12 The Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War

12 The Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War

Part 1 Toward the Great Depression Reading Assignment pg. 908-911

I. *Three factors brought about the Great Depression

A. Financial crisis that stemmed directly from the war and the peace settlement such as inflated currencies.

B. A crisis arose in the production and ____________ of goods in the world market.

1. these two above mentioned problems intertwined in 1929 and in Europe reached the breaking point in 1931

C. The third factor was lack of strong economic leadership and responsible action.

II. The Financial Tailspin

A. Reparation payments and international war-debt settlement further complicated the picture.

B. The U.S. was determined to be repaid the money it had loaned its allies.

1. *most of the money the allies collected from each other eventually went to the U.S.

C. Countries imposed high protective tariffs

1. this discouraged _________ and _____________

a. in consequence this hurt unemployment

III. Problems In the American Economy

A. October 1929: the N.Y. stock market crash was the spark that lit the worldwide Great Depression. *What was the cause of the crash?

1. U.S. banks loaned money to people who in turn invested in the stock market—

2. when the market collapsed, banks failed and credit shrank.

a. *no American money or credit to invest in Europe

B. End of reparations

1. May 1931: *Kreditanstalt a large ________ in Vienna collapsed.

a. Kreditanstalt was a primary lending institution for central and eastern Europe.

i. its collapse put severe strains on the German bank system

2. June 1931: Herbert Hoover announced a one year moratorium on all payments of international debts.

a. sharp blow to French economy

b. France agreed because the German economy had virtually collapsed.

IV. Problems in Agriculture:

V. Depression and Government Policy

A. The Great Depression did not mean everyone was out of a job.

1. people with a job improved their standard of living, but were promoted more slowly

B. *John Maynard Keynes

1. *wrote General Theory of ____________, Interest, and Money

a. Keynes advocated active government intervention in the economy

2. the severity of the depression led governments across Europe to interfere with the economy as never before

a. private economic enterprise became a subject to new trade, labor, and currency regulations

b. state intervention in the economy generally increased as one moved from west to east across Europe

Part 2 Confronting the Great Depression in the Democracies Reading Assignment pg. 911-915. [See student question and answer sheet part 1 for information]

Part 3 Germany and the Nazi Seizure of Power Reading Assignment pg. 915-924

I. *The most important event in Europe that the Great Depression brought about was the National Socialists (Nazi) seizure of power.

II. Depression and Political Deadlock

A. In 1928, a coalition of center parties and Social Democrats

governed Germany.

1. this coalition dissolved in March 1930 over economic issues

B. To resolve Parliamentary deadlock President Hindenburg

appointed Heinrich Bruning as Chancellor.

1. lacking a majority in the Reichstag, Bruning governed through emergency decree as Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution allowed him to do.

2. Weimar Republic became an authoritarian regime

C. March 1932: six million people unemployed; two years earlier

2,258,000 unemployed.

1. severe unemployment benefited the more extreme

political parties

2. election of 1930: Nazis held 107 seats and the Communist

77.

D. For the Nazis decency and civility in public life _________

1. Thousands of ______________ joined the storm

troopers (SA) which had 100,000 members in *1930 and

1 million in 1933.

a. SA freely and viciously attacked Communists

and Social Democrats, who also fought each

other

b. Nazis held mass rallies which resembled

religious revivals.

III. Hitler Comes to Power

A. 1932 Presidential Election

1. Hitler vs. Hindenburg

a. Hitler forced a runoff and got 36.8% of the vote

b. Hindenburg remained in office but was convinced

Bruning no longer commanded sufficient confidence of

the German voters

B. *May 30, 1932, Hindenburg dismisses Bruning

1. new chancellor, appointed by Hindenburg is Franz von Papen

2. Hitler wanted no part of this government; he wanted to be

chancellor

C. *Papen and those around Hindenburg wanted to find some way to use

the Nazis without giving ____________ effective power.

1. Papen removed ban on Nazi meetings

2. Papen called for a Reichstag election in July 1932 and he polled 37.2 % of the vote

3. November 1932: another Reichstag election showed that Hitler’s support was declining as the Nazis only won 33.1% of the vote

D. November 1932: Papen resigns

1. General Kurt von Schleicher becomes chancellor

a. civil war between left and right looks inevitable

b. Schleicher tries to bypass Hitler and draw the Nazi Party

into a coalition by trying to negotiate with another Nazi

leader, but Hitler used the incident to make his own

position in the party even _______________.

c. Schleicher asks President Hindenburg to permit him

to rule by emergency to decree to buy time for political

stability

i. Hindenburg refused the request

ii. Schleicher resigns in January 1933.

