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14. Glossary

Acantharia Axopod-bearing marine protozoa lacking a distinct organic central capsular wall; shell composed of strontium sulfate.

Algal prey Algal food source. Amino acid An organic compound composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,

hydrogen and sometimes sulfur; the building blocks (monomers) for protein polymers.

Amphipods Members of a crustacean order containing laterally com­pressed bodies such as the "sand hoppers".

Annulate lamellae Concentric or parallel arrays of membranous flattened saccules interrupted by pores produced prior to gametogenesis and providing the double membrane envelope of the gamete nuclei.

Aperture Opening in last formed chamber. Arenaceous foraminifera Benthic foraminifera forming their wall by

gathering particles and binding them together with organic or calcitic cement.

Artemia nauplii The early developmental stages of the brine shrimp belonging to the genus Artemia.

Asexual reproduction Reproduction by some form of division of the parent organism without formation of gametes; producing offspring almost identical to the parent.

Autecology The relationship of an individual organism to its abiotic and biotic environment.

Benthic Dwelling on the substratum or attached to the surface of attached or floating matter.

Bilamellar wall A primary wall composed of a primary organic membrane separating two calcite lamellae. The outer layer is deposited concur­rently over the exterior of previously built chambers.

Bubble capsule Cytoplasmic alveoli surrounding the test of Hastigerina pe/agica and resembling a mass of soap bubbles.

Calanoid cope pods Abundant small oceanic crustaceans with elongated ovoid forebody that is clearly distinct from the abdomen; only one thoracic segment is fused with the head.

14. Glossary 329

Calcite crust Secondary secretion of calcite by the foraminifer over the exterior of its test, which often results in doubling its wall thickness in late ontogeny.

Carnivore An organism that preys upon animals for food. CCD Calcite compensation depth - the horizon in the water column

where calcium carbonate particles are in chemical equilibrium with the surrounding seawater.

Chlorophyll A green pigment in algae and plants that absorbs light and serves as a photocatalyst in photosynthesis.

Chrysomonad A flagellate belonging to the Order Chrysomonadina. Chrysophycophyte An eclectic group of algae characterized by a yellow­

green pigmentation. Coccoid alga An altered state compared to the free living alga, often

characterized by loss of changes in the thecal wall (when present), symbiotic algae.

Coccolithophorids Photosynthetic marine flagellates secreting a sphere consisting of thin calcite plates of species-specific morphology.

Commensalism An association between two organisms where one of them is benefitted but not to the detriment of the other.

Copepods Marine small crustaceans with a body dividable into head, thorax, bearing appendices, and abdomen without appendices; the head merges into the thorax smoothly without distinct segmentation.

Cristae Inward folds or sacs attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Cyanophyte A bacterium with "blue-green" pigmentation composed of chlorophylls, carotenoids, c-phycocyanin, and c-phycoerythrin.

Cyclopoid copepods Marine crustaceans resembling calanoid copepods but the body usually is more ovoid; the first and sometimes the second thoracic segment is fused with the head.

Cytoplasm The living substance of the cell including the nucleus in modern fme structure terminology.

Cytoskeletal structures Intracytoplasmic supportive structures including microtubules and in some casesmicrofilaments.

Deuteroconch Second formed chamber followed after proloculus. Diatoms Algae producing siliceous tests composed of two halves fitting

together as the lid and bottom of a Petri dish. Dinoflagellate An alga often flagellated and bearing a complex, ornate

theca (wall) composed of closely intercalated segments (thecal plates); the theca is constricted at the midline to form a conical epicone and a lower conical or nearly conical, opposed segment called a hypocone; coccoid forms are frequent symbionts in radiolaria.

330 14. Glossary

Dioecious A reproductive condition where gametes from two different parents must fuse to produce an offspring.

DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid) A nitrogen-containing, sugar-phosphate compound that is the building-block of the chromatin polymers in the chromosomes.

Drag coefficient Is a basically empirically derived proportionality coeffi­cient. The Reynolds number and drag coefficient are usually nega­tively well correlated.

Endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) An intracellular canal-like, membranous network penetrating deeply into the cytoplasm and possibly providing cisternae for transport of substances throughout the cell.

Enzymes Biological catalysts composed of protein that control the rate and direction of metabolic processes.

Euhedral Crystals or crystallites with well-developed crystal boundaries. Euphausiids Marine planktonic crustacea ranging in length from 5 to 30

cm; most posses luminous organs. Fibrillar bodies Vacuolar-bound fibrillar masses within the cytoplasm of

planktonic foraminifera with species-specific fine structural features; perhaps serving as a flotation device.

Filopodia Long, thin rhizopodia without internal stiffened rods (micro­tubule bundles forming axonemes).

Fungi A group of lower organisms lacking chlorophyll, and possessing a cell wall sometimes chitinous in quality; spreading by mycelia and re­producing by spores; includes the "molds", mildews, and "mush­rooms"; compare to Animalia.

Galactose A six carbon sugar. Gametes Haploid reproductive cells that fuse to yield a zygote and initiate

the next diploid generation. Gametogenesis The production of gametes during reproduction. Gametogenic calcification Facultatively occurring calcification prior

to gametogenesis producing an additional layer on top of the total shell.

Genetic code The inherited information contained within DNA in a cell or the base sequence (nucleotide sequence) of a gene that contains the information to direct the synthesis of a specific protein.

Glucose A six carbon sugar. Glutaraldehyde A pentane dialdehyde (CHO-CH2-CH2-CH2-

CHO) used as a fixative for microscopy. Glycerol A three carbon tri-hydroxy alcohol which among other roles

serves as the alcohol group in esterification of fatty acids to form storage lipids.

Golgi apparatus, Goigi complex An intracellular organelle forming a horseshoe-shaped or fan-shaped stack of cisternae that budd-off

14. Glossary 331

secretory vesicles near the periphery; origin of some lysosomes and secretory vesicles that become distributed throughout the cell.

Harpacticoid copepods Marine crustaceans of minute size less than one mm; often benthic but some pelagic; with long slender bodies and lacking distinctly visible body segmentation.

Herbivore An organism preying on plants or other primary producers. Heteropods Pelagic gastropods (belonging to the same group as the

snails) with translucent bodies bearing wing-like appendages and sur­rounded by a calcite shell.

Holoplankton Planktonic organisms (floating organisms or those mainly transported by ocean currents) that dwell during their entire ontogeny in open ocean water.

Holothurians Echinoderms without arms and with elongate cucumber­sha ped bodies.

Hydrolysates Chemically degraded organic compounds that have been reduced to their individual monomeric components.

Inner organic lining (IOL) The thick, dense layer between the inner test surface and the intratest cytoplasm of planktonic foraminifera, espe­cially in Globorotalia.

Isotopes Atoms with the same atomic number but differing in mass due to variations in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Lipid An oily substance forming food reserves within the cytoplasm and also a significant component of cellular membranes.

Lunar periodicity The synodic cycle of the moon phases with a period of 29.5 days.

Lysocline The horizon in the water column where marked dissolution of calcite particles commences.

Lysosomes (digestive vacuoles) A vacuole possessing hydrolytic enzymes that perform digestion. The primary lysosome originates at the Golgi complex or from the endoplasmatic reticulum.

Microfilament A fine intracellular protein filament (perhaps composed of actin, a contractile protein) approximately 6 nm diameter.

Microtubule A slender intracellular tubule (ca. 30nm diameter) com­posed of protein and forming a cytoskeletal framework within the cell.

Miliolid foraminifera Benthic foraminifera exhibiting high magnesium calcite wall with a needle-like ultrastructure.

Mitochondrion A subcellular organelle surrounded by a double mem­branous envelope and enclosing enzyme systems mediating aerobic metabolism including glucose and fat metabolism resulting in produc­tion of high energy compounds (e.g., ATP) utilized to drive cellular processes.

Monoecious A reproductive condition where gametes from the same parent fuse to produce offspring.

332 14. Glossary

Morphogenesis The origin of form in a living system and the pattern of development of an organism during ontogeny.

Morphology The study of form and structure of an organism. Mucocysts Cytoplasmic organelles containing an ejectable mucoid mass. Neanic Growth stage between juvenile and adult stage. Non-spinose Absence of surface spines. Nucleus An organelle within a cell containing much of the genetic infor­

mation (chromosomes) and the center for coordination of cellular ac­tivity.

Nutrients Substances used to obtain energy or to sustain metabolic acti­vity.

Nutrition The mode of gaining energy, source of nutrients and their trans­formation to sustain life activities.

Omnivore An organism preying on plants and animals as sources of food. Ontogeny The process of growth and development of an organism from

inception of growth to maturity. Organelle A structure within a cell that serves a particular function; e.g.,

mitochondrion, lysosome, Golgi body. Osmium tetroxide (OS04) An oxide of the heavy metal osmium which is

used in buffered aqueous solution as a fixative and stain in electron microscopy.

Ostracods Minute crustaceans within a compressed bivalve shell. Paleoecology The reconstructed ancient environment. Parasitism An association between two organisms where one of the pair

is benefitted to the detriment of the other. Peri algal vacuole A vacuole enclosing an algal symbiont surrounded by a

cellular membrane that may serve as a specialized barrier to permit appropriate isolation of the alga from the host cytoplasm.

