1285 - National Fire Protection Association · Francis C. Evans, NFPA Sectional Com- mittee on...

1285 C O M M I T T E E ON R A C K S T O R A G E OF M A T E R I A L S 231C-1

Report of Committee on

Rack Storage. of Materials A. E. Sheppard , Chairman,

Factory Mutual Research Corp., 1151 Bceton-Providence Turnpike, Norwood, MA 02062

J e r o m e L. Huff, Secretary, Har tman Engineering, A Division of Hartman Metal Fabricators, Inc.,

66 School St., Victor, NY 14564 (Rep. Rack Manufacturers Product Section of The Material Handling Institute, Inc.)

J o h n J. A h e m , NFPA Committee on Elec- tronic Computer Systems

Ro R. Barczak, Johnson & Higgins, Inc. J. S. Bar r i t t , Factory Insurance Aasn. E. B e r t r a m Berkley, Envelol)e Manufac-

turers Assn. J. P. C u t h b e r t s o n , Shell Chemical Co. Francis C. Evans, NFPA Sectional Com-

mittee on Detection Devices Rober t C. Ever son , Marsh & McLennan,

Inc. Lee Hall, Controlled Mechanical Storage

Stems Product Section, The Material ndling Institute, Inc.

J o h n T. Higglns , Industrial Fire Protection Section

R. S. Johnson , Subcommittee on High Piled Storage, NFPA Committee on Gen- eral Storage • . -

A. M. Lownsbury , American Warehouse- men's Assn.

D. N. M e l d r u m , NFPA Committee onFoam Andrew J. Myer, Travelers Insurance Co.

C . Bar t Nixon, National-American Whole- sale Grocers Assn.

W. Rober t Powers, NFPA Committee on General Storage

R o b e r t L. Retelle, American Insurance Assn.

E. J . Schiffhauer , Eas tman Kodak Co~ Chea te r W. Sch i rmer , Schirmer Engineer-

ing Corp. . J a m e s C . Spence, American Iron & Steel

Institute Wil l iam' Te a m, National Automatic Sprin-

kler & Fire Control Association Wi l l iam A. Webb, Roll Jensen & Associates,

Inc. H. V. Wll l lamson, Fire Equipment Manu-

facturers Assn. - : J ack Ao Wood, National Automatic Sprin-

• kler & Fire Control Association George M. Woods, ' J r : , American Mutual

Insurance Alliance Donald P. YuelliR, Fire Marshals Assn. of

North America

Daniel M. McGee, American Iron & Steel Institute (Alternate to James C. Spenee)

Wi l l iam J. Swtngler, Factory Insurance Association (Alternate to J. S. Barritt)

W. P. T h o m a s , Factory Mutual Research Corp. (Alternate to A. E. Sheppard)

K e n n e t h A. Zuber , Fire Equipment Manu- facturers Assn. (Alternate to H. V. Wil- liamson)

Alternates . W. A. Aiatedt , Controlled Mechanical Stor-

age Systems Product Section, The Ma- terials Handling Institute, Inc. (Alternate to Lee Hall)

Wayne F.. Ault , National Automatic Sprin- lder & Fire Control Association (Alternate to Jack A. Wood)

L. B. Donkle, Rack Manufacturers Product Section of The Materials Handling Institute, Inc. (Alternate to Jerome L. Huff)

G. M. Hidzick, American Mutual Insurance Alliance (Alternate to George M. Woods, Jr.)

This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. ~ince that time, changes in the membership may hnse occurred.

The C o m m i t t e e on Rack Storage of Materials proposes a com- plete revision of Rack Storage of Materials, NFPA No. 231C.

This report has been submitted Jor ballot of the Committee, which consists of 27 voting members, of.whom 2# voted affirmatively. Mr. Webb voted negatively, and Messrs. Berkley and Meldrum have not returned ballots.

1286 INTRODUCTION 231C-5

Standard for '

Rack S to rage of M a t e r i a l s

NFPA No. 231C-- 197'3

NOTICE An asterisk (*) preceding the number or letter designating a para-

graph in the text indicates recommendations in regard to that paragraph in Appendix A.

A dagger (t) preceding the number or letter designating a paragraph in the text indicates explanatory test data and procedures in regard to that paragraph in Appendix B.

Chapter 1 In t roduc t ion

t1-1 Application and Scope.

This standard applies to storage of materials representing the broad range of combustibles stored over 12 feet in height on racks. For storage heights of 12 feet or less, see Sprinkler Systems, oVFPA 13

1973. Storage on plastic pallets or plastic shelves is outside the scope of

this standard. Storage of high hazard materials such as tires, plastics, and

flammable liquids, is outside the scope of this standard. See Flam- mable and Combustible Liquids Code, aVFPA 30 - - 1973; Cellulose aVitrate Motion Picture Film, aVFPA 4 0 - 1967; Pyroxylin Plastic, aVFPA 4 3 - 1967; Ammonium Nitrate Storage, ArFPA 4 9 0 - 1970; Liquefied Petroleum Gases, aVFPA 58 - - 1972; Fur Storage, Fumigation and Cleaning, aVFPA 81 - - 1969; Indoor General Storage, aVFPA 231 - - 1972; and Protection of Records, aVFPA 232 - - 1970 for standards applying to such commodities or to other methods of storage.

Bin storage and sheff storage are outside the scope of this standard.

1-2 Definitions. Unless expressly stated elsewhere, the following terms shall, for the purpose of this standard, have the meanings indicated below.

Bulkhead. A vertical barrier across the rack.

Commodity . Designates combinations of product, packing material, and container.

23!C~ RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1287

Pallets. A material handling aid designed to support a unit load with stringers to provide support for material handling devices (see Fig. 1-2.1).

Encapsulated. A method of packaging consisting of a plastic sheet completely enclosing the sides and top of a pallet load containing a combustible commodity or a combustible package or a group of combustible commodities or combustible packages. Totally noncombustible commodities on wood pallets enclosed only by a plastic sheet as described are not considered to fall under this definition.

Face Sprinklers . Standard sprinklers located in transverse flue spaces along the aisle or in the rack, within 18 inches of the aisle face of storage to oppose vertical development of fire on the external face of storage.

Horizonta l Barr ier . A solid barrier in the horizontal position covering the entire rack including all flue spaces at certain height increments to prevent vertical fire spread.

Longi tudinal Flue Space. The space between rows of storage perpendicular to the direction of loading (see Fig. 1-2.2).

Racks. Any combination of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal members that support stored materials. Some rack structures use solid shelves. Racks may be fixed or portable (seeFigs. A4-1.1a through S).

Shelf Storage. Storage in structures usually less than 30 inches deep, seldom more than two feet between shelves and seldom higher than 12 feet.

Slave Pallet. A special pallet captive to a material handling system (see Fig. 1-2.1).

Solid Flat Bottom Conventional Pallet Wood Pallet

Fig. 1-2.1 Typical Pallets.

1288 INTRODUCTION ' 231C-7

Transverse Flue Space. The space between rows of storage parallel to the direction of loading (see Fig. ?-2.2).

CONVENTIONAL" ~ :~ALLET. , ,~ 11

SECTION VIEW ~ ~ £ N D VIEW I i

LONGITUDINAL POSSIBLE. TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACF~ FLUE ~PACE

~ ~ ' l [ i ' l ' t ~ i ' g l ~ ,L...,,,4.ON G iT U D I N A L . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ FLUE SPACE

'q~"ROWS OF STORAGE

P,LAN VIEW

Fig. 1-2.2 Typical Double Row (Back-to-Back) Rack Arrangement.

231C-8 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS

1289

' Chapter 2 Classification o f Storage

t2.1 Commodity Classifications.

2-1.1 The following guide for commodity classification applies specific~ly to rack storage and is not related to any other method of classification of materials.

2-1.1.1 Class I commodity is defined as essentially noncombustible products on wood pallets, or in ordinary corrugated cartons with or without single thickness dividers, or in ordinary paper wrappings; on wood pallets. Such products may have a negligible amount of plastic trim, such as knobs or handles.

Examples of Class I products are:

METAL PRODUCTS. Metal desks with plastic tops and trim; electrical coils; electrical devices in their metal enclosures; pots and pans; electrical motors; dry cell batteries; metal parts; empty cans; stoves; washers; dryers and metal cabinets.

GLASS PRODUCTS. Glass bottles, empty or filled with noncombustible liquids; mirrors.

FooDs. Foods in noncombustible containers; frozen foods; meats; fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or containers; dairy products in nonwax coated paper containers; beer or wine, up to 20 percent alcohol, in metal, glass or ceramic containers.

OTHERS. Oil-filled and other types of distribution transformers; cement in bags; electrical insulators; gypsum board; inert pigments; dry insecticides.

2-1.1.2 Class II commodity is defined as Class I products in slatted wooden crates, solid wooden boxes, multiple thickness paperboard cartons, or equivalent combustible packaging material on wood pallets.

Examples of Class II products are: thinly coated fine wire such as radio coil wire on reels or in cartons; incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs, beer or wine up to 20 percent alcohol in wood containers; and Class I products, if in small cartons or small packages placed in ordinary corrugated cartons.

1290 CLASSIFICATION OF STORAGE 231C~9

2-1.1.3 Class III commodity is defined as wood, paper, natural fiber cloth, or products thereof, on wood pallets. Products may contain a limited amount of plastics. Metal bicycles with plastic handles, pedals, seats, and tires are an example of a coin. modity with a limited amount of plastic.

Examples of Class III products are:

PAPER PRODUCTS. Books, magazines, stationery; plastic coated paper food containers; newspapers; paper or cardboard games; tissue products; rolled paper on side or steel banded on end.

LEATHER PRODUCTS. Shoes; jackets; gloves; and luggage.

WOOD PRODUCTS. Doors; windows; door and window frames; combustible fiberboard; wood cabinets; furniture and other wood products.

T E x ~ s . Natural fiber upholstered nonplastic furniture; wood or metal furniture with plastic padded and covered arm rests; mattresses without expanded plastic or rubber; absorbent cotton in cartons; and natural fiber and viscose yarns, thread, and prod. ucts; natural fiber clothing or textile products.

OTm~RS. Tobacco products in paperboard cartons; nonflam- mable liquids such as soaps, detergents and bleaches, and non- flammable pharmaceuticals in plastic containers; combustible foods or cereal products; and nonnegative producing film packs in sealed metal foil wrappers in paperboard packages.

2-1.1.4 Class IV commodity is defined as Class i, II, and/or III products containing an appreciable amount of plastics in a paperboard carton or Class I, II and/or III products With plastic packing in paperboard cartons on wood pallets.

Examples of Class IV products are: small appliances, typewriters and cameras with plastic parts; plastic backed tapes and synthetic fabrics or clothing. An example of packing material is a metal product in a foamed plastic cocoon in a corrugated carton.

Class IV commodity also includes:

TEXTR~S. Synthetic thread and yarn except viscose and non- viscose synthetic fabrics or clothing.

OTFI~RS. Telephones; vinyl floor tile; wood or metal frame upholstered furniture or mattresses with plastic covering and/or padding; and plastic padded metal dashboards or metal bumpers.


1291

Chapter 3 Building Construction

3-1 Construction.

3-1.1 BUildings used for the rack storage of materials, which are protected in accordance with this standard, may be of any of the types described in Standard Types of Building Construction, .NFPA 220

1961.

3-2 Fire Protection of Steel.

t3-2.1 With sprinkler systems installed in accordance with design curves in Chapters 5 and 6, fire protection of roof steel is not necessary.

~3-2.2 When ceiling sprinklers and sprinklers in racks are installed in accordance with design curves in Chapters 5 and 6, fire protection of steel building columns is not necessary.

" t3-2.3 When storage height exceeds 15 feet, and ceiling sprin- Hers only are installed, fire protection by one of the following methods is required for all types of steel building columns located within the racks, or for vertical rack members that support the building:

(a) One hour fire proofing

(13) Side wall sprinklers, at the 15-foot elevation, pointed towards one side of the steel column.

(c) For storage heights above 15 feet, up to and including 20 feet, provision of ceiling sprinkler density for a minimum of 2000 square feet with 165°F or 286°F temperature-rated sprinklers as follows:

Commodity C~ass 4 ft. Aisle 8 ft. Aisle

I 0.37 0.33 II 0.44 • 0.37

III 0.49 0.42 IV 0.68 0.57

3-3 Ventilation.

t3-3.1 Design curves are based upon roof vents and draft curtains not being used.

1292 STORAGE ARRANGEMENTS 2 3 1 C - 1 1

Chapter 4 Storage Arrangements

4-1 Rack Structure .

"4-1.1 Typical rack configurations are described in Appendix A4-1.1.

4-2 Rack Loading.

"4-2.1 Racks shall not be loaded beyond their design capacity.

4-3 Flue Space. 1"4-3.1 In double row racks with height of storage up to and in-

cluding 25 feet, and without solid shelves, no minimum or maximum longitudinal flue space (back-to-back clearance) is necessary. An approximate six-inch transverse flue space between loads or at rack uprights shall be maintained. (See Fig. 4-3. 7.)

M M O D ~ I ]

LOOR III 11

~ D vIEW,

POSSIBLE TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACES NO MINIMUM LONGITUDINAL

.~...~ ROWS OF" STORAGE :.'. :..o .~.-'. "...'. ".: NO MINIMUM LONGITUDINAL - ] } ] l-- ] I ] l- ] _ (BACK-TO-BACK CLEARANCE) . . . . . . , - - " f L u E S r A C t

PLAN VIEW,

Fig. 4k~.l Typical Double Row Rack

231C-12 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1293

4-3.2 In double row racks with solid shelves, minimum six- inch flue spaces shall be maintained between the shelf sections thereby defining the shelf size (see Figs. A4-3.2, A4-1. lc and d).

4-4 Aisle Widths.

4-4.1 Aisle widths and depth of racks are determined by material handling methods. Width of aisles shall be considered in the design of the protection system (see Chapters 5, 6 and 7).

4-4.2 This standard contemplates that aisle widths will be maintained either by fixed rack structures or control in placing of portable racks. Any decrease in aisle width shall require a review of the adequacy of the protective system.

*4-5 Storage Heights. t4-5.1 The distance from the top of the pile to the ceiling sprin-

lder deflectors shall be not less than 18 inches.

4-6 Commodity Clearances. "4-6.1 Commodity clearances shall be maintained in ac-

cordance with NFPA Standards as follows: Heat Producing Ap- pliances, jVFPA 8 9 M - 1971; and Blower and Exhaust Systems, jVFPA 97 ~ 7973.

*4-6.2 Incandescent Light Fixtures. 4-7 Storage of Empty Combustible Pallets.

4-7.1 For bulk storage of emtpy combustible pallets, see In- door General Storage, aVFPA 231 - - 1972.

1294 F I R E P R O T E C T I O N - - G E N E R A L 231C-13

Chapter 5 Fire Protect ion - - General

5-1 Protection systems which are provided for rack storage fa- cilities shall be in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.

