12–1 McQuaig Bille 1 College Accounting 10 th Edition McQuaig Bille Nobles © 2011 Cengage...

12–1McQuaig Bille

11College Accounting10th Edition

McQuaig Bille Nobles

© 2011 Cengage Learning

PowerPoint presented by Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Pepperdine University

Chapter 12Financial Statements, Closing Entries, and Reversing Entries

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After studying this chapter, you should be able to:After you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

After you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

Prepare a classified income statement for a merchandising firm.

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Prepare a classified balance sheet for any type of business.

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Compute working capital and current ratio.3

(continued)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Journalize the closing entries for a merchandising firm.

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After studying this chapter, you should be able to:After you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

After you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

Determine which adjusting entries can be reversed, and journalize the reversing entries.

5

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Whitewater Raft SupplyWhitewater Raft Supply

(continued)

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(continued)

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Learning Objective 1

Prepare a classified Prepare a classified income statement for a income statement for a merchandising firm.merchandising firm.

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FIGURE 1 Partial work sheet for Whitewater Raft Supply

(continued)

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FIGURE 1 Partial work sheet for Whitewater Raft Supply (concluded)

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FIGURE 2Income statement for Whitewater Raft Supply

(continued)

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FIGURE 2Income statement for Whitewater Raft Supply (concluded)

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Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit – Operating Expenses = Income from Operations

Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit – Operating Expenses = Income from Operations

The Income StatementThe Income Statement

Each of the amounts that appear in the Income Statement columns of the work sheet will be used in the income statement.

The basic format of an incomes statement—

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Gross Profit Contrasted with Net Profit


Several years ago, Della Reyes bought an antique table at a second-hand store for $800. She sold the table for $1,850. She advertised in the daily newspaper at a cost of $73. How much did she clear as profit?

Sale of Table $1,850 Less Cost of Table – 800Gross Profit $1,050 Less Advertising Expense – 73 Net Income or Net Profit $ 977

(continued)

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Gross Profit is the profit on the sale of the table before any expenses have been deducted.

Net Income, or Net profit, is the final or clear profit after all expenses have been deducted.

Most accountants prefer net income.

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Revenue from SalesRevenue from Sales

Sales Returns and Allowances and Sales Discounts are deducted from Sales to give us Net Sales.

Note that we record these items in the same order in which they appear in the ledger.

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Gross Profit PercentageGross Profit Percentage

Net Sales is the 100 percent row

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$294,000

$500,000

In 2010, for In 2010, for every $100 in every $100 in net sales, cost net sales, cost of goods of goods available for available for sale amounted sale amounted to $59.to $59.

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$21,400

$528,000

In 2011, for In 2011, for every $100 in every $100 in net sales, net sales, advertising advertising expense expense amounted to $4.amounted to $4.

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$132,000

$500,000

In 2010, for In 2010, for every $100 in every $100 in net sales, net net sales, net income income amounted to amounted to $26.$26.

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Cost of Goods SoldCost of Goods Sold

The section of the income statement that requires the greatest amount of concentration is the Cost of Goods Sold section.

(continued)

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Delivered Cost of PurchasesDelivered Cost of Purchases

First, let’s look closely at the Purchases section.

To arrive at Net Purchases, we deduct the sum of Purchases Returns and Allowances and Purchases Discounts from Purchases. Then we add Freight In to get Delivered Cost of Purchases.

(continued)

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Cost of Goods SoldCost of Goods Sold

Amount we started with (beginning inventory) $ 67,000

+ Net amount we purchased, including freight charges 87,920

Total amount that could have been sold (available) $154,920

‒ Amount left over (ending inventory) 64,800

Cost of the goods that were actually sold $ 90,120

You might think of Cost of Goods Sold like this:

Merchandise Inventory, January 1, 20‒‒ $ 67,000

+ Delivered Cost of Purchases 87,920

Cost of Goods Available for Sale $154,920

‒ Merchandise Inventory, December 31, 20‒‒ 64,800

Cost of Goods Sold $ 90,120

Here’s the same Cost of Goods Sold expressed in proper wording:

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Operating ExpensesOperating Expenses

Selling Expenses are any expenses directly connected with the selling activity, such as–

Sales Salary Expense Sales Commissions Expense Advertising Expense Store Supplies Expense Delivery Expense Depreciation Expense, Store Equipment

(continued)

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Operating ExpensesOperating Expenses

General Expenses are any expenses related to the office or administration, or any expense that cannot be directly connected with a selling activity:

Office Salary Expense Property Tax Expense Depreciation Expense, Office Equipment Rent Expense Insurance Expense Office Supplies Expense

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Income from OperationsIncome from Operations

Net Sales

– Cost of Goods Sold

Gross Profit

– Operating Expenses

Income from Operations

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Other Income and Other Expenses


The Other Income classification includes any revenue account other than Sales. Typical accounts are as follows:

Rent Income Interest Income Gain on Disposal of Equipment Miscellaneous Income

(continued)

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The Other Expense classification includes various nonoperating expenses, such as–

Interest Expense Loss on Disposal of Equipment

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The Statement of Owner’s Equity and the Balance Sheet


Every figure in the Balance Sheet columns of the work sheet is used in either the statement of owner’s equity or the balance sheet.

