12.3 dna, rna, and protein
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Transcript of 12.3 dna, rna, and protein
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Learning Objectives1. Explain how the code of DNA
transcribed into messenger RNA.
2. Explain how messenger RNA is translated into a protein.
3. Describe how to make a protein beginning with a gene.
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Bodies are made up of cells
All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA
Bodies → Cells → DNA
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How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the
instructions in DNA?
DNA → Cells → Bodies
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DNA has the information to build proteins genes
DNA → Proteins → Cells → Bodies
proteinscells
bodiesDNA gets all the glory,Proteins do all the work
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How do proteins do all the work?
– Proteins run living organisms
– Enzymes control all chemical reactions in living organisms
– Structure
• all living organisms are built out of proteins
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cytoplasm
nucleus
Cell organization– DNA is in the nucleus
• genes = instructions for making proteins
– want to keep it there = protected• “locked in the vault”
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Cell organization
• Proteins– chains of amino acids– made by a “protein factory” in
cytoplasm = ribosome
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosome
buildproteins
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Passing on DNA information
• Need to get DNA gene information from nucleus to cytoplasm– need a copy of DNA– messenger RNA (mRNA) does this
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosomemRNA
buildproteins
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DNA vs. RNA
DNA• deoxyribose sugar • nitrogen bases
– G, C, A, T– T : A– C : G
• double stranded
RNA• ribose sugar • nitrogen bases
– G, C, A, U– U : A– C : G
• single stranded
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mRNA
From nucleus to cytoplasm
DNA
transcription
nucleus
cytoplasm
translation
trait
protein
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Transcription
• Making mRNA from DNA
• DNA strand is the template (pattern)– match bases
• U : A
• G : C
• Enzyme– RNA polymerase
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
• Double stranded DNA unzips
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
• Double stranded DNA unzips
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
• Match RNA bases to DNA bases on one of the DNA strands
U
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
U
UU
U
U
G
G
A
A
A C CRNA
polymerase
C
C
C
C
C
G
G
G
G
A
A
A
AA
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
• U instead of T is matched to A
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
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How does mRNA code for proteins?
• mRNA leaves nucleus
• mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm
• Proteins built from instructions on mRNA
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
How?
mRNA
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
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How does mRNA code for proteins?
How can you code for 20 amino acids withonly 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein
?
ribosome
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
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AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein
?
Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases
codon
ribosome
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The mRNA code• For ALL life!
– strongest support for a common origin for all life
• Code has duplicates– several codons for each
amino acid– mutation insurance!
Start codon AUG methionine
Stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG
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How are the codons matched to amino acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
anti-codon
codon
tRNAUAC
MetGCA
ArgCAU
Val Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases
aminoacid
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mRNA to protein = Translation
• The working instructions → mRNA• The reader → ribosome• The transporter → transfer RNA (tRNA)
mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
aaaa
aa
tRNA
GGU
aa
tRNA
U A C
aa
tRNA
GA C
tRNA
aa
A GU
ribosome
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aa
aa
aaaa
aa
aa
aa
mRNA
From gene to protein
DNA
transcription
nucleus
cytoplasm
protein
translation
trait
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome
tRNA
aa
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transcription
cytoplasm
nucleus
translation
trait
protein
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From gene to protein
transcriptiontranscription
translationtranslation
proteinprotein
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Whoops!See what happens when
your genes don’t work right!
Any Questions??