Peroxisomes Intracytoplasmic organelles surrounded by a single mem­brane and containing a lightly granular matrix sometimes with a mem­branous or crystalline inclusion.

Phenotype The physical characteristics of an organism resulting from the combined influence of genetic and environmental factors during development of the organism; contrasted with the genotype or genetic characteristics of an organism.

Photosynthesis Production of carbon-containing compounds from inor-ganic carbon using light energy.

Phylogeny The evolutionary development of taxa. Planispiral A coiling pattern in one plane. Planktonic A floating life habit with only weak motility and dependence

on distribution by water currents.

14. Glossary 333

Plasma membrane The outer membrane surrounding a cell and regulat­ing exchange of material between cell and environment.

Polychaetes Annelid worms (related to the earthworm) that includes most of the marine segmented worms.

POM Primary organic membrane - the nucleation site during calcite deposition in a bilamellar wall.

Pore A small canal penetrating the wall and closed by an organic mem­brane sometimes containing micropores.

Prasinophyte An alga belonging to the class Prasiophyceae characterized by tiny scales covering the flagella and bearing a nucleus that pro­trudes into the pyrenoid in some species.

Primary lysosome A vesicle containing digestive enzymes that are destined to catalyze the hydrolytic decomposition of food in second­ary lysosomes produced by fusion of the primary lysosome with a food vacuole.

Primary organic membrane (POM) The prominent organic layer be­tween the two first-formed calcite layers of rotaliid test walls; it is con­tinuous with the pore plate (see POM).

Proloculus First formed chamber in foraminifera. Protista A group of organisms encompassing the classical "protozoa"

possessing a true nucleus enclosed within a membranous envelope; compare to Animalia.

Prymnesiomonad A photosynthesizing flagellate with yellow-brown pig­ment including the coccolithophorids.

Pseudopodia Cytoplasmic projections that serve specialized roles of loco­motion, feeding and other physiological functions.

Pteropods Pelagic gastropods in which the foot is modified for swimming and the shell may be absent or present.

Pustules Small protruberances of the wall with internal layers following the contour of the wall and serving as attachment sites for the rhi­zopodia.

Pyrenoid A subcellular organelle associated with the plastid and a site of starch accumulation during photosynthesis.

Radiolaria Silica-secreting marine protozoa with axopodia radiating from a central cell body surrounded by a porous organic wall (central cap­sule).

Rhizopodia Fine pseudopodia with a branching or reticulate pattern. Rhodophyceae The red-pigmented algae. Ribosome Small cellular organelle (20nm) aiding protein synthesis. Ro- level Level below which the percentage of the most resistant species

first increases detectably.

334 14. Glossary

Rough endoplasmatic reticulum Endoplasmatic reticulum possessing ri­bosomes on the cytoplasmic surface hence giving it a granular appear­ance, site of protein synthesis.

Schizogamy Production of gametes by nuclear proliferation and cyto-plasmic fission.

SCUBA Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Secondary aperture Additional apertures on spiral side of the shell. Sediment trap A device to collect particle outfall from the photic layer. Sergestids Group of marine polychaete worms. Sexual reproduction Reproduction by gamete formation and their fusion

(syngamy) to form a zygote, the earliest stage of a new individual. Smooth endoplasmatic reticulum Endoplasmatic reticulum without ribo­

somes, a site of lipid synthesis. Spines Thin calcite projections anchored within the wall like a fence pole

and leaving characteristic holes after spine shedding during gameto­genesis.

Spinose Presence of surface spines on the test of planktonic foraminifera evolved during the earliest Cenozoic.

Streptospiral Irregular coiling. Subhedral Crystals or crystallites with partially developed boundaries. Suture Depression between two adjacent chambers. Symbiont An organism living in close structural and physiological asso­

ciation with a host usually of diverse taxonomic status - exclusively algal cells in planktonic foraminifera and usually providing mutual benefit.

Synecology The interactions of species with oneanother and their en-vironment governing their abundance and reproductive continuity.

Syngamy Union of gametes to produce a zygote. Terebellid Group of marine polychaete worms. Thylakoid Internal membrane in plastids containing photosynthetic pig­

ments. Tintinnid A marine ciliate typically forming a conical or trumpet-shaped

lorica either formed by a secreted organic substance or by cementing together small particles (e.g., sand grains) gathered from the environ­ment.

Trochospiral Coiling in a spiral resembling a conical snail shell. Trophic activity The mode or pattern of feeding activity including the

quantity, kind and range of prey consumed; and the physiological mechanisms for prey apprehension, ingestion and digestion.

Tunicates Sac-like animals, either benthic or pelagic belonging to the chordate subphylum.

14. Glossary 335

Vesicle A small membrane-bound usually a secretory body having the ap­pearance of being a very small vacuole (approximately 0.1 11m).

Zooxanthella(e) An alga associated with a host, usually as a symbiont, and possessing a yellow-green pigment as opposed to a clearly green pig­ment when viewed with light optics; the latter are zoochlorellae.

Zygote A cell produced by the fusion of gametes and capable of develop­ing into a mature organism, it contains twice the number of chromo­somes as each gamete.

15. Index

Abiotic factors hydrography 40,139,228-229, 232-233,235,238-239,

nutrients 49-50, 87, 90, 110, 134, 184,228,233,235,241,247,265, 284,332

oxygen 70,107-108,199,258, 280,328

pH 34-35, 54, 59, 74, 107-108, 216,259,262,267

salinity 15-16,18-19,22,28,33, 47,59,109,184-185,221,228, 232,235,241,249-250,252,256-257,274,277

temperature 2,5, 10, 15-16, 18-19, 22-23, 28, 33,47, 49, 109, 121, 132,134,181-185,199,210,211, 213,218,221-226,228,231-233, 235-237,239-242,245,249- 252, 256-257,262,265,273-279

thermocline 10,233,235-237, 242-245, 262, 282

Abnormal shell growth 218 Abundance

absolute 238 cyclic (see lunar periodicity) euphotic zone 233 mitochondria 199 Panama Basin 172, 233, 236

phytoplankton 134,233-234,241-242,245,273

planktonic foraminifera 2, 10-20,34,80,112,122,134,187, 220-222,228-240,245,256-260, 265-266,269,

"proloculi" 172 relative 214,231 sediment and planktonic foraminifera 258, 265, 276 symbionts 86,93-95, 99, 103, 109,111,253

seasonal 221,231,234 zooplankton 233,241,245, 273

Acantharia 38,119,328 adamsi

proloculus 172 taxonomy 16

Adhesive substance 75-76, 127 Adult stage (see ontogenetic stages) Agamont 160-162, 185 Aggregates 260-262 Algae 22-23,27-28,37,49-50,53,

81, 86, 88, 93, 96-97, 99-102, 107-112,119,136,248,260,328-329,332

chrysomonads 42,97,123,329

338

Algae (continued) chrysophycophytes 13, 18, 22, 25, 27-28, 40, 97-99, 108, 110-111,329

coccoid algae 93, 96, 103, 329 coccolithophorids 49,53,122, 215-216,220,262,329,333

dinoflagellates 15-16,40,49,69, 86-97, 100-102, 107-112, 123, 127,132,136,147,329

eukaryotic 67, 69-71, 73, 80, 82, 85,97

mesokaryotic 96, 147 morphology 93 perialgal vacuole 71, 81-82, 93, 96,100,103,111,145,332

prasimonads 108 prymnesiomonads 97, 111, 333 rhodophyceae (Red algae) 93, 102,110,332

thecate 136 Algal prey 22-23,27,49,53,81,

112,116,118-119,136,142,260, 328

Algal cultures 49-50, 109 protein 132-133 symbionts 10, 28, 40, 59, 71, 81-82,84,86-136, 142, 147199,260, 332

Alternation of generations 161-162,178-179,186

Amino acid 214-216,218,328 Amphipods 116, 328 anfracta

morphology 175 pustules 202 taxonomy 28

Animal prey 51-53,117-118,132-

133 Anlage 84,191-192,203,208

15. Index

Annual periodicity 245 Annulate lamellae 75-76, 80, 85,

145-147,328 Antarctic 1, 134-135, 178, 182-

184,285 coiling 184

Aposymbiotic 103-109 Arenaceous foraminifera 212, 328 Artemia nauplii 125, 132, 328

Artemia salina 52 brine shrimp 52, 328

asexual 84, 108, 139-140, 160-162, 178,328

Atlantic Ocean aggregates 262 chlorophyll maximum layer 134, 136

coiling 182-184 cyclic abundance 13 North 13,32,134,182-184,228, 231,234,236,238,262,265, 277

patchiness 238 sediment trap 265 South 214,218,228,238

ATP 70,331 Autecology 221, 328

Bacillariophyceae (see Diatoms) Bacteria 48, 76, 91, 96, 112-113, 231 Benthic foraminifera 2, 78

agamont 185 Algromia laticollaris alternation of generations 178 amino acids 215-216 Ammonia beccarii 184 Amphistegina lessonii 184 Amphisorus 96, 102 Amphistegina lobifera 184, 199 arenaceous foraminifera 212, 328 bacteria 112

