13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord...
-
Upload
sharyl-neal -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord...
![Page 1: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
13-1
Brain and Cranial Nerves
Chapter 13
![Page 2: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
13-2
Formation of the Neural Tube• Brain and spinal cord
develop from the neural plate under the influence of the notochord.
• Neural folds elevate to form the neural crest and a neural groove.
• Neural crest cells become the peripheral nerves.
• Ventricles and central canal develop from the lumen of the neural tube
![Page 3: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
13-3
Development of Brain Segments and Ventricles
![Page 4: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
13-4
![Page 5: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
13-5
Brain and Cranial Nerves
• Brain– Part of CNS contained in cranial cavity– Control center for many of body’s functions
• Structures of the Brain– Brainstem
• Includes the Medulla Oblongata, Pons and Midbrain
– Cerebellum– Diencephalon
• Includes the Thalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus and Hypothalamus
– Cerebrum and basal nuclei
• Cranial nerves– Part of PNS arise directly from brain
![Page 6: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
13-6
![Page 7: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
13-7
Brainstem
• Connects spinal cord to brain• Parts
– Medulla oblongata– Pons– Midbrain
![Page 8: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
13-8
Brainstem • Medulla oblongata– Functions:
• Regulates: Heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, and sneezing
• Contains ascending and descending fiber tracts.
– Pyramids: • Function: Controls voluntary muscle
movement• Fiber tracts Decussate at the lower
pyramid
– Olives• Function: equilbrium, coordination
and modulation of sound in inner ear.• Contains Nuclei for many cranial
nerves
![Page 9: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
13-9
Brainstem• Pons
– Function• Contains Ascending and
Descending nerve tracks and Pontine nuclei
• Contains Sleep and respiratory center
– Pontine Nuclei• Anterior nuclei: relay
information from cerebrum to cerebellum
• Posterior Nuclei: Cranial nerves V – IX.
• Respiratory and Sleep Nuclei
![Page 10: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
13-10
Brainstem• Midbrain
– Contains: • Cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, V
• Tectum– Corpora Quadrigemina
» Superior Colliculus – visual reflexes
» Inferior Colliculus – auditory reflexes.
• Tegmentum– Ascending tracts and Red nucleus
• Cerebral Peduncles– Major descending motor pathways
• Substantia Nigra– Muscle tone and movement
• Reticular Formation– Sleep wake cycle and arousal.
![Page 11: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
13-11
Brainstem and Diencephalon
![Page 12: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
13-12
Cerebellum
• Involved in control of: balance, posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination producing smooth flowing movements
![Page 13: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13-13
Diencephalon
• Components– Thalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus
![Page 14: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
13-14
Diencephalon• Thalamus
– Largest part of diencephalon
– Most sensory input projects to here
– Influences mood and actions as fear or rage
• Subthalamus– Involved in controlling
motor functions
• Epithalamus– Pineal gland may influence
sleep-wake cycle
• Hypothalamus– Functions
• ANS control
• Endocrine control
• Muscle control
• Temperature regulation
• Regulation of food and water intake
• Emotions
• Urine production
• Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
• Regulation of reproductive behavior
![Page 15: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
13-15
Cerebrum• Functions: sensation,
perception, voluntary movement, learning, speech and cognition.
• Divisions– Right
– Left
• Lobes: Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
• Cortex: Outer surface
• Medulla: Center
![Page 16: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
13-16
Basal Nuclei• Structure:
– Corpus Striatum• Lentiform Nucleus
(Putamen)• Caudate Nucleus
– Subthalamic nucleus– Substantia Nigra– Motor function control
• Function: Facilitate the initiation of willed movements
• Basal Ganglian Disorders lead to Diskinesias.– Hypokinesia -paucity of
movement caused by over inhibition.
– Hyperkinesia -excess movement.
![Page 17: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
13-17
•Hypokinesia – Parkinson’s Disease•Affects 1% of people over 50•Difficult to initiate willed movements•Leads to Akinesea, rigidity and tremors of hands and jaw•Due to degeneration of substantia nigra and dopamine circuits.
•Hyperkinesia- Huntington’s Disease•Hereditary, progressive and lethal syndrome•Characterized by: demetia, chorea (uncontrolled movements) and ballistic movements•Due to Damage in the basal nuclei
![Page 18: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
13-18
Limbic System
•Basic survival functions such as:
• Memory• Reproduction• Nutrition• Emotions
![Page 19: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
13-19
Meninges
• Connective tissue membranes– Dura mater: Superficial
– Arachnoid mater
– Pia mater: Bound tightly to brain
– Spaces • Subdural: Serous fluid
• Subarachnoid: CSF
![Page 20: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
13-20
Ventricles
• Ventricles: Lateral ventricles (2), third ventricle, fourth ventricle
• Choroid plexuses produce CSF which fills ventricles and other parts of brain and spinal cord– Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: Substances do not pass between
cells but through due to tight junctions of blood endothelial cells
![Page 21: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
13-21
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Similar to serum with most of proteins removed
• Bathes brain and spinal cord
• Provides a protective cushion around CNS
• Provides some nutrients to CNS tissues
• Produced by ependymal cells
![Page 22: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
13-22
Flow of CSF
![Page 23: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
13-23
Brain Blood Supply
• Brain – Requires tremendous amount of blood– Receives 15-20% of blood pumped by heart– Interruption can cause unconsciousness and irreversible
brain damage– High metabolic rate and dependence on constant supply
of oxygen and glucose– Receives blood through arteries
• Blood-Brain barrier– Capillary endothelial cells along with astrocytes and
basement membrane– To be considered when developing drugs
![Page 24: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
13-24
Cranial Nerves
• Indicated by Roman numerals I-XII from anterior to posterior
• May have one or more of 3 functions– Sensory (special or general)
– Somatic motor (skeletal muscles)
– Parasympathetic (regulation of glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle)
![Page 25: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
13-25
Cranial Nerves
• Olfactory (I)• Optic (II)• Oculomotor (III)• Trochlear (IV)• Trigeminal (V)• Abducens (VI)
• Facial (VII)• Vestibulocochlear (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal (IX)• Vagus (X)• Accessory (XI)• Hypoglossal (XII)
![Page 26: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
13-26
![Page 27: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
13-27
![Page 28: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
13-28
![Page 29: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
13-29
![Page 30: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
13-30
![Page 31: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
13-31
![Page 32: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
13-32
![Page 33: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
13-33
![Page 34: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
13-34
![Page 35: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
13-35
![Page 36: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
13-36
![Page 37: 13-1 Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 13. 13-2 Formation of the Neural Tube Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural plate under the influence of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e255503460f94b13941/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
13-37