Waste-to-Energyin Europeu ope

Ella Stengler presentation of the Third Report on WtE

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Ella Stengler Managing DirectorCEWEP

presentation of the Third Report on WtE plants in Italy by Federambiente and ENEA

12 April 2012

CEWEPConfederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants

European Umbrella Organisationof the Waste-to-Energy (WtE)Plant Owners and OperatorsPlant Owners and Operators.

WtE Plants thermally treathousehold and similar waste thatremains after waste prevention,reuse and recycling by A new WtE plant in Torinoreuse and recycling bygenerating energy from it.

A new WtE plant in Torino

Capacity (data 2009): • Europe: ca. 70 Mio. tonnes

CEWEP M b E 59 Mi t (84%)• CEWEP Members Europe: 59 Mio. tonnes (84%)

Waste-to-Energy has a role to play

WtE i f i i i i th l f t (90%)

in both waste and energy policy

• WtE is a means of minimizing the volume of waste (90%), destroying the bacteria, germs etc. found in the waste and making it hygienic.g ygChemical pollutants found in the waste are concentrated and cleaned in effective Flue Gas Cleaning Systems WtE h l t d b th d d l dfill• WtE helps to reduce both, dependence on landfill and limited fossil fuel resources R d i h i i Reducing green house gas emissions− From fossil fuels which would be

used to produce this energy andp gy− From landfills

• WtE is a reliable, locally available renewable energy source

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y gy• The technology is robust and proven from decades of experience

guaranteeing low emissions 3A2A WtE plant Brescia, Italy

WtE CapacitiesWtE Capacities

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Waste-to-Energy in Europein 2009in 2009

Finland3 0.3

Norway• Waste-to-Energy Plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration plants)

• Waste thermally treated in Waste-to-Energy plantsin million tonnes

Sweden31 4.7

Norway20 1.0

Estonia

Latvia

LithuaniaDenmark31 3.5

United Kingdom23 3.4

Ireland

N th l d Poland*Netherlands12 6.3

Belgium16 2.8

Germany70 19.1

Poland1 0.04

Luxembourg*1 0 1

Czech Republic3 0.4 Slovakia*

France130 13.7

1 0.1 2 0.2Austria14 2.2Switzerland

28 3.6Hungary

1 0.4Slovenia*1 0.01

Romania

Bulgaria

Spain10 2.2

Portugal3 1.1

Italy49 4.5

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GreeceData supplied by CEWEP members unless specified otherwise* From Eurostat

WtE Capacity Development within Europep

Country Groups Likely developmentsCountry Groups Likely developmentsPotential for expansion

DE NL DK SE CH A BE R t t iDE, NL, DK, SE, CH, A, BE Recent extensionsDemand and Capacity in balance or some free capacity emerging

FR, IT, ES, PT, IE Market opportunities, but complicationsdue to local policies & preferences

UK, CZ, PL, FI Major extension potential

GR, new EU entrants Major potential, but variouscomplications and hurdles despite EU supportsupport

WtE Capacity Development within Europe (estimated figures)p ( g )

20.000European WtE capacity development (million tonnes)

16.000

18.000

European WtE capacity development (million tonnes)70 by end 2009 --> 77 by end 2012 --> 89 by end 2016 --> 91 by end 2020

12 000

14.000

10.000

12.000

additional 2017-20additional 2013- 16additional 2010- 12

6.000

8.000 Sum 2009

2.000

4.000

0

DE FR NL IT SE CH DK

UK BE ES AT PT NO HU CZ FI SK LU PL SL IE

CR

OR

O CY LT EE BG

Municipal waste treatment in 2010 EU 27 & CH+NO

Graph by CEWEP, Source: EUROSTAT 2010

9 13 10 61100%

10

40 4235 33

3934

39 4133

19 1622

26 23 20

9

1813 10 6

4380%

90%

9

19

1610 1

62 6170

62

5042

4651

43

60%

70%

86 9194

99 10022 34

22 1215 4 1

50%

60%

5157 58 58

6268 69

7377 80 81 82

86

49

54

35

5130%

40%

% Recycled + Composted

38

18

31

4549 51

38 3930

37

49 50

10%

20%

% Incinerated

% Landfilled

1 1 1 3

18

60%

EU…

DE NL

AT BE SE DK LU FR FI UK IT IE SL ES PT CZ

HU PL EE CY SK GR

MT LV LT RO BG CH

NO

Municipal waste treatment in 2010 EU 27

Graph by CEWEP, Source: EUROSTAT 2010

38% of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

38%40% R l d +

Solid Waste (MSW) across the EU 27 is still landfilled (> 90

LandfilledRecycled + Composted Mio t).