15. Index

Bolivina doniezi 188 carbon pool 214 chamber formation 188,191-192,212

coiling 181, 184-186 cultures 33 cytoplasm 56, 80-82 diet 47, 136-137 Discorbinella bertheloti 188, 192 Diseorbis vilardeboanus 185 dissolution 269 Elphidium crispum 188 Glabratella patelliform is 188 Heterostegina depressa 81, 188 isotopes 277, 280 Myxotheca 147 Operculina ammonoides 81 Patellina eorrugata 188, 199 peroxisomes 71 pore function 199 primary organic membrane 201 Quinqueloeutina lata 112 Quinqueloeutina 188 reproduction 112,147,160-162 Rosalina globularis ("Tretompha-Ius bulloides") 188

Rosalina leei 112 Rosatina floridana 185, 188 Sorites 81 Spir%eulina hyalina 112, 188 symbionts 87,95-96, 102, 107-108, 110-111

Berggrenia pumilio (see pumilio) 23

Bermuda (see Sargasso Sea) Bilamellar wall 20,63, 193-198,

200-201,203-206,208, 210,218, 332,328

Biomass 112, 116, 132, 233 biotic Factors 229 parasites 86-87,91-93,332

339

predation 52,113-114,212,129, 134-136,217,248,259-260,262, 267

prey 19-20,25,27,33,37,40,42, 45,47,49,51-54,71,74-76,83, 90, 102-103, 108, 112-127, 130, 132-134,136,138,221,228,235, 238-239,242,245,248,250,255, 257,259,260,273,328,333

symbionts 10, 12-13, 15-16, 18, 20, 22,25,28,40,42,45,59,71,81-82,84,86-89,93-104,107-111, 142,145,147,168,199,235,253, 255-256,329

Boundaries nutrients 134 morphological and physiological 167,179,184,215

water Mass 3, 4, 184-185, 222, 244, 247-248, 257, 285

Brine shrimp 52, 132, 328 Bulla 28,30-31,170,174,177

bulloides 10,12,69-70,87,112, 140,162,172,177-179,231,233, 241,278-279

alternation of generations 179 abundance 231,233-2341) amino acids 215 depth habitat 246 isotopes 10,239,241,278-279 lunar periodicity 13 morphology 11-12 nucleus 69 peroxisomes 70 prey 112 primary organic membrane (POM) proloculus 12,172,177-178 reproduction 13, 140, 162 symbionts 10, 87 taxonomy 10

340

Bulla (continued) thermocline 233 upwelling 231, 239

Buoyancy 61,78,147,212,260

13 C 10,100,102-103,145,224, 232,275,278-282,284

14 C 88,100,102,199,214 Calanoid copepods 16, 121-124,

328,329 Calcification 46, 54, 56, 64, 78,

103,107,111,152,161,164,167, 170-171,173,175,188-210,212-214,217,237,255,329,333

calcification device (see fibrillar bodies) 78, 85 crust (see calcite crust) euphotic zone 237 gametogenic 22, 24, 28, 30, 152-154,163-164,171,210,212,237, 279,330

lamination 218 pool 78,100,107,213-214,218 rates 213

Calcite 54, 84, 100, 135, 140, 192, 206,208,210-211,216-218,224-226

anhedral 195,269 compensation depth (CCO) 4, 267,273,329

crust (CC) 12-15, 19,22,24-28, 40,59,195,201,210-212,218, 232-233,237,269,279-280,329

euhedraI195,210,212,269,330 isotopes 224, 278, 281, 284 plaques 191,194-196,206,208 subhedral 334

Calcite compensation depth (CCO) 4,266-267,273,329 Calcium 59,65, 78, 96,100,107,

154,174,212-214,218,258 pool 78, 100, 107,213-214,218

calida 16,18,237 abundance 237 morphology 16-18 proloculus 172 spine morphology 16-18 symbionts 16 taxonomy 16-18

15. Index

Candeina nitida (see nitida) 31, 99,175,178,186

Cannibalism 37, 126 Carbon 100, 102, 108, 132, 214,

332 Carbonate 2,225-226,258,267,

269,329 carnivore 19-20,116,126,170, 181,244,329

Cataloguing and storing shells 54 cavernula

taxonomy 23 CCO (see Calcite compensation depth) Cell organelles

endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) 71, 73, 80, 83, %-97, 146-147, 320,332,334

fibrillar material 72, 75-76,78 fibrillar bodies 61, 76-79, 82, 85, 93,145,330

floatation device (see fibrillar bodies) golgi complex 71-76, 80-81, 83, 85,127,146,330-331,332

lysosomes (digestive vacuoles) 71-72,74-75,127,331

mitochondria 65, 69-70, 74, 80-81,83-85,96-97,147-148,199, 208,331

nucleus 2, 60, 66-70, 76, 82-85, %-97,131,145-152,154,162, 217,328,332

peroxisomes 70-71, 80-82, 85, 332

15. Index

phagosome 74 storage vacuoles 83, 81, 84

Cellular ultrastructure (see also cytoplasm) 56 Chamber growth 103,131,189-

190,200,210-214,218 Chamber deposition and pore formation 187-202

Chamber formation 68, 70, 187-210,212-213,216,218,253

anlage 84, 191-192, 203, 208 in non-spinose species 188-206-210,218,332

in spinose species 203 keel development 199-201 pore formation 187 primary organic membrane (POM) 191-192,194-198,201, 203,206-210,218,332

pustule formation 167,201-203 rates 131 timetable 189-190,

Chemicals agar.59 bengal red 35 cacodylate buffer 59 EDT A (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) 59 epoxy 59 formalin 34-36,59 glutaraldehyde 59 hexamethylenetetramine 34 osmium tetroxide 59 strontium 84, 161

Chlorophyll maximum 109, 134, 236,242-243,259,262,273,282

Chlorophyll 87, %,101,109,134, 233,236,242-243,259-260,262, 273,282,329

Chromatin 68,82,84,147, 329

Chromatography 101

Chromosomes 96,149,330,332, 335

Chrysomonads 42, 97, 123, 329 Chrysophycophytes 13, 18, 22, 25,

27-28,40,97-99,108,110-111, 123,329

Chrysophycophyte symbiont fine structure 97-99 clarkei

calcite crust 12-13 taxonomy 13

CLIMAP 33,187,220,239,285 Coccoid algae 93, 96, 103, 329 Coccolithophorids 49, 53, 122,

215-216,220,262,329,333 Coelenterata 107-108 Coiling 20,22,28,40,170-171,

341

174-178,181-186,233-234,247 planispiral 18, 20, 28, 31, 175, 332 salinity 184-185 streptospiral 20,28,170,173-174, 334

temperature 181-185 trochospiral 5, 20, 30, 173, 175, 181,208,334

Collecting and culture methods 33-55

Collection for physiological studies 35-39

Collection 34-40, 52, 158, 191, 221,253

Commensalism 86-91, 102, 329 Comparative data of planktonic and benthicforaminifera 80, 110,

136,160 radiolaria 83, 108, 11, 136, 160

conglobatus abundance 236 amino acids 215 depth habitat 236 ontogeny 179 prey 116

342

conglobatus (continued)

proloculus 172, 179 reproduction 140 symbionts 93 taxonomy 15

cong/omerata proloculus 172 taxonomy 20

Copepods .16, 51, 113, 116, 119, 122-125,134,136,138,262,328-331

calanoid 16, 122-124,328-329 cyclopoid 122-124, 329 digestion time 123 harpacticoid 122-124, 331

Corals 107,108 crassaformis

amino acids 215 taxonomy 23

Cretaceous 276 Crustacea 51, 132, 135 Crystallinity 24, 28, 195, 201, 210-

211,269 cultrata 25 Cyanobacteria 38, 329 Cyc1opoid copepods 122-124, 329 Cytochemical fine structure stain­ing 70,74,126-127,162 Cytoplasm 2,6,22-23,25,27,32,

35, 37, 42, 45-48, 54, 56-76, 78-88, 90-91,93-95,98-99,100,103,109-113,116,119,126-127,129-131, 135,142,145-147,149,154-155, 162, 168, 170-171, 173-174, 181, 187-189,191,194-195,197,199, 203,206-208,213,216-217,263, 329-331

bubble capsule 19-20, 61, 87, 90, 129,142,207,328

color 37,86 filopodia 57,60,63,64,81,85, 330

15. Index

granular 47,67,68,142,188-189, 216

inclusion 59, 70-71, 74, 78, 85, 90, 147,149,

intrashell 56-57,60, 70, 74-76, 80-83,85-86,93,103,113,127,145, 147

lipids 70, 73, 78-80, 83-85, 102, 127,145,147-148,330-331,334

lysosomes (digestive vacuoles) 71-72,74-75,127,331

morphology 56, 61 perialgal vacuole 71,81-82,93, 96, 100, 103, 111, 145, 332

peripheral 45,47,52,54,57,61-62,64,70,72,74,76,79,81,83, 103,113,147,189,191,216,

peroxisomes 70-71, 80-82, 85, 332

reserve bodies 78, 96 reticulate 57,60-61,64,207,332 rhizopodia 37-38,40,46-47,51-53,57-58,60-65,74-76,78,82,85-87,90,93,103,108,113-114,116, 119, 125-127, 129-131, 142, 144-145,188-189,191-192,195,197, 201,206-207,216,218,250,253, 330,333

peripheral 47, 52, 57, 62, 64 rhizopodial morphology 61,96, 188-189

rhizopodial network 38, 47, 53, 57-58, 60-64, 73-74, 82-83, 85-86, 96, 113,125,147,189-192,207,253

rhizopodial streaming 37,47,60-61,74,84,93,103,127,130-131, 142,144,216-217

Cytoplasmic inclusion 59, 70-71, 74,78,85,90,147,149,

Cytoskeletal structures 64, 329 micro filaments (Filaments) 64-66,81,85,329,331

15. Index

microtubules 59,64-65,81,85, 149,329,330-331

Daily vertical migration 237-239 DCMU (3-(3,4 dicWorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) 103-107 Deep sea 1, 3, 4, 162, 215, 265 Deep Sea Drilling Project 3, 280 dehiscens

amino acids 215 calcite crust 13, 16, 210 depth habitat 13 dissolution 268 morphology 16, 210 ontogeny 16, 210 proloculus 16 symbionts 16 taxonomy 16