5-2 Ceiling Sprinklers.

"5-2.1 Where automatic sprinkler systems are installed, they shall be in accordance with Installation of Sprinkler @stems, 3fFPA 13 ~ 1973, except as modified by this Rack Storage of Materials Standard.

5-3 Ceiling Sprinkler Spacing.

5-3.1 Sprinkler spacing for high piled storage occupancies as defined in AfFPA 13 ~ 1973, shall apply to Class I~ II, III or IV commodities except as modified in 5-3,.2 of this standard.

5-3.2 Sprinkler spacing may exceed 100 square feet, but shall not exceed 130 square feet, in systems hydraulically designed in accordance with the design curves shown in Figs 6-11.1a through g and 6-13.1a through d for densities below 0.25 gpm i~er square foot. Densities shall not be less than those shown on the design curves.

t5-3.3 For the purpose of selecting sprinkler spacings in hy- draulicaUy designed sprinkler systems, to obtain a stipulated den. sity, 60 psi shall be the maximum discharge pressure used at the calculation starting point. ,

5-4 Ceiling Sprinkler Discharge Pressure.

t5-4.1 The minimum discharge from any ceiling sprinkler in the design area shall be 15 gpm in designs of new system.

5-5 In-Rack Sprinkler System Size.

5-5.1 The area protected by a single system of sprinklers in racks (in-rack sprinklers) shall not exceed 40,000 square feet d floor area occupied by the racks including aisles regardless of the number of intermediate sprinkler levels.

*5-5.2 Slatted shelves shall be considered the same as solid shelves.


t5-5.3 Sprinklers shall be installed at the ceiling and beneath each shelf in double or multiple row racks with solid shelves that obstruct both longitudinal and transverse flue spaces. Design curves for combined ceiling and in-rack sprinklers shall be used with this storage configuration. (See Fig. A4-3.2.)

5-6 In-Rack Sprinkler System Control Valves.

5-6.1 When sprinklers are installed in racks, separate indi- cating gate valves and drains shah be provided for ceiling sprinklers and sprinklers in racks, except such drains and valves are not re-

Uired for small in-rack installations of less than 20 sprinklers e A5-8).

5-7 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand.

5-7.1 Water demand of sprinklers installed in racks shall be added to ceiling sprinkler water demand at the point of connection.

*5-7.2 In buildings that are occupied in part for rack storage of commodities, where only a portion of the sprinkler system is hydraulically designed, the design area shall extend 15 feet beyond the area occupied by the racks.

* t5-8 Sprinkler Water Flow Alarm.

5-9 Hose Connections.

~5-9.1 For first aid fire fighting and for mop-up operations small (11/~ inch) hose lines shall be available to cover all areas of the rack structure. Such small hose may be supplied from:

(a) Outside hydrants (13) A separate piping system for small hose stations

(c) Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where such connections are made upstream of all sprinkler control valves

(d) Adjacent sprinkler systems.

5-10 Hose Streams.

5-10.1 For hose stream demand at least 500 gallons per minute shall be added to the sprinkler demand for Class I, II, III and IV commodities.

5-11 Duration of Water Supplies.

t5-11.1 For double row racks the water supply duration shall be at least 11~ hours for Class I, II and III commodities and at

1296 F I R E P R O T E C T I O N - - G E N E R A L 231C-15

least two hours for Class IV commodities. For multiple row racks the water supply duration shall be at least two hours for all classifi. cations of commodities.

5-12 High Expansion Foam.

"5-12.1 When high expansion foam systems are installed they shall be in accordance with High Expansion Foam Systems, ArFPA 11,4

1970, except as modified by this Rack Storage of Materials Standard and they shall be automatic in operation.

5-12.2 When high expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling sprinklers, in-rack sprinklers are not required.

5-13 High Expansion Foam Detectors.

5-13.1 Detectors shall be listed by a recognized testing labora- tory and shall be installed:

(a) At ceiling only at ~ listed spacing, or (b) At ceiling at listed spacing and in racks at alternate levels,

o r

(c) Listed for rack storage installation and installed in accordance with their listing to provide response within one minute after ignition using ignition source equal to that used on the rack storage testing program.


Chapter 6 Fire Protect ion - - Storage Up to and Inc luding 25 Feet in He ight

Part A - - General

NOTE: See also Chapter 4.

6-1 In-Rack Sprinkler Size.

6-1.1 Sprinklers in racks shall be ordinary temperature classification with nominal l~ inch orifice size pendent or upright.

6-2 In-Rack Sprinkler Pipe Size.

6-2.1 The number of sprinklers and the pipe sizing on a line of sprinklers in racks is restricted only by hydraulic calculations, and not by any piping schedule. Minimum pipe diameter shall be one inch.

6-3 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields.

t6-3.1 Water shields shall be provided directly above in-rack sprinklers when there is more than one level if not shielded by horizontal barriers.

6-4 In-Rack Sprinkler Location.

6-4.1 In double row racks without solid shelves with height of storage over 20 feet and in muliple row racks or double row racks with solid shelves, a minimum six-inch clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.

6-5 In-Rack Sprinkler Water D e m a n d .

t6-5.1 Water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote:

(a) 6 sprinklers when only one level is installed in racks with Class I, II or I I I commodity.

(13) 8 sprinklers when only one level is installed in racks with Class IV commodity.

(c) 10 sprinklers (5 on each two top levels) when more than one level is installed in racks with Class I, II or I I I commodity.

(d) 14 sprinklers (7 on each two top levels) when more than one level is installed in racks with Class IV commodity.

1298 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE TO 25 FEET 251C-17

6-6 Cei l ing Sp r ink l e r Wa te r D e m a n d .

*'1"6-6.1 Design curves in Figs. 6-11.1a through g apply to nominal 20 foot height of storage.

6-6.2 For height of storage up to and including 25 feet protected with ceiling sprinklers only and. for height of storage .up to and including 20 feet protected with ceiling sprin~ers ana ~mmmu .m acceptable in-rack sprinklers, densities given in design curves snail be adjusted according to Fig. 6-6.2, bu t to not less than 15 gpm per sprinkler.

i t s I I t I I ; i I I I I . . . . . : / . . . . . I ' I I I I I : i I I I I : '. *. 1. : Y : '. *. ' - ' . I '. , I I I I ; i I i I I . . . . . / . ' . ' ' . ' ' ] ' 11 . . . . . . . I . . . . . . I ' I I 1 , , I I I 1 : : ; ; . . ; , I I I I I I I I I . . . . . . . . . : I

> . . 1 5 0 I I I I I I I I I : i : i i I '. i '. '. '. '. I ' I- I I I I I I I I I . . . . :1 . . . . . . I ' m l l l l l I l l L : : : : : : : : ' . : : . I,: z I I i i i - - I I I 1 : : : : ~ . . . . . . I ' " ' I I I t I " - I I I I " ' : i : . . . . . " I "

I I I I " " I I I I ' ' " :Y : . . . . . . I ' I I I I I I I I . . . . . i ! i i [ " I "

w I I I I I I I I E . . . . . . . . I ' > I I I I " " I I I I " " [ 1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . I ' " " I ] I I I i I I I ] ' , 7 ' . . . . . . . . I ' Z~ 1 0 0 . . . . . . : : : ; ; ; u lllll llll / ...,.. I

IIIII " fill/'" :::::: I" z 1 1 I I " I I I I : / . ' " ~ : Z : ~ : I ' 0 I I I I 1 I I I 1 , 7 . . . . : : : : : : I ' - I I I I i i I I I I/~, . . . . : : : : : : I ' m I I I I I " " I I I / . . . . . : : : : [ : I ' "' I IIII l l J P l . . . . . . . . . . . I ' " . . . . . . . . . . '

6 0 - i" I I I I . . . . . . I I J . ' ' ' * '

0 s o I I I I I i ~ I I I I . . . . . . . I ' ' " I ' I I I I I ! I I I I . . . . . . : . . . . ; I '

I - I I I I i " ' I I I I . . . . . [ [ : ~ , , [ .. z l l l l l ! ' . I I I I i i i i i ' ' ' ~ ' ' t ' uJ I i I i I '. I I I I : i i i i . . . . . . [ ' u i I ] I I ' I I I I . . . . . . . . . . . I " n , 2 5 ' '

I I I I 1 ' 1 1 1 1 i : : : : . . . . . . I ' I.iJ ,, I I I I I : J i l l . . . . . . ' . . . . C : ,

] 1 1 1 1 : J i l l . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . I I I l l ', 1 1 1 I . . . . . I [ i i [ ~ ' ' '

o I I I l l i i I I I I . . . . . : . . . . . . . .

0 10 12 15 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5

A V A I L A B L E H E I G H T F O R S T O R A G E - F T .

Fig. 6-6.2


6-6.3 For height of storage over 20 feet up to and including 25 feet protected with ceiling sprinklers and minimum acceptable in-rack sprinklers, densities given in design curves shall be used. Densities shall not be adjusted per Fig. 6-6.2.

6-6.4 For height of storage up to and including 20 feet protected with ceiling sprinklers and with more than one level of in- rack sprinklers, but not in every tier, densities given in design curves and adjusted according to Fig. 6-6.2 can be reduced an additional 20 percent, but ' to not less than 15 gpm per sprinkler.

6-6.5 For height of storage over 20 feet up to and including 25 feet protected with ceiling sprinklers and with more than one level of in-rack sprinklers, but not in every tier, densities given in design curves can be reduced 20 percent, but to not less than 15 gpm per sprinkler. Densities shall not be adjusted per Fig. 6-6.2.

6-6.6 For height of storage up to and including 20 feet protected with ceiling sprinklers and in-rack sprinklers at each tier, densities given in design curves and adjusted according to Fig. 6-6.2 can be reduced an additional 40 percent but to not less than 15 gpm per sprinkler.

6-6.7 For height of storage over 20 feet up to and including 25 feet protected with ceiling sprinklers and in-rack sprinklers at each tier, densities given in design curves can be reduced 40 percent but to not less than 15 gpm per sprinkler. Densities shall not be adjusted per Fig. 6-6.2.

6-6.8 The design curves indicate water demands for nominal 165°F and nominal 286°F sprinklers at the ceiling. The 165°F design curves shall be used for sprinklers with ordinary and intermediate temperature classification but not less than 160°F. The 286°F design curve shall be used for sprinklers with high temperature classification.

1"6-6.9 When clearance from top of storage to ceiling is less than 41/~ feet (see 4-5.2), the sprinkler operating area indicated in curves E, F, G, and H in Figs. 6-11.1a, b, c, d, e, f, and g can be reduced as indicated in Fig. 6-6.9, but not less than 2,000 square feet (see 6-6.10).

1300 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE TO.25+FEET 231C-19

d

< W

<

0 Z

< IT. w

0

w

Z

o.

400(

/ /

/

/

2 0 0 0 0 I0 20 25 30

R E D U C T I O N I N S P R I N K L E R O P E R A T I N G A R E A

Fig. 6-6.9

231G-20 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS

1301

6-6.10 When clearance from ceiling to top of Class I or II encapsulated storage is 11/~ to 3 feet, sprinkler operating area indicated in Curve F only of Fig. 6-11.1 may be reduced by 50 percent but to not less than 2000 square feet.

6-6.11 Where solid flat bottom wood pallets are used, or solid shelves four feet to eight feet deep (see Fig. A4-3.2) are used with height of storage up to and including 25 feet, the densities indicated in the design curves, based on conventional pallets, shall be increased 20 percent for the given area. This percentage shall be applied to the density resulting from the application of Fig. 6-6.2. This increase does not apply when in-rack sprinklers are installed.

6-7 High Expansion Foam Submergence. "6-7.1 When high expansion foam systems are used without

sprinklers the maximum submergence time shall be five minutes fo-r Class I, II or I I I commodities and four minutes for Class IV commodities.

6-7.2 When high expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling sprinklers, the maximum submergence time shall be seven minutes for Class I, II or I I I commodities and four minutes for Class IV commodities.

6-8 High Expansion Foam Ceiling Sprinkler Density. 6-8.1 When high expansion foam systems are used in combi-

nation with ceiling sprinklers, the minimum ceiling sprinkler design shall be a density of 0.2 gpm per square foot for Class I, II or I I I commodities or 0.25 gpm per square foot for Class IV commodities for the most hydraulically remote 2,000 square foot operating area.


6-9.1 In double row racks without solid shelves, one level of in-rack sprinklers shall be installed for Class IV nonencapsulated storage exceeding 22 feet in height and for Class I and II encapsulated storage exceeding 20 feet in height. (See Table 6-9.1.)

1302 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE TO 2 5 ~FEET 231C-21

A b I ~ (Ft)

Commodity E m l P (4-4.1) Mandatory Height Ckm sulated (B6-11.2) In-Rack

4 NO No

8 ! 4 No Yes 8

4 NO No

8

¢~ o Yell 48 No

o NO 4 NO

y(~ 4 1 Level 6-11,1f 8

No 4 No 6-11.1 d IV 8

4 1 Level 6-11.1g Yes 8

No 4 No 6-11.1 a 8

I Yes 4 1 Level 6-11.1e C & D

8 A & B 4 C & D

NO No 6-11.1 b - ,J I I 8 A & B

~ u . 4 u. ~ Yes 1 Level 6-11,1e C&...___OD o r , 8 A & S

'9"° No 4 No 8-11.1c C & D No

4 C & D Yes I Level 6-11.1f 8 A & 8

C & D No 4 No 6-11.1d A & 8

IV 8 Yes 4 1 Level 6.11.19 C & D

8 A & 8

No 4 8 NO 6-11.1e C& D I A & B

1 4 ~ C Yes No 6-11,1 • ~ ' J 8 A & E 4 C & O No NO 6-11.1 b 8 A & B

. 2 ~ It 4 I Level 6-11.1e : C & O

No 4 NO , ~ ' - NO 6-11,1c C & O 8 A & B III 4 C & O Yes 1 Level 6-11,1 f 8 A & B 4 C & O No 6-11,1d

• A & 8 IV 8 1 Level 4

Yes 8 6-11.19 C & D A & S

Ceiling Sl~ri~l~r wi rer Demald

With In-Rack Swinklws Without I n . R a c k ~ - - ~ - ~ Sw ink lm Apply F ill. Fig ~ A p p l y

Fig. Curws 6-62 Fig. CunNl~ S-6.2 C & D 6-11.1a A & B C & D 6-11.1e A & B

6-11.1b C & D A & B C & D

C & D 6-11.1c A & B C & D

, A & B C & O A & 8

A & O ~ C & O A & B 6-11,1a G & H E& F . Yes

G & H -- ' -- ' -" 6-11,1e E & F . Yet

6-11.1e G & H E & F Ye~

6-11.1b G & H E& F Yes

6-11.1e G & H E & F Yes

6-11.1c G & H E& F Yes

6-11.1d G & H E& F Yes

6-11.1b G & H E& F Yet

6-11.1¢ E & F G & H Yes

6-11.1d E & F G a l l Yes

6-11,1a G & H E & F Yes

6-11,1e G & H E & F Yes

6-11.1b G & H ' E & F Yes

6-11.1c G & H E& F Yes

Table 6-9.1 Double row racks. He ight of Storage up to and Including 25 Ft., Aisles Wider Than 4 Ft., Without Solid Shelves.

