13 LT7 Chapter 8
-
Upload
chetan-narendra-joshi -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
0
Transcript of 13 LT7 Chapter 8
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
1/19
ETHICAL, SOCIAL, AND
POLITICAL ISSUES INE-COMMERCE
Chapter 8
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
2/19
Learning Objectives
Recognize the main ethical, social, andpolitical issues raised by e-commerce
Understand how individual privacy is impacted
by e-commerce
Understand the various forms of intellectualproperty and the challenges involved in
protecting it Understand how governance of the Internet
has changed over time
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
3/19
Why does e-commerce raise
ethical, social, and political issues?
Part of the answer lies in the underlyingfeatures of the Internet technology itself, andthe ways in which it is exploited by
organizations and other individuals Internet technology and its use in e-commerce
disrupt existing social and organizational
relationships and understanding
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
4/19
Unique Features of E-Commerce Technology and theirPotential Ethical, Social, and Political Implications (Table8.1)
E-Commerce
Technology
DimensionPotential Ethical, Social, and Political Significance
Ubiquity Work and shopping can invade family life
Shopping can distract workers at work lowering productivity
Use of mobile devices can lead to automobile or industrial accidents
Global reach Reduces cultural diversity in products
Weakens local small firms while strengthening large global firms
Easier to move manufacturing to low-wage areas of the worldWeakens nations abilities to control information
Universalstandards
Increases vulnerability to viruses and hacking
Increases the likelihood of information crime
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
5/19
Unique Features of E-Commerce Technology and theirPotential Ethical, Social, and Political Implications (cont.)
E-Commerce
Technology
DimensionPotential Ethical, Social, and Political Significance
Richness Reduces use of text and potentially the ability to readEnables development of persuasive messages that may reducereliance on multiple independent sources of information
Interactivity Interaction with commercial sites may be shallow and meaningless
Customers do not really co-produce the product
Amount of customization is minimal
Increases virtual interaction which may reduce face-to-face interaction
Informationdensity
Total amount of information increases, but so does the possibility offalse or misleading information, unwanted information, and invasion ofsolitude
Overall information quality may decline
Individual information overload
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
6/19
Unique Features of E-Commerce Technology and theirPotential Ethical, Social, and Political Implications (cont.)
E-Commerce
Technology
DimensionPotential Ethical, Social, and Political Significance
Personalization/customization Opens up the possibility of intensive invasion of privacy forcommercial and governmental purposes that is unprecedented
Socialtechnology
Creates opportunities for cyberbullying, abusive language, andpredation
Creates new challenges to privacy
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
7/19
A Model for Organizing theIssues
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
8/19
Privacy and Information Rights
Privacy is the moral right of individuals to beleft alone, free from surveillance orinterference from other individuals or
organizations, including the state Information privacy is a subset of privacy
Important issues:
What information is collected? Is the information personally identifiable?
How is the information collected?
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
9/19
The Internets Major Information
Gathering Tools (Table 8.3)
Advertisingnetworks
Social networks
Cookies Spyware
Search enginebehavioral targeting
Shopping carts
Forms
Site transaction logs
Search engines
Digital wallets(single sign-on
services) Digital rights
management (DRM)
Trusted computingenvironments
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
10/19
Legal Protections
In the US, Canada, and Germany, rights toprivacy are explicitly granted in, or can bederived from, founding documents such as
constitutions In England and the US, there is also protection
of privacy in the common law (a body of courtdecisions)
Federal and state privacy laws aresummarized in Table 8.4
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
11/19
Privacy Protection Concepts
Informed consent
Opt-in vs. opt-out
FTCs fair information practice principles:
Notice/awareness Choice/consent
Access/participation consumers should be able toreview and contest accuracy and completeness ofdata about them
Security must take reasonable steps to ensureaccuracy and security of data
Enforcement must be a mechanism in place toenforce FIP
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
12/19
FTC Recommendations Regarding
Online Profiling (Table 8.6)
Notice Complete transparency to user by providing disclosure and
choice options
Choice
Opt-in for PII, opt-out for non-PII Access
Security
Enforcement Done by third parties
Restricted collected No collection of information about sensitive financial or
medical topics, sexual behavior or sexual orientation, oruse of SSNs
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
13/19
Intellectual Property Rights
Once intellectual works become digital, itbecomes difficult to control access, use,distribution, and copying
The major ethical issue related to e-commerce
and intellectual property concerns how we(individuals and organizations) should treatproperty that belongs to others
There are three main types of intellectualproperty protection:
Copyrights Patents Trademarks
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
14/19
Copyrights
In the US, copyright law protects original forms of
expression such as writings (books, periodicals, lecturenotes), art, drawings, photographs, music, motion pictures,performances, and computer programs from being copied
by others for a period of time Copyright protection is for a period of 95 years for
corporate-owned works, and life plus 70 years for workscreated by individuals
Since the first federal Copyright Act of 1790, the intentbehind copyright laws has been to encourage creativityand authorship by ensuring that people receive financialand other benefits from their work
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
15/19
Fair Use Doctrine
There are situations where strict copyright observancecould be harmful to society, potentially inhibiting otherrights such as right to freedom of expression orthought
The doctrine of fair use permits teachers and writersto use copyrighted materials without permission undercertain circumstances (fair use):
Character of use
Nature of the work Amount of work used
Market effect of use
Context of use
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
16/19
The Digital Millennium Copyright
Act (DMCA) of 1998
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)of 1998 is the first major effort to adjust thecopyright laws to the Internet age
For example, the DMCA includes sections
that:Makes it illegal to circumvent technologicalmeasures to protect works
Requires ISPs to take down sites they host ifthey are infringing on copyrights
Permits users to make a copy of software formaintenance or repair of the computer Allows libraries to make digital copies of works for
internal use Extends musical copyrights to include
webcasting
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
17/19
Patents
whoever invents or discovers any new and usefulprocess, machine, manufacture, or composition ofmatter, or any new and useful improvement thereof,may obtain a patent thereof, subject to the conditions
and requirements of this title. Section 101, U.S.Patent Act
A patent grants the owner a 20-year exclusivemonopoly on the ideas behind an invention
What are some examples of patentable e-commerceprocesses?
Why are e-commerce patents so controversial?
A list of selected e-commerce patents is in Table 8.11
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
18/19
Trademarks
A trademark is any word, name, symbol, ordevice, or any combination thereof used incommerce to identify and distinguish goods from those manufactured or sold byothers and to indicate the source of thegoods. The Trademark Act, 1946
Trademarks and the Internet issues
CybersquattingCyberpiracy
Metatagging and keywording
Linking and framing
-
8/2/2019 13 LT7 Chapter 8
19/19
Governance
Governance of both the Internet and e-commerce has gone through four stages:Government control period (1970-1994)
Privatization (1995-1998) Self-regulation (1995-present)
Governmental-regulation (1998-present)
What are the benefits of stronger Internet
regulation? What are the benefits of reduced regulation?
Other issues include taxation and Netneutrality