127145606 Construction Project Management Techniques

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CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESSODE-NCP 26A new international cricket facility is to be constructed outside a mega city over a piece of land. Facility to include:i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Capacity of Spectators - 80,000 Day / Night play facility TV Camera platform in six directions. Safety of Players from spectators Pavilion for VIP to sit 300 Parking facilities(Adequate space for all above)

Time available is 16 months including monsoon. Cost of construction need to be recovered in 5 years. Average cost of ticket is Rs. 100/-. Approximately 4 matches per year. Submit the project covering: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Identification of Project. Stages in development of project Work breakdown structure to undertake the project Milestone & CPM chart for corporate control Cost of Project.

SUHAIB JUWALE


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d. e. f.

Matches shall be played on holidays or on weekend days. Social Environment of city shall be good & healthy. International matches shall be played with host country.

3.

Study: - General points, which may be studied at preliminary stage of feasibility. a. b. Location ± Project is located outside a Mega city In any mega city of India, enough skilled and productive manpower are available. c. d. e. Present costof resources is calculated. Transportation /Infrastructure facility is good allaround mega cities. Enough / sufficient raw materials is available at nearby area and adequate transportation facility are available for procurement of materials at site. f. Market is available ± It have been seen that during cricket matcheswith host country (India) the stadium is houseful. g. Adequate source of energyare available for energy like petrol, diesel, gas, electricity etc. h. i. Adequate communication facilities are available. The political, social and environmental impact on entire project or operational facilities.

If all of the above points comply with the site location, then it is suitable to construct and operate the project, therefore Project is initially feasible.

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Techno Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR) Technical The most of technical points have been already discussed in feasibility study. A technical report is given below. a. b. Mega city (Consider ± Nagpur, Maharashtra) suitable place for project. In city sufficient skilled & unskilled manpower are available at reasonable rate throughout the year. c. Sufficient raw materials like sand, aggregate, bricks, cement, steel, stone etc are available. d. f. g. h. i. j. There is sufficient scope of marketing (spectators) Adequate transportation facilities are available. Adequate source of energy are available like gas, diesel, petrol & electricity. Adequate and convenient communication facilities are available. There is no huge scope of political interferences. Natural hindrances like rain, flood etc arethere but under control and in limited volume. k. Precautions may be taken for environmental impact like plantation of trees around Stadium, Rain harvesting for ground and proper solid waste disposal system. l. Architectural / structural consultant, civil engineers and other technical support systems are available up to international level. m. All type of services, materials and other facilities are available up to required mark / level. All above discussed factors prove that the project is technically feasible.

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Economical In economical feasibility report we will finalize the cost of construction by two methods, first is actual estimated cost incurred in project and second is cost may be limited to a specified amount as per assigned volume.

1.

Direct construction cost incurred in project

Cost is found on the basis of rate for current resources available at Project site, Market trends and with the consideration of facilities up to international level. a. Viewing Stand and stadium along with sitting arrangement b. Day /NightPlay facilities i/c floodlights in 04 directions c. T.V. Camera Platform in sixdirections d. Safety of Players (MS grill fencing) e. Pavilion for VIP to sit 300 (i/c all facilities) f. Parking (adequate space) - 970.00 Lacs - 190.00 Lacs - 40.00 Lacs - 30.00 Lacs - 95.00 Lacs - 30.00 Lacs 5.00 Lacs

g. Ground development (Grass, Pitch etc.) h. Facilities (water, Sewerage etc.) i. j. Development (Drainage, Plantation & Misc.) Consultancy for Drawings, Designing &Architect

- 40.00 Lacs - 25.00 Lacs - 25.00 Lacs TOTAL 1460.00 Lacs

Note - Cost of Construction based on rough estimate and conceptual ideas.

2.Indirect construction Cost incurred in project

Under the indirect cost the overheads, contingency and other misc. cost comes like salary, office maintenance, traveling, stationary, business promotion, statutory, legal

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etc. As considered the scope of work, period of construction, location of site and current market trends the total cost comes to Rs. 80.00 Lacs. Hence total Construction cost = Direct Cost +Indirect Cost (1460+80) = Rs. 1540.00 Lacs

3.

Operational and Maintenance Cost

The O&M cost are estimated, based on current market trends. The minimum O&M cost are given below for 05 years (Recovery period) Ist Year IInd Year IIIrd Year IVth Year Vth Year Total 35.00 Lacs 37.00 Lacs 39.25 Lacs 41.75 Lacs 45.00 Lacs 198.00 Lacs

4.