2 3 1 C - 2 2 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1303

*t6-9.2 In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage up to and including 20 feet high in double row racks shall be located at

to 7/$ of the storage height. The elevation of in-rack sprinkler deflectors with respect to storage is not a consideration.

*6-9.3 In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage over 20 feet high and up to and including 25 feet high in double row racks shall be located at the tier level nearest 1/~ to 7~ of the storage height.

6-9.4 In-rack sprinklers at two levels only for storage up to and including 25 feet high in double row racks shall be located at

to ~ and ~ to a/~ of the storage height.

6-9.5 In-rack sprinklers at two levels only for storage up to and including 25 feet high in multiple row racks shall be located at tier levels nearest 1/~ to tA and 7/$ to a/~ of the storage height.

6-9.6 In racks with solid shelves or without solid shelves but with storage higher than 20 feet, a minimum of six inches shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflector and top of a tier of storage.

6-10 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing.

"6-10.1 Maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers in double row racks with nonencapsulating storage up to and including 25 feet in height shall be in accordance with the following table:

Commodity (~us

Aisle Widths I & H IH IV

8ft. 12ft. 12ft. 8ft.

4ft. 12ft. 8ft. 8ft.

For encapsulated storage, maximum horizontal spacing is 8 feet.

t6-10.2 The sprinklers installed in racks with height of storage up to and including 20 feet may be spaced without regard to rack uprights except as noted in 6-4.2.

1304 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE TO 25 t F EET 231C-23

Part B. Double and Single Row Racks

N O T E : See also Chapter 4.

6-1i Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand.

"6-11.1 For Class I, II, I I I or IV commodities encapsulated or nonencapsulated in double row racks, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density (gpm per square foot) and area of sprinkler operation (square feet of ceiling or roof) shall be selected from curves given in Fig. 6-11.1a through g. The curves in Fig. 6-11.1 a through g also apply to portable racks arranged in the same manner as double row racks or multiple row racks. Design is in- tended to be at a single point on the appropriate curve related to the storage configuration and commodity class. It is not necessary to meet all points on the selected curve. Fig. 6-6.2 shall be used to adjust density for storage height unless otherwise specified.

t6-11.2 Design curves for single and double row racks shall be selected corresponding to aisle width. For aisle widths between four feet and eight feet a direct linear interpolation between curve~ may be made. Density given for eight foot wide aisles shall be applied to aisles wider than eight feet. Density given for four foot wide aisles shall be applied to aisles narrower than four feet down to 3 ~ feet. Aisles narrower than 31~ feet shall be considered as multiple row racks.

Part C. Multiple Row Racks

NOTE: See also Chapter 4.

6-12 In-Rack Sprinkler Location

6-12.1 For encapsulated or nonencapsulated storage in multiple row racks no deeper than 16 feet with aisles no narrower than eight feet, one level of in-rack sprinklers shall be installed for Class II and I I I storage over 20 feet in height. One level of in-rack sprinklers shall be installed for Class IV storage over 15 feet up to and including 20 feet in height and two levels of in-rack sprinklers shall be installed for Class IV storage over 20 feet in height (see Table 6-12.1).

231C-24 R A C K S T O R A G E O F M A T E R I A L S 1 3 0 5

A

°°° I!,ooo "

_ ,ooo [i I - -

I ,c [ i ,¢ 3 o o o ~ I

I o I-', ig I I

~ ,ooo 1 , - - I I '¢ I I I/) I 0 0 0

0.1

BC D E GF H I I l l l I l l I~1 I | ! i 1~1 I I 1 I I l l l |1 I~1 I 1111 I~1

I I I l l l I l i ! l I I I I I I t 1 1 1 II I l l ! [ AI I l l l l I I~tl I I II II|l i l I~1 I l l I I ~ 1 1 I II I I I III I ~ 1 1 k ~ t l I ! I I I I 1 | III I t I I~l~tl I IXI I I I I l l I~1 I 1~1 I~IN I I~d I III I ! 1 1 1 t l I~tl I I t k t I l l III I |11 I Ptl I II I I~1~1 I IXI

I/ I II1 I I~1 I A l l

I~1 I1~1 I IXI I 1 1 IXI\I I I\1 I~l I I~M I IXI I IXI I X X I I X

! I I~tit I I Y I IXI\I IXI ~, , w , ,,, I~1 , , , II N I XI I I t \ I IN I%1%1

, , , , , \ , , ~1 I \ ' , , ~ , , ~, IXI ! ~ I IM I X I I N N I X I I ~ I \ Ik l I NI INI I N N IN~I I I I I I I I I I t l l I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I [ I I I I I l l I I I I I I I I I I I 11 I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I

J~ I l I I l l l l l l l l I ~ I 0.15 0.2 0 .25 0.3 0.~5 O. 4 (

C E I L I N G S P R I N K L E R D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T z

I I I I I I I . 4 5

Curve Legend A ~ 8 f t . aisles with 2860F ceilin~

sprinklers and 1650F in-racx sprinklers

B - - 8 f t . aisles with 1 6 5 ° F ceiling st~inklers and 165°F in-rack sprinklers

C ~ 4 f t . aisles with 28fiOF ceiling sprinklers and 1650F in-rack sprinklers

D - - 4 f t . aisles with 1650F ceiling sprinklers and 165°F in-rack sprinklers

C u r v e L e g e n d E - - 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling

sprinklers F - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°F ceiling

si~rinklers G - - 4 f t . aisles with 2800F ceiling

s~rinklers H - - 4 f t . aisles with 1 6 5 " F ceiling

sprinklers

Fig . 6 - 1 1 . 1 a D o u b l e R o w R a c k s - - 2 0 F o o t H i g h R a c k S t o r a g e - - S p r i n k l e r S y s t e m D e s i g n C u r v e s - - C a a s s I N o n e n c a p s u d a t e d C o m m o d i t i e s - -

C o n v e n t i o n a l P a l l e t s .

1306 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE TO 2 5 F E E T 231C-25

I -

! ,< bJ R" ,<

Z I - < ¢¢ bJ r, O

t~J _1 ,r z n- n u)

0.10

A B C O E FG H

0.15 0 .20 0 . 2 5 0 .30 0 .35 0 . 4 0 0 .4 ~'

C E I L I N G S P R I N K L E R D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T : '

0.50

Curve Legend Curve Legend A - - 8 ft . aisles with 288"F ¢eilin$ E - - 8 f t . aisles with 2860F ceiling

sprinklers and 7~*F m.rac~ sprinklers sprinklers F - - 8 ft . aisles with I~*F cdling

B - - 8 ft . aisles with f65*F c.eilinl~ sprinklers sprinklers and 165"F m-racx G - - 4 ft . aisles with 286"F ceiling spriniders sprinklers

C - - d ft . aisles with 286°F ceiling H - - d ft . aisles with 7650F ceiling sprinklers and 765"F in-rack sprinklers #m'nklers

D - - J ft. aisles with 7F~F ceilin~ sprinlders and ?65eF in-rac~ sprinklers

Fig. 6 - 1 1 . l b . D o u b l e R o w Racks - - 20 Foot High Rack Storage - - Sprinkler System Design Curves - - Class IT Nonencapsulated Commodhles - -

• Conventional Pallets.


1307

6 0 0 0 - N P

i 5 0 0 0 -

<

0 Z 4 0 0 0 -

P <

W 3 0 0 0 - 0

2 0 0 0 -

Z

i o o o 0.15

A BC D E FG H

I 1 1 1

I

I I I I I I I I I I _= | | I I I I

0 .2 0 . 2 5 0 .3 0 . 3 5 0 . 4 0 . 4 5 0 .5

C E I L I N G S P R I N K L E R D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T z

Curve Legend Curve Legend A - - 8 f t . aisles with 285°F ceding E - - 8 f t . aisles with 28~F ceiling

sprinlders and 1650F in-rack sprinklers sprinklers F - - 8 f t . aisles with 16&OF ceiling

B - - 8 f t . aisles with 1650F ceiling sprinklers and165*Finracksprinklers G ~ 4 3q. aisles with 28~F ceiling

C m 4 f t . aisles with 2860F ceilin~ sprir~lers sprinlders and 1650F =n-racx H - - 4 f t . aisles with 1650F ceiling sprinklers sprinklers

D m d f t . aisles with 7650F ceiling sprinklers and 1650F in-rack sprinklers

Fig. 6-11.1c. Double Row Racks - - 20 Foot High Rack Storage - - Spr inkler System Design Curves - - Class HI Nonencapsu la ted Commodities

Convent ional Pallets.

1308 FIRE P R O T E C T I O N - - S T O R A G E TO 2 5 FEET 231C-27

A B C D 6 0 0 0 ~

D ~ 5000

4 0 0 0

g 3ooo J 2 0 0 0 ~

¢/) I000 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55

CEILING SPRINKLER DENSITY-GPM/FT 2

E F G H

0.6

Curve Legend A - - 8 f t . aisles with 28~0F ceilinl[

sprinklers and 1650F in-racx sprinklers

B - - 8 f t . aisles with 1650F ceilin[[ sprinklers and 16aOF in-rac~ sprinklers

C ~ 4 f t . aisles with 2860F ceiling sprinklers and 165"F in-rack sprinklers

D - - 4 f t . aisles with 1650F ceilin~ s/n~'nlders and I050F in-rac~ sprinklers

Curve Legend E - - 8 f t . aisles with 2860F ceiling

sprinklers F - - 8 f t . aisles with 1650F ceiling

sprinklers G - - 4 f t . aisles with 286*F ceiling

sprinklers H - - 4 f t . aisles with I ~ ° F eating

sprinklers

Fig. 6-11.1d. Double Row Racks - - 20 Foot High Rack Storage - - Sprinkler System Des ign Curves ~ C3ass IV Nonencapsulated Commodities

Conventional Pallets.

231C-28 R A C K S T O R A G E O F M A T E R I & L S 1309

A B C D 6ooo i i i i | l

I I I 1 | 1 I I I I I

, r l l l l , ooolIII

I I I I l l I I I I 1 ' I I I I I

0 I l l t l Z 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

I I 1 1 1 I I I 1 1

3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1

0 I I I I I I I I I I I l l l l

W I I L I I J 2 0 0 0 l l i l l z I l l l l

l l l l l l i l l l I O 0 0

0.15 0.2 0 .25

' l I i

: : i I

i i

0.3 0.35

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II

I I I I I I I I I I I I l i l i l i l f l

I l l I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I L I I I I I I I I l l ] I t : IIIl, , ,llll:

1 ~- IL I I I I ; I I I

J I I , I I I i J I ! I I I .

IIII N 1 I I I [ I I%1 i P O I N T _ ~ _ I I I I I [ I%i DESIGNI

(~ ~ / ~ I ~t i t i i " k i T " . L ' f "

I I J I I ~ I I I I . I I I I I ~"~11 I I I I~1~11 I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I [ 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I r i l l I I I I I I i

i 0 .45 0.5

C E I L I N G S P R I N K L E R D E N S I T Y - , G P M / F T 2

C u r v e L e g e n d

A - - 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling sprinklers and 1650F in-rack sprinklers

B - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°F ceiling sprinklers and 1650F in-rack sprinklers

C ~ d f t . aisles with 2~60F ceilin~ sprinklers and 1650F in-racx sprinklers

D - - d f t . aisles with 1 6 5 " F ceiling sprinklers and 1650F "in-rack sprinklers


E - - 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling sprinklers

F - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°F ceiling sprinklers

G - d f t . aisles with 286 ° ceiling sprinklers

H - - d ft . aisles with 165 ° ceiling sprinklers

Fig . 6 - 1 1 . 1 e . D o u b l e R o w R a c k s - - 2 0 F o o t H i g h R a c k S t o r a g e - - S p r i n k l e r a y s t e m u e m g n C u r v e s - - C l a s s I & H E n c a p s u l a t e d C o m m o d i t i e s - -


1310 /

FIRE PROTECTION m STORAGE TO 2 5 FEET 231C-29

0.15

A B C D

i

i

I

I I I

- , 4 . - , • . ~ , . - - .4 ._

I ( - I - - - - t . -

I ; _

T !

0 .2 0 . 2 5 0 .3 0 . 3 5 0 . 4 0 . 4 5 0 . 5

CE-ILING SPRINKLER D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T z

Curve L e g e n d Curve L e g e n d A - - 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling C - - 4 f t , aisles with 286°F ceilinl[

sprinklers and 765°F in-rack sprinklers and 165°F " in-racx i sprinklers sprinklers

B - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°F cdling D - - 4 f t , aisles with 165°F ceilin~ sprinklers and 705°F in-rack sprinklers and 765°F in-raex sprinklers sprinklers

Fig. 6-11.1t". D o u b l e R o w Racks - - 20 Foot H i g h Rack Storage - - Sprinkler System Des ign Curves - - Class HI Encapsu la ted Commodit ies

Convent iona l Pallets .


I-" u.. i .c uJ

o Z

c~ uJ O- o e~ t~ .J

o. to

0 . 2 5

A B C D imnnnuumnummm Inmammnmmmm I | n | m i i n i m n l F I I I I I B I I I I I I I n I B n n R m i n l l i i m i n l m m n i l i m n m i i n U l l i l l i n a i i i u u n m l lmmmmmmmimml immmmmmmmmml immmmnmmmimi lmmmmmmmmmmmi immmmmmmmmml immmmmmmmmmmi immmmmmmmmmmmml immmmmmmmmml ;ammmmmmmmml luammmmmmmml imm,,~immmmmml mmimw.qimmmml mmnmmmmmmmml mmmmmmmmmmmml immmmmmmmmml immmmmmmmmnl immmmmmmmnml

:1

.,-4--

--4--

"- t-"

0.3 0.35 0 .4 0 .45 0.5 O.SS 0.6

CEILING ,SPRINKLER D F N S I T Y - G P M / F T 2

Curve Legend A - - 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling

sprinklers and 765°F in-rack sprinklers

B - - 8 f t . aides with I ~ ° F c.~lin~ sprinlders and 165°F m-rac~ sprinklers

Curve Legend C - - J f t . aisles with 286~F feilin~

sprinlders and 165°F m-rac~ sprinklers

D~4 f t . aisles with 165°F ceilin~ sprinklers and 1F~fOF in-rac~ sprinklers

l~ig. 6-11.1g. D o u b l e R o w R a c k s - - 20 Foot H i g h R ack S to rage - - S p r i n k l e r S y s t e m D e s i g n C u r v e s ~ C~ass I V e n c a p n J a t e d C o m m ~ t l t l e s

C o n v e n t ~ n a / P a l l e t s .

