of God, received the sacraments fromTauler during the interdict. Specklin, however, the Strasburg chronicler, on whom Preger relies forthis assertion, also says that Tauler wrote a book (or two books) in which he protested againstpeople being allowed to die without the sacraments during the interdict, and in obedience to it; andthat his book was condemned as heretical. To this his Catholic apologists reply that such a thingwas impossible, since such administration of the sacraments during an interdict was not prohibitedby the ecclesiastical law at that date. It is a pity that so admirable a legend should have proved theoccasion for so keen a controversy.

Proceeding now to sketch the undisputed facts of Taulers life, we note that he was born atStrasburg, about the year 1300, of a respectable citizen family, dwelling in a house near the MillersBridge. At an early age (Preger says at fifteen) he entered the Dominican convent at Strasburg asa novice; and he was through life a brother of that Order of Preachers, known in England as the

5 Tom I. p. 677. Paris 1719.6 See his article in the Hist. Pol. Blatter, lxxv., 18 sq. (1875), and Taulers Bekehrung kritisch untersucht, forming Pt. 36 of

Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach und Culturgeschichte der Germanischen Volker (Strasburg, 1879).

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Black Friars. He passed the two years of his novitiate and the eight years of his preliminary studyin his native city; and then, as a brother of much promise, he was sent to the studium Generale atCologne for a further period of four years. It is interesting to note that, during those early years atStrasburg, the nave of the Cathedral, as we now see it, was fresh and white from the masons chisel,while the great western facade was in process of erection. There he would have heard the sermonsof his master, Eckhart, usually reckoned the most intellectual of the German mystics and the founderof German philosophy. He would have heard him again at Cologne, where Eckhart had the misfortuneto be accused of Pantheism, but was acquitted after trial by the Inquisition. At Strasburg Taulerwould also have known the mystic, John of Sternengassen, and the theologian, John of Dambach;and he would have studied the authors he most frequently quotes, Augustine, Gregory, Bernard,Hugo and Richard of St Victor, Thomas Aquinas and Albertus Magnus. Logic, Scripture, and theSentences of Peter Lombard formed part of the regular curriculum of his preliminary training; andit is supposed that, when he proceeded to Cologne at the age of twenty-five, he had already beenordained priest, and had definitely adopted that mystical standpoint in religion by which he willalways be distinguished.

At this date the Dominican order occupied a position similar to that of the Jesuits two or threecenturies later. It was the nursery of great preachers and theologians, and royal confessors wereusually chosen from it. At Cologne Tauler would come to know several of the more learned menof his order; and it was there that his training was probably completed. From a passage in one ofhis sermons: it has been inferred that he proceeded to Paris; but there is no certain trace of him inthe Acta of that University; and it is more likely that he returned direct from Cologne to Strasburg.Neither is there any evidence that at Cologne he took the degree of Master in holy Scripture, (adegree equivalent to that of Doctor in Theology); and this he could only have done either at Parisor Cologne. In all the MSS. previous to the fifteenth century he is described simply as BrotherJohn Tauler; and this is evidence against his being the anonymous Master of Holy Scripturewhom the lay Friend of God converted. Only in virtue of that indification has he been describedas Dr. John Tauler.

He would have returned to Strasburg about the year 1329, when the city was laid under aninterdict by John XXII. The validity of the interdict was disputed among the city clergy, greatpressure being put upon them by the municipal authorities not to observe it. Even among the regulars(Dominicans and Franciscans) there was a party that contended for its non-observance. The GeneralChapter of the Dominicans admitted its validity; but, according to Preger, not all the Germanhousesthere were about 100accepted the decision. The Strasburg convent, he maintains, didnot submit to it until 1339; and the friars were thereupon expelled for three years by the City Council.But before this date Tauler appears to have been sent to Basle, where, though the city was imperialist,the clergy were not called upon by the civil authorities to defy the interdict, and where, moreover,the Pope relaxed its observance from time to time. Here Tauler made a considerable stay, andpresumably delivered some, at least, of those sermons which were included in the Basle edition of1521. Here, too, he met Henry of Nordingen, a secular priest who had come to Basle from Constancefor the same reason that Tauler had come there from Strasburg. He was a man of much piety andinfluence, and he numbered many regulars among his spiritual children, one of them being MargaretEbner, a Dominican nun and an ecstatica, with whom Tauler had later some correspondence, now

6


lost. 7 He returned to Strasburg not much later than 1346; and it was in the years following that hissermons there attracted general attention and admiration. In 1357 he again visited Cologne, andaddressed a series of discourses to the nuns at St Gertrudes in that city. Some of these werepresumably the originals of the sermons added to the Cologne edition of 1543. Four years later hedied in Strasburg (the date on his tomb is June 16, 1361), and was buried in the convent of hisorder. He had died, however, outside the convent, in the guest-house of an adjoining nunnery, overwhich his sister presided. A manuscript at Colmar, giving an account of Tauler by one who hadknown him personally, describes him as a gifted and holy Friend of God; but adds that he wasdetained six years in purgatory for sundry faults, one of these being that on his death-bed he allowedhimself to receive too much attention from his sister, in whose guest-house he died. Other faultsascribed to him are that he was irritable, that he was wanting in submission to his superiors, andthat he extolled too highly the Friends of God, while towards others he was harsh. According tothe legend already referred to, the lay Friend of God, to whom he had owed his conversion, waswith him again at his death-bed, and received from the Master the notes of his conversion, to bepublished after his death, describing him as the Master, without any other name.

I have failed to obtain any portrait of Tauler, and I am doubtful whether any vera effigies ofhim exists. But I have heard of a conventional likeness, in which he is represented in the Dominicanhabit, holding in his left hand the Holy Bible, stamped with the Agnus Dei, while he points to itwith his right. On his breast are the letters I H S and beneath them a T, an allusion perhaps to hisname or to his preaching of the Cross.

III

Notes on Taulers Teaching

Only to Taulers Sermons must recourse be had to ascertain his teaching; and even of these, ashas been noted, a critical edition is desirable. The other works once attributed to him, and printedas his in the Latin version of Surius, are now accounted doubtful, if not certainly spurious. Theseworks are: 1. The Following of the Poor Life of Christ; 2. Exercises on the Life and Passion ofour Saviour Jesus Christ; and 3. Divine Institutions, also called The Marrow of the Soul. Allthese are spiritual works of high value, and they deserve a place in any library of devotion; but, asattributed to Tauler, they are not authentic. Such at least is the present verdict of the critics.

Judged then solely by his Sermons, Tauler is described by Von Loe, his latest biographer, asone of the foremost among the medieval German mystics and preachers, uniting the intellectualdepth of Eckhart with the interior spirituality of Suso and the fervour of Berthold of Ratisbon.The first-named was mystical; the last-named was practical; Suso was both; but he was rather a

7 Margaret Ebner believed that in her ecstasies she received special revelations about our Lords life and especially aboutHis childhood. She followed with the deepest attention the strife betwen the Pope and the Emperor Louis, having great loyaltyand affection for the latter, as her own countryman. In 1346, Clement VI. renewed the excommunication of Louis - Dei ira ishoc et in futuro saeculo exardescat in ipsum - and in the year following the Emperor died suddenly out hunting. But, none theless, Margaret (who died in 1351, aged sixty) believed that in one of her visions the Child Jesus assured her of his predestinationto eternal life. Her diary and her correspondence with Henry of Nordlingen were edited by Strauch in 1882.