E. Hitler Becomes Chancellor

1. Hindenburg’s advisors persuaded him to name Hitler to

chancellor under the illusion that he would be working for

them

a. January 30, 1933: Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor

i. *became chancellor by legal means

2. *Hitler’s strongest support came from:

a. farmers

b. war veterans

c. the young

3. resistance to Hitler came from Roman Catholics in the

country and small towns

4. The Nazi’s won out because addressed social insecurtites

IV. Hitler’s Consolidation of Power

A. *Three Basic Steps to the Hitler Take Over

1. capture of full legal authority

2. the crushing of other political parties

3. purging of the Nazi party itself

B. February 27, 1933, a mentally ill communist set fire to the Reichstag

1. Nazi claimed the fire was communist threat to the

government

2. under Article 48, Hitler issued an emergency decree

suspending civil liberties and arresting communists or

alleged communists

a. this decree remained in force as long as Hitler

ruled Germany.

C. The Coming of The Enabling Act

1. in early March another Reichstag election took place

a. Nazis only received 43.9% of the vote

2. the arrest and removal of all communist deputies and

the political fear caused by the fire enabled Hitler to control

the Reichstag

3. *Enabling Act, passed by the Reichstag, permitted Hitler to rule by decree

a. allowed him to be the dictator of Germany

D. Destroying Potential Nazi Opposition

1. May 1933: the Nazi Party seized the offices, banks, and

newspapers of the free trade unions and arrested their

leaders.

2. late June 1933: all German political parties are

outlawed except for the Nazi party

3. Nazi also took over the governments of the individual

states in Germany.

E. Internal Nazi Party Purges

1. 1933 the SA or storm troopers had a million active

members.

a. leader was Ernst Roehm (a possible rival to

Hitler)

b. Germany army officer corps was jealous of SA

leadership.

i. Hitler had key SA officers and Roehm

murdered

2. formal chancellor Schleicher was murdered

3. June 30-July 2, 1934, over hundred Germans were murdered—

4. murders were carried out by the SS

5. August 2, 1934: President Hindenburg died

a. Hitler combined the office of chancellor and president

At left Italy’s Mussolini and to the right Symbol of hate, oppression, and racism—The Nazi swastika.

Germany’s Hitler.

V. The German Police State and Anti-Semitism

A. SS Organization (schutzstaffel) or “protective force”

1. leader was Heinrich Himmler-

2. originated as Hitler’s body guard

a. became an elite paramilitary organization

i. smaller than the SA

b. carried out party purge murders in 1934

B. German Anti-Semitism

1. was based on biological theories stemming from the late-

nineteenth-century rather than from religious discrimination

2. 1933 Nazis excluded Jews from civil service

3. *Nuremberg Laws

a. robbed German Jews of their citizenship

b. professions and major occupations were closed

to those defined as Jews.

i. how did the Nazis determine who were

Jews?? Read pg. 920

4. *Kristallnacht (November 9 & 10, 1938)

a. under Nazi Party orders, thousands of Jewish

stores and synagogues were destroyed

b. What does Kristallnacht mean?

5. *Final Solution

a. after World War II broke out Hitler decided to

destroy the Jews of Europe.

i. more than 6 million died.

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/history_of_the_holocaust_3.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

Holocaust victims: This is what happens when a majority of people look the other way when an atrocity happens. S.S. Chief Himmler, once called the greatest

Those who deny this atrocity happened deny reality and truth. Sadly genocide has continued in Rwanda & Bosnia. mass murderer in Hist.(#1 Mao Zedong of China)

VI. Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women

A. Describe Nazi Racial Ideology: Rd. pg. 921-22

B. Describe the Role of Women in Nazi Germany: Rd. pg. 921-22

VII. Nazi Economic Policy

A. While the rest of the European economy remained weak the Great

Depression seemed no longer to have much effect on Germany in 1938.

1. as far as the economy was concerned Hitler was the most

effective political leader in Europe

a. help increase the Nazi’s credibility

B. Economic policies generally supported private property and capitalism

1. however, all significant economic enterprises and decisions

about prices were state controlled

2. Hitler and Nazis started a massive public works project

a. built roads

b. built canals

c. much work was accomplished

3. rebuilding of military equipment led to full employment

4. with the crushing of trade unions in 1933 strikes became illegal.