, Commodity Height Class

I

II Over 12 Ft Up to 15 Ft

III

IV

I


I1!

IV

I


III

IV

Table 6-12.1 Mult/ple-Row Racks. Rack Depth Up to 15 Ft., Aisles Wider Than 8 Ft., Storage Helght Up To 25 Ft.

Sprinklers EncalP i Mandotow mlutod : In-Racks Fig. No.

No 6-13.1a

Yes - No NO "6-13.1b Yes 6-13.1b No No 6-13.1c Yes No 6-13.1c No NO 6-13.1d Yes No 6-11.1d No 6-13.1a Yes 6-13.1a

No No 6-13.1b Yes 6-13.1b No No 6-13.1c Yes No 6-13.1e No 6-13.1d i

1 Level Yes 6-11.1d No No 6-13,1a Yes 6-13.1a No 6-13.1b

Yes 1 Level 6-13.1b No 6-13.1c Yes 6-13.1c

No 2 Level 6-13.1d Yes 6-13.1d

Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand

With In-Rock Sprinklms Without In-Rack Sprinklers Apply Fig. Apply Fig.

Cumas 6-62 1.25xDonsity Fig. No. Curves 6 - 6 . 2 1.25xDensity No 6-13.1a C,&O No

Yes Yes 6-13.1a C&D Yes No 6-13.1b C&O No

Yes Yes 6-13.1b C&D Yes A&B Yes No 6-13.1c C&D Yes No Yes 6;13.1c C&D Yes Yes No 6-13.1d A&B No No

1.50x Density 6-11.1d E&F Yes 1.50x Density No 6-13.1a C&D No

Yes Yes 6 -13 .1e C,&D Yes No 6-13.1b C&D No

Yes A~'B~, Yes Yes 6-13.1b C&D Yes

No 6-13.1c C&D Yes No Yes 6 -13 .1c C&D Yes Yes

1.50x Density ~ ---'--"- No 6-13.1a C&D No

Yes Yes 6 -13 .1a C&D Yes

yes"° A&8 NO No Yes No

1.50x Density i

h im

Height

Over 12 Ft Up to 15 Ft



Sprinklers With In-Reck Sprinklers Commodity Encap- Mandatory Apply Fig. Class sulated In-Recks Fig. No. Curves 6-6.2 1.25xDensity

No 6-13.1e No I

Yes 6-13.1a Yes No

No 6-13.1.b No II

Yes 6-13.1b A&B Yes Yes

No 6-13.1c No I l l Yes No 6-13.1c Yes No No 6-13.1d No

IV Yes No 6-11.1d C~D 1.50x Density No 6-13.1a No

I Yes 6-13.1a Yes No 6-13.1b No

II Yes 6-13.1 b A&B Yes

1 Level Yes No 6-13.1c No III Yes 6-13.1c Yes

IV No 6-13.1d No / Yes 6-11.1d C&D 1.50x Density

I No 6-13.1a No Yes 6-13,1a Yes No 6-13,1b No

I I 1 Level Yes 6-13.1b A&B Yes

No No 6-13.1c No III Yes 6-13.1c Yes

IV No 2 Levels 6-13.1d No / Yes 6-11.1d C&D 1.50x Density

Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand

Without In-Reck Sprinklers

Apply Fig. Fig. No. Curves 6-62 1.25x Density 6-13.1a C&O No

Yes 6-13.1 a C&D Yes 6-13.1 b C&D No

Yes 6-13.1b C&D Yes 6-13.1c C&D Yes No 6-t3.1c C&D Yes Yes 6-13.1d A-B No No 6-11.1d G&H Yes 1.50x Density

X

J

J

Table 6-12.2 Multiple-Row Rocks. Rack Depth Over 16 Ft.

or Aisles Narrower Than 8 Ft. Storage Height Up to 25 Ft.

1314 F I R E P R O T E C T I O N ~ S T O R A G E TO 2 5 F E E T 231C-33

6-12.2 For encapsulated or nonencapsulated storage in multiple row racks deeper than 16 feet or with aisles less than eight feet wide, onc level of in-rack sprinklers shall be installed for Class I, II and III storage over 15 feet in height. One level of in-rack sprinklers shall be installed for Class IV storage over 15 feet up to and including 20 feet in height and two levels of in-rack sprinklers shall be installed for Class IV storage exceeding 20 feet in height (see Table 6-12.2).

"6-12.3 Maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers on branch lines in multiple row racks with nonencapsulating storage up to and including 25 feet in height shall not exceed 12 feet for Class I, II or I I I commodities and eight feet for Class IV commodities with area limitations of 100 square feet per sprinkler for Class I, II or I I I commodities, and 80 square feet per sprinkler for Class IV commodities. (Rack plan view shall be considered in determining area covered by each sprinkler. Aisles are not to be included in area calculations.)

6-12.4 A min imum of six inches shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflector and top of a tier of storage. In-rack sprinklers shall be located at least two inches from rack uprights.

6-13 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand.

6-13.1 For nonencapsulated Class I, II, I I I or IV commodities ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density (gpm per square foot) and area of sprinkler operation (square feet of ceiling or roof) shall be selected from curves given in Fig. 6-13.1a through d. The curves in Fig. 6-13.1a through d also apply to portable racks arranged in the same manner as multiple row racks. Design is in- tended to be at a single point on the appropriate curve related to the storage configuration and commodity class. I t is not necessary to meet all points on the selected curve. Fig. 6-6.2 shall be used to adjust density for storage height unless otherwise specified. (See A6-9.1.)

6-13.2 For encapsulated Class I, I I or I I I commodities with height of storage up to and including 25 feet on multiple row racks, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated commodities on double row racks.

6-13.3 For encapsulated Class IV commodities with height of storage up to and including 25 feet on multiple row racks, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 50 percent greater than for nonencapsulated commodities on double row racks.

231C-34 RACK S T O R A G E OF M A T E R I A L S 1315

A B t~ 6 0 0 0 ~ I I 1 I I I I I I

! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | 1 . , . I I I I I I I I I

~ 5 0 0 0 I I I I I I l l I ! : I I I I I t I I I I I 1 1 I I I l l I | I I I I I I I 1 I

t¢ I I ' 11 1 Ill I It . . . I I I 1 I I I I I ,~ 1 I I I I I I N I I $ [ . . I 1 1 I I I I I I

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Htl I . . . I I I I I I I ] I

4 0 O 0 I I I I I I I I~1 I ~ ] I I I I I I I I I

; i i ; ; I I I I 1 I I k l _ . . I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I l ~ t l . L I I I I I ' 1 ~

~ 3 o o o I I l i l l l l ~ l : I l l l I , , I I I I I I I~ ~k~ I I I I I I I % . 1 I

0 I I I I I I I I I I I~ ~. I , I I I I I K I t l I i I I 1 1 I I I .%. I I I I I I I I ~ I

" I I ' " ' " ' " " ' . " " I I I I I I I ~ ' ~ k - ' ' ' ' ' '

.s I I I I I I I [ I I I I I I I I I I ' " , S I N G L E P O I N T Z I I I I I I I I I I ' i ~ I I I I I I I I D E S I G N O N L Y

" I t I 1 " ' " " ' , i , I , , i , ~'} IOOO I I I I I I I . - - l l l l I l i l i i i ; ; i ; ; ,

0 . 1 0 O. I ¢" 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0 0 . ~ 5 0 . 4 0 0 . 4 5 0 . 5 0

C E I L I N G S P R I N K L E R D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T 2

O~rve L e g e n d A - - 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling

sprinklers and 1550F in-rack sprinklers

B - - 8 f t . aisles with 765°F ceilinl~ sprinklers and 1650F in-racz sprinklers


C - - 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling sprinklers

D - - 8 f t . aisles with 165"F ceiling sprinklers

Fig. 6-13.1a . M u l t i p l e R o w R a c k s - - 20 F o o t H i g h R a c k S t o r a g e - - S p r i n k l e r S y s t e m C u r v e s S t o r a g e - - C l a s s I N o n e n c a p s u l a t e d C o m m o d i t i e s - -


1316 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE TO 25 FEET 231C-35

N 6 0 0 0

! <

5 0 0 0 . <

4 0 0 0

<

W 3 0 0 0

0

W 2 0 0 0

Z

I 0 0 0 0,15

A B

0.20 0 .25 0 .30 0 . 3 5 0 . 4 0 0 . 4 5 0 .50

CEIL ING SPRINKLER D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T 2

0.55

Curve Legend A - - 8 f t . aisles with 2860F ceiling

sprinklers and 7650F in-rack sprin.k, lers

• B - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°F c eilin~ sprinklers • and 165*F zn-racx sprinklers

Curve Legend C ~ 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceiling

sprinklers D - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°F ceiling

sprinklers

Fig. 6-13.1b. Multiple Row Racks - - 2 0 Foot High Rack Storage - - Sprinkler System Design Curves --= Class H Noneneapsulated Commodities

Conventional Pallets.


N 6000

,ooo] ~ .4oo0

3000 ~

~ 2oo0 7

0,15

l i l m l l l l l l m i l l l l l I l l l i l l l l l l l l l l l m i i l l l l l l l i i l l l l l l , k l m U i l l i l i l l l i i l m l U B I I l l D B I I l I l l l i l ' l ' n i l l l l l m l l n l l l l l I I , l l i l J l l l l i l l i l l l I I H I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l i l ' l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l I l l ] l l l l l l l l l l l i l l I l l U I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b l l l ~ l l l l l l l l l l l l l I d l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 5 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I l d l l l ~ l l l l l l l l l l l I l l l l i l N i l l i J l i i l l l i l ~ l i l ~ l l l i l i l l l l I l U l l i m i O l i l i l i n l l I l l U l m U i l i i m l l l i l i I l l l i i l i i l l m l l l l l l I l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l I l l l l l l l l l l l l i l l l l I l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

, 0.20 0.; I

I I I I I ] | I l i l l l I l i l ' J I l l l l l l l i | I l i l t I I I l l I | I I I I l i i l l J ] ( l i l l i l l i J / I l l i l i l l l ] | i l l t i l l l l | 1 I l i l l l l l l l • i l l i l l l i l i J t l l l l l l l l [ ] I I l l l l I l l I 1 llllllllJ I | ~ ' b l l l t l l I | 1 , _ 1 1 I I I I I I I I I M i l I I i I I I I I N I I 1 I ~ I I I N I ' I I ~ c ! ! N_~ ]

0 . 4 5 0 . 5 0 0 .55

CEILING SPRINKLER D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T z

Curve Legend A - - 8 .ft. aisles with 286°F ceiling

sprinMers and 165°1;" in-rack sprinMers

B ~ 8 f t . aisles with 165°F .~lin~ sprinklers and 165°F m-rac~ ~rinklers

Curve Legend C - - 8 .ft. aisles with 28~°F ceiling

sprinklers D - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°1;" ceiling

sprinklers

Fig. 6-1~.1c. Multiple Row Racks ~ 20 Foot High Rack Storage ~ Sprinkler System Design Curves ~ (~ass 1][I Nonencapsulated Commodities - -

C~nveutlonai Pallets.

1318 FIRE P R O T E C T I O N ' - - STORAGE TO" 25 FEET 231C-37

A B N 6 0 0 0 i t-- k' J I I

t I I ] d: 1 k J I ] w 5 o o o . ' , I L l or ., i •

X ~ I I I

I,~ X k I I z 4 0 o 0 - i '~ I i I.- x !

I < t I n- '~ N I Ik 3 o o 0 - % ~ I O ~ • I

I r,, % • I L,J • I

2 0 0 0 - " ~ I I

z I I - - I | I o ~ I I I o . I I I u3 I 0 0 0

o . z s o.ao 0 .3~ 0 . 4 0 0 . 4 s 0 .~0 o . s s o . e o o .es

C E I L I N G S P R I N K L E R D E N S I T Y - G P M / F T 2

C u r v e L e g e n d C u r v e L e g e n d

A ~ 8 f t . aisles with 286°F ceilinl~ B - - 8 f t . aisles with 165°F ceiling sprinlders and 165°F in-rac~ sprinlders and ldS°F in-rack sprinklers sprirdclers

Fig_6-13,1d. Mul t ip l e Row Racks - - 20 Foot H i g h Rack Storage - - Sp r ink le r s y s t e m De s ign C u r v e s - - Class IV N o n e n c a p s u l a t e d Commodi t i es

Conven t iona l Pal lets .

N O T E : Curves A and B also apply to ceiling sprinklers only for height of storage up to and including 15 feet a n d Fig. 6-6.9 shall not be applied.


Chapter 7 Fire Protection - - Storage Over 25 Feet in Height

Part A. General

7-1 In-Rack Sprinkler Size.

7-1.1 Sprinklers in racks shall be ordinary temperature classification with nominal ~/~inch orifice size pendent or upright.


7-2.1 In-rack sprinklers shall be staggered horizontally and vertically when installed as indicated in Table 7-2.1, Figs. 7-2.1a through j, and 7-11.1.

7-3 In-Rack Pipe Size.

7-3.1 The number of sprinklers and the pipe sizing on a line of sprinklers in racks is restricted only by hydraulic calculations, and not by any piping schedule.

7-4 In-Rack Water Shields.

7-4.1 Water shields shall be provided directly above in-rack sprinklers when there is more than one level if not shielded by horizontal barriers (see Appendix B6.3.1).


7-5.1 In double row or multiple row racks, a minimum six- inch clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage. Face sprinklers in such racks shall be located a minimum of three inches from rack uprights and no more than 18 inches from the aisle face of storage. Other sprinklers in racks shall be located a minimum of two feet from rack uprights.

Commodity I Class

Table 7-2.1 Double-Row Racks Without Solid Shelves, Storage Higher Than 25 Feet, Aisles Wider Than 4 Feet.

In-rack sprinklers -- approximate vertical spacing at tier nearest the vertical distance and maximum horizontal spacing (1) (2). Longitudinal Flue (3) Vertical 20 ft. Horizontal 10 f t .

I under horizontal Barriers Vertical 20 ft. Vertical Horizontal 10 ft. Horizontal Vertical 10 ft. or at 15 ft. & 25 ft. None Horizontal 10 ft. Vertical 10 f t . Vertical Horizontal 10 ft. Horizontal Vertical 20 ft. Vertical Horizontal 10 ft. Horizontal

I I& I I I Vertical 25 ft. Verti(:al Horizontal 5 ft. Horizontal I'iorizontal barriers at 20 ft. Vertical Intervals-2 lines of sprinklers under barriers-maximum horizontal spacing 1() ft. staggered. Vertical 15 ft. I Vertical Horizontal 10 ft. Horizontal Vertical 20 ft. Vertical

IV Horizontal 5 f t . Horizontal Horizontal barriers at 15 ft. Verticai intervals-2 lines of sprinkler under barriers-maximum horizontal spacing 10 ft. staggered

Foomotcs -- see page 40.