WtE t th ithWtE – together with Recycling helps to divert waste from

22%Incinerated

divert waste from landfills

Diverting waste from landfillsDiverting waste from landfills

Most successful countries in EU-27:• Germany, Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and Swedeny, , , g

• 1% or less landfilling of Municipal Waste

• Main means: landfill bans in all 5 countries;

More details about landfill bans and taxes:http://www.cewep.eu/information/data/landfill/index.html

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European Environment Agency report 2011report 2011 'Waste opportunities’

Three different scenarios for 2020 reg. CO2-e savings d t 2008 j t dcompared to 2008 are projected .

• Business-as-usual: additionally 44 Mt CO2-e savingsAll t i f ll t th L dfill Di ti ’ t t• All countries fully meet the Landfill Directive’s targets additionally 62 Mt CO2-e savings

• landfill ban of all Municipal Waste: additionally• landfill ban of all Municipal Waste: additionally 78 Mt CO2-e savings

EEA report http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/waste-opportunities-84-past-and

based on ETC/SCP working paper 4/2011http://scp eionet europa eu/wp/2011wp4

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based on ETC/SCP working paper 4/2011http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/wp/2011wp4

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Potential for cutting GHG emissions from municipal wastefrom municipal waste

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44

627878

Huge potential benefits for climate change mitigation ifmore ambitious waste policies were implemented

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more ambitious waste policies were implemented.

Source: EEA report “Waste opportunities” http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/waste-opportunities-84-past-and12

Why not recycle 100%?Why not recycle 100%?

N l d t i l d d th lit f th t d tNew recycled materials depend on the quality of the sorted waste:

• Materials sometimes too dirty or too contaminated (e.g. nappies),y ( g pp )• Mixed materials (too difficult to sort)• Materials degrade after repeated recycling• Demand necessary for recycled products• Demand necessary for recycled products

If high quality recycling is not possible, the waste should be turned into energy,rather than being landfilled.

Even countries with the highest recycling rates in Europe (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Germany and Netherlands depend on WtE to treat remaining waste not suitable for recycling.

Waste-to-Energy Contributing to Resource Efficiency

R li WtE b tt hRecycling WtE bottom ashes:

• Ferrous and non-ferrous metals canFerrous and non ferrous metals can be extracted and recycled into new products, e.g. aluminium castings for th t ti i d tthe automotive industry.

• Minerals can be used as secondary• Minerals can be used as secondary aggregates, e.g. in road construction or in building products.

WtE Plants contribute to achieving a recycling society and to improving Europe’s resource efficiency, byusing unavoidable waste as a valuable resource whereverusing unavoidable waste as a valuable resource wherever possible.

European List of Waste (ELoW)

ELoW under reviewBottom ash has mirror entry*-> can be hazardous if containing certain Hazardous

Properties HPe.g. H14 ecotox: thresholds to be determinedCEWEP: biological testing not suitable for

h t t h b tt hheterogeneous waste such as bottom ash

CEWEP b tt h l ifi ti d iCEWEP prepares bottom ash classification dossier

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Achieving energy recovery statusfor efficient Waste-to-Energy Plantsfor efficient Waste-to-Energy Plants

W F k Di i A 3(15)Waste Framework Directive, Art. 3(15):‘recovery’ means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which wouldserving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfill a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfill that function, in the plant or in the wider economy.Annex II sets out a non-exhaustive list of recovery operations;

A II R 1 ‘U i i ll f l th t t ’Annex II R 1 ‘Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy’This includes incineration facilities dedicated to the processing of municipal solid waste only where their energy efficiency is equalmunicipal solid waste only where their energy efficiency is equalto or above:

0.60 for plants permitted before 1.1.20090.65 for plants permitted after 31.12.2008

R1 formulaR1 formula

Ep (Ef + Ei)Ep – (Ef + Ei)R1-factor = 0.97 * (Ew + Ef)

Impacts of ‘R1 energy recovery status’

Waste hierarchy: • Efficient WtE plants are higher up the hierarchy than

landfilling.