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director than a preacher. Tauler also was both, and, like Berthold, he preached for his times. Herdercriticizes him, saying that to have read two of his sermons is to have read them all; but this is hardlya verdict to be accepted; for his method varies largely, and the Sermon numbered xi. in this volume,for the most part so dull and in places barely intelligible, would strike a critic as not the work ofthe same author as the Sermon numbered xv. which the German editors have described as a mostprecious and thoughtful exhortation, and perhaps the best example of Taulers method. Sometimesmoreover he expounds a text like a homilist; sometimes his text is barely referred to, and becomesa mere peg on which to hang a discourse on a subject of which he was full. No doubt there arereaders to whom his allegorical interpretation of Scripture will be distasteful. Kingsley admits thatit is fantastic and arbitrary; and the method is, of course, one that can easily be abused, especiallywhen the interpretation of numbers is in question. But it has its justification, both in the fact that itis in accordance with Christian traditionit is found in St Paul, in the early Fathers (as KeblesTract lxxxix. made abundantly clear), and in the offices of the Church, whether those for the choiror those for the altar, and traces of it are left in the Anglican Prayer Bookand also in the experienceof sympathetic souls, who find light and consolation in its use. But Taulers mysticism (of whichmore is said below) by no means exhausted itself in the allegorical interpretation of Scripture. Tohim, as to Keble and to Kingsley, the book of Nature was full of parables of things spiritual; and,beyond that again, he clearly enjoyed (for he was no hypocrite) an intuition of things divine, whereinhe found more light and certitude than in mere submission to the dogmatic magisterium of theChurch.

Further, as to his manner, he is eager and earnest in his presentation of his subject; he useshomely illustrations from daily life, yet without loss of dignity, and when he disparages, as he oftendoes, outward works, he is saying nothing against the performance of the duties, even the humblest,of ordinary life; he is merely protesting against reliance on ecclesiastical routine, such as fasting,self-discipline, long prayers, and such-like; and this protest is of course quite compatible withCatholic orthodoxy; nor is it unnecessary for these times any more than for his own. But the mannerof his sermons, as they have come down to us, is sometimes hard and even menacing; and readersmay not always find it easy to reconcile his frequent use of the words dear children with such anapparent lack of tenderness and sympathy. But, likely enough, this defect of manner was lessnoticeable in the discourses as delivered, than it is in the reports as now read.

Readers will also fine it necessary to bear in mind that the mystical standpoint in religion doesnot by itself free a man from contemporary views and prepossessions. The mystic is of his ownage and race; and it is amply evident that the articles of Taulers creed were just those of any otherCatholic believer of his time. There is throughout a spiritual element in his teaching; but it doesnot exclude the use of what we should now account popular and conventional language about thefall of man, the pains of hell, and so forth. True, he says in one place, what indeed any Catholicpreacher may say, that the chief pain of hell is the consciousness of being excluded from the Presenceof God; but he does not go on to suggest, as a spiritually-minded teacher might now, that all otherlanguage about the pains of hell, the worm that dieth not and the fire that is not quenched, ismerely figurative of that one pain, and that such language was and is necessary to bring homemen,to all men in different degrees,the exceeding greatness of that pain or penalty, as it willhereafter be realised. He is liberal indeed in extending to the spiritually-minded heathen a sufficientknowledge of things divine. He holds that in the inner ground8 Plato and Proclus apprehended8 See the note on this word Grund, on p. 94

8


the Holy Trinity; he things that in Plato can be found the whole meaning of the opening verses ofSt Johns Gospel, though in veiled words. He teaches that a king, remaining such, may yet rise tothe height of interior poverty, if there is nothing that he is not ready cheerfully to resign to GodsFatherly love. He extols the evangelical counsels; but teaches also that the highest perfection isattainable by a married cobbler working to maintain his family. His doctrine of Purgatory does notdiffer from that usually held by Catholics; but he regards it more as a place for the purging awayof self-will than for the expiation of sin. In his sermon for the second Sunday in Lent there is apassage somewhat in disparagement of the invocation of Saints. A good soul, he says, once prayedto the Saints; but they were so lost in God that they did not heed her. Then she betook herselfhumbly to God direct, and straightway she was lifted far about all media into the loving abyss ofthe Godhead. But perhaps he comes nearest to the Protestant position in his language about theFriends of God. They are, he teaches, the true pillars of the Church, and without them the worldcould not stand. In his sermon for Laetare Sunday he bids his hearers beg the dear Friends of Godto help them (in the way of perfection), and to attach themselves simply and solely to God and tohis chosen Friends. And there is a similar passage in the sermon for All Saints (see pp. 218-222,and cf. pp. 93 and 174). But, in his teaching, the Friends of God do not form, as they would haveformed for the later Puritans, the Church invisible; they constitute rather a second visible Church,to which the hierarchical Church is in some respects inferior. Some thirty years after Taulers deaththe Inquisition at Cologne condemned as heretical certain propositions of Martin of Mayence; oneof which was that these Friends of God (who were laymen) understood the Gospel better thansome of the Apostles, even better than St Paul; and another was that submission to their teachingwas necessary to perfection. But Tauler never went so far as this.

It may be added that, from the modern Christian social point of view, Taulers limitations areobvious. True, that in his sermon for Septuagesima he exhorts his hearers to use natural gifts forGod. But his conception of nature is a very narrow one. Rightly it should include, besides thosenatural gifts which constitute personal character, such social virtues as patriotism, love for thecommunity and for the family, a desire to master the earth and to make it the seat of a well-orderedChristian society, a realization of the Kingdom of God on earth. But Tauler manifests no conceptionof anything of this. For the social elevation of mankind, here and now, he has nothing whatever tosay.

Nevertheless, whatever were our authors limitations, Pregers judgment on the value of Taulerssermons is one to command general assent:Their strength lies in the fact that Tauler knew howto put into them his whole heart, the fulness of his moral being. So utterly and completely is hepenetrated by love of God and of Christ, so happily is the sublime and unworldly zeal of the oratorblended with gentleness and freedom, that he masters the will unawares, and lays the heart opento the demands he makes upon it ...His sermons will never cease to hold their place among the mostperfect examples of pure German speech, of fervid German faith, and of German spirituality in allits depths.