Cost recovery Rs. 1540.00 Lacs Rs. 60.00 Lacs

Total construction cost is Interest on cost incurred during construction period(Only for construction period) Net Amount to be recovered

Rs. 1600.00 Lacs

Amount Recovery schedule Year Amount received O&M through tickets cost Net Amt.received for cost recovery 285.00 283.00 Amount Balance due for amount recovery

1600.00 1472.80 1315.00 1189.80 All amount in Lacs Interest Due for on bal. next Amt. years 157.80 142.77 1472.80 1332.57

Ist IInd

320.00 320.00

35.00 37.00

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IIIrd IVth Vth

320.00 320.00 320.00

39.25 41.75 45.00

280.75 278.25 275.00

1332.57 1178.04 1007.76

1051.82 899.79 732.76

126.22 107.97 87.93

1178.04 1007.76 820.69

Note ± Total received amount are 1600.00 Lacs as equal to construction cost. As per above mentioned chart the total construction cost is recovered in 05 years, but if we recover the applicable interest rate, operation and maintenance cost for the tenure of 5 years then it seems to be unfeasible. ªIn consideration of all above facts, we can construct a viable and feasible project by another method, which is discussed as below.º

Alternative method 1. Direct Construction Cost incurred a. Viewing Stand and sta

dium along with sitting arrangement b. Day /Night Play facilities i/c floodlights in 04 directions c. T.V. Camera Platform in six directions d. Safety for Players (MS grill fencing) e. Pavilion for VIP to sit 300 (i/c all facilities) f. Parking (adequate space) - 500.00 Lacs - 80.00 Lacs - 40.00 Lacs - 25.00 Lacs - 125.00 Lacs - 35.00 Lacs - 15.00 Lacs - 25.00 Lacs - 20.00 Lacs - 20.00 Lacs TOTAL885.00 Lacs

g. Ground development (Grass, Pitch etc.) h. Facilities (water, Sewerage etc) i. j. Development (Drainage, Plantation & Misc.) Consultancy for Drawings, Designing &Architect

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2.

Indirect Construction Cost incurred

Under the indirect cost the overheads, contingency and other misc. cost like staff salary, office maintenance, traveling, stationary, business promotion, statutory, legal etc. As considered the scope of work, period of construction, location of site and current market trends the total cost in earlier discussed method is Rs. 80.00 Lacs. But the same can be reduced to 75.00 Lacs Hence total Construction cost = Lacs 3. Operational and Maintenance Cost Direct Cost + Indirect Cost (885+75) = Rs. 960.00

The O&M cost are estimated, based on current market trends . The minimum O&M cost given below are for 05 years (Recovery period) Ist Year IInd Year IIIst Year IVth Year Vth Year Total 35.00 Lacs 37.00 Lacs 39.25 Lacs 41.75 Lacs 45.00 Lacs 198.00 Lacs

4.

Cost recovery Rs. 960.00 Lacs Rs. 50.00 Lacs

Total construction cost is Interest on cost incurred during construction period(Only for construction period) Net Amount to be recovered

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Amount Recovery schedule for alternative method All amount in Lacs Year Amount received O&M Net Amt. Amount Interest Balance Due for through tickets cost received for due for on bal. amount next cost recovery Amt. years recovery st I 320.00 35.00 285.00 1010.00 121.20 1131.20 846.20 nd II 320.00 37.00 283.00 846.20 101.54 947.74 664.74 IIIrd 320.00 39.25 280.75 664.74 74.77 739.51 458.76 th IV 320.00 41.75 278.25 458.76 55.05 513.81 235.56 th V 320.00 45.00 275.00 235.56 28.27 263.83 -11.17

Therefore the Project is fully feasible and viable. The sport facility will recover the total construction cost along with intrest, operation & maintenance expenditure in a recovery period of 05 years. Project Definition Primary dealing with resources like time, money, equipment, technology, space, material and people, organization of these resources and planning & performing of these activities in logical sequences to complete the project. The project can be defined as organization and performance of resources such as men, money, machinery, materials, space and technology in logical sequence of activity. The above definition are applicable for a general project but this project also consist to perform all activity in logical sequence and strictly within specified time, operate and maintain the project for next few years to get back the construction cost along with interest and other expenditures. Project Report Construction of international cricket facility at out side to Nagpur city, which consist all facilities up to international level. The total construction cost is Rs. 960 lakh and

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same is recoverable in next 05 year along with all other expenses, interest, operation and maintenance expenditures etc. through average cost of ticket i.e Rs.100.00, capacity of Spectators are 80,000 and 4 matches per year for next 05 years. The feasibility report is based on assigned volume and as per current trends of market, viewer's choice, present interest structure etc. A time factor of construction period is an important point and it is highly sensitive. If construction is delayed the projects will definitely goes in loss and getting matches may be affected. The project is feasible / viable subjected to construction within time and cost, operation and maintenance up to international level and with specified limit of money.