Depth habitat 2,10,13,27, 76, 107,111,121,131,136,160,172, 179,220-222,226-227,230-233, 235-237, 245-247, 265-267, 274, 276-280,285

by means of stable isotopes 231, 235-237, 274-281

calcification and isotopes 275-276 life cycle 246 morphology 235 proloculus 172,179 sampling depth 34-35,38,232-233,236,244,247

stratification 236 Deuteroconch 165,168,171,178,

181,329 Diatoms 2,22-23,25,27-28,37,

49,53,75,93,102,110,112,116, 119-120,125,130,136,216,220, 269,329

Diel cycle of symbionts 84, 103-104,111

Differential dissolution 259,268-269,277,280

digitata (Hastigerina) coiling 20 depth habitat 19 ontogeny 20 prey 112 spine morphology 219 taxonomy 19

digitata (Bee/fa) morphology 18 resorption 18

343

Dinoflagellates 15-16,40,49,69, 86-97,100-102,107-112,123,127, 132,136,147,329

cysts 52-53 gymnodiniales 91 mesokaryotic 96 peridiniales 91 peridinin 87 plastid lamellae 110 pyrocystis 87-89 symbiont fine structure 94-97 thylakoid 96-97, 110-111,334

Dinoflagellate symbiont fine struc­ture 94-97,132, 136, 147,329 Dinophytes (see Dinoflagellates) Dioecious 139, 158,244, 330 Discrimination of species 8-32,38 Dissolution 35,59, 135, 142, 152,

212,214,216,258-259,263,266-269,273,277,280,330

calcite compensation depth (CCD) 4,266-267,273,329 differential Dissolution 259, 268-269,277,280

in the deep water 258, 262, 266 in the gut 135 isotopes 280 lysocline 266-267,331 ranking list 270-271 Ro-Ievel 258,263,266,333

Distribution 133, 226-239 climatic influence 1, 3, 33, 187,

344

Distribution (continued) 220,239,285

coiling 182-184 horizontal 33, 112, 134, 220, 226-

231 living plankton 2,87,182,218, 227-229,231,234-242,258

nutrients 134, 220 patchiness 134,221,237-239 reproduction 134, 238, 243 seasonal 231-235,237,239 sediment 230, 258 shell size 258 statistics 3,221-223 temperature 134, 221-226, 228, 231,233,235-237,239-242

vertical 33, 134, 179,224,232-233, 235-237,258-259

water mass boundary effect 3-4, 184-185,222,245,247-248, 257, 285

Distributional pattern of plankto­nic foraminifera 1, 2, 226-239 DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid)

68,96,330 Drag coefficient 263, 330 dutertrei

abundance 22,233,236 amino acids 215 calcification 237 calcite crust 22, 210 cytoplasm 57, 76 cytoplasmic color 37 deep chlorophyll maximum 236 depth habitat 246 experiments 210, 250 fibrillar bodies 79 gametes 143 gametogenic calcification 22 growth below thermocline 237 isotopes 237

lunar periodicity 13 life span 13, 246 morphology 22 nucleus 66 ontogeny 175, 178

15. Index

organic composition of the wall 57

pores 199 prey 75,99,102,116,118-119 proloculus 172, 178 reproduction 22,140,143 salinity 22, 250 sedimentation 76 symbionts 99 taxonomy 22 temperature 22, 250 watermass 22

Ecology 3, 6-7, 220-257 annual Periodicity 244 collection 34-35 distributional pattern of planktonic foraminifera 226-239 experimental studies 35, 44, 100, 103-108,113,125, 127-133,210, 213-214,248-256

general sea surface temperature in the past 239-242 horizontal 33, 112, 134, 220, 226-231

lunar periodicity 13, 16, 19-20, 22, 129,155-160,163,243-244,246, 259,331

niches 5,112,235 nutrients 49-50, 87, 90, 110, 134, 184,228,233,235,242,265,284, 332

oxygen 70,107-108,199,258,280, 329

patchiness and daily vertical mi­gration 237-239

15. Index

pH 34-35,54,59, 74, 107-108, 216, 259,262,267

population dynamics 4,242-248, 257,273

predation 52,113-114,129,134-136,212,217,248,259-260,262, 267

pore diameter 199 predators 134-136,248,260,267 prey 20,25,27,33,37,40,42,45, 47,49,51-54,71,74-76,83,90, 102-103, 108, 112-127, 130, 132-134,136,138,221,228,235,238-239,244-245,248,250,255-257, 259-260,273,333

salinity 15-16,18-19,22,28,33, 47,59,109,184-185,221,228, 232,235,242,249-250,252,256-257,274,277

seasonal distribution 231-135, 237, 239-242

stable isotopes 224-226,239-242, 274-284

statistical treatment and the transfer function 221-223 symbiosis 86-111 temperature 2, 5, 10, 15-16, 18-19, 22-23, 28, 33,47, 49, 109, 121, 132,134,181-185,199,210-211, 213,218,221-226,228,231-233, 235-237,239-242,244,249-252, 256-257,262,265,273-279

trophic Activity 112-138 vertical distribution 33, 134, 179, 224,232-233,235-239,258-259

water mass boundary effect 3, 4, 184-185,222,247-248, 257,285

Ecophenotypes

bulla 28,30-31,170,174,177 kummerform 40, 152, 155, 163, 170,174,177,249-250

345

sac-like chamber 152,170,174, 177,282

Ecosystem 3, 220, 229, 231 EDT A (Ethylenediamine tetra­acetic acid) 59

Effects influencing the isotopic signal 276-281 Endoplasmatic reticulum (ER)

71,73,80,83,96-97 Environmental factors 6, 33, 113,

182,185-187,220-221,240,242-247,257,331

Enzymes 70-72,74,76,127,149, 330

Euchromatin 68, 97 Euhedral 195,210,212,269,330 Eukaryotic 67, 69-71, 73, 80, 82,

85,97 Euphausiids 135, 330 Evolution 4,80,95, 182, 229, 274 Exocytosis 76, 145 Experimental studies 35, 44, 100,

113,125,127,248,256-257 14C 100

calcite crust 210 calcium pool 213-214 chamber formation 127-132,213-214,248-256

DCMU 103-108 diet 121-125,132-133,254-256 gametogenesis 127-132 growth rate 248-256 light 103-108 protein 132-133 salinity 248-256 survival time 127-132,248-253 symbiont 100, 103-108 temperature 210, 248-256

/a/conensis morphology 12

346

falconensis (continued) proloculus 172 symbionts 12 taxonomy 12

Fecal pellet 50-51, 135, 260, 262, 264

Feeding 16,20,27,33, 45, 47, 49-54,56,64,68,74,89,91,97, 112-114, 119-125, 127-132, 135-136,160,188,209,250,253,255-256

Feeding interval 127,129, 131-132,255

Feeding techniques 49 Fertilization 108-109, 139 Fibrillar material 72, 75-76, 78 Fibrillar bodies 61,76-79,82,85,

93,145,330 Filaments (micromaments) 64-

66,81,85,329,331 Filopodia 57,60,63-64,81,85,

330 Fine structure analysis 126

cytoplasmic organelles 66 prey and digestion 126-127

Fine structure 55, 58-59, 61, 66-67, 70, 74, 80, 82-83, 93, 96-97, 110-111, 126, 145, 147, 162, 197, 329

Five stage concept 167-170, 181 Fixation and storing of samples 34 Flagella 103,109,147,149,152 Floatation device (see fibrillar bodies) Food 2, 19-20,22-23,27,36,42,

46-49,51-53,60,69-72,74,78,81-84,86-87,91,96,99,102,109, 112-134,136,138,140,231,244-245,248,259-260,262

digestion time of cope pods 124 organism 117-118

15. Index

Frustule (theca) (see also diatoms 75,110,119

Function of pores 197,199 Fungi 47,330 Fusules 83-84

Galactose 102, 330 Gallitellia vivans (see vivans) 31 Gametes 42,84,93,97,108-109,

