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12 Lesson 12.1: The Lymphatic SystemLesson 12.2: Nonspecific DefensesLesson 12.3: Specific DefensesLesson 12.4: Disorders and Diseases

of the Immune System

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Match these words with 1–4 below: right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen.1. drains left side of head2. scan and clean blood3. drains right side of head4. palatine

Do Now:

Lesson 12.2

Nonspecific Defenses

(defense mechanisms that do NOT involve recognition of the precise identity of the

pathogen)

Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems


Describe the role of the nonspecific defenses of thebody.

Essential Question:

What are the nonspecific defenses of the body’simmune system?

SLO:


Vocabulary:

Alternative pathwayClassical pathwayComplement proteinsComplement systemExocytosisPhagocytesNatural Killer CellsMacrophagesLysosome

InflammationNeutrophilsInterferonsMast cellsMonocytesNeutrophilsOpsoninsPhagocytesPyrogens

Vocabulary


1. physical barriers2. cellular and chemical defenses3. inflammatory response4. fever

Nonspecific Defenses


• Skin– Epithelial (surface cells)

• Stratified (layers)– Keratin

• Hair– Chafing, sunburn, insects

• acidic secretions from sebaceous glands and sweat glands– Sebum (oily substance-lubrication)

• mucous membranes– Sticky layers traps microorganisms

• Respiratory/digestive/urinary tract

Physical Barriers


1. What type of risks are associated with burns?2. How is the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

(MALT) related to the nonspecific defense mechanisms?

3. What happens when pathogens penetrate the physical defenses?

Checking for Understanding


• Phagocytes• Natural Killer Cells• Complement system• Interferons

Cellular and Chemical Defenses


• phagocytes– engulf foreign cells and debris– Neutrophils-most common white blood cell (leukocyte)– Macrophages (lymphocyte)– lysosome destroys destroys the target– exocytosis



• natural killer cells (lymphocyte)– release perforins (proteins) to perforate cells– Virus infected cells/cancer cells



Cellular and Chemical Defenses• complement system

– Set of 11 proteins that circulate in the blood– Activation can occur in 2 ways:

• classical pathway– Recognizes a target bound by an antibody– Cascade of complement protein activation

• alternative pathway– Recognizes foreign material– Opsins (proteins that make cells more attractive to

phagocytes)• Both converge at protein C3>> C3b/C3a

– C3b sticks to target cells opsonizing them– C3a &C5a cause mast cells to release histamine (activates

inflammatory response)– Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) forms inside the bacterial

cell membrane


The Complement System


• interferons– released by virus infected cells– Interfere with viral replication and spreading by

hindering protein production– Help neighboring cell resist infection– alpha, beta, gamma interferons



• How can interferons help with the treatment of cancer?

Checking for Understanding


• promotes repair of damaged tissue• Mast cells release histamines, prostaglandins, and

other chemicals released– Prostaglandins regulate contraction and relaxation of

smooth muscle– Histamines attract phagocytes/lymphocytes to area

• symptoms– heat– redness– swelling– pain

Inflammatory Response


1. tissue damage occurs2. intracellular contents are released from damaged

cells into interstitial fluid3. mast cells release histamine and other

inflammatory chemicals4. blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases,

capillary permeability increases5. clot formation occurs6. scar tissue forms, replacement cells grow

The Development of Inflammation


• maintenance of higher than normal body temperature

• activation of leukocytes and macrophages causes release of pyrogens– Chemical that raise the set point temperature in

hypothalamus• hypothalamus raises body temperature, causing a

fever

Fever


True or False?1. Interferon is released by virus infected cells.2. Pyrogens cause fever.3. Neutrophils are not phagocytes.4. Mucous membranes are a physical barrier.5. Perforins engulf cells.

Review and Assessment


Match these words with 1–4 below: interferons, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells1. Released by virus infected cells2. Release histamine 3. Release pyrogens4. Most common WBC that phagocytizes its targets

Do Now:

Lesson 12.3

Specific Defenses



Describe the role of the specific defenses of thebody.

Essential Question:

What are the specific defenses of the body’simmune system and how do they function?

SLO:


AntigensHumoral immunityCellular immunityMCH proteinsPlasma cellsImmunoglobulinprimary immune responsesecondary immune responseactive immunitypassive immunity

Vocabulary


• antigens• immune system cells• humoral immunity• primary and secondary immune responses• cellular immunity

Specific Defenses


• on the surface of cells– proteins– polysaccharides– glycolipids– nucleic acids

• determine “self” from “nonself” cells

Antigens


• lymphocytes– recognize only one antigen– clonal selection– memory cells

• MHC proteins– class I– class II

Immune System Cells


• antibody-mediated immunity• plasma cells

– antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigen• antibodies

– also called immunoglobulins– recognize, bind to, and mark antigens– interfere with antigen function

Humoral Immunity


Antibody Classes


• primary immune response– when first exposed

• secondary immune response– memory cells respond to invader

• active immunity• passive immunity

– vaccination

Primary and Secondary Immune Responses


Cellular Immunity


Fill in the blanks with: antibodies, antigen, memory cells, or vaccination.1. A(n) _______________ is passive immunity.2. _______________ are also called

immunoglobulins.3. Lymphocytes recognize only one

_______________.4. _______________ are part of the secondary

immune response.


Lesson 12.4

Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System



• cancer and lymph nodes• allergies• autoimmune disorders• HIV and AIDS

Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System


• rapid, unregulated cell growth• metastasis

– cancerous cells move within body• cancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes

Cancer and Lymph Nodes


• inappropriately strong response to a harmless environmental antigen

• exposure to allergen causes release of histamine• histamine causes allergy symptoms

– runny nose, itchy eyes, anaphylaxis• anaphylaxis• immunotherapy

Allergies


Allergies


• immune system attacks own body• cause unclear• examples

– rheumatoid arthritis– multiple sclerosis– type I diabetes

Autoimmune Disorders


• HIV – infects and kills helper T cells

• AIDS – helper T cell count falls below 200/mm3– immune system seriously weakened– patient is susceptible to opportunistic infection

HIV and AIDS


Match these words with 1–4 below: metastasis, autoimmune disorder, HIV, cancer.1. rapid, unregulated cell growth2. cancerous cells move within the body3. rheumatoid arthritis4. infects and kills T cells


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