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Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 1/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
University of FlorenceDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications
Cross Layer Protocols Design for Next Generation Wireless
Systems
Philosophiae Doctor Thesis
of Francesco Chiti
on
COURSE OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Tutors:
Prof. Enrico Del Re
Prof. Romano Fantacci
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 2/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Outline
i. Introduction
1. Soft Combining techniques
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
3. Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation techniques
4. Routing protocols for Ad Hoc networks
5. Conclusions
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 3/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
“INTERNET”a pervasive, global, nervous system
Incoming communications systems
i. Introduction
Ubiquity
Em
beddedness N
omadicity
Cyberspace Physical space Alive environment
Universal roaming:Cellular & WiFi nws
Fast Broadband access Efficient transport Intelligence in the edge
Wireless (mobility) QoS support
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 4/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Access Network (cellular/satellite)
Transport Network (TCP/IP)
Physical
Data Link
Incoming communications systems
i. Introduction
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 5/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Ad Hoc Network
Incoming communications systems
i. Introduction
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Cross Layer protocols designOptimization of adjacent layers aware
protocols
Cross layer adaptabilityAcross layers information passing and
functionalities adaptation to channel and load variations
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 6/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
For each MCS a bistable discrete Markov chain model can be derived based on the ACK/NACK reception (reliable services)
State 0: ACK reception State 1: NACK reception
0 1
r10
r01
r11r00
ACK driven protocol fundamentals
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
N Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) with each:
• Modulation order Mi and code rate Rci
• throughput i
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 7/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
• Transition depends on ACKs reception
• Transition depends on NACKs reception
i i+1
ri+1,i
ri,i+1
iNACK
i+1N
NACK
ACK
NACK
1 ii ACKiN
ii 1 NACKiN 1
ACK driven protocol fundamentals
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
MAC
LLC
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 8/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
ACK driven protocol fundamentals
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Optimal AD algorithm
11
1
11
,1
1,
1
N
ii
i
K kk
kk
i
P
Pr
rP
NACKkN
kk
k
kk
ACKkN
kk
k
kk
rr
rr
rr
rr
1
1,011,10
1,01
,1
,01,10
,10
1,
maximizing
N
iiii
PP1
,0
iP
,0 FER of the ith MCS
NACK
k
ACK
kNN ,
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 9/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Theoretical analysis
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
N MCSs: steady state equations
1
0,1,1
02,1
0,1
0,,
1
01,
0,
1
0,1,1
2
0,1
0,1,
0,11,1,1
2
02,1
00,1
0,0,0
1
01,0
00,0,0
j
iijkikj
jk
iiijkj
k
iijj
j
iijkikj
jk
iiijkj
k
iijj
j
iijkikj
jk
iiijkj
k
iijjkj
kik
k
iiik
k
ii
kik
k
iiik
k
iik
papqaqpar
papqaqpar
papqaqparp
ppapqaqpar
papqaqparp
probability of being in i phase with j queued packetsjip ,
probability of having k packets arrivalska
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 10/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Theoretical analysis
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
2 MCSs: steady state equations
0,0,0
1
01,0
01,0
1
0,1,1
2
02,1
01,1,1
0,11,1,1
2
02,1
00,1
0,0,0
1
01,0
00,0,0
papqaqpar
papqaqparp
ppapqaqpar
papqaqparp
kik
k
iiik
k
ii
iikik
k
iiik
k
iik
kik
k
iiik
k
ii
kik
k
iiik
k
iik
1
0 0,
i jjijpN
0
,110
,00j
jj
j pRpR 0,10,0 ppN
