13 - Water Supply - IG-+Water+Supply+-+IG.pdfTEACHING O UTLINE Material in italics is NOT included...

Water Supply - 1

WATER SUPPLY

MISSOURI DIVISION OF FIRE SAFETY FIRE FIGHTER I & II

UNIT OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this unit of study, the student should be able to:

1. Identify the parts of a water distribution system.

2. Identify the causes of increased resistance or friction loss in water mains.

3. Identify the types of water main valves.

4. Define the terms static pressure, normal operating pressure, residual pressure,and flow pressure.

5. Identify the differences between dry-barrel and wet-barrel hydrants.

6. Describe the conditions which reduce hydrant effectiveness.

7. Describe and demonstrate connecting a supply hose to a hydrant and operatingthe hydrant.

8. Identify the apparatus and equipment necessary for a water shuttle and how toset up a portable water tank and assemble equipment to transfer water betweenportable tanks.

9. Demonstrate the assembly and connection of drafting equipment required fordrafting from a static water supply.

Water Supply - 1

WATER SUPPLY


Successful completion of the information in this section is necessary to fulfill therequirements of the following sections of NFPA 1001-2008:

Fire Fighter I Standard

5.3.15* Connect a fire department pumper to a water supply as a member of a team, givensupply or intake hose, hose tools, and a fire hydrant or static water source, so thatconnections are tight and water flow is unobstructed.(A) Requisite Knowledge. Loading and off-loading procedures for mobile water supplyapparatus; fire hydrant operation; and suitable static water supply sources, procedures, andprotocol for connecting to various water sources.(B) Requisite Skills. The ability to hand lay a supply hose, connect and place hard suctionhose for drafting operations, deploy portable water tanks as well as the equipmentnecessary to transfer water between and draft from them, make hydrant-to-pumper hoseconnections for forward and reverse lays, connect supply hose to a hydrant, and fully openand close the hydrant.

Fire Fighter II Standard

6.5.3* Prepare a preincident survey, given forms, necessary tools, and an assignment, sothat all required occupancy information is recorded, items of concern are noted, andaccurate sketches or diagrams are prepared.(A) Requisite Knowledge. The sources of water supply for fire protection; thefundamentals of fire suppression and detection systems; common symbols used indiagramming construction features, utilities, hazards, and fire protection systems;departmental requirements for a preincident survey and form completion; and theimportance of accurate diagrams.(B) Requisite Skills. The ability to identify the components of fire suppression anddetection systems; sketch the site, buildings, and special features; detect hazards andspecial considerations to include in the preincident sketch; and complete all relateddepartmental forms.

NFPA STANDARDS

2 - Water Supply

TEACHING OUTLINEMaterial in italics is NOT included in the Student Manual

SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


I. Water Supply

A. Water has always been the primary extinguishing agentfor fire fighting for its:

1. Availability

2. Economy

3. Effectiveness

4. Ease of storage and transfer

B. Fire fighters must have a knowledge of water supplysystems and how to use these systems to supply waterfor fire fighting efforts

II. Water Distribution Systems (Essentials p. 594)

A. Public and private water supply systems typically servelarge areas with numerous individual properties

1. May be a city-operated utility, a public watersupply district, or a private water company

2. Several municipal water systems in Missouri havebeen sold to private corporations

B. Sources of water supply

1. Surface water

a. Rivers

b. Lakes

c. Reservoirs

Water Supply - 3

TEACHING OUTLINESLIDESMaterial in italics is NOT included in the Student Manual

WATER SUPPLY


2. Ground water

a. Water wells

b. Water-producing springs

C. Means of moving water

1. Direct pumping system

a. Uses pumps to take water from the primarysource to the treatment process and into thedistribution system

b. Most direct pumping systems are found inagricultural and industrial settings

c. The main disadvantage is the reliance only onpumps and electricity to operate the pumps

d. Backup generators and duplicate pumps may beneeded for reliability

2. Gravity system

a. Uses a primary water source at a higher eleva-tion than the distribution system

b. Gravity pressure is adequate only when theprimary water source is more than 100 feethigher than the highest point in the water system