• Level playing field with co-incinerating industry (e.g. cement kilns) which was already considered as ‘energycement kilns) which was already considered as energy recovery’ (European Court of Justice).

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Impacts of ‘R1 energy recovery status’

P bli t b ildi fPublic acceptance – building awareness of energy recovery from waste through the improvement of energy efficiencyenergy efficiency

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Impacts of ‘R1 energy recovery status’

‘R1 Energy Recovery Status’ provides incentives gy y p to improve energy efficiency replacing more fossil fuels replacing more fossil fuels serving climate protection and security of energy supply being less dependent on imports of fossil fuels

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Climate Impacts on ‘R1 energy recovery status’

However, R1-formula favours heat productionSouthern European countries are at disadvantagep gClimate Correction Factor to be discussed 3 options:3 options:• 1) zero option (no climate factor) • 2) wider climate correction factor compensating also a• 2) wider climate correction factor compensating also a

lack of demand for heat produced by the Waste-to-Energy PlantsEnergy Plants

• 3) climate correction factor restricted to compensating the lower efficiency of turbines in warmer climate.y

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Policies for maximisation of Sustainable Energy production from Waste

Speed up ‘R1 Energy Recovery Status’ technical improvements and innovationp

Maximize electricity production from waste; Electricity grid access

Improving infrastructure for district heating and cooling

Locating new plants close to energy consumers or attracting consumers (e.g. industry) to existing plants

Diverting waste from landfills to Recycling & WtE

Sustainable waste managementSustainable waste management

In order to achieve sustainable waste management, g ,recyclable and recoverable waste should be

diverted from landfills,diverted from landfills,

• recycled as much as suitable with the y

• remaining waste used to ggenerate energy!

Sustainable Energy from WtElow-hanging fruits

Enough to supply70m inhabitants.

196 TWh

100 TWh

134 TWh

Includes both renewable and fossil components.

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1 TWh is equal to 1 billion kWh.

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Local Energy from Local WasteLocal Energy, from Local Waste

Waste-to-Energy Plants de-centralised energy facilities, gy ,creating - reliablereliable, - cost-effective,

local energy- local energy

from citizens’ waste.

Garstad Waste-to-Energy plant, Sweden

Cologne cathedralCologne cathedral illuminated by the city’s wastewaste

The symbol of the city of Cologne –it th d l thits cathedral the “Kölner Dom” - is illuminated at nightilluminated at night using energy generated from the gcity’s

Waste-to-EnergyWaste to Energy Plant AVG Kölnwww.avgkoeln.de/

Energy from Waste:

power for public transport in Amsterdam

Electricity generated by the AEB Waste-to-Energy plant y gy

Helps provide green certified power for the tram, metro and city.

50% of Paris50% of Paris, including the famous Louvre museum, ,is heated by 3 Waste-to-Energy Plants

Waste-to-EnergyHelping to keep

St Ouenhttp://www.tiru.fr/spip.php?article100e p g to eep

the Mona Lisa … smiling

Issy-les-Moulineauxhttp://www.syctom-isseane.com/ andsmilingIvry/Seinehttp://www.syctom-paris fr/edi/comm/comm/ivry/presentatioparis.fr/edi/comm/comm/ivry/presentation.htm

For more information on Waste to Energy:

CEWEPConfederation of European Waste-to-Energy PlantsBoulevard Clovis 12A, B 1000 BrusselsB-1000 Brussels

Tel. +32 2 770 63 11 Fax +32 2 770 68 14

ella.stengler@cewep.eu www.cewep.eu