IV

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Tauler and Mysticism

It may be convenient to some of those into whose hands this little volume will come, if a briefaccount is here given of that Mysticism to which repeated reference has been made, and to whichreference must be made, when the significance of Taulers teaching is under consideration. Althoughthe subject is now much better understood than it was in 1856, when Robert Vaughan publishedhis Hours with the Mystics, a notable book, queerly put together, interesting in its facts, butirritating in its manner, and one that was sympathetically reviewed by Kingsley in FrasersMagazine,9 there is still need to point out what mystics are not, more perhaps than what they are.Mystics are not dreamers; they are not fanatics; they are not fools; they are not a sect; and mysticismis not a religion. As a rule, mystics are so termed by others; they do not use the term of themselves.But thousands and millions of Christian believers have been and are mystics, without themselvesknowing the word. In fact, as Dr. Bigg says, mysticism is an element in all religion that is notmere formalism; and it is confined to no one form of Christianity. A Carthusian hermit, prostrateon the floor of his cell in meditation, may or may not be a mystic; but so may also be a grocersassistant who occasionally attends a Methodist chapel. When Cardinal Newman taught that in theact of faith the conclusion is more certain than the premises, he (perhaps inadvertently) proclaimedhimself a mystic; and so, I think, did Ritschl, in spite of himself, when he affirmed the certitude ofthe value-judgment by which a man lays hold on the historic Christ; for mysticism is such a wayof apprehending spiritual truth; it is a way that is neither purely intellectual, nor purely emotional;but one that employs, in one act, all the powers of a mans soul. The mystical attitude towards truthis thus in harmony with Matthew Arnolds lines:

Affections, Instincts, Principles and Powers,Impulse and Reason, Freedom and Control -So men, unraveling Gods harmonious whole,Rend in a thousand shreds this life of ours.Vain labour! Deep and broad, where none may see,Spring the foundations of that shadowy throne,Where mans One Nature, queen-like, sits alone,Centered in a majestic unity.

It is true that mysticism has to do with mystery; and that is why the term is popularly held indisrepute. But the mysteries with which mysticism chiefly has to do are neither numerous norfantastic: they are God, and the Soul, and Revelation; the last being the making known of the Oneto the other: and, beyond this, Christian mysticism views the Eternal as approached through JesusChrist, the Door; a few texts from St Paul and St John sufficing to state the whole case. Individualmystical writers have, no doubt, gone far beyond this, and have said extravagant things; but theessence of the whole lies herein; and (again to quote Dr. Bigg), the Church can never get rid ofthe mystic spirit; nor should she attempt to do so, for it is, in fact, her life. It is another name for

9 The review was reprinted in Kingsleys Miscellanies, Vol. I.; and with it should be read his Prefaces to Miss Winkworthsedition of the Theologia Germanica (1854, and now reprinted in the Golden Treasury series) and of Tauler (1857).

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conscience, for freedom, for the rights of the individual soul,for the grace and privilege of directaccess to the Redeemer, for the presence of the Divine Spirit in the heart. 10

And further, most people are now familiar with the distinction between the dreamy, unpracticalmysticism of the East and the vigorous variety of the same mode of thought in the West. In bothcases it produces the same consciousness of certitude and of interior peace; but in the one case thattends to mere contemplation and self-introspection, while in the other it inspires a Tauler of aCromwell or a Coleridge; and from the latters mysticism, movements that are vigorous to-dayhave derived their spiritual energy, though but few of those whom the movements affect may beaware of the fact. It is also necessary to distinguish between mysticism as a way of holding spiritualtruth, and mysticism as an interpretation, sometimes fantastic, of the world and of man; and againbetween this interpretation and the mystical interpretation of Scripture, already referred to, whichis apt, indeed, to allegorise wantonly, though its fancies are almost always of service in securing abroader and more edifying interpretation for texts which, if regarded as mere history or legon,would lack religious significance. The evolution of these other aspects of the subject from that firstmysticism, which is the apprehension of spiritual things by the soul, a few moments reflection willmake clear. The mystic, who sees God in all things and all things in God, recognises more in naturethan mere natural phenomena, and more in the Word of God than its first literal significance. Tohim every thing, every event, every person, is a vision from the Unseen, a voice from the Inaudible.He lives in a world of parables, full of spiritual significance; and, while for him there is a RealPresence everywhere, he finds it also most truly and effectively where it is most clearly discernedby faith. Nothing that might be accounted magical is required to produce it, for it is there andeverywhere already. So too, in his interpretation of the Book, which contains, with whateveradmixture, the fullest record of that which has been revealed to man as necessary for the salvationof his soul, he sees more than the mere student of the letter. In Gods dealings with man from firstto last he perceives a harmony that implies a foreshadowing of the last in the first, of the whole inthe part; and in this way he can find an interpretation of spiritual value even in the thoughts of goodmen, who have pictured to themselves, inaccurately, it may be, as to matters of fact, Gods earlierwork in the creation of the world and of man. And, thus broadly understood, mysticism is now inthe air, and is becoming recognised as a force that makes for unity among Christians, who differsomewhat as to dogma, and more as to their methods of external expression. Happily however, itsinterior and reserved character will always hinder mysticism from being degraded, as externalreligion can be and is, to the position of a mere badge or cry of an ecclesiastical party. 11

Not to know anything about mysticism is, according to Professor Royce, not to know anythingabout a large part of human nature; for mysticism is the philosophy of experience; the mystics arethe only thorough-going empiricists in the whole history of philosophy; and the realm of experienceis that which is decisive of truth. A complete history of mysticism would cover a very large fieldin the history of the world; and that not only of the world of thought; for, in the West at any rate,the mystics have repeatedly built the platform on which great dramas have been played; and in thissense (but in this sense only) Tauler and the Friends of God were precursors of the Reformation,

10Unity in Diversity, p.93

11 Those who are interested in this subject may be referred to Biggs Christian Platonists of Alexandria (1886), and to IngesBampton Lectures on Christian Mysticism (1899), as also to Professor Royces Gifford Lectures on The World and theIndividual, whence are taken some of the thoughts and phrases in the paragraphs which follow.

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much as the Puritans were the precursors of the modern Revolution. It may be quite possible toshow that Tauler was an orthodox Catholic friar, and that his obedience to the Church was throughoutirreproachable; but, none the less, his mystical doctrine of the inner and outer, of the letter and thespirit, tended irresistibly towards the overthrow of Catholicism, so far as in his day is consisted inmere formalism and obedience to external rule. The same doctrine in the teaching of St Paul madeshort work of the Jewish Law; and again in our own day (for there are symptoms of its revival) itwill either destroy or will newly inspire modern Catholicism, whether Roman or Anglican, which,without the mystic spirit, must inevitably degenerate into mere Byzantinism, the religion of credulityand of ceremonial routine.

The earliest home of mysticism was in the East; but before the Christian era it had passed overinto Europe, or had an independent origin there. So at least is the alternative stated by ProfessorRoyce. But its independent origin in the West, in the mystical teaching of Jesus Christ, as werecognize it in the language used by St Paul and St John, must surely be acknowledged as beyondquestion, save by those who hold that the Prophet of Nazareth acquired mystical doctrines in thefarther East, perhaps by residence there; and of this there is at present absolutely no evidence thatcan be termed historical. According to Professor Seth, it is a mode of thought or of feeling, fromits very nature insusceptible of exact definition, in which reliance is placed on spiritual intuitionor illumination, believed to transcend the ordinary powers of the human understanding. In thissense Plato (whom Eckhart quaintly describes as the great Parsonder grosse Pfaffe), was amystic. It is the endeavour of the human soul (in its own judgment successful) to grasp the DivineEssence, or the ultimate Reality of things, and to enjoy the blessedness of actual communion withthe Highest. Thus, mystical theology is that knowledge of God and of things divine, which isderived, not from observation or from argument, but from conscious spiritual experience; and,being thus based, it possesses, for the individual who holds it, an irrefragable certainty.