Part 4 Italy: Fascists Economics NO Reading Assignment. Pg. 925-26 [See student question and answer sheet part 2 for information]

Part 5 Stalin’s Soviet Union Reading Assignment pg. 927-933 [See student question and answer sheet part 3 for additional information]

I. Rapid Industrialization (Five-Year Plans)

A. Rapid industrialization meant a rapid departure from Lenin’s NEP

B. The Five-Year Plans created the first genuinely large _________ labor force in

Russia.

1. required the rapid construction of heavy industries, such as iron, steel,

and machine tool making, building electricity generating stations and

manufacturing _____________.

2. Soviet industrial production rose approximately ________ percent

between 1928 and 1940.

II. Collectivization=

A. Put the Communist Party firmly in control of the farm sector of the

economy and free up peasant labor to work in the factories

B. Stalin wanted to end Kulaks as a class. What is a Kulak? What had a Kulak become?

C. How did some peasants resist? What happened to the resisters?

III. The Great Purges

A. The imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet citizens by Stalin

between 1934 and 1939.

Part 6 The Road to World War II Reading Assignment Pg. 940-948 Notes in italics are events that occurred in Asia (Pacific Theatre). Regular type denotes events that occurred in Europe or Africa.

I. Early Challenges to World Peace.

A. Japan on the Move. Japanese military leaders and ultra nationalists felt that Japan should have an empire equal to those of the western powers.

B. *In 1931 Japan . . .

C. *The League of Nations condemned the aggression and Japan withdrew from the organizations. (“Japan walked all over the League”)

II. Italy invades Ethiopia

A. Italy went after Ethiopia for some practice since they had outdated weapons

B. Ethiopia’s leader, Haile Selassie, pleaded to the League of Nations for help.

C. The League voted sanctions or . . .

D. The sanctions were not enforced.

III. Hitler’s challenge

A. In 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland.

B. What is the Rhineland?

C. European countries began to adopt a policy of appeasement, which means giving into the demands of an aggressor.

IV. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

A. Italy, Germany, and Japan became allies.

V. Spanish Civil War

A. Spain’s king had abdicated and a republic was set up with a liberal constitution.

B. Communists wanted more radical reforms and conservatives thought they had gone far enough.

C. Franco’s Fascists faced off against communists, socialists, supporters of democracy and others.

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/wp-content/uploads/pre2011/photomid/2428.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

Emperor Hirohito of Japan Franco: dictator of Spain Tojo: military dict. of Japan P.M. of the UK: Chamberlin Corrie ten Boom of the Neth. hid

was a godlike figure to his from 1939-1975!! responsible for many war singed the Munich agreement Jews. For Corrie’s “crime” her

people. His P.M. was Tojo. Crimes and was tried by with Hitler. entire family was killed in death

IMTFE and hung after the war. camps. Corrie managed to survive.

D. Germans and Italians help Franco win the war. *This was a practice for Germany and Italy and is often called a dress rehearsal for World War II

VI. German Invasions and Annexations.

A. Germany was the superior Aryan race.

B. Hitler invaded Austria and established an *Anschluss, or union, with Germany.

C. Hitler next wanted to go after the Sudetenland, an area with a large German population, in Czechoslovakia.

D. At the Munich Conference in 1938, European leaders showed up at Munich to discuss Hitler’s demands. *The leaders (G.B., Fr., Ger., Italy) gave the Germans the Sudetenland, for a promise from Hitler that he would not invade any more nations. Chamberlain PM of G.B. was present and said, “We have peace in our time.” *Appeasement=

VII. Toward War

A. Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia.

1. Hitler took the entire nation of Czech.

2. Czech. was the first country to fight back.

VIII. *Nazi-Soviet Pact

A. Germany and Russian sign a non-aggression pact. What did this entail?

1. They agree not to fight each other.

2. *To invade Poland and divide it up.

B. Invasion of Poland

1. *On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland.

2. *Two days later G.B. and France declare war on Germany

Part 7 World War II Begins Reading Assignment pg. 948-960

I. The War Continues

A. *Blitzkrieg-lighting war—fast war. Move as fast as you can.

1. An example is the taking over of Poland in about one month.

2. The S.U. also took Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and kept control of them until the early 1990’s.

B. Germany then took Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium.

C. The Maginot Line

1. This was a huge fortification along the French-German border. A lot of it was underground. A lot of money was spent on it; as you will see that money and effort was a huge waste!!

D. Germany invades France through Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Why did they do this? Why go through these countries to get to France?

1. *Germany invaded France so fast that U.K. and French were trapped along the English Channel at a town called Dunkirk.

2. The British government called on every available ship to rescue the soldiers—yes it worked. 300,000 soldiers were rescued.