136,139-141,144-145,147,149, 152,155,158,162,168,179,244, 266, 328-333

release 42, 76, 102, 108-109, 136, 140,144-147, 152, 154-155, 158, 162,212,243

swarming 42 Gametogenesis 2, 8, 15, 18, 20,

30,42,76,79-80,93,97,103-104,109,129,131, 139-160, 163, 174,212,216,219,237,250,255-256,258,263,279,328,330,334

calcification 22, 24, 28, 30, 152, 154,163-164,171, 210,212,237, 279,330

fine Structure Data 80, 145-152, 197

gamete release 42,108-109, 140, 143-146,152,154-155,162,212, 243

gametes 149-151 morphological changes 152-155 reproductive cycle 141-142,155-160,162,185,274

symbionts 109 Gametogenic calcification 22, 24,

28, 30, 152-154, 163-164, 171, 210,212,237,279,330

Gamont 160-162, 185 Gastropod 122

food organisms 117-118,122 heteropods 122, 331

15. Index

pteropods 117-118,122,135,216, 331

General sea surface temperature in the past 239-242 Glacial effect 277 Globigerina

bulloides (see bulloides) 10, 12, 69-70,87,112,140,162,172,177-179,231,233,241,278-279

falconensis (see falcon ens is) 12 Globigerinella

adamsi (see adamsi) 16 calida (see calida) 16, 18,237 digitata (see digitata) 18 siphonifera (see siphonifera) 13, 15-16,18,37,61,87,91,97,111, 116,118,123-124,132-134,140, 150,159-160,163,173,177,179-180,199,232-233,237,248,250, 252,257

Globigerinita glutinata (seeglutinata) 13,28,30-31,87,97,116,119,125,140, 175,233,236

minutfl (see minuta) 30 uvula (see uvula) 30

Globigerinoides conglobatus (see conglobatus) 15, 93,116,140,150,179,236

ruber (see ruber) 12, 15, 37, 62, 69-70,87,91,93, 100-101, 116, 118,122,124,132-134,140,147, 150,159-160,162-163,173-174, 179-180,214,232-233,236,240, 248,250,252,256-257,263,265, 276,278-279

sacculi fer (seesacculifer) 2,15-16,37,40,53,62,78,86-88,90-91,93,100-101,103-104,107, 109,112-113,116,118-119,122, 124-125,131-134,140,147,152,

347

159-160, 163, 165, 170-171, 173-175,177,179-180,199,206,210, 212-213,226,233,236,239-240, 248-249,252-253,255-257,281-282

Globoquadrina conglomerata (see conglomerata) 20 Globorotalia

anfracta (see anfracta) 28 cavemula (see cavemula) 23 crassafonnis (see crassaformis) 23 hirsuta (see hirsuta) 23,27,37, 76,97,99,116,119,125,134, 162-163,175,188,206,210,237, 244,248,256,276

inflata (see inflata) 23-24,28, 76, 99,112,116,119,125,134,140, 241,269

menardii (see menardii) 24-25,27, 64,99,102,116,119,140,175, 177,194-195,199,201,233,236-237,256,279

scitula (see scitula) 25, 116, 162, 182,276

theyeri (see theyeri) 25,233,237, 276

truncatulinoides (see trucatulino ides) 23-25,27,37, 76, 87,112, 116,119,125,127,129-130,134, 162-163,175,181-182, 184, 188, 206,210,232,237,244,248,256-257,263,276,280

tumida (see tumida) 27,181,199, 280

ungulata (see ungulata) 27 Globorotaloides hexagonus (see hexagon us ) 27 Globoturborotalita

rubescens (see rubescens) 12, 177,214

tene/la (see tene/la) 12

348

Glucose 102,199,330-331 glutinata

abundance 233-234,236 bulla 28,31 cytoplasm 6 cytoplasmic color 37 depth habitat 246 gametogenic calcification 30 lunar periodicity 13 morphology 5,28,30-31 ontogeny 175 prey 28, 116-120, 125 proloculus 172 pustules 202 reproduction 140 salinity 28 symbionts 13,28,87,97 taxonomy 28 temperature 28 thermocline 233

Glycerol 102,330 Golgi complex 71-76,80-81,83,

85,127,146,330-332 Golgi apparatus (see Golgi com­plex) Gromia ovifonnis 71 Growth rate 131, 155, 171, 177-

179,187,249,251 Growth below the photic zone

210,237 Gulf of Aqaba 87,159 Gymnodiniales 91

Harpacticoid copepods 122-124, 331

Has tigerina digitata (see digitata) 19-20, 112, 210

pelagica (see pelagica) 18,20,37-38,61,66,70,74,78,80,87-91, 112-113,116,118-119,124-127, 129, 134, 140, 142, 144-145, 147,

15. Index

152,155,158-159,163,170,197, 206-208,210,214,248,257,328

Herbivore 19,22,53, 112, 114, 136,170,181,245,259,331

Heteropods 122,331 Heterotrophic consumers 138 hexagonus

proloculus 172 taxonomy 27

hirsuta abundance 27,134,244-245,248 amino acids 215 calcite crust 196, 210 cannibalism 37 chamber formation 188-189,206, 237

collection see chapter 3 cytoplasm 76 cytoplasmic color 37 depth habitat 23,27, 163,237, 246,276

experiments 125, 210 fibrillar bodies 79 growth below thermocline 237 life span 23, 27, 162, 246 ontogeny 175 pores 175-176 prey 23,27,97,99,116,118-119, 125

proloculus 172 pustules 202 reproduction 23, 162-163 sedimentation 76 symbionts 99 taxonomy 23

Holothurians 135, 331 Horizontal distribution 33, 112,

134,220,226-231 Host and symbiont relationships

86-111 humilis

calcite crust 13

15. Index

depth habitat 13 ontogeny 13 reproduction 140 symbionts 97 taxonomy 13

Hydrolysates 214, 331

Identification of species 8-32, 37-40,44,51,109-111,163,229,232, 256

Indian Ocean 135, 278 inflata

abundance 134,239 amino acids 215 calcite crust 24, 269 cytoplasmic color 37 depth habitat 246 dissolution 269 gametogenic calcification 24 isotopes 239,242 lunar periodicity 13 prey 25,99,112,115-116,118-119,125

proloculus 172 pustules 172 reproduction 24-25, 140 rhizopodial network 62 sedimentation 76 symbionts 99 taxonomy 23

Inner organic lining (IOL) 195-199,201,206,218,331

Intracapsular 83-84 iota

bulla 31 morphology 186 ontogeny 31, 175, 177, 186 taxonomy 30

Isotopes 331 carbon 10,100,102-103,145,224, 232,275,278-282,284

changes with depth 280-281

349

differential dissolution 259,268-269,277,280

effects influencing the isotopic signal 276-280

equilibrium 224,232,278-279,281 glacial Effect 277

isotopic temperature 2, 15, 224-226,232,239-242,274-277

NBS-20 225

oxygen 2,100,102-103,212,224-226,231-232,237,239-242,274-280

selective production 279 temperature effect 249, 276, 281 vital effect 102, 212, 242, 276,

278- 279, 284 water mass effect 231,277

Jurassic 5,80,203,225 Juvenile stage (see ontogenetic stages)

Karyokinesis 149 Keel development 199-201 Kummerform 40, 152, 155, 163,

170,174,177,249-250

Laboratory preparations 35 Laboratory studies of omnivorous

feeding 132-133 Laboratory studies of trophic

activity 121-133 life cycle 21,131,136,155-160, 160-163,237,242-246

biphasic 160 life span 22-24, 28, 116, 131,244-247,256,259

Light intensity 37,45, 102, 104, 107-108,131,253,255,273

Lineages 80 Lipids 70, 73, 78-80, 83-85, 102,

127,145,147-148,330-331,334

350

Longevity 127,129-130,249,253-256

Lunar periodicity 13, 16, 19-20, 22,129,155-160,163,238,243-244,246,331

trigger 158 Lysocline 266-267, 331 Lysosomes (digestive vacuoles)

71-72,74-75,331

Magnesium/calcium ratio 212 Major features of algal symbionts

94-95,98-99,109-111 Marine snow 245, 260 Maturation 33, 49, 93, 116, 160,

170-171,181,187,196,210, 245,248,255,259,279

Mediterranean Sea 15 coiling 184

Megalospheric 161, 178 Membranes

annulate lamellae 75-76, 80, 85, 145-147,328

nuclear 67, 147 plasma 76,96,147,191,333

menardii abundance 233 amino acids 215 calcite crust 24-25, 196 chamber formation 195 cytoplasmic color 37 depth habitat 125, 236, 246 growth below thermocline 237 isotopes 279 keel 175, 199-200 ontogeny 177 pores 194, 199 prey 25,99,102,115-116,118-119 proloculus 172 pustules 64,201-202 reproduction 140

symbionts 99,102 taxonomy 25

15. Index

Metabolism 56, 68, 70, 103, 108, 274,282,331

metabolic C02 103 Methods 7, 33-34, 51, 55, 221,

231,285 collection 36-37, 39 cultures 33,39,41-44,48-49,55, 248

decalcification 59 filtered seawater 45, 54 fixation (TEM) 34,36,58-59,65, 100,113,123

flowmeter 35 glass jar 36 mocness 35 nutrients 49-50 osmotic shock 250 pH 35,54,59 plankton tow 226, 234, 239 preparation 35 sampling depth 34-35, 38 SCUBA 7,35,37-39, 113-114, 116,118,124,216,332