From Plato and from Aristotles account of Gods inner life, the Greek mysticism, as a streamdistinct from the mysticism of the New Testament (i.e. of St Paul, and of the writings attributed toSt John), passed into Plotinus, and so, through Philo and the neo-Platonists, it became an elementin Christian theology; and the writer known as pseudo-Dionysius was its chief prophet in theearly Church. It would take long to trace, so far as it can be traced, the filiation of the doctrine fromthe age of the neo-Platonists to the fourteenth century; and it must suffice to say that there existedin Taulers day at least four Latin versions of the works of Dionysius, that of Scotus Erigena beingthe one with which he was most likely to be familiar. Dionysius was also commented on by thegreatest scholastics, incidentally even by St Thomas Aquinas, who sought to deal justly with themystics without endangering orthodoxy. Eckhart, whose disciple Tauler in some sense way, hadbeen trained in the school of St Thomas; but he gradually emancipated himself from the scholasticyoke; and he is commonly reckoned the spiritual ancestor of Kant and Hegel. Indeed, in other waysand by a more direct descent, mysticism at this day largely affects multitudes to whom its veryname is unknown. The favourite devotional books of all the churches, and many of our most popularhymns, are essentially mystical. It has been defined above as philosophical empiricism; but it ismore than that, and much more than mere sentimentality. Again to quote Professor Royce:It isthe conception of men whose piety has been won after long conflict, whose thoughts have beendissected by a very keen inner scepticism, whose single-minded devotion to an abstraction hasresulted from a vast experience of painful complications of life...It has been the ferment of thefaiths, the forerunner of spiritual liberty, the inaccessible refuge of the nobler heretics, the inspirer,

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through poetry, of countless youth who know no metaphysics, the teacher, through the devotionalbooks, of the despairing, the comforter of those who are weary of finitude; it has determined directlyor indirectly, more than half of the technical theology of the Church.

With the above eloquent passage, written only the other day, may be compared Kingsleyslament, written in 1856, that mysticism was a form of thought and feeling then all but extinct inEngland. The Anglican divines, he said, looked on it with utter disfavour; they used the word alwaysas a term of reproach; and they interpreted the mystical expressions in the Prayer-book (chiefly tobe found in the collects) in accordance with the philosophy of Locke, being ignorant that thesecollects were really the work of Platonist mystics. But meanwhile, he pointed out, it was themysticism of Coleridge the fakir of Highgate, that had originated both the Oxford Movementand Emersonian free-thought; while Carlyle, the only contemporary mystic of any real genius,was exercising more practical influence, and was infusing more vigorous life into the minds ofthousands of men and women, than all the other teachers of England put together. If he had alsomentioned Wordsworth, Tennyson, Browning and Ruskin, he would have made still clearer howimmense has been the power of our latter-day mysticism; while the names of Neale and of Keble,of Faber and of Newman, can speak for the same potent influence among those who wereecclesiastics by profession.

This perhaps may suffice, if any need there was to secure or those who read Taulers sermonsnow for the first time, sympathy with him instead of suspicion on account of his reputation as amystic. There is no need to follow him when he becomes subtle or extravagant; but of his generallybroad and spiritual teaching no one can doubt the wholesome influence. Ritschl, in his zeal for hisnew rational Lutheranism, is bitter against the mystics; yet even he admits that Tauler did goodservice in inculcating interior as compared with mere ceremonial religion, and in lessening thegreat medieval distinction between clergy and laity. There was in Taulers day a great need for arevival of the religion of the heartwhen is there not such a need?but it was also necessary thatthe established methods of religion should be respected and remain intact; for there existed no othersocial bond equally fitted to hold men together. And this was the secret of Taulers influence. Hewas able to fill the old bottles with new wine from an ancient vineyard without bursting them.Recent historical criticism may have destroyed some of the romance with which his name wasassociated. But if, as it now appearsand Harnack as well as Ritschl agree with Denifle in thishewas not a Reformer before the Reformation, and was not the subject of a singular conversion inthe midst of his successful career as preacher, he still remains, and will always remain, a strikingand venerable figure in the medieval Church, a reformer at any rate of practical abuses, and aprophet of righteousness in days that were corrupt as well as stormy.

V.

The Versions of Taulers SermonsThat the editors and translators of Tauler have also been perforce to some extent his interpreters,

may conveniently be illustrated by the following passage from his first Sermon for the FourthSunday after Easter, on the words Espedit vobis ut ego vadam, etc. I give the passage, first as it

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stands in the archaic German of the original edition (1498); then in the Latin version of Surius(1548); then in the modernised German of Hambergers edition (1872); then in the French translationof Sainte-Foi (1855); and finally in the English translation of Archdeacon Hare, in his notes to TheMission of the Comforter, reproduced in Miss Winkworths volume (1857).

In the edition of 1498; Sermon XX. fol. 60Kinder yr sollet nicht fragen nach grossen hoen Kunsten. dan ghet einfeldiglichenn in eweren

grunt inwendig. ufi lernet euch selber erkenne. im geist un in natur. Und fraget nicht nach derverborgeheit gotes. von seinenn aussflussen un einfliessen un dem icht in dem nicht ufi funcke dersele in der istikeit. Wa xps iesus gesprochen hat Euch ist nicht zu wissen vo der heimlikeit gotesun darub so solle wir halde einen ware ganzen einfeldigen glaube in einem got in dreyfeldikeit detrPson un nicht manigfel digliche sundern einfeldiglichen und leuterliche.

From the Latin Version of Surius (1548).Et vos, charissimi, non ad subtilium sublimiumque artium et scientiarum cognitionem aspiretis:

sed in ipsum interiorem fundum vestrum simpliciter ingredientes, illic vosipsos cognoscre discite:nihil vobis magnopere curae sit scire secreta Dei, influxus et effluxus illius, de esse et non esse, etquid sit animae scintilla in sua existentia. Non vobis commissum est scire arcana Dei. Nihil planeutilius est quam ut veram integram et simplicem fidem de uno Deo in personarum Trinitate, nonmultipliciter sed simpliciter et pure retineamus.

From Hambergers edition, in die jetzige Schriftsprache ubertragen (1872).Kinder, ihr sollet nicht fragen nach hohen grossen Kunsten. Gehet einfaltig in euern Grund

inwendig, und lernet euch selber erkennen in Geist und in Natur, und fraget nicht nach derVerborgenheit Gottes, von seinem Ausfliessen, und Einfliessen, und von dem Icht (Etwas) in demNight (Nichts), und von dem Funken der Seele in der Istigkeit (dem Wesen der Seele in ihremSeyn): denn Christus hat gesprochen: Euch ist nicht noth zu wissen von der Heimlichkeit Gottes.Darum sollen wir halten dem wahren, ganzen, einfaltigen Glauben, an den einem Gott, inDreifaltigkeit der Person, und nicht mannigfaltighich (nicht mit verwirrender Spitzfindigkeit),sondern einfaltiglich.