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Project Management Organization From conceptualization to implementation the stages in the development of project. An idea of this project passes through six phases before it becomes a reality. a. Conceptualization like conceptual analysis is assigned, technical and feasibility study have already been done and we have already

discussed on environmental and social impact. b. Engineering and designing factor have been considered along with construction process and cost. c. Procurementsubcontractors process ± Procurement or arrangement of contractor,

suppliers, several parties for different type of specialized

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work, which depends on the agency. d. Construction. e. Commission & Testing of facilities. f.

designed

approach

of

constructing

Operation and maintenance of facility.

The manager of organization must develop a logical approach to the planning of a project, which involve following thought. Feel for project Assessing key project dates and data. Establishment of construction schedules. Choose & deciding ofprogramme techniques to use. The project shall be managed under following objectives. (1) (2) (3) (4) Reducing the project in parts to a number of manageable activities. Anticipation & scheduling of resources. Co-ordination and control Production of data for planning.

Project Planning and Control For the project / construction of cricket facilities, the planning is divided in two parts. Pre construction planning and planningduring construction. Before the start of work a Detailed Project Planning Report

shall be prepared which consist planning of activity, all expenditure, staffing, machineries and materials required, planning for procurement & consumption ofmaterials, cash flow, fund availability work-study and master programme etc.

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A realistic and data based master programme for project is prepared. Hence the information to be used as a basis of calculative hours of works, this is obtained from ground reality, many item / activity calculated together as per type of work and project condition. Control must be carried out to make planning effective, as without control planning loses much of its value. It must be applied to update the plans and to enable reconsideration of the workload in the light of what has already taken place. Control involves Comparing at regular intervals, the actual achievement with the plans and then any necessary corrective action to bring back on schedule. It must represent time and quantity of work carried out for better control. Progress can be recorded, cross checked at regular intervals and further course of action required is to be taken. For this project a longitudinal section of work shall be prepared with colorful diagram showing work in progress, achieved, back lock or critical line. A good and unique controlling system always provides a leadership for executing the work within specified time and cost. There are functions performed in the process of updating the schedule alone (without regard to cost revision) they are a. Denoting actual progress on the network. b. Revising the network logic or time estimated of uncompleted activities, if appropriate. c. Re comparing the basic schedule with earliest and latest allowable time. d. Revising the schedule activity start time denoting new critical paths.

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PROJECT WORK BREAKDOWN Work Breakdown methodology Arrows of the network are joined in accordance with the independency of the activities which they represent. In small and simple work this interrelation is obvious, but in a long/big magnitude project it is necessary to establish it systematically. This is done by workbreak down structure. As we know the activity of a project bears a certain relationship with one another. Basically we have two types of relation 1. Proceeding& following activities. 2. Few activities can be carried out concurrently. In deciding the interrelationship between two activities, following consideration isrequired. A. Technical restraints B. Resource restraint After listing the operation of work and considering all technical restraints and resource restraints a logical table is prepared as called classification of levels. For better controlling ideal planning of work, deployment of manpower and supervision the entire work may be distributed / divided in various manageable parts and each part is monitored and managed for getting better out put. As mention in methodology the entire work is divided in 10 parts for ideal planning, better controlling, deployment of manpower and supervisory staff.

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1. Viewing Stand 2. Viewing Stand 3. Viewing Stand

-I - II - III

4. Day /Night Play facilities 5. T.V. Camera Platform in six directions. 6. Safety for Players (MS grill fencing) 7. Pavilion for VIP to sit 300 (i/c all facilities) 8. Parking (adequate space) 9. Play Ground development 10. Development work (water, Sewerage, Tree, Drain etc)

Work is divided in various parts because same manpower & equipment will be utilized in other activities and will move from one part to another part.