Microfilaments (filaments) 64-66, 81,85,329,331

Microgranular 195, 269 Micropores 195,196,199-200,

204-206,332 Microscopy 7,58-59,61,66,69,

74,78,99,113,116,119,123,140-141,145,149,162,165,187,194-195,197,208,214,330-331

light microscopy 59,61, 74, 140, 145,187,194

scanning electron microscopy 7, 165,195,197,214

transmission electron microscopy 58,59-69,78,99,113,116,194, 197

15. Index

Microspheric 161-162, 178 Microtubules 59,64-65, 81, 85,

149,331 Miliolid foraminifera 331 minuta

taxonomy 30 Mitochondria 65,69-70,74,80-

81,83-85,96-97,147-148,199, 208,331

cristae 69, 96, 329 Mocness 35 Monitoring cultures 45-54 Monoecious 139,244,331 Morphological changes during gametogenesis 152-155, 163 Morphology

gross morphology 6, 15-16, 33, 56, 61,104,111,152,164-187,201, 208,215,220,235,262,268,273, 285

shell growth 107, 131, 164-219, 249-251,253,255-256,274

shell size 38, 131, 136, 180, 249-250,253,256,258,273

spherical chamber 78,107,132, 165,174,208,216,248,250

umbilicus 28, 168, 170-171, 174 Mucocysts 118,332 Multicellular 216

Natural prey 40,50-52, 113-124,136 Neanic stage (see ontogenetic stages) Nekton 135 Neog/oboquadrina

dutertrei (see dutertrei) 22,99, 102,116,140,175,178,199,210, 233, 236-237, 250

pachydenna (see pachydenna) 22,119,135,140,178-179,181-185,215,219,233-234,247,277

Net collection 36 nitida

ontogeny 175, 178, 186 prey 99 proloculus 172 pustules 31 symbionts 99 taxonomy 31

Nitrogen 108,328-329 Non-spinose planktonic

foraminifera 332 abundance 10,235,134 amino acids 214-215 calcification 208 cannibalism 126 chamber formation 188-194 collection 36 cytoplasmic color 37

351

depth habitat 231-232,235-237, 246-247

dissolution 268, 280 fibrillar bodies 76, 78-79 gametogenic calcification 210 health in cultures 40, 48 keel 199-201 life span 22-24,28,244-246 natural prey 118 nucleus 66 ontogeny 174-177,186 organic composition of the wall 198,204-205,214-216

population dynamics 242-248 pores 176,194,198,200,204-206

prey 2,53,113-117,119,124-125 133-134, 136

primary organic membrane (POM) 205 proloculus 177-179 pustules 201-203 reproduction 140, 162,247

352

Non-spinose planktonic (continued)

rhizopodial network 52, 60-64 sedimentation 258 symbionts 10,13,87,98-99,109-112

taxonomy 8, 20-32 North Atlantic 13, 32, 134, 182-

184,228,231,234,236,238,262, 265,277

North Pacific 135, 230, 233, 265, 277 Nucleoplasm 66-69,149 Nucleus 2,60,66-70, 76, 82-85,

131,145-152,154,162,217,328, 330,332

Nutrients 10,19,49-50,87,90, 110,134,184,228,233,235,241 247,265,284,332

Nutrition 45-46,52-53,56,89, 112,119,129,255,332

180 2,100,102-103,212,224-226, 231-232, 237, 239,274, 276-280, 284

obliquiloculata amino acids 215 calcite crust 28, 269 coiling 181 filaments 65 lunar periodicity 13 ontogeny 178 prey 28,99,102,116,118-119,125 proloculus 172 pustules 202 symbionts 99,102 taxonomy 28

Omnivore 25,49,53,113,116, 123,125,132,136,170,332

Ontogenetic stages 2, 12-13, 19-20,28,30-31,45,52,54,82,93 109,132,146-147,160,164-175

15. Index

178-181,186-187,192,195,200, 203,208,210,214,245,248,258, 260,262,266,284,331,333

adult 10, 12-13, 16, 18-20,28,30-31, 109, 126, 132, 155, 160, 164-165,170-171,174-175,179,184-187,233,258,266,268,279,282, 331

juvenile 10, 16, 19-20,28,30-31, 36,52-53,119,124,126,132,135-136,160,165,168,171-173,175, 179-181,185-186,233,242,244, 247,259-260,262,266,273,281, 284,331

neanic 13,19-20,28,119,170-171, 174-175,179-181,185-186,200, 244-245,259,266,331

prolocular 12, 16,31,140,161-162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-180, 186,244,258,260,329,333

terminal 12-13, 16, 19,28,30-31, 40,107,170-171,174,177,186, 218,256

Ontogenetic concept for spinose species 167-171 Ontogeny 2,6,13,15,19-20,25,

28,30-32,54,147,163-186,250, 256,279,332

bulla 28,30-31,170,174,177 coiling 20, 22, 28, 40, 170-171, 174,177-178,181-186,247

deuteroconch 165,168,171,178, 181,329

diameter 36-37, 44-45, 54, 64-65, 69-72, 74, 76, 90,107, 119, 168, 172,177-179,199,252,330-331

five Stage Concept 167-170,181 growth rate 131, 245,249,251 kummerform 40, 152, 155, 163, 170,174,177,249-250

megalospheric 161, 178

15. Index

microspheric 161-162, 178 multichambered juveniles 165, 258

ontogenetic concept 167-170 ontogenetic stages (see ibidem) planispiral 20, 332 proloculus 140,161,165-168,170-175,177-180,186,329,333

quantitative 177 sac-like chamber 152,170,174, 177,282

secondary aperture 12, 332 streptospiral 20,28,170,173-174, 333

trochospiral 5, 20, 30, 173, 181, 208,333

variations in developmental morphology of non-spinose species 174-177 variations in developmental morphology of spinose species 171-174

Oogenesis 108 Orbulina universa (see universa)

2,15,19,78,87,91,93,100,107, 116: 118-119, 123-124, 132, 134, 140,144,150,152,165,170,174, 179,185,207-209,214,216,232-233,237,246,248,250,252,256-257,276,279

Orcadia riedeli (see riedeli) 19,209 Organic composition of the cal­citic wall 214

inner organic lining (IOL) 195-199,201,206,218,330

primary organic membrane (POM) 191-192,194-198,201,203,

206-210,218,332 Origin of symbionts 108-109 Ostracods 117-118,122,216,332 Oxygen 70,107,199,258,280,328

pachyderm a abundance 233-234,277 amino acids 215,218-219

353

coiling 22,178,181-184,234,247 depth habitat 22 dissolution in the gut 135 living plankton 182 ontogeny 178 paleoceanography 182 population dynamics 247 prey 118-119 predators 135 proloculus 172 reproduction 140 salinity 22 taxonomy 22 temperature 185 thermocline 233 watermass 22, 233, 247

Paleoceanography 184, 218, 220-227,230-232,239-242,274-285

Paleoecology 2-3, 187, 220, 239-242,252,274-285,332

Paleosalinity 274, 277-278 Paleotemperature 2,199,225,

239-242,274-279,285 Panama Basin 172,232-233,236-

237,262 Parasitism 86-87,91-93,332 parkerae 31

taxonomy 31 Patchiness 2, 134, 221, 237-239 pelagica

abundance 134,248 coiling 20 collection see chapter 3 commensals 87-91 cytoplasm 20,48,61,80,112,144, 207

cytoplasmic color 80 cytoplasmic organelles 66-79

354

pelagica (continued) depth habitat 246 experiments 38, 119,122-130, 155, 257

fibrillar bodies 61, 77-78 gametes 148-151, 158 gametogenic timetable 156 health in cultures 37 life span 155-159 lunar periodicity 20, 155-159, 163 morphology 18 nucleus 66, 146-148 ontogeny 20, 170 organic composition of the wall 198,214

parasites 91-92 population dynamics 242-246 pores 197, 204,206-207 prey 29, 113, 115-119, 121-130, primary organic membrane (POM) 207 repair and resorption 154 reproduction 20, 129, 140, 142, 144-147,155-159,163

resorption of spines 20, 152, 216-217

rhizopodial network 19-20, 61, 87,90,129,142,207

spine shedding 152 spine morphology 20, 206-207, 210 survival time 125, 128, 246 symbionts 20,145 taxonomy 20 wall structure 206, 209

Peridiniales 91 Peridinin 87 Peripheral cytoplasm and rhizopodial morphology 61

peripheral rhizopods 47, 52, 57, 62,64

Peroxisomes 70-71, 80-82, 85, 331 inclusions 82, 332

Phagosomes (pH) 74 Phenotypes 332

15. Index

bulla 28,30-31,170,174,177 kummerform 40, 152, 155, 163, 170,174,177,249-250

sac-like chamber 152,170,174, 177,282

Photic zone 1, 10-16, 163, 233, 236-238,262,276,334

Photosynthesis 88, 93-96, 100-103, 107-108,199,214,255-256,328, 331-332

Phylogeny 5,56,80,86,332 Physiological mechanism and rates of calcification 213-214 Phytoplankton 22,25,49,114,

119, 121, 125, 132-134, 136, 168, 231,233-234,242,245,262,266

Pigment 12,40,78,80,87,97,100-102,110-111,142,145,214,329, 333-335

Planispiral 20, 332 Plasma membrane 76,96,147,

191,333 Pleistocene 2-3,15,182-184,252,

274,277-278,280,285 Polychaetes 117-118,135,333 POM (see primary organic membrane) Population Dynamics 4, 221, 242-

248,257,273 annual periodicity 244 lunar periodicity 13, 16, 19-20, 22,129,155-160,163,238,243-244,246,259,331

reproductive strategies 243, 246 water mass boundary effects 184-185,247-248

Pore plate 70,195-197,199,206-207

Pore formation and wall thicken­ing 187,194-199

15. Index

Pores block diagram 204-205 diameter 199,252-253 distribution 167 formation 187 function 197,199 micropores 195-196,199-200, 206,332

non-spinose 176, 194, 198, 200, 204-206 pl~te 70,195-197,199,204-206 pores 197-198,204-206