From the French translation of Sainte-Foi (1855).Il ne sagit point, mes enfants, daffecter de grands airs. Entrez simplement dans votre fond;

apprenez a vous connatre tels que vous etes, et spirituellement et naturellement: ne cherchez pointa connaitre les secrets de Dieu, tels que le flux et le reflux de Ietre au non-etre, lessence de lame.Car le Christ a dit que vous navez pas besoin de connaitre les secrets de Dieu. Ayons une foisimple, vraie et entiere en un seul Dieu en trois personnes, en un Dieu parfaitement simple, exemptde toute multiplicite.

From Archdeacon Hares Mission of the Comforter, apud Winkworth (1857).Children, ye shall not seek after great science. Simply enter into your own inward principle,

and learn to know what you yourselves are, spiritually and naturally, and do not dive into the secretthings of God, asking questions about the efflux and reflux of the Aught into the Naught, or theessence of the souls spark; for Christ has said: It is not for you to know the times or the seasonswhich the Father hath put in His own power. Therefore, let us maintain a true, entire, simple faithin one God in a Trinity of Persons, and yet not as manifold but as one and simple.

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THE INNER WAY

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SERMON I

ON THE FEAST OF ST ANDREW THE APOSTLE

Of Christ as our Master, and of the good things He will teach us in a few words, such as willlead us on to the highest Perfection. Then, of where His Dwelling is, how and where we may find

Him, Who calls and invites us all to come and see; as is clearly shown in what follows.Rabbi (quod est interpretatum Magister) ubi habitas? dixit eis: Venite et videte.

Rabbi (which is to say, being interpreted, Master), where dwellest thou? He saith to them,Come and see.We read in St Johns Gospel that St John the Baptist was standing, and two of his disciples,

(one of them being Andrew, Simon Peters brother), and, when he saw Jesus pass by, he said:Behold the Lamb of God. The two disciples heard that, and saw them following, and said untothem: What seek ye? They said unto Him, Rabbi (which is to say, being interpreted, Master),where dwellest thou? He saith unto them; Come and see.

These words teach us three things, first, the overflowing Wisdom of Christ in the words of theMaster, secondly, the Dwelling-place of His inscrutable Being, the stronghold of all beings, forthey said: Where dwellest thou? and thirdly, the Comfort given to us by the invitation of God toseek Him in spirit, in the resting-place of His Godhead, and to learn at the Source of wisdom, thatis, in the school of the Holy Trinity. He thus speaks of it: Come, O soul, abide with Me and inMe; and look that thou mayest learn; I will open unto thee the depths of My Divine Heart, that thoumayest learn and see all that is for thine eternal good.

Now listen first to the Master: O Master, teach these daughters for me, that not one of themmay remain amongst the five foolish virgins. Then He answered and said: Daughter, learn of Methat thou mayest be meek and lowly of heart, as He also said to St Andrew and the other disciples.Now, if thou bethinkest thyself again, this teaching is too hard for me; for sloth, care, anger,cowardice and such-like resist me and afflict my heart, so that I lose all meekness of spirit. Christour Master replied: How much will it help thee, O man, if in thy service thou gainest the wholeworld and losest thine own soul? For from thence will many sorrows come upon thee, agitationof mind, anguish and bitterness of heart, vexation in all good works, indolence of mind, wherebythe soul loses all meekness of temper. Thus it comes to pass that the overflowing Spirit of Christcannot pour joy or consolation into the soul; for His tenderness cannot suffer the bitterness of thysoul; for He is sweeter than honey. Therefore he that will have nought to do with the deceitfulcomfort of man must receive the sweetness of this Spirit. And therefore, dear child, begin manfully,follow this Master, and cast thyself down before Him in the depths of humility, and say in thineheart: Lord, I am the least of all the creatures that Thou hast made, and compose thyself inmeekness of spirit; and then shalt thou know that God is a short word which has a long meaning.Exercise thyself diligently therein, grow not weary; and then shalt thou perceive that which beforewas hidden from thee.

At another time the soul will be attracted by the Dwelling-place of the Divine Nature of ourMaster. Now, know that this question is one sought out by all creatures; and therefore they longfor the same nature themselves, that they may find out the Nature of God; for all natural works are

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but a seeking after and a questioning after the Dwelling-place of God. If it were not so, the heavensand the elements could no longer exist. Dear child, what askest thou outside thyself, and why seekestthou God in the strange lands of mortal things? Thou canst not truly find Him; they all deny Him,and point thee away from themselves. We are not God, they say. But Augustine writes: Exaltthyself above us to the things eternal: for there is God.

Now, mark that God may be found in many ways in which the soul receives instruction. First,the soul finds God her Creator on the heights of penance or penitence. Therefore the soul must,above all things, exert all her strength to subdue her own free will, ready, for Gods sake, to learnto give up all things both great and small, to do hard penance, and to punish herself for followingthe will she had forsaken. The more the soul exercises herself in these works, the more will shefind God in her, and herself in God. This is shown in the Book of Love; for the Well-beloved says:I will get me up to the mountain of myrrh, and will speak unto my love. The mountain of bittermyrrh is the height of the exalted spirit, which transforms into bitterness the desire for all personalgratification and deceitful delights in all things that are not according to Gods Will. Thus Godspeaks in spirit to the soul: Thou art all fair my love, pure and undefiled, there is no spot in thee.But he who lives according to his own will, for his own pleasure, cannot thus find God, but willfind Him as his adversary in all his works. Thus man will spoil all that he begins; for the works ofthe flesh will help but little, if the will and the affections of the heart are not first subdued. A Psalm,said by one who has subdued his will, is worth many Psalms: that is, the least work done by sucha man is more pleasing to God than the greatest work done by a man who follows his own way.

At another time man finds God in the wilderness, in the burning bush, as Moses found Him.The bush in the wilderness signifies such a temper or spirit that, withdrawn and estranged from allcreatures, puts forth leaves or blossoms on the heights of the Eternal Godhead. As the Divine Beingcomprises within Himself three Persons, so also this spirit has laid hold of God in His threefoldpowers, as the bush laid hold of the flames in its blossoming branches; and this is of grace. Thisputting forth of leaves causes the soul to grow steadily in light, in godlike virtues, day by daywithout ceasing, until she, with the vision of angels, beholds God in Zion. Now, mark, in the measurethat thou hast found God, in that measure also wilt thou find in thyself the divine training andvirtuesmore to-day than yesterday. But he who will thus find God here, must cast off all carnaldesires, and, with Moses, he must come under the dominion of self-restraint and the light of reason;for flesh and blood cannot posses the Kingdom of God. I believe, dear children, that nearly all yourdaily shortcomings proceed therefrom; that ye follow by word or deed the sudden impulses thatthrust themselves into the heart from without, before the light of self-restraint can shine therein.