3. Combination systems

a. Most communities use a combination directpumping and gravity system

b. Water is pumped from the treatment facilities toelevated storage tanks

4 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


c. Gravity flow is supplied by elevated tanks forstorage and pressure

(1) When consumption is high, the tanks supplyextra water and pressure

(2) Elevated reservoirs can ensure the watersupply when other parts of the system maybe inoperable

D. Processing or treatment facilities

1. Provide treatment to remove contaminants and addchlorine to kill bacteria

2. May add fluoride or oxygen

3. The fire department's concern with treatment facili-ties is that a maintenance problem, power loss, orfire may reduce the volume and pressure of avail-able water supplies

4. A secondary potential problem for fire fighters isthe large quantities of chlorine which can bestored at these facilities

E. Distribution systems

1. The amount and pressure of water that a distributionsystem can deliver depends on:

a. The capacity of its pipe network

b. The capacity of elevation of its storage tanks

2. As water flows through piping, its movement causesfriction which reduces pressure

Water Supply - 5


WATER SUPPLY


a. Friction loss is also increased by encrusta-tions inside water mains

b. Friction loss reduces the volume and pressureavailable from fire hydrants

c. Less pressure will be lost when fire hydrantsare supplied from two or more directions

(1) Dead-end hydrant: receives water fromonly one direction

(2) When a hydrant receives water from two ormore directions, it has a circulating feed orlooped line

3. Grid system: a distributing system that has circulat-ing feed from several mains

a. Primary feeders: large pipes that convey largequantities of water for distribution to smallermains

b. Secondary feeders: intermediate-sized pipeswithin the loops of primary feeders that aid theconcentration of flow

c. Distributors: smaller mains serving hydrantsand blocks of consumers

d. Two or more primary feeders should run fromthe water source to high-risk and industrialareas

4. Recommended size of supply mains from the Ameri-can Water Works Association

a. Residential hydrant supply mains: 6-inches

6 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


b. Business and industrial districts: 8-inches withcross-connecting mains every 600 feet

c. 12-inch mains should be on principal streets andin long mains

5. Water main valves

a. Valves should be within the grid system so smalldistricts can be shut off without affecting theentire system

(1) The water department must be able to openvalves when increased flow is neededduring an emergency

(2) In the event of a main break, the valves mayhave to be closed to isolate areas

b. Indicating valves: visually show if valve isopen or closed

(1) Post indicator valve: a hollow metal posthousing the valve stem with a small win-dow which shows if the valve is open orshut

(2) Outside screw and yoke (OS&Y) valve

(a) Has a yoke on the outside with athreaded stem

(b) The stem is extended when the valve isopen and invisible when the valve isclosed

Water Supply - 7


WATER SUPPLY


c. Non-indicating valves

(1) Usually buried or in manholes

(2) Usually requires a special wrench orwater valve key to operate

d. Gate valves

(1) May be indicating or non-indicating

(2) Usually the non-rising stem type

(3) The control valve is operated by a handleor screw mechanism which rises or lowersa plate into or out of the waterway

e. Butterfly valves

(1) May be indicating or non-indicating

(2) The control valve is operated by a handlemechanism which rotates a valve disk toopen or shut the valve

f. If valves are not fully opened, friction lossincreases and available water decreases

6. Water mains

a. Underground water mains may be constructedof:

(1) Cast or ductile iron

(2) Asbestos cement

(3) Steel

8 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


(4) Polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC)

(5) Concrete

b. A water main must be the proper type for thesoil conditions and pressures needed