T
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 11/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
TU50 channel
• State 1: 4QAM Rc= 1/2• State 2: 16QAM Rc= 1/2• State 3: 16QAM Rc= 2/3• State 4: 64QAM Rc= 1/2• State 5: 64QAM Rc= 2/3
1 2 3 4 5 r55
r44r33
r11
r22
r54
r45
r43
r34
r21
r12
r32
r23
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 12/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
TU50 channel (17 dB, 22 dB)
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
TU50 channel @ 17 dB r00 r01 r11 r10 [bit/slot]
State 1: 4-QAM 21cR 0.9817 0.0183 0.1050 0.8950 27
State 2: 16-QAM 21cR 0.9026 0.0974 0.2044 0.7956 54
State 3: 16-QAM 32cR 0.8049 0.1951 0.3142 0.6858 72
State 4: 64-QAM 21cR 0.7355 0.2645 0.4219 0.5781 81
State 5: 64-QAM 32cR 0.5492 0.4508 0.6816 0.3184 108
TU50 channel @ 22 dB r00 r01 r11 r10 [bit/slot]
State 1: 4-QAM 21cR 0.9967 0.0033 0.0571 0.9429 27
State 2: 16-QAM 21cR 0.9807 0.0193 0.0913 0.9087 54
State 3: 16-QAM 32cR 0.9371 0.0629 0.1252 0.8748 72
State 4: 64-QAM 21cR 0.9099 0.0901 0.1874 0.8126 81
State 5: 64-QAM 32cR 0.7935 0.2065 0.3345 0.6655 108
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 13/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
HT200 channel
• State 1: 4QAM Rc= 1/2• State 2: 16QAM Rc= 1/2• State 3: 16QAM Rc= 2/3• State 4: 64QAM Rc= 1/2
1 2 3 4 r55
r33
r11
r22r43
r34
r21
r12
r32
r23
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 14/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
HT200 channel (11 dB, 16 dB)
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
HT200 channel @ 11 dB r00 r01 r11 r10 [bit/slot]
State 1: 4-QAM 21cR 0.9859 0.0141 0.0142 0.9858 27
State 2: 16-QAM 21cR 0.5787 0.4213 0.4462 0.5538 54
State 3: 16-QAM 32cR 0.0745 0.9255 0.9145 0.0855 72
State 4: 64-QAM 21cR 0.0069 0.9931 0.9855 0.0145 81
HT200 channel @ 16 dB r00 r01 r11 r10 [bit/slot]
State 1: 4-QAM 21cR 1 0 0 1 27
State 2: 16-QAM 21cR 0.9811 0.0189 0.0107 0.9893 54
State 3: 16-QAM 32cR 0.6828 0.3172 0.3222 0.6778 72
State 4: 64-QAM 21cR 0.4501 0.5499 0.5736 0.4264 81
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 15/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
• Uniform Cell quantization
• Several suitable mobility model
• Performance evaluation for each circular region
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
R RR R R
Channel Model Es/N0 at the receiving end [dB]
HT200 11 13 16 20 29
TU50 17 19 22 26 35
Mobility management
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 16/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Mobility management
R
30°
15°
1
2
Rectilinear mobility models
1
R
Outdoor walk mobility modelRandom waypoint model
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 17/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Global AD algorithm
maximizing for each scenario
s=1,…,S
s
NACK
ks
ACK
kNN ,
Application to TEDS systems
1
1 11
1,
,
1
1 11
1,
,
,1,1
11
111
N
k
k
i
NACKiN
ie
ACKiN
ie
N
k
k
i
NACKiN
ie
ACKiN
ie
keke
P
P
P
PPrPr
maximizing for all the S scenarios
NACK
k
ACK
kNN ,
S
ssMAX
NACK
k
ACK
ksNN
1
2
,
sMAX ,
lower computational complexity
O-ALC
G-ALC
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 18/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Simulation results
Operative assumptions
• Traffic model: WWW application, consisting of a sequence of file downloads [3GPP 25.933]
k = 1858 m = 66,666 / 5,000,000 = 1,1
• Variable file request rate depending on considered loading factor
mxm
k
mxkx
k
xf,
,)(
1
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 19/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Simulation results
Operative assumptions
• Slow feedback channel due to the semi-duplex operation: (N)ACK knowledge delay equal to 4 slot duration time (4 13.3 ms)
• Dedicated allocation scheme: only 1 carrier is allocated to each user
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 20/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
HT200 @ 11 dB: N
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Noticeable gain even in hard propagative conditions
HT 200 @ 11 dB
0
25
50
75
100
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Loading Factor