Prasimonads 108 Prasinophyte 111,333 Pre-adult 12-13, 16, 18,28,30-31,

186,258 Pre-Neanic 170,259 Predation 52,113-114, 129, 134-

136,212,217,248,259-260,262, 267

Predators on planktonic foraminifera 134-136, 248, 260, 267

Prey acceptance and rate of diges­tion 121 Prey 19-20,25,27,33,37,40,42,

45,47,49,51-54,71,74-76,83, 90, 102-103, 108, 112-127 130, 132-134,136,138,221,228,235, 238-239,242,244-245,248,250, 255,257,259,260,273,328,333

comparative data with benthic foraminifera and radiolaria 136 carnivorous 19-20, 116, 126, 170, 181,244,329

herbivorous 19,22,53, 112, 114, 136,170,181,244,259,331

omnivorous 25,49,53, 113, 116, 123,125,132,136,170,332

carapaces 113 Primary organic membrane

355

(POM) 191-192,194-198,201, 203,206-210,218,333

Primary production 133, 233, 235 Prokaryotes % Pro locular stage (see ontogenetic stages) Proloculus 140,161,165-168,170-

175,177-180,186,244,329,333 Protein fibrils 65, 133 Prymnesiomonad 97,111,333 Pseudopodia (see rhizopodia) Pteropods 117-118,122,135,216,

333 Pulleniatina ob/iqui/oculata (see ob/iqui/ocu/ata) 28,99, 102,116,

119,125,178,181,269 pumilio

taxonomy 23 Pustules 5,8,28,31-32,64, 167,

201-203,210,218,333 Pyrenoid 96,110,333 Pyrocystis 87-89

Quantitative ontogeny 177-181 quinque/oba

abundance 13,231,233-234 amino acids 215 depth habitat 246 lunar periodicity 13 morphology 13 pores 13 prey 233 proloculus 172 symbiont 13 taxonomy 13 thermocline 233 upwelling 231

Radiocarbon 100 Radiolaria 38, 83-84, 108, 111,

119,136,160-162,165,216,220, 269,333

356

Radiolaria (continued) amino acids and protein 122, 216 carbon 108 cytoplasm 83 nucleus 162 prey 2, 119, 122, 136 reproduction 162 symbionts 108, 111 recrystallization 268, 273, 280 reproduction 160 trophic activity 136

Red Sea 13,134,245,249-250,252 lunar periodicity 13, 245 paleoceanography 252 pleistocene 252 salinity 249-250

Regeneration 37,217,219,250 Reproduction 6-8, 13, 16, 19-20,

22-23,28,33,55-56,68-69, 76, 82,84,108-109,112-113,129, 131,134,136,139-140,149,154-163,170-171,174,178-179,185, 233,235,238,240,244-248,253, 259,273-274,282,328,330-331, 334

agamont 160-162,178, 185-186 alternation of generations 161-162,178,186

annulate lamellae 75-76, 80, 85, 145-147,328

asexual 84, 108, 139-140, 160-162, 178,328

cultures 53, 55 comparisons with benthic foraminifera and radiolaria 160 dioecious 139,158,245,330 gamete release 42,108-109,140, 144-146,152,154-155,162,212, 244, 143-144

gametes 149-151 gametogenic calcification 22,24,

15. Index

28, 30, 152-154, 163-164, 171, 210,212,237,279,330

gamont 160,162, 178-179, 186 haploid 140,330 karyokinesis 149 lunar Periodicity 13, 16, 19-20, 22,129,155-160,163,238,243-244,259,331

monoecious 139,244,331 multicellular 216 oogenesis 108 population dynamics 238, 240, 245-246

prey 53,129,131,136 reproductive Strategies 243-247 reproductive Cycles 13, 16, 19-20-22,24,28,30,33,82,134,141-142,155-160,161-162, 178-179, 185,235,238,240,242-248,273-274

schizogamy 334 sexual 108-109,139,161-162,178-179,333

spine shedding 8, 140, 147, 152-154,163,170-171,334

symbionts 108-109,144 syngamy 140,161,164,244,334 telophase 149 timetable 141-142,156-157 wall thickening and gametogenic calcification 210-213 zygote 139-140,161,164,167,170, 178,244,259,330,333

Reproductive cycles 155-160, 162, 185,246,274

Reproductive strategies 242-245 Residence time and sinking velocity 263-265 Resorption 216

calcification 216, 219 cultures 37,46, 123,216

15. Index

gametogenesis 18,142,152,174, 212,217,273

lack of food 255 pore 200 spine 153, 217

Resorption and repair processes 216-218

Reticulopodia 60, 85 Rhizopodia 37-38,40,46-47,51-

53,57,60,62,64-65,74-76,78, 82,85-87,90,93,103,108,113-114,116,119,125-127,129-131, 142,144-145,188-189,191-192, 195,197,201,206-207,216,218, 250,253,333

peripheral 47,52,57,62,64 morphology 61,96,188-189 network 38,47,53, 57-58, 60-64, 73-74,82-83,85-86,96,113,125, 147,189-192,207,253

streaming 37,47,60-61, 74, 84, 93,103,127,130-131,142,144, 216-217

Rhodophyceae (red algae) 93, 102, 110, 333

riedeli spine morphology 19, 109 taxonomy 19

Ro-Ievel 258,263,266 ruber

abundance 15, 134, 232-233, 236, 239,248,265

alternations of generations 162 amino acids 215 animal prey 118, 133 chamber formation 203 collection see chapter 3 commensals 87,91 cultures 15, 37, 122 cytoplasmic organelles 70, 71, depth habitat 15, 232, 236, 246

experiments 15, 122-124, 250, 252,256

357

isotopes 232,239-240,276,278-279

light 101 lunar periodicity 160, 162, 256 nucleus 69 ontogeny 147, 165-166, 173, 179-180

organic composition of the wall 214

paleoceanography 232,239-242, 252

pigment 12, 15, 87 101, 214 prey 116-118, 122-123, 134 protein 133 proloculus 162,172, 179 reproduction 140, 150, 159 rhizopodial network 58,62 salinity 15,250,252 symbionts 15, 93, 100-101, 104, taxonomy 15 temperature 15,250,252,276

rubescens morphology 12 proloculus 172, 177 pigment 12, 214 taxonomy 12

Sac-like chamber 152,170,174, 177,282

sacculi fer abundance 134,233,236,239, 248,256

amino acids 215 calcification 213 chamber formation 131, 253-255 collection see chapter 3 commensals 87-88,90-91 cytoplasmic organelles 66-79 DCMU 103-106

358

saccu/ifer (continued) depth habitat 15, 236, 246, 282 experiments 100, 103-104, 106-107,113,116,122-126,131,213, 226,249-251,255-257

fibrillar bodies 77-78 gametogenic calcification 109, 152-153,140-143,160,163, 212

gametogenic timetable 141-142 health in cultures see chapter 3 isotopes 212,226,239-242,281-282

life span 159-160 light 101, 131, 253, 255 lunar cycle 159-160, 163, 246 morphology 152 ontogeny 2,165-171,174,179-180,210

parasites 91 pigment 87,100-101 population dynamics 239-246 pores 173,197,199,259 prey 112-113, 116-119, 122-125, 131,245,253

primary organic membrane (POM) 206 protein 132-133 proloculus 16, 165, 170-172, 179

rates of calcification 213 repair and resorption 217 reproduction 140-143, 152,282 rhizopodial network 62 salinity 16,249-253,256 spine shedding 147,153 survival time 105, 131,245-246, 253-255

spine morphology 209-210 symbionts 15, 86, 93-95, 101-104, 107, 109, 144, 147

taxonomy 15-16

15. Index

temperature 16,249-253,256 thermocline 236

Salinity 15-16, 18-19,22,28,33, 47,59,109,184-185,221,228, 232,235,249-250,252,256-257, 274,277

Sampling depth 34-35,38,232-233,236,244,247

Sarcodines 83, 111 Sargasso Sea (Bermuda) 7,18-19,

27,32,99,116,118,121,125,127, 158,231-232,245,248,277

Schizogamy 334 scitula 25, 162, 182, 276

abundance 234 coiling 182 depth habitat 25, 276 isotopes 276 life span 162 prey 116 reproduction 162 taxonomy 25

SCUBA collection 7,35,37-39, 113-114,116,118,124,216,334

Seasons seasonal distribution 231-235, 239-242

seasonal fluctuations in the settlement 234, 265

Sedimentation (settlement of shells) 258-274

aggregates 260-262 residence time and sinking ve­locity 263-265 shells released by reproduction and juvenile mortality 259-260

Sediment trap 168,231-233,235, 237,247,258,262,265-266,268, 276, 278-279, 334

Selective production 279 Sergestids 135, 334

15. Index

Sexual 108-109,139,161-162, 178-179,334

Shell architecture 186-219 Shell ontogeny (see ontogeny)

164 Shells released by reproduction and juvenile mortality 259-260 Sinking velocity 259,263-265,273-siphonifera

abundance 134,232-233,248 amino acids 215 calcite crust 15 cultures 37, 257 cytoplasm 63 depth habitat 237,246 experiments 97,122-124, 132,