The income statement is prepared first, the statement of owner’s equity second, and the balance sheet last.

Figure 3 (Slide 29) is a partial work sheet for Whitwater Raft Supply.

(continued)

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FIGURE 3 Partial work sheet for Whitewater Raft Supply

(continued)

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FIGURE 3 Partial work sheet for Whitewater Raft Supply (concluded)

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This amount (from the work sheet in Figure 3) is not the amount we will be using for the statement of owner’s equity in Figure 4 (Slide 32). The beginning balance of $244,774 is determined by taking the $253,774 shown on the work sheet and subtracting $9,000 because D. M. Bruce made an investment of that amount during the fiscal period.

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FIGURE 4 Statement of owner’s equity for Whitewater Raft Supply

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Using the following information, prepare the Cost of Goods Sold section of an income statement:

Purchases Discounts $ 9,000Merchandise Inventory, December 31 192,000Purchases 480,000Merchandise Inventory, January 1 188,000Purchases Returns and Allowances 16,000Freight In 27,000

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 1 SOLUTION

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Prepare a classified Prepare a classified balance sheet for any balance sheet for any type of business.type of business.

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FIGURE 1

Balance sheet for Whitewater Raft Supply

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Current AssetsCurrent Assets

Current Assets consist of cash and any other assets or resources that are expected to be realized in cash or to be sold or consumed during the normal operating cycle of the business (or one year, if the normal operating cycle is less than twelve months).

Examples of accounts that are current assets include Cash, Notes Receivable, Accounts Receivable, and Merchandise Inventory.

(continued)

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Current AssetsCurrent Assets

Notes Receivable (current) are short-term (one year or less) promissory notes (promise-to-pay notes) held by the firm.

Prepaid Insurance and Supplies are considered prepaid items that will be used or will expire with the following operating cycle or one year.

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Property and EquipmentProperty and Equipment

Property and Equipment are relatively long-lived assets that are held for use in the production or sale of other assets or services.

Some accountants refer to them as fixed assets.

Three accounts that usually appear in this category are Land, Building, and Equipment.

Building and Equipment are followed by their respective Accumulated Depreciation accounts.

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Current LiabilitiesCurrent Liabilities

Current Liabilities are debts that will become due within the normal operating cycle of the business, usually within one year.

They normally will be paid, when due, from current assets.

Three accounts that usually appear in this category are Notes Payable, Wages Payable, and Interest Payable.

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Long-Term LiabilitiesLong-Term Liabilities

Long-Term Liabilities are debts that are payable over a comparatively long period, usually longer than one year.

The current portion of notes, contracts, and loans is shown as a current liability.

An account that usually appears in this category is Mortgage Payable.

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 2

Identify each of these following items relating to sections of a balance sheet as Current Asset (CA), Property and Equipment (PE), Current Liabilities (CL), Long-Term Liabilities (LTL), or Owner’s Equity (OE).a. Land f. Accumulated Depreciation,

b. Unearned Course Fees Building

c. Merchandise Inventory g. Notes Payable (current)d. Cash h. Notes Payable (due in 10 e. Salaries Payable years)

i. F. R. Fred, Capital

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a. Land, PE f. Accumulated Depreciation,

b. Unearned Course Fees, CL Building, PE

c. Merchandise Inventory, CA g. Notes Payable (current), CL

d. Cash, CA h. Notes Payable (due in 10

e. Salaries Payable, CL years), LTL

i. F. R. Fred, Capital, OE

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Compute working Compute working capital and current capital and current ratio.ratio.

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Working Capital and Current Ratio


Working capital is the amount of capital a firm has available to use or to work with during a normal operating cycle

Current Assets – Current Liabilities = Working Capital

The Current ratio is useful in revealing a firm’s ability to pay its bills. It is calculated as follows:

Current Assets (amount coming in within one year)

Current Liabilities (amount going out within one year)

(continued)

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Two portions of Whitewater Raft Supply follow:

(continued)

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Working Capital Working Capital

Current Assets – Current Liabilities = Working Capital

$123,355 ‒ $43,330 = $80,025

Current Ratio Current Ratio

Current Assets Current Liabilities

= Current Ratio

$123,355 $43,330

= 2.85Whitewater Raft Supply has current assets available to pay every dollar currently due on December 31.