Maximum Fig. Storage No. Height Stagger

30 f t . No

20 ft. 7-2.1b Higher than Yes 10 ft. 25 ft.

7-2.1c 30 ft. Yes

30 ft. 7-2.1d Yes 10 ft . 20 ft, 7-2.1e Yes

5 ft. 25 ft.

5 ft. 7-2.1f No

Yes

Yes

No

Face (4)

None 7-2.1 a

7-2.1g

20 ft , 10 f t , 7-2.1h

20 ft . 7-2.1i 5 f t ,

7-2.1j

Ceiling Sprinkler Operating Area

Higher than 25 ft .

Higher than 25 f t .

2000 sq. ft.

2000 ~ . ft.

2000 sq. ft.

Yes

Ceiling Sprinkler Density m/sq. ft.) (6) arance (5)

Up to 10 f t . (7)

165 ° 286 °

0.25 0,35

0.25 0,35

0.30 0.40

0.30 0,40

O.3O O.4O

O.3O 0.40

O.3O 0.4O

0.35 0.45

O.35 O.45

0.35 0.45

b,)

o

I o ~o

231C-4O RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1321

Footnotes to Table 7-2.1 1Minimum in-rack sprinkler pressure, 30 psi (7-6.1) 2Water shields required (6-3,1 and 7-4.1 ) qnstall sprinklers at least 2 ft. from uprights (A6-9.2) ,Install sprinklers at least 3 in. from uprights (7-5.1) sClearance is distance between maximum height of storage and ceiling sFor encapsulated commodity increase density 25% (7-11.1) ~See 7-9.3, 7-10.1, 7-11.1 and A7-11.1 for protection suggestions when clear-

ance is greater than 10 feet

~x~ N D DrT

D D D D ~x~ D D D D D D

P L A N V I E W I[ LEVATION

Fig. 7-2.1a. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodity, Maximum Height of Storage 25 Ft. to 30 Ft.

NOTE: 1. Symbol X indicates in-rack sprinklers.

1322 Fxa~. PROT~.CTION - - STORAGe. OV~.a 2 5 FE~.T 2 5 1 C - 4 1

• D ,

x [ ~ _ . ~ . x s E 1":-11-7-1 ,~1 I ,A L_%

t__j.~, IN- 'Z. . , .x X x !

x ~ " ~ , - ' - i r - - n L__J L_J

P L A N VIEW E L E V A T I O N

Fig. 7-2.1b. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement , C~ass I Commodity, Height of Storage over 25 Feet.

NOTES 1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 7-2.1) required when loads labeled A or B represent top of storage. 2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent top of storage. 3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads labeled E or F represent top of storage. 4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined notes 2 and 3 is repeated W I T H STAGGER AS INDICATED. 5. Symbols A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.


OAO O~O

E~O O0 oo O.r-,l 0~0 - O0

P L A N VIEW ELEVATION

Fi_g. 7-2.1c_In- .Rack $_prinkler Arrangement , ¢ ~ s s I, H or HI Commodity, l~aximum rlelght of Storage 25 Ft. to 30 Ft.

NOTES:

I. Alternate location of in-rack sprinklers. Sprinlders may be installed at the second and fourth or the third andfifth tiers. 2. Symbols A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.

1 3 2 4 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE OVER 25 FEET 231C~-43

4

& x

s A x

I P L A N V I E W

[ ] [ ]

.El

[]

[]

OxD [ ]D

ELEVATION

Fig. 7-2.1d. In-Rack Spr inkler Ar rangemen t , C~ass I, II or ELI Commodity, He igh t of Storage over 25 Feet.

NOTES: 1. Sprinklers labeled | required w h e n loads labeled A represent the top of

storage. 2. Sprinlders labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled B or C represent

top of storage. 3. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2 and 3 required when loads labeled D or E represent

top of storage. 4. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4 required when loads labeled F or G repre-

sent top of storage. 5. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 required when loads labeled H repre-

sent top of storage. " 6. For storage.higher thanrepresented by loads labeled H, the cycle defined by

Notes 3, 4 and 5 is repeated with stagger as indicated. 7. The indicated face sprinklers may be omitted when commodity consists

of unwrapped m" unpackaged metal parts on wood pallets. 8. Symbols A or X indicate-sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.

231C-"44 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1325

x x

D D

PLAN VIEW, ELEVATIONS

Fig. 7-2.1e. In-Rack Sprinkler Ar rangemen t , Class I, H or HI Commodity, Height of Storage Over 25 Feet.

NOTES:

I. Sprinklers labeled I (the selected array from Table %2.1) required when loads labeled A or B represent top of storage,

2. Sprinklers labeled I and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent top ot storage.

3. Sprinklers labeled I and 3 required when loads labeled E or F represent top ot storage.

4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined by notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.

5. Symbols' A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.

1 3 2 6 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE OVER 2 5 F E E T 231C:-45

r---lxr--1 ~ L_J L_J

l-T'Ixl'--I / a I I L._I

P L A N V I E W . . ,

E L t ' V A T I O N

4

3

2

Fig. 7-2.1f. I n - R a c k S p r i n k l e r Arrangement, Class I, H or I I I C o m m o d i t y , Height of Storage over 25 Feet. : . . t

- N o T E s :, • t :

1. Spr inklers , labeled 1 (the selected array, f rom T a b l e '%2.1) requi red when loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.

2. Sprinklers labeled I .and;2 r e q u i r e d when . l oads labeled C o r ' D represent top of storage.

3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 , requi red when loads labeled E . . . . . ' " represent top of storage. , , .

4. Sprinklers labeled 1 a nd 4 required when 'loads labeled F o r q represent top of storage. " : . . . . . . "" " "

5. For s torage h igher t ha n represented b y l o a d s labeled C, the cycle defined by notes 2, 3, and 4 is repeated.

6. Symbol X indicates face and in-rack sprinklers.


@D

N @ × O A 2

s @ × A

, , s c r"r-1

0 X "

P L A N V I E W " [ ~ [ ~ [

,, EI.E VATION

Fig. 7-2.1g. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, H or HI Commodity, Height of Storage over 25 Feet.

r . ,

NOTES :

I. Sprinklers labeled I (the selected array from Table 7-2.1) required when loads ]abeledA or B represent top of storage. 2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent top ot storage.

3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads E or F represent top of storage.

4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined by notes 2 and 3 is repeated.

5. Symbols O, Zk or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.

1 3 2 8 FlUE PUOTECTION - - STOUAGW GVEI~ 25 FEET 2 3 1 C - 4 7

O O

v q D x

X ½ V q

0 o E]E] F-]~F-1 , 0 ~ 0 W-~ ~-d F / v " V:-] VZq

' I S E r - " l V'T'] 0 o ~ LLI L2_]

O O i~

o o N F 1 P L A N V I E W &

V1E;

E]E] E]E]

o NOTES:

1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the se- 7 lected array from Table 7-2.1) re-

quired when loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.

2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C: or D

6 represent top of storage.

3. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 3 5" required when loads labeled E or F

represent top of storage.

4. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4 required when loads labeled G represent top of storage.

4 5. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 required when loads labeled H represent top of storage.

3 6. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4 and

6 (not 5) required when loads labeled I orJ represent top of storage.

7. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 2 and 7 required when loads labeled K

represent top of storage.

8. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 required when loads labeled L represent top of storage.

I 9. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 required when loads labeled M or N represent top of storage.

l 10. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled N, the cycle defined by notes 1 through 9 is repeated, with stagger as indicated. In the cycle, loads labeled M are equivalent to loads labeled A.

11. Symbols, O, ~ , X, A, indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal

' stagger.

Fig. 7-2. lh. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement , Class I, II, HI or IV Commodity, He ight of Storage

over 25 Feet.

E L E V A T I O N


D D

X X x

N q ~, xD@ 9 ~DxD s ~ ~ ~'~@ r-l~D D D

D D

ELEVATION

2

Fig. 7-2.1i. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, HI of IV Commodity, Height of Storage over 25 Feet.

NOTES :

1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the Selected array from Table 7-2.1) required when loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.

2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required when loads labeled C or D represent top of storage. 3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads labeled E or F represent top of storage. --

4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined by notes 2 and 3 is repeated.

5. Symbol X indicates.face and in-rack sprinklers.

1330 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE OVER 25 FEET 231C-49

a s E I._1 L._I

~ ~ ELEVATION

od X A

PLAN VIEW

2

Fig. 7-2.1j. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement , Class I, If, 111 or IV Commodity. Height of Storage over 25 Feet.

NOTES:

1. Sprinklers and barrier labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 7-2.1) re quired when loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.

2. Sprinklers labeled I and 2 and barrier labeled I required when loa& labeled C represent top of storage.

3. Sprinklers and barriers labeled 1 and 3 required when loads labeled D or E represent top of storage. 4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E, the cycle defined by notes 2 and 3 is repeated. 5. Symbols A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.

6. Symbol 0 indicates longitudinal flue space sprinklers.

v 1331 ~ 1 C - 5 0 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS

7-6 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure.

76.1 Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at not less than 30 psi for all classes of commodity (see Appendix BS-J. 1).

7-7 High Expansion Foam Submergence.

7-7.1 With height of storage over 25 feet up to and including 35 feet when high expansion foam systems are used, they shall be used in combination with ceiling sprinklers. The maximum submergence time for the high expansion foam shall be five minutes for Class I, II or III commodities and four minutes for Class IV commodities.

7-8 High Expansion Foam--Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand.

7-8.1 When high expansion foam is used in combination with ceiling sprinklers, the sprinkler design shall be 0.2 gpm pet" square foot for Class I, II or III commodities and 0.25 gpm per square foot for Class IV commodities over the most hydraulically remote 2,000 square foot area.

Part B. Single and Double Row Racks


7-9.1 In double row racks without solid shelves and with a maximum of 10 feet between top of storage and ceiling, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed as indicated in Table 7-2.1 and Figs. 7-2.1a through j. The highest level of in-rack sprinklers shall not be more than 10 feet below top of storage (see 7-10.1).

7-9.2 In-rack sprinklers for storage higher than 25 feet in double row racks shall be spaced horizontally and located in horizontal space nearest the vertical intervals indicated in Table 7-2.1, Figs. 7-2.1 a through j.

1332 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE OVER 25 FEET 231C-51

X

D A

X

D A

D X @

D X

P L A N V I E W

D A

D D

x

D D

A

[3 £3

x

D D D D

x

D D

E L E V A T I O N

NOTES:

1. For all storage heights, install sprinklers in every other tier and stagger as indicated.

2. Symbols /X or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.

Fig. 7-9.3. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Single Row Racks, Height of Storage over 25 Feet.

t 1 3 3 3 231C-52 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS

*7-9.3 I n single row racks without solid shelves with height of storage over 25 feet and a maximum of 10 feet between top of storage and ceiling, sprinklers shall be installed as indicated in Fig. 7-9.3.

7-10 In-Rack Sprinkler Horizontal Barriers.

"7-10.1 Horizontal barriers .used in conjunction with in-rack sprinklers to impede vertical fire development, shall be sheet metal, wood, or similar material and shall extend the full length and width of the rack. Barriers shall be fitted within two inches horizontally from rack uprights (see Table 7-2.1 and Figs. 7-2. la, g, and j) .


"7-11.1 Water demand for nonencapsulated storage on racks without solidshelves separated by aisles at least four feet wide and with not more than 10 feet between top of storage and sprinklers shall be based on sprinklers in a 2,000 square foot operating area, discharging a minimum of 0.25 gpm per square foot for Class I commodity, 0.3 gpm per square foot for Class II and III commodity, and 0.35 g p m per square foot for Class IV commodity, for 165°F sprinklers; or a minimum of 0.35 gpm per square foot for Class I commodity, 0.40 gpm per square foot for Class II and I I I commodity, and 0.45 gpm per square foot for Class IV commodity, for 286°F sprinklers (see Table 7-2.1).

7-11.2 Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated.

Part C. Multiple Row Racks


"7-12.1 In multiple row racks with a maximum of 10 feet between top of storage and ceiling, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed as indicated in Figs. 7-12.1a, b and c. The highest level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 feet below maximum height of storage for Class I, II o r ' I I I commodities or five feet below top of storage for Class IV commodity (see Table 7-12.1).


7-13.1 Maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers in multiple row racks with storage higher than 25 feet shall conform to Figs. 7-12.1a, b and c.

Commodity Class

I

I t&l i t

IV

Table 7-12.1 Multiple-Row Racks. Storage Height Over 25 Ft.

In-Rack Sprinklers (1)

Approximate Eneap Vertical aulated Spacing (Ft)

N.__~o 2o Yes

No 15

Yes

No 10

Yes

Maximum Maximum Horizontal Horizontal Spacing Spacing In A Flue Across Flue (Ft) i (Ft)

12 10

10 10

10 10

Height Limit (F~ Stagger

Maximum Spacing From Top Of Storage Ceiling To Highest Sprinklw In-Rack j Operating Sprinklers Area

Fig.No. (Ft) (Ft 2)

7-12.1a 10

Between None adjacent 7-12.1b 10 3000

flues

7-12.1c 5

Ceiling Sprinkler Density (gpm/ft 2 )

165 ° 286 ° Rating Rating

.25 .35

.31 .44

.30 .40

.37 .50

.35 .45

.44 .56

ZAll four rack faces should be protected by sprinklers located within 18 in. of the faces, as indicated in Figs. 7-12.1a, b andc. It is not necessary for each sprinkler level to protect all faces (see .47-12.1).

4a~

~m-54 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1335

A

A

I

LOADING AISLE

LOADING AISLE

P L A N V I E W

r MAXIMUM IO FT.

_ ~ BETWEEN

I - ] I s , . N.~ERs N-II=r c_ la i_ : EI, IE E EI B

I-1 ,_.7. LI _':'EI _--] l,i_ ~E • t A

EEi FI FI E I

::,E

MAXIMUM 12 FT.

BETWEEN SPRINKLER5

t

H

MAXIMUM !0 FT. BETWEEN SPRINKLERS AND TOP OF STORAGE

I

LOADING A I S L E ELEVATION 7-12.1a. In-Rack Spr inkler A r r a n g e m e n t - Mult iple-Row Racks, ~ a s s I Commodity. He igh t of Storage over 25 Feet. NOTES: 1. Sprinklers labeled 1 required if loads labeled A represent top of storage. 2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 required if loads labeled B or C represent top of storage.

quired if loads labeled D or E repre. sent top of storage. 4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E, the cycle defined by notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated. 5. Symbols Z~ or X indicate sprin.