Assessing Duration The duration of activities shown with chart. The CPM with duration shown is not realistic & the network gives a wrong impression, example the excavation takes time 25 days for entire project but during the period of 25 days (like after 04 days we can start foundation concrete, reinforcement and shuttering work), therefore the entire project is divided in ten manageable parts for precedence diagram and duration of activities for each parts assessed separately as below.

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1± Activities duration for Viewing stand and stadium (Part ± I, II & III) Sr No. 1.2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Description of activities Site Clearance Lay out Excavation Foundation RCC Back filling Masonry in Foundn. Plinth Beam RCC Stand RCC Shuttering of Roof Steel of Roof Concrete of RoofMasonry in super structure Electric wiring & water line Plaster (Internal & External) Door & Window fixing Flooring & Roof treatment Drainage work Toilets fitting & fixtures Water & electrifications Painting Sitting arrangement Final testing Duration In week 01 01 02 02 01 01 03 14 02 01 01 04 02 04 02 04 02 01 01 03 02 01 Activity Denotation For - I For -II A-1 B-1 A-2 B-2 A-3 B-3 A- 4 B-4 A-5 B-5 A-6 B-6 A-7 B-7 A-8 B-8 A-9 B-9 A-10 B-10 A-11 B-11 A-12 B-12 A-13 B-13 A-14 B-14 A-15 B-15 A-16 B-16 A-17 B-17 A-18 B-18 A-19 B-19 A-20 B-20 A-21 B-21 A-22 B-22

For-III C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-13 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22

2-Activities duration for Camera Platform Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 Description of activities Foundation with viewing stand Column, beam RCC in superstructureShuttering of platform Steel of Platform Concert of platform Platform fabrication & railing Platform erection. Finishing / Painting Final testing Duration In week 00 10 02 01 01 02 02 04 02 Activity Denotation D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9

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3-Activities duration for Pavilion of VIP to sit 300 Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Description of activities Site Clearance & Lay out Earth work Foundation ± Concrete, steel, shuttering Back filling Plinth beam Columns Slab - Concrete, steel, shuttering Column & Tie Beam Roof - Concrete, steel, shuttering Masonry work Finishing (plaster / painting) Glasses fixing Final paintingSitting arrangements Services Facilities Final testing Duration In week 01 02 02 01 04 03 04 04 03 03 05 01 03 02 03 02 01 Activity Denotation E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-13 E-14 E-15 E-16 E-17

4-Activities duration for Day & Night Play facilities Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 Description of activities Site Lay out & Excavation Foundation work Fabrication & Erecting of pillars Cabling, Trenching & Transformer Fittings & fixtures Final Commissioning of lights Final testing Duration In weak 02 04 25 05 01 02 02 Activity Denotation F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7

5 - Activities duration for Development work Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 Description of activities Site Clearance Excavation for drain / sewer line etc Drain Construction Water & sewer Line Toilets Fittings & Fixtures Tree plantation Misc. work Duration In weak 01 03 06 02 01 01 Activity Denotation G-1 G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6

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6 - Activities duration for player's safety work Sr No Description of activities Duration In week 04 06 03 04 01 Activity Denotation H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5

1. 2. 3. 4 5

Grill Fabrication Grill fixing / railing with barbet wire Grill painting Barbetwire fixing Final checking

7-Activities duration for playground work Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 Description of activities Site Clearance Leveling & Excavation / earth work Ground preparation (watering/ flooding) Ground preparation (manure / sand/ good earth Turf laying with grass Grass development Cutting & watering / deweeding Final checking Duration In weak 01 06 02 04 06 02 04 01 Activity Denotation I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-5 I-6 I-7 I-8

8- Activities duration for parking facilities Sr No Description of activities Duration In week 01 01 03 01 Activity Denotation J-1 J-2 J-3 J-4

1. 2. 3. 4

Leveling & Excavation / earth work Sub base preparation Concrete paving & finishing Parking arrangement

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Costing Activity Cost breakup is given below w.r.t. activities and for each parts of cricket facilities. A. Costing of Viewing Stand activities Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Description of activities Earth work / excavation Foundation RCC / Reinforcement / Shuttering Back filling Masonry in Foundn. Plinth Beam RCC/ Reinforcement / Shuttering Stand RCC Masonry in super structure Electric wiring & water line Plaster (Internal & External) Door & Window fixing Flooring & Roof treatment Drainage work Toilets fitting & fixtures Water & electrifications Painting Sitting arrangement Cost in lacs 04.00 10.00 0.80 1.20 09.00 330.00 10.00 06.00 12.50 05.00 72.00 0.60 1.40 25.00 08.00 1.50 Total 500.00 Lacs