(1) Some soil types may corrode some materi-als

(2) Extra protection may be needed to preventbreaks in certain soil types

c. The interior surface of the pipe creates resis-tance (friction loss) to water flow

d. Encrustations and sediments in a pipe causeincreased friction loss

F. Pressures within water supply system

1. Pressure is the velocity of water through pipe orhose of a certain size

2. Static pressure

a. Stored potential energy available to forcewater through pipes or hose

b. Normal pressure within a system before ahydrant is opened

c. True static pressure is rarely found in a watersystem

3. Normal operating pressure: pressure on a watersystem during normal use demands

Water Supply - 9


WATER SUPPLY


4. Residual pressure: pressure left in a water systemat a location when water is flowing

5. Flow pressure: forward pressure at a dischargeopening

III. Fire Hydrants (Essentials p. 605)

A. Hydrant construction

1. Barrels, bonnets, and foot pieces are constructedfrom cast iron

2. Internal working parts are usually made of bronze

3. Valve facings may be rubber, leather, or compositematerials

B. Hydrant operations

1. As a safety precaution, tighten hydrant outlet capsthat will not be used

2. Turn the outlet cap nut counterclockwise and re-move the outlet cap

3. If time permits, flush the hydrant before connectinghoses

4. Turn operating nut in direction of arrow (usuallycounterclockwise)

5. Open and close hydrant slowly and fully

a. Opening too fast may cause the hose attached toflail violently or burst

10 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


b. Closing too fast can cause a sudden increasein water pressure within the water system(water hammer)

C. Dry-barrel hydrants

1. Used in areas where freezing occurs

2. The valve holding back the water is located under-ground, below the anticipated frost line for the area

3. Water in the barrel of dry-barrel hydrant drainsthrough a small drain hole at the bottom of thehydrant after closing

4. If the hydrant is not completely opened or closed,the drain hole will be partially open and cause soilerosion around the hydrant base

5. To test the ability for a hydrant to drain:

a. After flowing water, close the hydrant and capall discharges except one

b. Place a hand over the open discharge

c. A slight vacuum should be felt on the hand as thebarrel drains

6. If water is bubbling up out of the ground at a dry-hydrant's base when the hydrant is fully open, abroken component in the hydrant barrel is allowingwater to get past the drain opening

D. Wet-barrel hydrants

1. Used in areas with warmer climates where freez-ing is unlikely

Water Supply - 11


WATER SUPPLY


2. Always filled with water to a compression valve ateach outlet

3. Also referred to a "frost-free" or "California"hydrants

E. Hydrant color coding from NFPA 291, RecommendedPractice for Testing and Marking Hydrants

1. Light blue: 1,500 gpm or more

2. Green: 1,000 to 1499 gpm

3. Orange: 500 to 999 gpm

4. Red: less than 500 gpm

5. Local color-coding of hydrants differ depending onthe jurisdiction

F . Hydrant locations

1. Different jurisdictions have different requirementsfor hydrant spacing and locations depending on:

a. Types of construction

b. Types of occupancies

c. Building densities

d. Water main size

e. Required fire flow for area occupancies

2. Generally, hydrants should not be spaced morethan 300 feet apart in high-value districts

12 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


G. Hydrant effectiveness may be affected by differentfactors

1. Obstructions erected too near a hydrant, such assigns, poles, fences, may limit access

2. Discharge outlets may face the wrong direction toallow hose attachment

3. Hydrant may have been damaged by traffic orvandalism

4. Corrosion may prevent the proper operation orimpede the flow of water

5. Lack of clearance between outlet caps and theground

6. Outlet caps missing or stuck in place with paint

7. Stem nut that cannot be turned or turns freely withno result

8. Obstructions (bottles, cans, rocks) inside hydrantoutlets

H. Testing hydrants

1. In some jurisdictions, hydrants are tested by a waterdepartment instead of the fire department

a. Where fire departments do hydrant testing, firefighters usually assist with the testing

b. If the water system is privately-owned, the firedepartment should coordinate hydrant testingwith the system owner