Thirdly, God may be found on the mountain, in the cloud; for the union (Testament) of DivineLight and of the commandment was written on the stone by the finger of God. The mountain is likea high-minded, large-hearted man, who has no pleasure in any of his works, neither can he findany rest in them, unless, like St Paul, he is confirmed in all his works by an express sign of the Willof God; so that the will of the soul does not even carry on human actions according to his own will,but after the manner appointed by the Divine Will, divinely. Thus the soul by her works sanctifiesthe body, so that when the body does the soul does also; and again, on the other hand, the worksof the Divine Will and the works of the soul are at one; so that the soul can say: I live, yet not I,but Christ liveth in me; I work, yet not I, but the power of Divine Being worketh in me. This takesplace in the cloud, in the eternal splendour of the Divine Light, for the light of all creatures is asnight compared with the Divine Light.

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Then God may be found in the cave with the prophet Elias. We read that the prophet came intothe wilderness, and that in his soul he longed that he might die, for he had become weary in spiritwith the turmoil of this world. While he slept, an angel came, and placed at his head a cake bakenon the coals and a pitcher of water, and bade him arise and eat, because he had still a long waybefore him that he must go. And he went in the strength of that meat forty days and forty nights,until he came to the place where he found God.

Then a strong wind came rushing by, which rent the rocks and the stones; but God was not inthe wind; for God shows the spirit which is moved by stormy winds to be like those which Danielsaw contending in the sea of this world; that is in a worldly heart, in inordinate fear, hope, joy andscorn; for all these things blind the light of the spirit with which a man ought to seek after God.The stormy wind also signifies to us the restless heart of a man, who in all things, both in his wordsand works, behaves so unkindly and impatiently towards his fellow Christians, that it might grindthe stones to powder; that is, that large-minded men are often robbed of their souls peace thereby.Dear children, with Gods help, beware of such violence. Keep watch over yourselves; subdue yourunmortified nature, that it may not break out as violently as that of the wild, untamed beasts. It isindeed a dreadful thing to see such a man, endowed with reason, to whom God of His goodnesshas given so much light, and in whose nature He has implanted that kind of courage which enableshim even to tame the wild beasts, if he chooses to exert his will, and follow the promptings of hisown integrity. Alas! sometimes we are even wilder than the bears and lions, and a disgrace in thesight of God our Creator; living contrary to the nature He gave us, as though the light of Hiscountenance had never shone upon us. I tell you in truth that we shall have to give an account toGod for all that we ruin by such storms. It may be that we shall ruin ourselves (as often happenswith the wrathful) or our neighbour, who is not only disturbed thereby, but also angered, andhindered in much that is goodand of this we are guilty. Then, when we say it grieves us, but itis our nature, and we are obliged to do it, we are excusing ourselves falsely, and we never learn todie unto ourselves. Verily, if we turned to God in earnest fervent prayer and humble submission,these infirmities of our nature would not overpower us, nor, as we say, oblige or force us to commitsuch faults.

Then came a fire, and God was not in the fire. Fire is a thing which can never say Enough;and it represents the heart of a man who is never satisfied, either with his goods or with the giftsof God; but is always burning to increase without measure those things which are neither divinenor pure; desiring to receive comfort or other temporal things, and to find love and pleasure inthem. All this is a sign that the Spirit of God is not there. I mean also all those people who makelight of and belittle all the gifts of God, as though God had never done them any good, and whosay: Why did God make me? since I am so empty and barren of all that is good; and who do notperceive that God has preserved them from many a fall, and protected them from many sins intowhich they would have fallen, if He had not so carefully watched over them, and called them awayfrom the world to a spiritual state, in which they might have been pillars of all Christendom, if onlythey had lived in accordance with that state.

I tell thee, dear child, that such unthankfulness might well have dried up the springs of love, ofDivine Grace. Therefore, I beseech you, by the Eternal Love of God, that ye be not quickly movedby the desire for these things, as I have taught you all, with heartfelt earnestness, and as God knows;and if any other spirit teach you otherwise, it is at the peril of your salvation in the sight of God;

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as St Paul says to the Galatians: If any man preach to you a gospel beside that which we havepreached to you, even though it were an Angel from heaven, let him be anathema.

There came a still small voice, like unto the sweet breezes of May; and in that voice came God;for so saith the Scripture. This signifies to us one who walks with God, in the eternal words of God,and whose thoughts and words are holy according to the Word of God, and whose longing spiritcommunes with God. Then it is that God comes; for in such spiritual sunbeams a steady blessedlight is borne in upon the soul from God. They are not worthy of this blessedness, who, by strangeforms of mans words (or even of an Angel, As St Paul says) are drawn away from the good desiresthey had received from God. This it is that the soul longeth after in the Book of Songs, when shesays to God that the north wind should depart and go away; meaning thereby all that entereth intothe spirit from the flesh, from whence all evil comes. So saith also the prophet Jeremias; for he sawthat in the seething-pot all the budding spiritual gifts of God boiled and withered away when it wasturned towards the north wind. Then his spirit was troubled within him, and he could no longerhold fast to the inner savour of the north wind. Therefore, when the soul longs for God,she says:Come, O south wind, (for it is sweet) blow through my garden, and let the aromatical spices thereofflow; that is, that my works may have a godly savour.

Fourthly, God is found above the Angels; for the soul must be exalted above all Angels (thoughby nature below the Angels) if she would find God. Therefore she finds Him in the Father; for thusthe soul must bring all her works, free from all self-seeking, as the Eternal Word uplifts Himselfeternally to God, if she would find Him, as he was found by the soaring Seer of God, John theEvangelist, when he said: In the beginning was the Word. Then Andrew, and the loving soulsthat were with him, ask with earnest longing: Master, where dwellest Thou? John answers: Inthe Beginning was the Word; for in words we shall not find God, if we do not lift up our souls inthe Beginning. Therefore we must pierce through all things that are beneath God and are not God,and the Beginning (from which we have our being) seek earnestly again; for therein alone is ourdwelling and the future resting place of our eternal bliss. This must be done by turning earnestlyto the vision of the Divine Being and union with Him. As He said to those two disciples: Comeand see; as though He had said: Come, that is turn away from the things by which ye are inordinatelytroubled and absorbed, that hinder your eternal peace; for ye must be emptied of all works,understanding and carnal desires. And see that ye come to the knowledge that God the Lord isempty and bare of all; so that your spirits may be guided to that pure and holy Being. For of necessitythe soul must be empty and bare of all, that would enter into the secret Presence. Therefore manmust divest himself of all those things of which he is conscious. Dionysius said to Timothy: Odear friend, we must no longer listen with our outward ears to the sweet and loving words of ourdear master, Paul; but we must go to God, emptied of all things. This we can only do when oureyes are blinded and our inmost desires are raised on high, in order that we may learn to know Hishidden Unity. May God help us all to this. Amen.

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SERMON II

ON ST BARBARAS DAY, OR THAT OF ANY OTHER HOLY VIRGIN

Of some ways by which man may with certainty attain to Union with God, and may also haveunceasing Communion with Him. How he may have peace with the world, the evil enemy and his

own flesh.Dilectus meus loquitur mibi, surge, propera, amica mea.