2-Costing of Day & Night Play facilities activities Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 Description of activities Excavation Foundation work RCC / Reinforcement / Shuttering Fabrication & Erecting of pillars Procurement & Transformer Installation. Cable trenching & laying Fixing of flood lights Final testing Cost in lacs 0.10 0.6026.70 1.20 1.00 160.00 0.40 Total 190.00 3- Costing of Camera Platform Sr No 1.2. 3. 4 Description of activities Foundation with viewing stand Superstructure RCC Platform fabrication, railing Platform erection. Finishing / Painting Cost in Lacs 00.00 32.00 6.50 1.50 Total 40.00 Lacs

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4- Costing of Player's safety activities Sr No 1. 2. Description of activities Grill foundation on wall of drain Grill Cost in Lacs 08.00 22.00 Total 30.00 Lacs 5-Costing of Pavilion to sit 300 Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 Description of activities Excavation Foundation work RCC / Reinforcement / Shuttering Structure RCC complete Masonry / wall Finishing work Glasses Sitting arrangement Facilities Services Cost in lacs 0.40 3.00 48.00 6.00 5.00 9.00 2.80 18.00 2.80 Total 95.00Lacs

6- Costing of Parking facilities Sr No 1. 2. 3. 4 Description of activities Earthwork Concrete Pavement Parking arrangements Services Cost in Lacs 0.80 26.00 3.00 0.20 Total 30.00 Lacs 7- Costing of Play groundwork Sr No 1. 2. 3. Description of activities Earthwork Ground preparation / manure/ sand / good earth Turfing and other work Cost in Lacs 1.00 2.50 1.50 Total 5.00 Lacs

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Other Activities like Facility of water, toilet, fittings, and fixtures consistamount of Rs. 40.00 lacs, drain construction, Trees plantation 25.00 lacs.

CPM/NETWORK ANALYSIS Network Elements Network is defined as the pictorial representation of a given project in the form of arrows / boxes, which form essentialelements of network. Arrows / boxes represent an activity, task of operation ofwork since an activity consumes resources (Materials, labour, tools & equipmentand also time). The activities are represented by boxes and are linked togetherby lines of dependency. The general direction of time flow is form left to right hand. A box contain the earliest starting time, latest starting time, earliestfinish time, latest finish time, duration and free float period. When the startof an activity has more than one line of dependency it is dependent on all the activity to which it is connected and therefore all the preceding activity must be completed before it can start. Analysis procedure a. The diagram can start and end with a single activity, a dummy is to be introduced at the beginning and at the end. b. The earliest start time of an activity is the highest earliest finish of preceding activity. The earliest finish time is earliest start (+) duration. c. Calculate the latest activity time. d. The overlapping activity analyzed through early finish and or the overlapping for which the entire work is dividedin various parts.

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Time analysis is precedence network is done on the same lines as CPM. After theduration of activities is determined, the ES etc are calculated. RECOMMENDATION/ CONCLUSION This project is technically fully feasible but commercially / economically, herewith find out two methods through first project get back only construction cost but interest and operational expenses have not recovered through tickets cost. If we apply below standard construction cost without fire fighting cost and some reduction in adequate facilities then construction cost reduces by39.38% then the total cost along with interest, operational and maintenance cost recoverable under recovery period.

The problem of resources viz- a ± viz network planning and scheduling consideringin following three stages. 1. Resource estimation or aggregation. 2. Resource smoothening or leveling. 3. Specifying resources constraints. In the network there is scope available for change, cover-up the delay in any activity due to reasons beyond control. The network duration shown in weak (not days) so that sufficient margin is available at every stage for cope ± up work. Time cost trade off resources allocation, cost per activity not given exactly in the report because entire report based on rough estimation, if these all find out, the network make a powerful & flexible tools for decision and controlling. The network prepared with consideration of Technical and Resources restraints also.

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After all, this precedence network is a very useful tool in the hand because itis very well suitable for taking care of peculiar relationship within the construction project or this type of project.

BibliographyNICMAR publication lesson book on Construction Quality Management Butterworth-Heinemann publication, The Management of Construction by Lawrence Bennett

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127145606 Construction Project Management Techniques

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