Water Supply - 13


WATER SUPPLY


2. Pitot tube and gauge are used to test the flow pres-sure of a hydrant

3. Use of the pitot tube and gauge

a. Pitot tube is held so that blade slices into waterstream

b. Open the petcock to make sure the air chamberis drained, close petcock

c. Edge blade in stream with opening centered instream

d. Hold blade at a distance equal to about halfthe diameter of the orifice

e. Tube should be parallel to the opening with theair chamber slightly above the center of thestream

f. If the gauge is fluctuating, take the value be-tween the highest and lowest readings

4. Fixed-mount pitot tubes are available to reduce thepossibility of human error

IV. Alternative Water Supplies (Essentials p. 610)

A. Alternative water supplies may have to be used even inareas with adequate water systems

1. The water system may fail due to broken mains orpower outages

2. Fires may occur in areas some distance from hy-drants, such as fields or along limited-accesshighways

14 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


3. Departments may have to draw water from sourcessuch as lakes, ponds, rivers, swimming pools, andwater tenders

B. Drafting from a static source

1. Drawing water from a static source to supply apumper is known as "drafting"

2. Hard suction intake hose is used primarily to draftwater because it is designed to withstand the partialvacuum created when drafting without collapsing

3. Drafting operations are affected by debris, sedi-ment, and rocks which can clog strainers, damagepumps, and clog nozzles

a. Hard suction hoses must have strainers in placewhen drafting from a natural source

b. Strainers can be supported by a ladder orfloating strainer used to prevent hose fromdrawing in sediment

c. A strainer should have at least 24-inches ofwater above and below it

d. Floating strainers can draft from water asshallow as 24-inches deep

4. In some areas dry hydrants are installed at staticwater sources to supply water for fire fighting

a. Usually constructed of steel or PVC pipe withstrainers at the water source and large connec-tions to connect to a pumper

Water Supply - 15


WATER SUPPLY


b. In order to establish a water supply from a dryhydrant, hard suction must be used and a draftingoperations set up

5. Drafting operations

a. Suitable water source must be located foradequate water supply and to allow positioningof pumper nearby

b. Pumper is positioned near water source

c. Check hard suction coupling for dirt, debris, andworn gaskets

d. The hard suction hose is attached to intake onpumper

e. Strainer or floating strainer is attached to hardsuction

f. All connections must be air tight to allow foradequate draft

g. If a floating strainer is not used, a ladder shouldbe positioned in the water for the strainer to reston

h. Strainer is placed in water

i. Pumper pulls a draft by priming the pump untilpositive pressure is indicated

j. If unable to achieve draft, tighten connectionswith rubber mallet

k. If still unable to get draft, lift may be toogreat for pumper to overcome

16 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


C. Rural operations usually consist of water shuttle opera-tions

1. Water is hauled from a supply by water tenders(tankers) to portable tanks where it can be drawn tothe attack pumper

2. Water shuttles are recommended for distancesgreater than one-half mile or greater than the amountof supply line carried

3. Enough water tenders must be available to maintainthe needed fire flow

4. To be successful, fast-fill and fast-dump times arerequired

a. Water supply officers should be at both the fillsite and dump site

b. Personnel should be assigned to traffic control,fill site connections, and dumping

c. If possible, tanker drivers should stay in theirvehicles during the operations

5. Water shuttle operation components

a. Water source - fill site

b. Transport system: tankers/tenders

c. Dump site - pumper drafting from tanks toeither supply attack lines or supply anotherpumper used for fire attack

d. Portable tanks

(1) Range from 1,000 gallons and up

Water Supply - 17


WATER SUPPLY


(2) May be collapsible or folding with a metalframe holding a synthetic or canvas duckliner

(3) May be a self-supporting synthetic tankwith a floating collar that rises as the tankis filled

(4) Before opening a portable tank, a heavytarp should be spread on the ground toprotect the tank liner from damage