BETWEEN SPRINKLERS AND FLOOR

~ ,

3

l,U. 0

- E E l

L:IE MAXIMUM 2 0 FT.

1336 FIRE PROTECTION - - STORAGE OVER 2 5 FEET 231C-55

LOADING AISLE m ! m

X

X

!x

m m m

t, ,,,! :<

X w u i

LOADING AISLE

MAXIMUM IO :FT,,

BETWEEN SPRINKLERS

PLAN VIEW.

/ , ~ M A X I M U M I0. FT.

B E T W E E N S P R I N K L E R S '

MAXIMUM lO FT.

I ~ r-.--i i ~ I -~AI - - - ] " . AND OF STORAGE I ~ A I ~ 3 .BETW#oEN SPRINKLERS

A

~ I - D D D D E ~ ¢n X x x 1 "

~ Z] r-] v] r~ r-] r-] ~ "r-] r-] [::] [2] r~N [3

N N N [2 D ~ []

t MAXIMUM 15 FT.

BETWEEN SPRINKLERS AND FLOOR

| . . ..

i

N O T E S : : 1. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 requi red if loads labeled A represent top of storage. 2: Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 :~e- qu i red if loads labeled B o r C represen t t o p of storage.

3. For s torage h i g h e r t h a n represented by l o a d s labeled C, the cycle" defined by notes 1 and 2 is r e p e a t e d , with s tagger as indicated. 4. Symbols A or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or hor izonta l s tagger .

LOADING AISLE ELEVATION Fig. 7-12.1b. In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement - -Mult ip le -Row Racks, Class II or HI Commodity. Height of Storage over 25 Feet.

231C-56 !.RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALs 1337

&

, A •

%

L O A D I N G

• . A .

x

&

x

• &

x .

L O A D I N G

' P L A N

AI,SL E

×_~ • A , ~ ,

• " × E

' A _ . ~ A

A I S L E ....

WEW

M A X ' I M U M 10 F T . .

B E T W E E N S P R I N K L E R S

. . ' L .

- ' . / - - - - - M A X I M U M . " . • ', . / , tO F T . " ' : : ' "

B E T W E E N __]1 I S"R,N~LERS

D D t x x x 4

B E T W E E N S P R I N K L E R S X x X 3 A N D T O P OF' S T O R A G E

w A B

DNDDNS

< u. B E T W E E N S P R I N K L E R S

I-!13 N FN F1B A

L O A D I N G A I S L E E L E V A T I O N T

Fig. 7-12. lc . I n - R a c k S p r i n k l e r A r r a n g e m e n t , Class IV C o m m o d i t y , Mul t ip l e - Row Racks. H e i g h t o f Storage o v e r 25 Feet .

N O T E S :

I. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2 and 3 required if loads labeled A represent top of storage.

2. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2 and 4 required if loads labeled B represent top of storage.

3. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled B, the cycle defined by notes 1 and 2 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.

4. Symbols /X or X indicate sprinklers on vertical or ho r~on ta l stagger.

1338 F I R E PROTECTION - - STORAGE QVER 2 5 FEET. 231C-57

7-13.2 A minimum six inch clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and. the top of a tier 9 f- storage. Sprinlders in racks shall be located a minimum of two feet from rack uprights.


7-14.1 Water demand for nonenchpsulated storage on racks without solid shelvesseparated by aisles at least four feet wide and with not more than 10 feet between top of storage and sp.rinlders, shall be based on sprinklers in a 3,000 square foot operaung area for multiple row racks, discharging a minimum of 0.25 gpm per square foot for Class I commodity, 0.3 gpm per square foot for Class II and III commodity, and 0.35 gpm per square foot for Class IV commodity, for 165°F sprinklers; or a minimum of 0.35 gpm per square foot for Class I commodity, 0.40 gpm per square foot for Class II and III commodity, and 0.45 gpm per square foot for Class IV commodity, for 286°F sprinklers (see Table 7-12.0.

7-14.2 Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated.


Chapter 8 Equipment

8-1 Mechanical Handling Equipment. 8-1.1 Industrial Trucks.

8-1.1.1 P0wer-operated industrial trucks shall be of the type designated in Powered Industrial Trucks, NFPA 5 0 5 - 1973, Chap- ter 1, Type Designations and Areas of Use, and their maintenance and operation shall be in accordance with Chapters 2 and 3.

t8-1.1.2 Industrial trucks using LP-gas or liquid fuel shall be refueled outside of the storage building at a location designated for that purpose.

1340 BUILDING MAINTENANCE AND O P E R A T I O N ' 231C-59

Chapter 9 Building Maintenance and Operation --

9-1 Building Operations Other Than Storage.

"9-1.1 Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutting may be per- formed on rack or building componentswhich cannot be removed, provided no storage is located below and within 25 feetof the working area, and flameproof tarpaulins enclose this section. During any of these operations the sprinkler system shall be in service. Two and one-half (21/~ gallon water type extinguishers and charged inside hose lines shall be located in the working area. A fire watch shall be maintained during these operations and for at least 30 minutes additional.

9-2 Waste Disposal.

"9-2.1 Approved type containers for rubbish and other trash materials shall be provided.

9-3 Smoking.

9-3.1 Smoking shall be strictly prohibited, except in locations prominently designated as smoking areas/and "No Smoking" signs shall be posted in prohibited areas.

*9-4 Maintenance.

9-4.1 Fire walls, fire doors, and floors shall be maintained in good repair at all times.

*9-5 Plant Emergency Organization.

9-5.1 A fire watch shall be maintained when the sprinkler system is not in service.

*9-6 General Fire Protection.

231c-6o . , . c , , ,To.so . oF 1 3 4 1

Appendix A

This Appendix is not a part of this ArFPA Standard 231C, Rack Storage of Materials, but is included for information purposes only.

The following contains additional information and recommendations bearing the same number as the text of the Standard for Rack Storage of Materials to which they apply.


A4-1.1 Rack storage as_referred to in this standard contemplates commodity in a rack structure, usually steel. Many variations of dimensions are found. Racks may be single row, double row, or multiple row with or without solid shelves. The standard commodity used in most of the tests was 42 inches on a side. Type of racks covered in this standard:

Double row racks - - pallets rest on two beams parallel to the aisle. Any number of pallets can be supported by one pair of beams (see Figs. Ad-l. la, b, c and d).

Automatic storage type rack - - the pallet is supported by two rails running perpendicular to the aisle (see Fig. A4-1. le).

Multiple row racks are more than two pallets deep, measured aisle to aisle - - this includes drive-in racks, drive-through racks, flow-through racks, portable racks arranged in the same manner, and conventional or automatic racks with aisles lessthan 42 inches (see Figs. A4-1.1f through i).

Solid Shelving - - conventional pallet rack with plywood shelves on the sbelf beams (see Figs. A4-1.1c and d). This is a special ca se (see Chapter 5).

Cantilever rack - - the load is supported on arms that extend horizontally from columns. The load mayres t on the arms or on shelves supported by the arms (see Fig. A4-1.1j).

Load depth in conventional or automatic racks is considered a nominal 48 inches (see Fig. A4-1. lb).

A4-2.1 Fixed rack structures should be designed to facilitate removal or repair of damaged sections without resorting to flame cutting or welding in the storage area.

Where sprinklers are to be installed in racks, rack design should anticipate the additional clearances required to facilitate installation of sprinklers. The rack structure should be anchored to prevent

1.342 • A P P E N D I X A .231C-61

r---"r--n r - - - - - ~

F' - -~F . . . . . q - -

u ~ . . _ [

,l\ --N

t ~ . - --t F -~ I i i i i I1 1 'd_~J r~

,, ~! .111 , ! - ~ N

L e g e n d

L - - L o n ~ t u d i n a l F lue Space

T - - T r a n s v e r s e Flue Space

Fig, A4-1 .1a . C o n v e n t i o n a l Pal le t Rack.


N ; / L e g e n d

A - - Load Dep th

B - - Load W id th

T ~ T r a n s v e r s e H u e Space

L ~ Longi tud ina l Flue Space

E ~ Storage He igh t

g ~ Commodi ty

G - - Pallet

H - - Rack D e p t h

Fig, A4-1.1b. Double Row Racks wi thout Solid or Slatted SheAves.

1344 A P P E N D I X A 231C-63

T

. . .::..:. . . ,..:. . ~ ~ ;.~ "- •:, - :;:..'-.~ .-::'L. ~x......,; ~ ,.:. ~ .~ -,:.." ;- : ;... "~'. ~ " ~

' ~ " " " ' " " ~ ' : ' : : " " " " " : " ; ' ~ " . : i

..-,..~: .~::-~ • ...:..~....:. • :.-'.'- • i I

• . " , . : - ~ . ~ . : . . , . ~ ]

! i ,. : - : . • : - - : : . . : . ~': . . ~.~,.;..;~:~:: • . " , ~ . : : . ~ : . : ~ , . : : . ;- :~-~ •

.... .,::...:~-,:......,~..:~::.~:, ~,~ "~-~." ::..

.. • • ': ~.~'-..'~;:... ::..

., :,.~..,:'......: y~.~::. . ' . . .y;.-::;. .~..•. . . ~ , . . , .

• • ..~.~, :.: • ~.-: ~:....~.: - -..~,.

A - - S h e l f D e p t h

B - - S h e l f H e i g h t

T - - T r a n s v e r s e F l u e S p a c e

L e g e n d

L - - b o n g l t u d i n a l F l u e S p a c e

E w S t o r a g e H e i g h t

F - - C o m m o d l t y

F i g . A 4 - 1 . 1 c . D o u b l e R o w R a c k s w i t h S o l i d S h e l v e s .

231C--64 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1345

H

A - - She l f D e p t h

B - - She l f H e i g h t

H - - R a c k D e p t h

L e g e n d

L - - L o n g i t u d i n a l F l u e Space

E - - S torage H e i g h t

F - - C o m m o d i t y

T - - T r a n s v e r s e F lue Space

Fig. A4-1.1d. D o u b l e R o w R a c k s w i t h Sla t ted She lves .

1346 APPENDIX A 231C--65

I I _I

• ~__~ ~W.,

U

" " AISLE

I I_

111 ~ !, ,

•

t I I I I ! i! !, ~ C~ I~JOUS FRONT

~ Na

AISL~ VI (W.

Legend

L - - Longitudinal Flue Space T - - Transverse Flue Space

Fig. A4-1.1e. Automatic Storage Type Rack.


L! II

3V

JE

q f-~-L

~ q . q _

lI- %

z

L - - Longitudinal Flue Space

Fig. A4-LIf . Mult / -Row Rack to be Served b y a Reach Truck.

1348 2~Ic~7 APPENDIX A.

~._.E

T ~ Transverse Flue Spsce

]~g. A4-Llg. N1ow-Through Pallet Rack,

231C-~8 RACK-STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1349

. . . . . . . . . . I I ,ll

r ~

VIEW

\

1Li r

., II

I , I I I

• . - - - I H T i I I ,

I [ I I r

1 I I I I I

H-

*--- i T----..

d i i

-4

J I l

i i

. A I S ~ v ~ w

T - - T r a n s v e r s e F lue Space

Fig. A4-1.1h. Drive-ln Rack - - Two or More Pallets Deep. Fork truck dr/yes into the rack to depcLit and withdraw loads in the depth

of the rack.

1 3 5 0 2ste 6~ APpERDIX A

I

A SL~ ~EW

Flow-Through Rack

I Portable Racks

Fig. A4-1.11.

1351 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 231C-70

r r - - - CANTILEVER RACKING I I

r-

,L "1 I- . . . . "IV,,

I 1 % O P T I O N A L OVER AISLE TIE

$

SINGLE ARM END VIEW

n ,, r, 'q h

DOUBLE ARM

P, ~ R

~L

A ISLE VIEW

Fig. A4-1.1j. Cantilever Rack.

1352 A P P E N D I X A 231C-71

L

I---B PLAN VIEW

Legend

A - - Shelf Depth B - - Shelf Length L - - Longitudinal Flue Space

T - - Transverse Flue Space

Fig. A4-3.2, Double Row Rack Solid Shelf Layout.

NOTE: When shelf depth (dimension A) is deeper than four ft. but less than five ft. and shelf length (dimension B) is longer than eight ft. but less than 10 ft. protection .is required in accordance with 5-5.3. Minimum six-inch flue spaces (dimensions T and L) are required between shelf sections (see 4-3.2).

damage to sprinkler lines and supply piping in racks. Rack structures should be designed for seismic conditions in areas

where seismic resistance of building structure is required.

A~-5 The fire protection system design should contemplate the maximum height of storage. For new sprinkler installations, maximum height of storage is the usable height at which commodities can be stored above the floor when the minimum required unob- structed space below sprinklers is maintained. For the evaluation of existing situations, maximum height of storage is the maximum existing if space between sprinklers and storage is equal or greater than required.

A4-6.1 A horizontal clearance of at least one foot should be maintained between storage and major.unprotected roof structural members when storage is stored above the bot tom of such members.

A4-6.2 Incandescent light fixtures should have shades or guards to prevent ignition of commodity from hot bulbs where possibility of contact with storage exists.

231G-72 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1353

Chapter 5 Fire Protection - - General

A5-2.1 Ceiling Sprinklers. Wet systems are recommended for rack storage occupancies.

Dry systems are acceptable only where it is impractical to provide heat.

Preaction systems should be considered for rack storage occupancies that are unheated, particularly where in-rack sprinklers are installed or for those occupancies which are highly susceptible to water damage.

A5-5.2 With storage no higher than 20 feet, sprinklers should be installed at the ceiling and at one level in double row racks with solid shelves longer than eight feet but less than ten feet longitudi- nally and wider than four feet but less than five feet that do not obstruct longitudinal or transverse flue spaces (see Fig. A~3.2). Storage higher than 20 feet in this configuration is beyond the scope of this standard.

A5-7.2 Where 286°F sprinklers are installed at the ceiling, 286°F sprinklers should also extend beyond storage in accordance with the following table:

Design Area for 286 °F SprinHers, (sq. ft.)

Distance Beyond Perimeter of High-Hazard Occupancy for High-Temp. Sprinklers

(ft.)

2000 30

3000 40

4000 45

5000 50

6000 55

1354 A P P E N D I X A . 23tc-7 3

A5-8 Approved supervisory alarm service should be provided for all fire detection and extinguishing systems.

Central station, auxiliary, remote station, or proprietary sprinkler water-flow alarm should be provided except that local water-flow alarm is acceptable where approved guard service is provided (see Central Station Protective Signaling Systems, ArFPA 71 ~ 1972; Local Protective Signaling Systems, aVFPA 72,4 ~ 1972; Remote Station Pro. tection Signaling Systems, ArFPA 72C ~ 1972; and Proprietary Protec. tire Signaling Systems, aVFPA 721) - - 1973).

A5-12.1 Detection systems, concentrate pumps, generators and other system components essential to the operation of the system should have an approved standby power source.