250-252 growth below thermocline 237 isotopes 232 lunar periodicity 160, 163 morphology 18 ontogeny 173, 179-180 paleoceanography 232 parasites 91 pigment 87 pores 199 prey 116-118, 122-124, 132 proloculus 172-173, 179 protein 132-133 reproduction 140, 150, 159 rhizopodial network 58,61 salinity 18,250-252 spine shedding 144 spine morphology 250 symbionts 13, 91, 97-98, 111 taxonomy 18 temperature 18, 250-252

South Atlantic 214,218,228,238 Species list 9 Specimen preparation for mainte­

nance in cultures 39-45

Spherical chamber 78, 107, 132, 165,174,208,216,248,250

Spines 5,8,209-210,332,334 buoyancy 78

359

culture 36-38, 40, 42, 46, 51, 54, 122

formation 167,203,206-207,209 length 38-40, 46, 135, 253 morphology 6,15-20,38,46,62, 165,170,203,207,209-210,218,

ontogeny 168, 170-171 pustules 203, 210 prey 119,125,260 regeneration 37,217,219,250 rhizopods 60,62, 74, 206-207,

216 shedding 8,37,93,123,140,142, 147,152-154,163-164,170-171, 206,212,216,273,

temperature 250 type 209

Spinose planktonic foraminifera 334

abundance (see also lunar perio­dicity) 13,38,235 amino acids 214-215 calcification 208 cannibalism 126 chamber formation 203 collection 36 depth habitat 235-237, 246, 259, 282

fibrillar bodies 76-77 gametogenic calcification 152-154,210

health in cultures 46-48 life span 10-20, 163, 246 lunar periodicity 13, 16, 19-20, 22, 129,155-160,163,238,243-244, 246,331

natural prey 117-118

360

Spinose planktonic foraminifera (continued)

nucleus 67,148 ontogeny 2, 167-174, 186,282 organic composition of the wall 198, 204-205, 214

population dynamics 242-244 pores 197-198,204-205, prey 2,53,113-117,119-125,132-135

primary organic membrane (POM) 204-207,209 proloculus 177-179 rates of calcification 213 repair and resorption 216 reproduction 8, 140-145, 152, 159, 163

resorption of spines 37, 153, 217 rhizopodial network 38,52-53, 58,61-64

SCUBA 38 sedimentation 262 spine morphology 209-210 spine shedding 140-142, 147, 152-154

symbionts 10,86-87,94-97, 109-112 taxonomy 8, 10-20

Stable isotopes (see isotopes) Staining 69, 74, 84, 127, 145, 147,

162,191,199 Statistical treatment and the trans­fer function 221-223 Storage vacuoles 81,83-84

lipids 70, 73, 78-80, 83-85, 102, 127,145,147-148,330-331,334

Storage of specimens 38, 54 pH 34-35

Stratigraphy 2, 3, 229, 274, 279 Streptospiral 20,28,170,173-174,

334 Surface water

depth habitat 235-236

15. Index

isotopes 223,239-242,276-277, 280,284

reproduction 160,247,260 temperature 5,15,231,239-242, 245

watermass 4,227-228,238,245 Survival time 104, 128-131, 136,

246,249-250,253-254 Swarmers 84, 140, 161

Symbiont 7,18,49,54,62,81-82, 84,86-87,93-103,107-108,110-111,145,147,199,214,236,255, 329,331,334

distribution 86, 93-95, 99, 103, 109,111,253

barren species 12,87-88,99 bearing species 49, 54, 82, 88, 97, 101,131,145,147,162,199,210, 214,217,236,328-330,332

chrysomonads 42, 97, 123, 329 chrysophycophytes 40,97-99,110-111,329

commensalism 86-87,90-91,329 DCMU 103-107 nuclear membrane 97 parasitism 87,91-92,331 plastid lamellae 110 reproduction 108-109, 144 pyrenoid 96, 110, 332 swarmers 84,140,161 symbiont and host physiological interactions 100-108 symbiont morphology 93-99 zooxanthella( e) 95, 335

Symbiosis, commensalism and parasitism 87-93 Synecology 221,334 Syngamy 140,161,164,244,334

Taxonomic applications 185 Taxonomy and species features 8-

32,102

15. Index

Telophase 149 Temperature effect 249,276 ten ella

taxonomy 12 Tellllitella

iota (see iota) 30-31,175,177, 186

parkerae (see parkerae) 31 Terebellid 135, 334 Terminal stage (see ontogenetic stages) Tertiary 203, 276, 285

Eocene 285 Miocene 285 Neogene 3, 276-277 Oligocene 285 Paleocene 203 Paleogene 276 Pliocene 182, 278, 285

Thermocline 10,233,235-237, 242,262,282

theyeri abundance 233,237,276 depth habitat 237 isotopes 237 proloculus 172 taxonomy 25

Thylakoid 96-97,110-111,334 Tintinnids 116,119,122,334 Tracer 100,102,213-214 Trichodesmium 38 Trochospiral 5,20,30, 173,181,

208,334 Trophic activity 112, 121, 127,

248,260,274,334 carnivorous 19-20, 116, 126, 170, 181,244,329

herbivorous 19,22,53,112,114, 136,170,181,244,259,331

omnivorous 25,49,53, 113, 116, 123,125,132,136,170,332

phagocytic 86

361

Trophic activity and nutrition 112-138

trnncatulinoides abundance 127, 134,23~244, 248,256

amino acids 215 calcification 175 calcite crust 23,25,27,210-211 cannibalism 37 chamber formation 188-194 coiling 181-182, 184 commensals 87 cultures 37, 127 cytoplasm 76, 130, 188 cytoplasmic color 27, 37 depth habitat 27, 163, 237, 246, 276

dissolution 272, 280 experiments 127-130, growth below thermocline 237 isotopes 280 life cycle 27 ontogeny 162, 175, paleoceanography 184 population dynamics 27, 244-245 pores 175-176, 194 prey 23,27,112,115-116,118-119, 125, 127, 130

primary organic membrane (PaM) 206 proloculus 162, 172 pustules 202 reproduction 23, 25 rhizopodial network 62-63 sedimentation 76 survival time 129-130,246 taxonomy 23 temperature 182, 184

tum ida calcite crust 27 coiling 181 dissolution 280

362

tumida (continued) isotopes 280 morphology 27 proloculus 172 pores 199 taxonomy 27

Tunicates 116, 122-123, 135-136, 262,334

Turbidity 107, 228 Turborotalita

clarkei (see clarkei) 12-13 humilis (see humilis) 13,97, 111,

140 quinqueloba (see quinqueloba) 13,231

universa abundance 134,232-234,237,248 abundance of symbionts 93 adhesive substance 75 amino acids 215

calcification 78, 208 calcite crust 19,196,237 chamber formation 107, 132, 208, 216

coiling 170 commensals 87 cultures 19, 216, 250 cytoplasm 207 DCMU 107 depth habitat 15, 232, 246, 276 experiments 100, 107, 122-124, 248,256

fibrillar bodies 77-78 growth below thermocline 237 isotopes 276, 279 lunar periodicity 19 microtubule 65 morphology 19,152

nucleus 67-68 ontogeny 15,19,165,170,174, 179-180

15. Index

organic composition of the wall 208,214

paleoceanography 232 parasites 91 photosynthetic activity 100, 107 pores 252 prey 19,114,116-119,122-124, 132,250

proloculus 172

repair and resorption 216, 250 reproduction 2,140, 144 salinity 250-252,256 spine morphology 207, 209 symbionts 15, 93-94, 100, 107 taxonomy 19, 185-186 temperature 19,237,250-252, 256

uvula taxonomy 30

Upwelling 10, 45, 134, 139,231, 239-242,265,278

Vacuolated cytoplasm 56,83 Variations in developmental mor­phology of non-spinose species

174-177 Variations in developmental mor­phology of spinose species 171-

174 Vertical distribution 33, 134, 179,

224,232-233,235-237,239,258-259

Vesicular reticulum 76 Vital effect 102, 212, 242, 276,

278-279, 284 vivans

taxonomy 31

Wall texture 5,23,170-171,174 Wall structure

anhedral 18, 20, 28, 195, 210, 269, 280

IS. Index

bilamellar wall 20,63, 193-198, 200-201,203-206,208,210,218, 328

cross-section 201,203,209,212 crystallinity 24, 28, 195, 201, 210-211,269

euhedrru 195,210,212,269,330 inner organic lining (IOL) 195-199,201,206,218,330

microgranular 195,269 micropores 195, 196, 199-200, 204-206,332

organic composition of the calci­tic wall 214 pores 70,167,187,195-197,199-200,204-206,333

pustules 5,8,28,31-32,64,201-203,210,218,332

recrystallization 280

363

Septal structure 167 Shell thickness 40, 194-196, 210-

212 Wall thickening and gametogenic crucification 152-154, 210-212 Waste products 47, 60, 70, 74, 83,

86, 90, 130, 149 Water mass effect 231,277-278 Watermass boundary 3-4,184-

185,222,247,257,285

Zooplankton 1,51,112,114,116, 121-123, 125, 127, 132-134, 136, 138,233,242

Zooplankton protein 114,132-133

Zooxanthella(e) 95,335 Zygote 139-140,161,164,167,

170,178,244,259,330,335