(5) If possible, portable tanks should be posi-tioned:

(a) As level as possible to allow for maxi-mum capacity

(b) To allow for easy access for tankersfrom multiple directions

(c) So as not to obstruct scene access forother apparatus

(d) With the drain towards the lower side

(6) Low-level strainers may be used to get themost water from the portable tanks

(7) If multiple tanks are used, a jet-siphon canbe used to transfer water between tanks

(a) The jet-siphon may be incorporated intoa low-level strainer and attached to hardsuction hose, which is placed betweenthe tanks

(b) The jet-siphon draws the water throughthe hard suction hose

18 - Water Supply


SLIDES

WATER SUPPLY


e. Water tenders/tankers

(1) NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive FireApparatus, requires that water tenders onground level be capable of dumping orfilling rates of at least 1,000 gpm

(2) Pumping water from a tanker should only bydone by trained and qualified apparatusoperators

(3) Water tender unloading methods:

(a) Gravity dumping through large (10- to12-inch) dump valves

(b) Jet dumps that increase the flow rate

(c) Apparatus-mounted pumps that off-loadthe water

(d) Combinations of these methods

(4) Water tankers must be capable of beingquickly refilled during emergency opera-tions by using:

(a) The best fill site or hydrant available

(b) Large hoselines

(c) Multiple hoselines

(d) If necessary, a pumper with adequateflow

Water Supply - 19


WATER SUPPLY


D. Relay pumping operations

1. Multiple pumpers can be used in a series to relaywater to the scene if the water source is closeenough

2. The water supply must be capable of maintainingthe required volume for the incident's duration

3. The number of pumpers needed will depend on:

a. The volume of water needed

b. The distance from the water source to the scene

c. The amount of hose available

d. Pumper capacities

4. The pumper with the largest pumping capacityshould be located at the water source

5. A relay pumping operation must be establishedquickly to be worthwhile

V. Water Supply Summary

A. For as long as there have been fire fighters, water hasbeen the primary tool used to control fires

B. Fire fighters must understand how water systems func-tion to provide them with the water needed in an emer-gency

C. More importantly, fire personnel must be proficient atgetting the water from the supply source to the fireapparatus and then on the fire

20 - Water Supply

WATER SUPPLY


Name: ___________________________________________ Date: ___________________

1. The large pipes that convey large quantities of water for distribution to smallermains are called ____________.

a. distributorsb. secondary feedersc. primary feedersd. branch feeders

2. The pressure that is normally within a water supply system before water is flowingfrom the system is the ____________.

a. static pressureb. normal operating pressurec. residual pressured. flow pressure

3. The pressure left in a water supply system when water is flowing is the____________.


4. A ___________________ hydrant is used in areas subject to freezinga. class Ab. class Bc. wet-barreld. dry-barrel

5. Which of the following will not have an effect on hydrant effectiveness?a. Obstructions too near hydrantb. Whether it is a wet or dry hydrantc. Corrosiond. Failure to open fully

WATER SUPPLY QUIZ

Water Supply - 21

WATER SUPPLY


WATER SUPPLY QUIZ

6. Which of the following is not considered to be a part of a drafting operation?a. Static water sourceb. A pumper capable of draftingc. Fire hosed. Hard suction hose

7. The forward pressure at a discharge opening in a water supply system is the____________.


8. Water bubbling up out of the ground at a dry hydrant's base when the hydrant isfully open is an indication that ____________________________.

a. the hydrant is properly drainingb. excessive pressure within the hydrant is being relievedc. a broken component in the hydrant barrel is allowing water to get past the

drain openingd. the drain opening at the base of the hydrant has ruptured

9. Drawing water from a static source to supply a pumper is known as ____________.a. draftingb. a water shuttlec. gravity dumpingd. jet-siphoning

10. When a hydrant connection is made, the hydrant should be opened ____________.a. until water begins to flowb. to ½ of its maximumc. to ¾ of its maximumd. to a fully open position

22 - Water Supply

VENTILATION


PRACTICAL SKILLS

These Lead Instructor Practical Skills are designed to provide the LeadInstructor for a Fire Fighter I and II course with a more detailed overviewof the practical skills required of all students.