3. France falls to Germany and Italy.

II. *The Battle of Britain

A. The Nazi plan was to weaken G.B. by bombing it before they invaded.

1. The new leader of Great Britain was Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

P.M. Winston Churchill: courage in the face of over whelming danger. *Churchill would never surrender on terms set by the Germans.

2. The British fought back with the air force called the . . .

3. For 57 nights Germany bombed London. 15,000 died. = the Blitz

4. This bombing of London, gave the RAF time to rebuild and they eventually destroyed the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe). Britain won!

a. *Hitler has to __________ his plan (Operation Sea Lion) to

invade England

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/geography_images/beachy_head_cliffs_sussex_england_world_war_two_aerial_dogfight_battle_of_britain_spitfire_messerschmidt.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

British pilots race to their planes during the Battle of Britain A dogfight near the English Channel during the Battle of Britain

III. Invasion of N. Africa

A. Italy and Germany invade N. Africa under the Command of *General Rommel (Desert Fox)

1. Oil/ Suez Canal want control of these

IV. Greece and Yugoslavia were taken by Germany.

V. Invasion of Russia (Soviet Union) by Germany (*Operation Barbarossa)

A. As the Russians retreated they . . .

1. This is known as. . .

VI. U.S. Involvement

A. At first the U.S. was . . .

B. The Lend Lease Act gave the U.K. military supplies while the U.S. got bases in return.

C. Atlantic Charter-Churchill and Roosevelt agree to defeat the Nazis.

VII. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

A. Mistakes made by the U.S.A.

1. Not listening to intelligence reports that the . . .

2. Thinking the planes on radar were our . . .

3. Destroying a Japanese miniature submarine in P.H. and its report not properly passing up the chain of command.

B. *December 7, 1941

1. Yamamoto was the Japanese Admiral that planned the attack.

2. 2,400 people died.

VIII. Greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere

A. Name the Japanese gave their huge empire in East Asia and the Pacific Islands.

IX. Big Three

A. Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin

X. French Resistance- People inside occupied France who were using guerilla tactics to harass and disrupt the Germans. Their role included:

A. Blowing up trains carrying troops to the front

B. Hiding downed Allied air pilots

C. Causing the Germans as much trouble as they could.

XI. Turning points in WW II for the Allies.

A. El Alamein, Egypt

1. British General Montgomery stopped the German advance in Northern Africa at the battle of . . .

B. U.S./U.K. troops advance through Morocco, Algeria, and trap the Germans (Rommel) in Tunisia.

C. Invasion of Italy

A. The U.S. invaded Sicily and pushed Northward through the Italian Peninsula.

B. Mussolini was killed by his own people.

D. Stalingrad

A. The Germans actually controlled 90% of the city.

B. The Russians completely surrounded Stalingrad and, along with the harsh winter, the Germans surrendered.

1. *Russians lost more men in the battle of Stalingrad than Americans in the whole war

XII. Invasion of France (D-day)

A. Dwight Eisenhower was the commander of all allied forces in Europe.

B. Diversions used at D-day.

1. Tanks placed in G.B. that were made out of rubber making it look like the invasion was going further east.

2. Double agents telling the Germans the attack was coming at the Par de Calais.

3. Fake Paratroopers that exploded when they hit the ground.

4. D-Day was on June 6, 1944. 5 beaches:

5. Paris was free in August 1944.

D-day: Allied troops landing on Normandy Beach. * Most deaths were on ___________ beach *A Mulberry: an artificial harbor on Normandy Beach

Map of the D-day invasions. D-day was code-named Operation Overlord. German Gen. Rommel was absent from Normandy on D-day. Why?

XIII. July 20, 1944:Operation Valkyrie (Walküre):

XIV. The Nazi’s Defeated

A. *The Battle of the Bulge

1. battle occurred in Belgium.

2. *This was Germany’s last offensive move. They threw everything they had at the Allies.

B. The Battle of Berlin

1. Was fought primarily by the Russians.

2. Hitler committed suicide.

3. On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered. This was known as V-E day=

4. V-E day was on May 8, 1945 in the USA.

The soviets (Russians) hoist their victorious flag over Berlin.

XIV. Defeat of Japan

A. Atom bomb

1. First nuclear bomb to explode in the world was in the U.S.A.

2. Manhattan project was . . .

3. Aug. _ 19 __. The first city to be bombed with an atomic bomb was . . .

Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the explosion.