My beloved speaketh to me: arise, make haste, my love.Thus spake the Bride in the Book of Love. Now, he who wishes to be the friend, and to know

whether he be the spouse of our Lord, must take note of the following marks, and see whether hepossesses them. If he possesses them, then he is, undoubtedly, a chosen spouse.

The first is that he must have peace with our Lord, so that no created being can disturb his innerpeace. Thus saith the prophet: He will give you true peace in this place.12 The spouse of our Lordmust so comport herself, that she readily renounces all things in humble confidence, retaining herdivine peace unimpaired within, and renouncing all things in Him and by Him. Now wouldest thouask, with whom thou shalt have peace? With the world, the enemy, and thine own flesh. But how?With the world, by not heeding what the world may do unto thee, either taking thee or leaving thee;to this thou mayest attain with patience.

Secondly, that thou mayest be at peace with the enemy; but man can scarcely ever attain to this.The enemy is constantly striving with him, and is always interfering in all mans works and actionsin order to hinder him. There is nothing by which man can so completely quench the fiery darts ofthe enemy as by fervent and devout prayer; for it burneth and chaseth him away, and forceth himto flee with all his lusts. Therefore, when man is conscious of the fiery arrows which are shot athim, and which would deprive him of his spiritual peace, let him at once betake himself to secretprayer with all his might, and take no heed of hindrances; and thus he will be rid of all hindrances,while nothing more grievous can happen to the enemy. Thus we read of St Bartholomew, that heprayed, and then the devil cried our: Oh, thou burnest me with thy prayers, and thou hast boundme with fiery bands.

Thirdly, thou must have peace with thyself. But how? Thou must in all things subject thy bodyto thy spirit, that in all things thou mayest have dominion over it, that it may not hinder the in anywork that God requires of thee. Thus did the holy saints: for they had dominion over their ownbodies, and trained them so well, that that which the spirit desired, the body sprang forward to do,as though it would say: Here I am before thee. We read that it was so with the humble Francis.There are four things that a man must do, in order to acquire this dominion over his own body.First, thou must deprive thy body of all that pleases it, whether eating, drinking, sleeping or waking,and of all comfort. When thou seest that it is ready to rebel, bridle it with a discipling that is stillmore severe. Secondly, thou must renounce all thirst for and all the consolation of the world, andall worldly things and cares. Let the dead bury their dead; follow thou God. If thy friend dies; orjoy, grief, honour or riches, or whatever it may be, is thy portion or comes to thee, bear all patiently

12 Jer. xiv. 13

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in God. A saint once said: With whomsoever thou rejoicest, and with whomsoever thou sorrowest,with him wilt thou also be judged. St Paul says: Reckon yourselves to be dead unto the world.The dead man careth not whether he be praised or blamed, whether goods are given him or withheld.A dead or a dying man careth nothing for gold or jewels, for honour, friends, joy or consolation.Thou must do as one of the old Fathers did, who dwelt in a wood. His own brother came to himand said: Dear brother, I am in great distress; a cart of mine, laden with goods, has fallen into thewater, help me to drag it out; and he cried and wept and besought him urgently. The old Fatherreplied: Go, and ask that brother, who still dwells in the world, for help. Why comest thou to me?Then the man, who was a merchant, said: That brother has been dead a whole year. Then saidthe old man. So have I been dead for twenty years; and thus he dismissed him, and troubledhimself no more.

Thirdly, thy mind must be always fixed on God. Thou must be always in the Presence of God.Verily, if thou desirest to have the Creator of all creatures, thou must renounce all creatures; for itcannot be otherwise, but only insomuch as thy soul is emptied and bared; the less of the creature,the more of God: this is but a bargain. St Augustine says: That man is far too covetous who is notsatisfied with God; for what canst thou desire that thou canst not find in Him? Remember thatwhatever such a heart can desire is to be found a thousandfold in Him. Desirest thou love orfaithfulness, or truth, or consolation, or His constant Presence?all, all can be found withoutmeasure in Him. Desirest thou beauty? He is of all the most beautiful; desirest thou riches? He isof all the richest; desirest thou power? He is of all the most powerful. Whatever thy heart can desire,may be found a thousandfold in Him; for in God alone canst thou find the best blessings. Thereforedrive out all creatures with all their consolations. Say: Get thee away: thou art not He Whom Iseek; Whom I desire, Whom I love. Whether it be honour, or riches, or joy, or friendship, say:Get thee away, flee from me, let me alone, let me be, I heed thee not.

Whence comes it that God is so strange to thee, and that His loving Presence is so often lost orwithheld? There is but one reason; that thy mind is not emptied and bared, and that thou troublestthyself about the creature, and art corrupted thereby. St Bernard says contemplation is nothing elsethan a cleaving to God, a forgetfulness of all earthly things. St Augustine says: He can contemplatewho is free from all earthly thoughts, and thinks of the things that are of God. and he also says:O good Jesus, my soul longs unspeakably for Thy love. I beseech Thee that I may be enrapturedwith the vision, the Cross, and the most holy sweetness of Thy Humanity. May I be able to withstandthe vanity and the temptations of the world, and long to be caught up into heaven, to fathom themystery of the Sacraments of God. May I so increase in spiritual things that I may be caught up,as it were, to gaze on Thy Divine and Holy Trinity, so that in all my works I may acknowledgeThy Divine Will, and be united with Thee. And, though I sometimes let down to the first or secondstage, may I have no difficulty in rising up again; so that, when I see or hear of earthly things, Imay not heed them, but die unto them and live alone unto Thee. There is one thing that thou mustknow; wert thou only freed from the likeness of the creature thou mightest have God unceasingly;for He could not refuse thee, either in heaven or in earth. He must come to thee. Had He sworn,He must change His word, and come to thee, and completely fill thy soul, if He found it empty;for, do what thou wilt, as long as the creature reigns in thee, thou must do without God and remainin vanity. If thou withholdest the least part of thyself from Him, assuredly He will take much fromthee of that which He is, an immense portion.

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There was once a fair and beautiful woman, who bare a child, that was as black as a Moor.Master Albertus was told of this great trouble. He found a picture of a Moor that the woman hadseen and he said to her: Woman, I have found the father of your child. And he compared thematter to a hen that was set in sight of a sparrow hawk, and all her young were fashioned after thelikeness of sparrow hawks. Thus all who are born after the Divine Likeness are divine; and all thatare born after the flesh are carnal.

Fourthly, thou must subdue thy natural senses, and at all times hold the mastery over them;thou must see, and yet not see, and never raise thine eyes, nor listen with thine ears, nor open thymouth, without good cause. Thy hands, thy feet and all thy members must never be allowed theirown way. Thou must guard them carefully and keep them securely, that nothing may suggest itselfto them, or be heard or seen by them that is not divine. For, St Augustine says: We must die andyet not die, we must keep under our nature and our senses by force. Then God will rule over us,and without doubt we shall also rule over ourselves. Amen.