The appropriate skills from NFPA 1001-2008 are listed at the front of eachskill's section. Although the skills from NFPA 1001-2008 are written as JobPerformance Requirements, these have been divided into individual skillelements. This is to allow for consistency in the evaluation of each skillelement.

Students must successfully complete each step of each practical skill duringthe practical skills evaluation portion of a Fire Fighter I and II course. Atthe time of a Fire Fighter I and II Certification Examination, the skill stepshave been prioritized to allow a student to miss a predetermined number ofsteps.

INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE

24 - Water Supply

MISSOURI DIVISION OF FIRE SAFETY

FIRE FIGHTER I & II PRACTICAL SKILLS

Successful completion of the practical skills in this section are necessary to fulfill therequirements of the following sections of NFPA 1001-2008:

Fire Fighter I Standard

5.3.15* Connect a fire department pumper to a water supply as a member of a team, given supply orintake hose, hose tools, and a fire hydrant or static water source, so that connections are tight andwater flow is unobstructed.

Water Supply

Water Supply - 25



Water Supply - NFPA 1001-2008, 5.3.15Demonstrate Operating a Hydrant

Skill Objective: The candidate, given an equipped fire apparatus and hydrant, wearing protectiveequipment (SCBA optional), shall demonstrate making a hydrant connection from the hydrant to thepump intake using a 21/2" soft supply hose and then fully open and close the hydrant.

Skill Procedure: The evaluator should arrange for a fire apparatus to be positioned near a firehydrant and identify which supply hose the candidate shall use to achieve the objective. The candidateshall then make the hydrant connection and fully turn the hydrant on.

Students are allowed two chances at each skill for successful completion. Any step listed initalics missed shall result in failure of the skill. Otherwise, students are allowed to miss a maxi-mum of two of the following steps and pass this skill.

Items to be checked

If the candidate:

1. As a safety precaution, tightens hydrant outlet caps that will not be used

2. Loosens appropriate hydrant cap and places the wrench on the operating nut

3. Connects hose completely to the hydrant

4. Threads other hose coupling to pump intake

5. Removes all kinks from the hose

6. Fully opens the hydrant

7. Closes hydrant fully and returns equipment

8. Checks for hydrant draining

26 - Water Supply



Skill Objective: Given the necessary equipment, the fire fighter shall assemble and connect theequipment necessary for drafting from a static water supply source.

Skill Procedure: The candidate should be given all of the necessary equipment to perform this task.This skill should be conducted in an open area free of traffic and pedestrians. It is not necessary toactually draft water as part of the skill. If possible, the candidate should use the pump intake the samesize as the hard sleeve to reduce the need for adapters.

Students are allowed two chances at each skill for successful completion. Students are allowedto miss a maximum of one of the following steps and pass this skill.

Water Supply - NFPA 1001-2008, 5.3.15Demonstrate Assembling the Equipment for Drafting

Items to be checked

If the candidate:

1. Checks gaskets on hard suction hose for dirt or gravel

2. Connects the sections of hard suction hose

3. Connects the strainer to one end of the hard suction hose

4. Removes pump intake cap on pumper

5. Connects hard suction hose to pumper intake

6. Hand tightens hard suction coupling to pump intake

7. Dismantles drafting equipment and returns to proper storage on apparatus

Water Supply - 27

13 - Water Supply - IG-+Water+Supply+-+IG.pdfTEACHING O UTLINE Material in italics is NOT included...

Documents

Transcript of 13 - Water Supply - IG-+Water+Supply+-+IG.pdfTEACHING O UTLINE Material in italics is NOT included...