Bu
ffer
Len
gth
[P
DU
]
Basic
G-ALC
O-ALC
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 21/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
HT200 @ 11 dB: T
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
HT200 @ 11 dB
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Loading Factor
PD
U q
ueu
e w
aiti
ng
tim
e [s
]
Basic
G-ALC
O-ALC
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 22/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
TU50 @ 22 dB: N
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Network capacity increasing
TU50 @ 17 dB
0
25
50
75
100
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Loading Factor
Bu
ffer
Len
gth
[P
DU
]
Basic
G-ALC
O-ALC
+170%
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 23/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
TU50 @ 22 dB: T
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
Network capacity increasing
TU50 @ 22 dB
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Loading Factor
PD
U q
ueu
e w
aiti
ng
tim
e [s
]
Basic
G-ALC
O-ALC
+170%
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 24/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
Basic G-ALC O-ALC
No
rma
lize
d t
hro
ug
hp
ut
+200% HT200 11dB
HT200 16dB
TU50 17dB
TU50 22dB
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
HT200 & TU50 :
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 25/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
TU50
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
Basic G-ALC O-ALC
Nor
mal
ized
thro
ughp
ut
+168% +175%
R
30°
15°
1
2
Rectilinear mobility models
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
TU50 & mobility :
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 26/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
TU50
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
Basic G-ALC O-ALC
Nor
mal
ized
thro
ughp
ut
+228% +230%
Outdoor walk mobility model
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
1
R
TU50 & mobility :
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 27/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
TU50
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
Basic G-ALC O-ALC
Nor
mal
ized
thro
ughp
ut
+205% +208%
Random waypoint model
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
R RR R R
TU50 & mobility :
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 28/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Application to TEDS systems
2. Adaptive Link Control algorithms
HT200 channel
0
1
2
3
10 15 20 25 30
SINR [dB]
No
rma
lize
d t
hro
ug
hp
ut
BasicMCS 2MCS 3MCS 4G-ALCO-ALC
G-ALC closely approaches O-ALC with lower complexity
HT200 & mobility :
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 29/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Conclusions• ALC algorithm based on the ACK/NACK messages provided by
the MAC layer (cross-layer design)
• Thresholds selection by means of optimizing the link effective throughput
• Generalization to the case of several mobility models within a cell
• Application to the case of TEDS system
Publications1. L. Caponi, F. Chiti, R. Fantacci: “An Efficient Rate Allocation Technique based on Channel
Status Observation for Wireless Communication Systems”, in Proc. of IEEE WCNC 2004.
2. L. Caponi, F. Chiti, R. Fantacci: “A Dynamic Rate Allocation Technique for Wireless Communication Systems ”, in Proc. of IEEE ICC 2004.
3. L. Caponi, F. Chiti, R. Fantacci: “Performance Evaluation of a Channel Aware Link Adaptation Technique for High Speed Wireless Communication Systems”, submitted to Trans. On Vehicular Technology.
4. F. Chiti, R. Fantacci, D. Tarchi, ETSI TEDS Channel Coding STF 179, “WG403036 Adaptive Link Control” Tech. Rep., 04 2004.
Laboratorio di Elaborazione Numerica dei Segnali e Telematica 30/29 July 10th 2004Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
University of FlorenceDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications
Cross Layer Protocols Design for Next Generation Wireless
Systems
Philosophiae Doctor Thesis
of Francesco Chiti
on
COURSE OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Tutors:
Prof. Enrico Del Re
Prof. Romano Fantacci