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SERMON III

On the Conception of Our Lady, also on Her BirthHow men, when they are advancing, may learn to know their infirmities and secret evil

inclinations; how they may die unto them and be freed from them; whether it be from the delightsof things pertaining to the senses or the mind, or to the powers of the soul, or whatever else it maybe. How the likeness of past habits must be driven out by the Likeness of the Life of Jesus Christ,so that men may come to understand with all the saints, the Height, the Depth, the Breadth and the

Length of God.Transite ad me, omnes qui concupiscitis me.

Come over to me, all ye that desire me, and be filled with my fruits. For my spirit is sweetabove honey and the honeycomb.Dear children, in the last sermon on these words, which were spoken (of the Virgin Mary) by

the Eternal Wisdom, I told you that these words referred to our Lady, whose dignity and honourcan in nowise be expressed by man in words, for they surpass all knowledge in value. I describedthe works and ways which were necessary to the man who, rising up, desired to enter into the wayof truth; then, what was necessary to him during his progress; and then, how the perfect man mightarrive at the goal, and what his end would be.

I told you how man must first put away all crying sins, such as pride, impurity, covetousness,anger, and all the evil growths of the world, with all foolish desires; and, above all, everything thatpertaineth to the flesh, whether of things animate or inanimate. In short, the man who does not turnbravely to God with all his heart and with all his mind, who does not love God from the bottom ofhis heart, and intend above all things to serve Him, and to be found at his death in Him, will nevercome to God; even though, as St Paul says, he were to do so as many good works as all men nowliving, and were so wise that he spake with the tongue of Angels, and allowed his body to be burned,and gave all his goods to feed the poor. Now, how have they turned to God with all their love andwith all their minds, who give their hearts, of their own free will, to created beings, although theyknow that they are thus occupying the places where God should dwell, and of which they areconsciously depriving Him? God careth not for works, when He is deprived of the heart and oflove. Of what use is the chaff to Him, if another has the wheat?

Now when these grosses sins are cut off in the growing man with a diligence which is like untoa sharp steel, and of which I have already spoken, he will be sharpened like a sharp knife, andwhetted by the great righteousness of God, which lets no word nor deed, however small they maybe, pass by unpunished. He must remember the secret and terrible judgments of God; for no oneknows how it will be with him; for no one knows whether he is the subject of Gods anger, or ofHis favour. Now, when this man has begun be cutting off all wicked vices, he must then take heedof that which is left in the bottom of his heart, namely the inclination thereto, which is the resultof old habits. For these old habits make excuses for themselves, and strive to appear as though theywere virtues; and yet they are only counterfeits; when pride, which a man fondly imagines he hadovercome, lies hidden in his heart. For instance, care about dress and such-like matters remains,and it is called cleanliness; or pleasure is found in things pertaining to the senses, such as food or

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drink; and it is called necessity. Then some men are so angry and wrathful, longing to inform againstevery man and to judge him; and they are so suspicious and impatient; and then they call it justice;while pure laziness is called illness.

Children, if you insist on any of these things, and glory in your own kindness and in your ownjudgment, and in your own lofty and wise works and wayswhen the end comes, the Devil willcome and take away those with him who fondly imagine that all is well with them. This will be thecase, especially, with those who conceal their pride beneath the appearance of humility, and who,wise in their own conceit, should of right stand under Lucifers banner; for the higher they standin their own esteem, the deeper will they fall into the abyss.

Children, look to yourselves. This is not a question of small things. If ye were to be kept in ahot room a night and a day, ye would think it very hard; I say nothing of burning heat for many ayear, or perhaps for all eternity. Therefore commune with your own selves, for the kingdom of Godis within you. See with whom ye associate, with whom ye readily stay; and examine the reasonsand the tendency to all evil habits. For if a man gives way to a fault for a year or two, that faulttakes such deep root in his heart, that he can scarcely overcome it with all his might. Thereforeyoung men should guard themselves carefully, so that no evil tendencies may take root in them.They must root out all infirmities at the beginning, when it is far more easy to do so than later. Nowthere are four things, especially, which man must guard against, four powers which are so injuriousand evil that they are like jagged teeth.

The first is the love of visible things; and in this lies the strength of desire. It is scarcely possibleto imaging or describe the harm men do to themselves thereby. Men who desire to be good, beginwith this or that, with one thing or another, and are so occupied with the seed-sowing, that they donot keep to the full truth. They do not look into their own hearts, which are closed up, like someunknown thing a thousand miles off; there outward and visible things are of more importance tothem. Thus they go on avoiding themselves, so that they do not know where they are.

The second power is anger. This is used inordinately; for it should never be used outwardly,except in those things which are displeasing to God. In itself it is a noble power; but in many menit produces very evil growths. They suddenly fall with vehemence on anything whatsoever; and infalse righteousness desire to censure it, to judge of all works and ways; and thus they deceivethemselves and other men with their violence, their unrestrained and bitter anger, and their loud,harsh, unkind and angry words.

The third evil is to be found in the power of the light of reason, to which many men trust totheir own hurt. They trust in their own reason and glory in it, and they compare themselves withthe all-wise and living and essential Truth; for he, who says he possesses it, possesses it not. Thusmany a man deceives himself and imagines he possesses all things, because he sees them in hisown imagination, while they are hundreds of miles away; and thus he misses that noble treasure,deep humility; and accepts the counterfeit before him and also before other men.

The fourth evil is the secret delight which is often taken in talent. This holds sway in manymen; they are deceived by its good appearance, and pleasure attracts them more than divine love;they take pleasure for God, and that which they imagine God is only pleasure. Thus, if their pleasurewere to vanish, so also would their diligence. Look well to yourselves; for many a thing whichseems as though it came from divine love, has so many additions, that the enjoyment, the taste andthe circumstances excite us more than we imagine. Sometimes this arises from new emotions, frominclination, or from fear of hell, or from the desire to be blessed; and this is mans natural desire.

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Know, children, that those who do not seek God from the heart, God will neither be their end northeir reward. All these things of which ye have heard must be diligently cut off, as with a sharpknife, which must be whetted on the severe judgments of God, and on His unchangeablerighteousness, which lets nothing escape.

Now, when these outward infirmities have been cut off, there still remains beneath the tendencyto sin, the likeness of past habits; and this must be driven out by the Likeness of Jesus Christ. Asone nail must be driven out by another, so must man imprint this Likeness devoutly and firmly onthe ground of his heart, so that all inequalities in him may be done away and extinguished. Now,as God has given great power to minerals and herbs, to drive out disease, by what power do yebelieve that the Son of God will drive out all the diseases of the soul, but by His holy Sufferings,His Death, and His sacred Likeness. Now, because man can do nothing by himself, he must exercisehimself in holy suffering by means of prayer; he must cast himself down secretly at the feet of theheavenly Father, and beseech Him for the sake of His well-beloved Son, and by all His sufferings,to help him; for without Him he cannot attempt or succeed in anything. He must train himself neverto allow the sacred Sufferings, nor the Likeness of his Lord to forsake his heart; and he must allowno strange likeness to find a place there. In order to do this, he must lift up his heart and mind tothe heights of the glory of the Godhead, on which he must gaze with holy fear and longing desire.When he la

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