Chapter 6 Fire Protection - -

Storage Up To and Including 25 Feet in Height

A6-6.1 Bulkheads are not a substitute for sprinklers in racks. Their installation does not justify reduction in sprinkler densities or design operating areas as called for in the design curves.

A6-7.1 When high expansion foam is being contemplated as the protection media, consideration should be given to possible damage to the commodity from soaking and corrosion. Consideration should be given to the problems associated with removal of foam after discharge.

A6-9.2 Where I possible, it is preferable to locate in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space and have deflectors at least six inches above pallet loads and at least two feet away from rack uprights.

A6-10.1 Spacing of sprinklers on branch lines in racks in the various tests indicates maximum spacing as indicated is proper.

A6-11.1 Where dry pipe systems are used the areas of operation indicated in the design curves should be increased by 30 percent. Densities should be selected so that areas of operation, after the 30 percent increase, do not exceed 6,000 square feet.

A6-12.3 In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage up to and including 25 feet high in multiple-row racks should be located at the tier level nearest ~ to 7/~ of the storage height.

231C~74 RACK STORAGE OF MATERIALS

1355

Chapter 7

Fire Protection - - Stoiage Over 25 Feet in Height

A7-9.3 In single-row racks with more than 10 feet between top of storage and ceiling, a horizontal barrier should be installed above storage with one line of sprinklers under the barrier.

AZ-IO.1 Double row racks - - height of storage over 25 feet - - more than 10 feet between maximum height of storage and ceiling.

When the ceiling is more than 10 feet above maximum height of storage a horizontal barrier should be installed above storage with one line of sprinklers under the barrier for Class I, II, and I I I com- modifies and two lines of sprinklers under the barrier for Class IV commodities. In-rack sprinkler arrays should be installed as indicated in Table 7-2.1 and Figs. 7-2.1a through j.

Barriers should be of sufficient strength to avoid sagging that in- terferes with loading and unloading operations.

AT-11.1 Water demand for height of storage over 25 feet on racks without solid shelves separated by aisles at least four feet wide and with more than 10 feet between top of storage and sprinklers should be based on sprinklers in 2,000 square foot operating area for double row racks and 3,000 square foot operating area for multiple row racks discharging a minimum of 0.18 gpm per square foot for Class I commodity, 0.21 gpm per square foot for Class I I and I I I commodity, and 0.25 gpm per square foot for Class IV commodity, for I65°F sprinklers; or a minimum of 0.25 gpm per square foot for Class I commodity, 0.28 gpm per square foot for Class II and I I I commodity, and 0.32 gpm per square foot for Class IV commodity, for 286°F sprinklers. (See A7-10.1 and A7-12.1.)

Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler density should be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated.

A7-12.1 In multiple row racks with more than 10 feet between maximum height of storage and ceiling, a horizontal barrier should be installed above storage with a level of sprinklers, spaced as stipulated for in-rack sprinklers, installed direcdy beneath the barrier. In-rack sprinklers should be installed as indicated in Fig. 7-12.1a, b and c.

1356 A PPI~'NDIX 231C-75

Chapter 9 Building Maintenance and Operation

A9-1.1 The use of welding, cutting, soldering, or brazing torches in the storage areas introduces a severe fire hazard. The use of mechanical fastenings and mechanical saws o r cutting wheels is recommended. When welding or cutting operations are absolutely necessary, the precautions contained in ArFPA 51B - - 1971, Cutting and Welding Processes, should be followed.

Locomotives should not be allowed to enter the storage area. Fumigation operations should comply with Standard for Fumi-

gation, 3fFPA 5 7 - 1973.

A9-2.1 Containers should be emptied and contents removed from the premises at frequent intervals (see Standard for Incinerators and Rubbish Handling, ~fFPA 82 ~ 1972).

Ag~ Periodic inspections of all fire protection equipment should be made in conjunction with regular inspection of the premises. Unsatisfactory conditions should be immediately reported and necessary corrective measures taken promptly,

The sprinkler system and the water supplies.should be checked and maintained in accordance with Care and Maintenance oJ Sprin- kler Systems, ~fFPA 13,4 ~ 1971.

A9-5. Plant Emergency Organization. Arrangements should be made to permit rapid entry into-the premises in case of fire or other emergency of the municipal fire department, police department, or other personnel as may be summoned to deal with any emergency without delay.

A well-trained plant emergency organization should be provided to control emergency conditions that may arise.

The plant emergency organization should be instructed and trained in the. following procedures:

(a) Maintaining the security of the premises. (b) Means of summoning outside aid immediately in an emer-

gency (c) Use of hand extinguishers and hose lines on small fires and

mop-up operations (d) Operation of sprinkler system and water supply equipment (e) Use of material handling equipment while sprinklers are still

operating to effect final extinguishment (f) Supervision of sprinkler valves after system is turned off so

that system can be reactivated if rekindling occurs. Attention should be given to advance planning and training with

respect to fire department response, access, and fire fighting.

231C-76 RACK" STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1357

A9-6 General Fire Protection.

All fire fighting and safety personnel should realize the great dan- ger of shutting off sprinklers once opened by heat from fire . . . . Shutung off sprinklers to locate fire could cause a disaster. Ventilation, use of smoke masks, smoke removal equipment and removal of material are safer ways.

Sprinkler water may be safely shut off only after the fire is extinguished or completely under control of hose streams. Even then, rekindling is a possibility. To be ready for prompt valve re- opening if fire rekindles, a man stationed at the valve, a fire watch, and dependable communicationsbetween them are needed until automatic sprinkler protection is restored.

Pre-Fire Emergency Planning. It is important that such planning be done by management and fire protection personnel, and the action to be taken discussed and correlated with the local fire department personnel.

The critical time of any fire is in the incipient stage and the action taken by fire protection personnel upon notification of fire may permit containing the fire in early stages.

Pre-emergency planning should contemplate the following: (a) Availability of hand fire-fighting equipment for the height

and type of commodity involved. (b) Availability of fire fighting equipment and personnel properly

trained for type of storage arrangement involved. (c) Assurance that all automatic fire protection equipment, such

as sprinkler systems, water supplies, fire pumps, hand hose, etc., is in service at all times.

Fire Department Operations. Sprinkler protection installed as recommended in this standard is expected to protect the building occupancy without supplemental-fire department activity. Fires which occur in rack storage occupancies, protected in accordance with the standard, should be controlled within the limits outlined in Appendix A, Application and Scope. No significant building damage is expected. Fire department activity can, however, mini- rnize the extent of loss. The first fire department pumper arriving at a rack storage type fire should immediately connect to the sprinkler siamese fire department connection and start pumping opera- dons.

In the test seriesup to 25 feet, the average time from ignition to smoke obscuration in the test building was about 13 minutes. The first sprinkler operating time in these same fires averaged about three minutes. Considering response time for the waterflow device to transmit a waterflow signal, approximately nine minutes remains between time of receipt of a waterflow alarm signal at fire depart-

'1358 APPENDXX A 251C-77

ment headquarters and time of smoke obscuration within the build. ing as an overall average.

In the over-25 foot high test series, the Visibility time was extended. If the fire department or plant protection department arrives at the building in time to have sufficient visibility to locate the fire,.sup. pression activities with small hose lines should be started. (Self. contained breathing apparatus is desirable.) If, on the other hand, the fire is not readily visible, hose should be laid to exterior doors or exterior openings in the building and charged lines provided to these points ready for ultimate mop-up operations. Manual fire-fighting operations in such a Warehouse are not a substitute for sprinkler protection.

The sprinkler system must be kept in operation during manual fire-fighting and mop-up operations.

During the testing program, the installed automatic extinguishing system was capable of controlling the fire and reducing all tempera. tures to ambient within 30 minutes of ignition. Ventilation opera. tions and mop-up are not advisable until this time period Ires been reached. The use of smoke removal equipment is important.

~31C-78 RACK STO RA G E OF MATERIALS 1359

Append ix B

This Appendix is not a part of ttn's aVFPA Standard 231C, Rack Storage of Materials, but is iniluded for information purposes only.

Appendix B explains test data and procedures which led to the promulgation of this standard. The paragraphs bear the same number as the text of the Standard .for Rack Storage of Materials to which they apply.

Chapter 1 In t roduct ion

B1-1 Application and Scope. This standard uses as a basis the large scale fire test series con-

ducted at the Factory Mutual Research Center, West Glocester, Rhode Island.

The test building is approximately 200 feet x 250 feet (50,000 square feet in area), of fire-resistive construction, and contains a volume of approximately 2.25 million cubic feet, the equivalent of a 100,000 square foot building 22.5 feet high. The test building has two primary heights beneath a single large ceiling. The east section is 30 feet high and the west section is 60 feet high.

The 20 foot test series was conducted in the 30 foot section with clearances from top of storage to ceiling nominally 10 feet.

Doors at the lower and intermediate levels and ventilation louvers at tops of walls were kept closed during the majority of the fire tests. This minimized effect of exterior conditions.

The entire test series was fully instrumented with thermocouples in rack members, simulated building column, bar joist, and at the ceiling.

Racks were constructed of steel vertical and horizontal members designed for 4000 pbund loads. Vertical members were eight foot O.C. for conventional racks and four foot O.C., for simulated automated racks. Racks were 31/~ feet wide with six-inch longtiudinal flue space for an overall width of 71/~ feet. Simulated automated racks and slave pallets were used in the main central rack in the four foot aisle tests. Conventional racks and conventional pallets were used in the main central rack in the eight foot aisle tests. The majority of the tests were conducted with 100 square foot sprinkler spacing.

The test configuration in the 15 foot, 20 foot, and 25 foot high tests covered an 1800 square foot floor area, including aisles between racks. Tests, which were used in producing this Standard, limited fire damage to this area. Maximum water damage area anticipated in the Standard is 6000 square feet, the upper limit of the design c u r v e s .

1360 A P P E N D I X B 231C-79

The test data shows that as density is increased both the extent of fire damage and sprinkler operation are reduced. The ~iata also indicates that with sprinklers installed in the racks a reduction is gained in the area of fire damage and sprinkler operations, or water damage.

The following table illustrates these points. Information shown is taken from the 20 foot high test series using the standard commodity.

Sprinkler Operation

Density Fire Damage (165°1~) GPM/Sq. Ft. in Test Array Area

% Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft.

0.30 (Ceiling only) 22 395 4500-4800

0.375 (Ceiling only) 17 306 1800

0.45 (Ceiling only) 9 162 700

0.20 (Ceiling only) 28-36 5 0 4 - 6 4 8 13,100--14,000

0.20 (Sprinlders at ceiling and in racks) 8 144 4100

0.30 (Sprinklers at ceiling and in racks) 7 126 700

These basic facts, the reduction in both fire damage and area of water application as sprinkler densities are increased or when sprinklers are installed in racks, should be considered carefully by those responsible for applying this standard to the rack storage situation.

In the 25 foot high test, a density of 0.55 gpm per square foot produced 42 percent, or 756 square foot, fire damage in the te s t array and a sprinkler wetted area of 1400 square feet. Lesser densities would not be expected to achieve the same limited degree of control. Therefore, if smaller areas of fire damage are to be achieved, sprinklers in racks should be considered.

The over-25 foot test series was conducted in the 60 foot section of the test building with nominal clearances from top of storage to ceiling of either 30 feet or 10 feet.

Doors at the lower and intermediate levels and ventilation louvers at the top of walls were kept closed during the fire tests. This minimized the effect of exterior wind conditions.

T h e purpose of the over-25 foot series was to:

1. Determine the arrangements of in-rack sprinklers that can be repeated as pile height increases and that produce control of the fire.


2. Determine other protective arrangements, such as high- expansion foam, that produce control of the fire.

Control was felt tO be accomplished if the fire was unlikely to spread from the rack of origin to adjacent racks or spread beyond the length of the 25 foot test rack. To aid in this judgment, control was considered achieved if the fire did not:

1. Jump the four foot aisles to adjoining racks.

2. Reach the end face of the end stacks (north or south ends) of the main rack.

Control is defined as holding the-fire in check through the extin- guis_hing system until commodities initially involved are consumed or fire is extinguished by the extinguishing system or manual aid.

The standard commodity as selected in the 20 foot test series was used in the majority of over-25 foot tests. Hallmark products and 3-M products described in the 20 foot report were also used as repre- sentative of Class I I I and /or IV' commodities in several tests. The results of privately sponsored tests on Hallmark products and plastic encapsulated standard commodity were also made available to the committee.

A 25 foot long test array was used for the majority of over-25-foot high test series. This decision was reached as it was felt that a fire in racks over 25 feet high which extended to the full length of a 50 foot long rack could not be considered controlled, particularly as storage heights increased.

One of the purposes of the tests was to determine arrangements of in-rack sprinklers that can be repeated as pile height increases and that produce control of the fire. The 30 foot tests explored the effect of such arrays. Many of these tests, however, produced appre- tab le fire spread in storage in tiers above the top level of protection within the racks. (In some cases, a total burn out of the top tiers of both the main rack and the target rack.) In the case of the 30 foot Hallmark Test 134 on the 60 foot site, the material in the top tiers of storage burned vigorously and the fire jumped the aisle above the fourth tier. The fire then burned itself downward into the south end of the fourth tier. In the tests on the floor, a nominal 30 foot clearance occurred between top of storage and ceiling sprinklers, whereas on the platform this clearance was reduced to nominal 10 feet. In most cases the in-rack sprinklers were effective in controlling fire below the top level of protection within the racks. I t has been assumed by the Test Planning Committee that in the actual case with clearance of 10 feet or less above storage, ceiling sprinklers would be expected to control damage above the top level of protection within the racks. Tests are planned to investigate lesser clearances.

1362 APPENDIX B 231C-81

Tests 114 and 128 explore the effect of changing the ignition point from the in-rack standard ignition point to a face ignition location. It should be noted, however, that both of these tests were conducted with 30 foot clearance from ceiling sprinklers tO top of storage and, as such, ceiling sprinklers had little effect on the fire in the top two tiers of storage. Fire spread in the three lower tiers is essentially the same. A similar change in the fire spread when the ignition point is changed was noted in Tests 126 and 127. Here again, 30 foot clearance occurred between top of storage and ceiling sprinklers, and, as such, ceiling sprinklers had little effect on the face fire. Comparisons of Tests 129, 130 and 131 in the 50 foot series indicate little effect of point of ignition in the particular configuration tested.

Test 125 compared with Test 133 indicates no significant differ- ence in results between approved low profile sprinklers and standard sprinklers in the racks.

Chapter 2 Classification of Storage

B2-1 A review of full scale fire tests run on the standard commod. ity (double tri-wall carton with metal finer), Hallmark products and 3-M products (abrasives, pressure sensitive tapes of plastic fiber, and paper, etc.) as well as a review of the considerable number of commodity tests conducted indicates a guide for commodity classifications. This guide is not related to any other method of classification of materials, therefore sound engineering judgment and, analysis of the commodity and the packaging must be made when selecting a commodity classification.