*Hiroshima after the atomic bomb

4. *Next city to be bombed with an atomic bomb was ______________

5. September 2, 1945, WWII was finally over.

Part 8 Post World War II and The Cold War NO Reading Assignment

I. Aftermath of War

A. 75 million people died world wide as a result of WW II.

B. *Holocaust …

C. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials

1. those Germans responsible for the Holocaust and other war crimes were put on trial in Nuremberg Germany.

D. Allied occupation of Germany

1. Germany and the city of Berlin were split into four zones of occupation.

a. France, U.S., U.K., and the Soviet Union each occupied one of the four zones.

2. later, France, U.S., and the U.K. combined their zones of occupation.

II. *United Nations (U.N.) Checkpoint Charlie: Gateway between W. And E. Berlin

A. Created in April, 1945

B. Main purpose of the U.N is to promote peace and avert war.

1. The U.N. also has a food, education, and children’s programs.

2. Most decisions come from a 15 member Security Council, not all member nations.

3. *there are five permanent members on the U.N. Security Council: France, Britain, Soviet Union, (Russia today), U.S. and ___________.

a. each permanent member has veto power.

III. Crumbling Alliance

A. Growing differences between USSR & USA

B. March 1946, Iron Curtain Speech in Fulton, MO.

1. Winston Churchill said, “An Iron Curtain has descended on Europe dividing a free and democratic west from an east under totalitarian rule.”

IV. Containing Communism

A. *Containment

1. policy that began with Harry Truman that stated the U.S. was to resist Soviet expansion and influence into non-communists nations in the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse.

2. *Truman Doctrine issued in March 1947

a. The policy of the United States would be to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities or by outside pressures. The Truman Doctrine’s primary purpose was to combat communism.

i. help save Greece and Turkey from communist’s rule.

3. Marshall Plan

a. provided aid to war torn nations of Western Europe shortly after World War II

i. prevented Western Europe from becoming communist.

B. Europe divided:

1. all eastern European countries (except Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey) were dominated by the Soviet Union.

2. puppet regimes ruled these Eastern European countries. What is a puppet regime?

3. *remember Germany and the city of Berlin were divided between the Soviet Union in East Germany and East Berlin, and the U.S, U.K. and France in West Germany and West Berlin.

a. differences between the Soviet Union and U.S. prevented Germany from reuniting.

i. there were now two German nations: West

Germany (which included West Berlin) and East

Germany.

C. 1948-49 *Berlin Airlift:

1. The Soviet Union’s (U.S.S.R.) leader, Joseph Stalin, closed

down the supply road from West Germany to the

city of West Berlin in an attempt to starve the city into

surrender, and eventually occupy it.

a. The United States responded with a massive airlift of

supplies for approx. 11 months. These supplies

included, but were not limited to, __________, milk,

_____________ and all basic necessities.

The Berlin Airlift delivered much needed supplies to W. Berlin.Truman from MO.

D. Military Alliances

1. March 1948, *NATO: ( )

a. Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France,

Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland,

Canada, and the U.S. Later West Germany, Greece,

and Turkey joined. Today many more European

nations (not Russia) are members of NATO.

i. attack on one is an attack on _________.

2. *Warsaw Pact: Soviet (USSR) response to _____________.

b. Eastern European nations (except Greece,

Turkey, and Yugoslavia).

i. attack on one is an attack on _________.

ii. today the Warsaw Pact no longer exists.

V. Creation of Israel:

VI. Cold War turns hot: *The Korean War

A. June 1950: Communist North Korea invades South Korea

B. North Korea pushes South Korean and U.S. troops to the southeast corner of South Korea (Pusan Perimeter).

1. U.S. President Harry Truman responds with a massive troop deployment to the Pusan Perimeter.

2. U.N. war:

3. September 1950: *Inchon invasion leads to U.N. troops pushing all the way to the North Korean-Chinese border.

a. China warns U.S./U.N. *General Douglas McArthur not to get close to their border; warning was ignored.

b. October 1950: China sends approx. 50,000 troops over N. Korean border (Yalu River) and forces U.N. troops south of Seoul, South Korea.

i. U.N. recaptures Seoul, South Korea.

ii. Korean War becomes a long stalemate

c. War ends in an armistice (July 1953)

i. President Eisenhower was in office now.

ii. result: 2 nations: North and South Korea

VII. Conflict in *Vietnam

A. French involvement:

VIII. August 1961: East Germany constructs *Berlin Wall. What is the Berlin Wall?

A. Why was it constructed?

IX. November 1989 fall of Berlin Wall

A. Wall falling encouraged other Eastern European nations to turn away from communism.

B. December 1991: the Soviet Union (USSR) ceased to exists.

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