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Chart of AccountsChart of Accounts

The second digit in the chart of accounts stands for the subclassification.Assets: 1-- Revenue 4--

Current Assets 11- Revenue from Sales 41-Property and Equip- Other Income 42- ment 12- Cost of Goods Sold 5--

Liabilities 2-- Purchases 51-Current Liabilities 21- Expenses 6--Long-Term Liabilities 22- Selling Expenses 61-

Owner’s Equity 3-- General Expenses 62-Capital 31- Other Expenses 63-

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 3

On December 31, 20––, Laredo Company’s balance sheet shows that total current assets equal $450,784, and total current liabilities equal $435,209. Determine the amount of Laredo Company’s working capital and current ratio, and explain what these measure mean.

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Working capital = $450,784 – $435,209 = $15,575

Current ratio =$450,784

$435,200= 1.04

Laredo Company’s working capital shows that it has $15,575 to use or to work with; for example, for expansion or other improvements. Its current ratio shows that the company has $1.04 available to pay for every dollar currently due.

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Journalize the closing Journalize the closing entries for a entries for a merchandising firm.merchandising firm.

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Closing EntriesClosing Entries At the end of the fiscal period, you close the

revenue and expense accounts so that you can start the next fiscal period with zero balances.

You close the Drawing account because it, too, applies to one fiscal period.

Recall that these accounts are called temporary-equity accounts, or nominal accounts.

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FIGURE 6Partial work sheet for Whitewater Raft Supply

(continued)

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FIGURE 6Partial work sheet for Whitewater Raft Supply (concluded)

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Four Steps in the Closing ProcedureFour Steps in the

Closing Procedure

STEP 1: Close the revenue accounts and the other accounts that appear on the income statement that have credit balances into Income Summary.

(continued)

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Closing Procedure

STEP 2: Close the expense and other accounts appearing on the income statement that have debit balances into Income Summary. Note that you close Sales Discounts and Sales Returns and Allowances along with the expense accounts.

(continued)

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Closing Procedure

(continued)

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Closing Procedure

STEP 3: Close the Income Summary account into the Capital account, transferring net income or loss to the Capital account.

(continued)

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Closing Procedure

(continued)

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Closing Procedure

STEP 4: Close the Drawing account into the Capital account.

(continued)

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Closing Procedure

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 4

From the partial work sheet shown in Slide 63, journalize the closing entries dated December 31.

(continued)

12–63PRACTICE EXERCISE 4 (concluded)

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(continued)

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 4 SOLUTION (concluded)

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Determine which Determine which adjusting entries can adjusting entries can be reversed, and be reversed, and journalize the journalize the reversing entries.reversing entries.

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Reversing EntriesReversing Entries Reversing entries are general journal entries

that are the exact reverse of certain adjusting entries.

A reversing entry enables the accountant to record routine transactions in the usual manner, even though an adjusting entry affecting one of the accounts involved in the transaction has intervened.

(continued)

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Reversing EntriesReversing Entries

All the employees of Mason Company earn, altogether, $400 per day for a five-day week and their payday occurs every Friday. Their current paychecks include wages for that Friday and for the preceding four days. The last day of the fiscal year falls on Wednesday, December 31.

Mason Company ExampleMason Company Example

(continued)

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Wages Expense is debited and Cash is credited (ignoring taxes and deductions) $2,000.

(continued)

Wages Expense is debited and Cash is credited (ignoring taxes and deductions) $2,000.

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The following reversing entry is made on the first day of the following fiscal period (which is an exact reverse of the adjusting entry):

(continued)

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Now, let’s follow the T accounts to see what happens. We begin with the adjusting entry at December 31.

(continued)

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Next, we close Wages Expense (but not Wages Payable).

Then we reverse the adjusting entry.

(continued)

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Note that this gives Wages Expense a credit balance, and closes Wages Payable.

(continued)

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On the first payday of the new fiscal period, the accountant can debit Wages Expense and credit Cash for $2,000 (just as if it was the middle of the fiscal year). The effect on the T accounts is shown in Slide 75. After the payroll entry, there will now be a debit balance of $800 in Wages Expense, which is the correct amount.

(continued)

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(continued)

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Reversing Entries RulesReversing Entries Rules

1. The adjusting entry increases an asset or liability account.

2. The asset or liability account did not have a previous balance.

If an adjusting entry is to be reversed, it must meet both of the following qualifications:

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 5

From the T accounts shown on this and the following slide, determine which adjusting entries can be reversed, and journalize the reversing entries.

(continued)

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 5 (concluded)

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THE ENDTHE END

12–1 McQuaig Bille 1 College Accounting 10 th Edition McQuaig Bille Nobles © 2011 Cengage...

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Transcript of 12–1 McQuaig Bille 1 College Accounting 10 th Edition McQuaig Bille Nobles © 2011 Cengage...