Chapter 3 Building Construction

B3-2.1 None of the tests which were conducted with densities in accordance with the design curves produced critical temperatures in bar joists 12 feet six inches from the ignition source. Therefore, with sprinkler systems designed in accordance with the curves, fireproof- ing of roof steel is not necessary.

B3-2.2 Temperatures in the test column were maintained below 1000°F in all tests where sprinklers in racks were used.

B3-2.3 Temperatures in the test column were maintained below 1000°F with densities of roof ceiling sprinklers only of 0.375 gallons per minutes per square foot with 8 foot aisles and 0.45 gallons per square foot with four foot aisles using the standard commodity.

251C-82 . R A C K S T O R A G E O F M A T E R I A L S 1363

153-3.1 Venting tests which were conducted as a part of the test program are not considered conclusive as to either the advantageous

detrimental effect "of roof .vents and draft curtains. Venting tests which have been conducted in other programs were without the benefit of sprinkler protection, and, as such, are not considered in this report which is dealing only with buildings protected by sprin- Iders. The design curves are based upon roof vents or draft curtains not being installed in the building. During mop-up operations, ventilating systems, where installed, should be capable of manual exhaust operations.


B4-$.1 Test 80 was conducted todetermine the effect of closing back-to-back longitudinal six inch flue space in conventional pallet racks. Test results indicated fewer sprinklers operating, t han with the flue space open, and, as such, no minimum back-to-back clearance is necessary if the transverse flue space is maintained open.

154-5.1 Most tests in the 25 feet and under series were conducted with clearance of 10 feet from top of storage to sprinkler deflectors and the basic design curves in Figures 6-1 l . l a through g and 6-13.1a through d reflect this condition.

Tests 140 and 141 were conducted with three foot clearance between the top of storage and ceiling sprinkler deflectors. In Test 140 with 0.30 density, 36 sprinklers operated compared with 45 and 48 sprinklers in tests 65 and 66 with 10 foot clearance. In Test 141, 89 sprinklers operated compared with 140 sprinklers in .Test 70 with 10 foot clearance. Fire spread in Tests 140 and 141 was somewhat less than in Tests 65, 66 and 70.

Test 143 was conducted with 18 inch clearance between the top of storage and ceiling sprinkler deflectors, and with 0.30 density. 37 sprinklers operated compared with 36 sprinklers in Test 140 with 3 foot clearance and 45 and 48 sprinklers in Tests 65 and 76 with 10 foot clearance. Fire spread in Test 143 with 18-inch clearance was somewhat less than in tests 65, 66 and 140 with 10 foot and three foot clearance.

Privately sponsored tests, using a 0.45 ceiling sprinkler density and an encapsulated commodity, indicated 40 sprinklers operating with 10 foot clearance, 11 sprinklers operating with three foot clearance, and 10 sprinklers operating with 18 inch clearance. Fire spread was less in the test with 18 inch clearance than three foot clearance, and was also less with three foot clearance than with 10 foot clearance.

1364 APPENDIX B 231C-83

• C h a p t e r 5 F i r e P r o t e c t i o n - - G e n e r a l

B5-3.3 The highest operating pressure at any sprinkler in the test program was 62.5 psi.

Tests in the 20 foot high series were conducted using wood and metal bulkheads to determine whether bulkheads could be a sub. stitute for either higher ceiling sprinkler densities or for intermediate sprinkleR. Bulkheads of either type had no appreciable beneficial effect on the overall sprinkler performance in double row rack tests.

Tests 125 and .134 were conducted to compare the effect of a different commodity in the 30 foot high test array. If the degree of damage above the top level of protection (fifth and sixth tiers) is ignored, the Class I I I commodity represented by Hallmark cards would appear to be protected to the same degree as Class I I corn. modity.

Tests 132 and 135 were conducted to determine the effect of a different commodity in the 50 foot test array. The degree of control achieved with the 3-M commodity in Test 135 closely approximates that achieved with standard commodity in Test 132. The results of the Hallmark Test 134 and the private Hallmark Test with ge- ometry, in-rack sprinkler array and in-rack sprinkler flow rate different from other tests, conducted as a separate program, suggests that in storage over 25 feet high, Class I I I commodity may be protected in the same fashion as Class I I commodity.

Tests 112 and 115 compare 10 foot clearance above storage to sprinklers with 30 foot clearance above storage.

B5--4.1 Operating pressures were 15 psi on all tests of sprinklers in racks with storage 20 feet high and 30 psi with storage 30 feet and 50 feet high.

Tests 112 and 124 were conducted to compare the effect of in- creasing sprinkler discharge pressure at in-rack sprinklers from 30 psi to 75 psi. With the higher discharge pressure the fire did not jump the aisle and damage below the top level of protection within the racks was somewhat better controlled by the higher discharge pressure of the in-rack sprinklers. A pressure of 15 psi was main- mined on in-rack sprinklers in the first 30 foot high Tests 103 and 104. Pressure on in-rack sprinklers in subsequent tests was 30 psi except in Test 124 where it was 75 psi.

B5-5.3 Test 98 wi th solid shelves 24 feet long and seven feet six inches deep at each level produced total destruction of the commodity in the main rack and jumped the aisle. Density was 0.3

251C-84 RACK STORAGE O F MATERIALS 1365

n p e r square foot from ceiling sprinklers only. Test 108 with yes 24 feet long and three feet six inches deep and with six inch

longitudinal flue space and one level of sprinklers in the rack re- suited in damage to most of the commodity in the main rack, but did not jump the aisle. Density from ceiling sprinklers was 0.375 gpm per square foot and rack sprinklers discharged at 15 psi.

These tests did not yield sufficient information to develop a com- prehensive protection standard for solid shelf~acks. Items, such as increased ceiling density, use of bulkheads, other configurations of sprinklers in racks and limitation of shelf length and width require consideration.

Where such rack installations exist or are contemplated, the damage potential should be considered and sound engineering judgment should be used in designing the protection system.

Test 98, with solid shelving obstructing both the longitudinal and transverse flue space, produced unsatisfactory results and indicates a need for sprinklers at each level in such a rack structure.

B5-8 Time of operation of the first sprinkler varied from 52 seconds to three minutes 55 seconds with most tests under three minutes, except in Test 64 (commodity Class III) where the first sprinkler operated in seven minutes 44 seconds. Fire detection more sensitive than waterflow is, therefore, considered necessary only in exceptional cases.

B~-9.1 In most tests conducted, it was necessary to use small hose for mop-up operations. Small hoses were not used in the high expansion foam test.

Test 97 was conducted to evaluate the effect of dry pipe sprinkler operation. Test results were approximately the same as base test with wet pipe system. A study of NFPA records, however, indicates an increase in area of operation of 30 percent to be in order for dry pipe systems as compared with wet pipe systems.

BS-11.1 In all valid tests, with double row racks, sprinkler water supplies were shut off at approximately 60 minutes. In only one test did the last sprinkler operate in excess of 30 minutes after ignition, the last sprinkler operated in excess of 25 minutes in three tests wj.'th the majority of tests, involving the last sprinkler operating within 20 minutes.

1366 A P P E N D I X B 231C-85

Chapter 6 Fire Protection Storage Up To and Including 25 Feetin Height

B&3.1 Tests 71, 73, 81, 83, 91, 92, 95, and 100 in the 20 foot high array involving single level of in-rack sprinklers were conducted without heat or water shields. Results were satisfactory.

Test 115 was conducted with two levels of sprinklers in racks with shields. Test 116, identical to 115 but without water shields, produced a lack of control. Visual observation of lower level in-rack sprinklers which did not operate although they were in the fire area, indicated a need for water shields.

Tests 115 and 116 were conducted to investigate the necessity for water shields when multiple levels of in-rack sprinklers are in. stalled. Where water shields were not installed in Test 116, the fire jumped the aisle and approximately 76 boxes were damaged. In Test 115 with water shields, the fire did not jump the aisle and only 32 "boxes were damaged. Water shields are, therefore, suggested wherever multiple levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed. (With the exception of installations with horizontal barriers or shelves which serve as water shields.)

B6-5.1 In all except one case, using the standard commodity, with one line of sprinklers installed in racks, only two sprinklers opened. In the one exception, two sprinklers opened in the main rack and two sprinklers opened in the target rack.

B6-6.1 Tests 65 and 66 compared with Test 69, and Test 93 compared with Test 94, indicated a reduction in areas of appli. cation of 44.5 and 45.5 percent, respectively, with 2860F sprinklers as compared with 1650F sprinklers. Other extensive F M tes~ produced an average reduction of 40 percent. Design curves are based on this area reduction. In constructing the design curves, the 286°F curves above 3600 square feet of application therefore represent 40 percent reductions in area of application of the 165 °F curves in the 6000 square foot to 10,000 square foot range.

Test 84 indicated the number of 212°F sprinklers operating is essentially the same as 165°F sprinklers.

B ~ . 9 Tests 77 and 95 were conducted to investigate protection required on encapsulated commodity. The standard commodity (38 inches x 38 inches x 36 inches high sheet metal container inside a 42 inch x 42 inch x 42 inch double triwalled carton) was covered with a sheet of 4--6 mil thick polyethylene film stapled in place at the bottom. Test 77 at 0.30 density with ceiling sprinklers only, went


1367

beyond parameters for'. validity. Subsequent privately sponsored tests indicated control at 0.45 density. Test 95 indicated sprinklers at ceiling and in racks adequately control this hazard. These test results were compared with Tests 65 and 66 and Test 82 with com- parable test configurations but without the plastic film covering.

A privately sponsored test was made with ceiling sprinklers only. At a density of 0.45 gpm per square foot 40 sprinklers operated. Fire spread was slightly greater than in Test 65 with 0.3 gpm per square foot discharging from 45 sprinklers. When distance from top of storage to ceiling was reduced from 10 feet to three feet with 0.45 gpm per square foot density, 11 sprinklers operated. Fire spread was less than in Test 65 or the previous privately sponsored test.

In Order to evaluate the effect on plastic wrapping or encapsula- tion of pallet loads, Tests 77 and 95 were conducted as a part of the 20 foot test series within the rack storage testing program and Tests 1 and 2 were conducted as a part of privately sponsored Society of the Plastic Industries, Inc. tests. Both SPI Tests 1 and 2 are considered valid and indicate that Class I and II 'commodity may be protected by ceiling sprinklers only, using, densities as indicated in design curves. These. two tests also compar e results of three foot clearance from top of storage to sprinkler head deflectors with 10 foot clearance from top of storage to sprinkler head deflectors. A significant reduction in the number of spriniders opening is indicated with the three foot deflector clearance to top of storage.

Subsequently, Tests 140 and 141 were made with the standard commodity. Distance from top of storage to sprinkler deflector was reduced to three feet. With 0.30 gpm per square foot density, 36 sprinklers operated a n d with 0.20 g p m per square foot density 89 sprinklers operated. Fire spread was somewhat less than in Tests 65 and 70 with a 10 foot-space between top of storage and ceiling.

B6-9.2 In one 20 foist high test, sprinklers .were buried in the flue space one foot above the bottom of the pallet load; results were satisfactory. Coverage of aisles by in-rack sprinklers is, therefore, not necessary and distribution across tops of pallet loads at any level is not necessary for occupancy class tested.

B6-10.2 In all tests with in-rack sprinklers, three inches wide x three feet long obstructions were introduced on each side of the sprinkler approximately three inches from the sprinkler to simulate rack structure member obstruction. This obstruction had no effect

o n sprinkler performance in the 20 foot high tests.

Test~ 103, 104, 105 and 109in the 30 foot high tests with in-rack sprinklers obstructed by rack uprights produced unsatisfactory re-

!!368 APPENDIX B 251C-87

suits. Tests 113, 114, 115, 117, 118 and 120 in the 30 foot high test series with in-rack sprinklers located a minimum of two feet frown rack uprights produced improved results.

B6-11.2 Tests Were not conducted with aisles wider than eight feet or less than four feet. It is, therefore, not possible to determine whether lower ceiling densities might be in order for aisle widths greater than eight feet or higher densities for aisle widths less than four feet.

The use of 165°F sprinklers at ceiling for storage higher than 25 feet results from fire test 'data. A test with 286°F sprinklers and 0.45 density resulted in fire damage in the two top tiers just within acceptable limits with three ceiling sprinklers operating. A test with 0.45 density and 165°F sprinklers gave a dramatic reduction in fire damage with four ceiling sprinklers operating.

The four 165°F ceiling sprinklers operated before the first of the three 286°F ceiling sprinklers. In both tests, two in-rack sprinklers at two levels operated at approximately the same time. The 286°1 ¢ sprinklers were at all times fighting a larger fire with less water than the 165°F ceiling sprinklers.

Tests 115 and 119 compare ceiling sprinkler density of 0.30 gpm/ft, s with 0.45 gpm/ft, s. Damage patterns coupled with the number of boxes damaged in the main rack suggest that the increase in density produces improved control, particularly in the area above the top tier of in-rack sprinklers.

Testa 119 and 122 compare 286°F with 165°F ceiling sprinkler temperature rating. A review of the number of boxes damaged and the fire spread patterns indicates that the use of 165°F ceiling sprinklers on a rack configuration which incorporates in-rack sprinklers dramatically reduces the amount of fire spread. Gon- sldering that in-rack sprinklers in the over-25-foot series operated prior to ceiling sprinklers, it would seem that the installation of in-rack sprinklers converts what would normally be rapidly developing fire from the standpoint of ceiling sprinklers to a slower developing fire with lesser degree of heat release.

In the 20 foot high test series, ceiling sprinklers operated before in-rack sprinklers. In the 30 foot high series, ceiling sprinklers operated after in-rack Sprinklers. The 50 foot high test did not operate ceiling sprinklers. They, however, would be needed ff occurred in upper levels.

These results indicate the effect of in-rack sprinklers on storages higher than 25 feet. From the ceiling operation standpoint, expected high-heat-release-rate fire was converted to a fire with a much lower heat release rate.

r

1369 231C-88 R A C K S T O R A G E O F M A T E R I A L S

Since the fires developed slowly and opened sprinklers at two levels in the racks, only a few ceiling sprinklers were needed to establish control. Thus sprinkler operating area is not varied with height for storage over 25 feet high, or for changes in sprinkler te,u- perature rating or density.

All tests with sprinklers in racks were conducted using nominal ~,~inch orifice size sprinklers of ordinary temperature.

Chapter 8 Equipment

B8-1.1.2 Test 85 was conducted to evaluate results of a liquid spill fire. Test results indicate it is not practical from an economic standpoint to install sprinkler systems with densities capable of controlling such a fire, and, therefore, industrial trucks should be fueled outside of buildings only.

1285 - National Fire Protection Association · Francis C. Evans, NFPA Sectional Com- mittee on...

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