12. Robinson Advances in PGRs' for Chemical ThinningBloom Thinning Options (Hormone Thinners) •...
Transcript of 12. Robinson Advances in PGRs' for Chemical ThinningBloom Thinning Options (Hormone Thinners) •...
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AdvancesinPGR’sforChemicalThinning
TerenceRobinsonand PolianaFrancescatto
HorticultureSection,CornellAgriTechGeneva,NY,USA
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Chemical Thinning Options• Bloom
• AmmoniumThiosulfate(ATS)• LimeSulfurandOil• Promalin• Maxcel• NAA• Amide-Thin
• PetalFall(fruitsat5-6mm)• Sevin• AmideThin• Maxcel+Sevin• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat11-13mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat15-20mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin+Oil• Ethrel+Oil• ACC+Maxcel• Metamitron
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Bloom Thinning Options (Caustic Thinners)• AmmoniumThiosulfate(ATS)
• Burnsstigmaofpistil• Causesmildleafphytotoxicitybutnoeffectonfruitfinish• Requires2-3applications• WhenusedwiththePTGMcanachieveasubstantialportionofthinningjob• Hasaneutraleffectonfruitsize• NotregisteredasathinnerinNYbutcanbelegallyusedasabloomtimefoliarfertilizer
• ImprovesreturnbloomofHoneycrisp
• LimeSulfurandOil• Burnsstigmaofpistilandalsothestyle• Killspollentubegrowthinthestyle• More“reachback”tokillpollentubesthataregrowingthanATS• Causesmildleafphytotoxicitybutcanalsocausesomefruitfinishproblemsinsomeweatherconditions
• Requires2-3applications• Fishoilorsoybeanoilorsummersprayoils(highlyrefined)workalmostequallywellwithaslightedgetofishoil
• WhenusedwiththePTGMcanachievethemajorityofthinningjob• Hasaneutralornegativeeffectonfruitsize• NotregisteredinNYbutcanbeappliedasafungicide.HowevertheMillerChemicalbrandofLimeSulfurprohibitsuseduringbloom
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Table 1. Effect of Alternatives of Fish Oil on Thinning Efficacy of Lime Sulfur. (Empire at Geneva NY 2003 Data)
Trt No. Treatment Description
Fruit No./ Tree
Fruit Size (g)
Cropload Adj. Fruit Size (g)
1 Unthinned Control 288 146 149 2 2.0 gal ATS/100 gal @ 80% FB 156 154 150 3 2.5 gal Lime Sulfur+2.0 gal Fish Oil/100 gal @ 80% FB 181 150 146 LSD P≤0.05 94 11 10 Contrasts FOLS @ FB vs ATS @ FB NS NS NS Fish Oil vs Ultra Fine Oil NS ** * Fish Oil vs Vegetable Oil NS ** * Fish Oil vs Regulaid NS NS NS Fish Oil vs Silwet NS ** * Table 2. Effect of Organic Thinners on Gala Fruit Size at Geneva NY. (2003 Data)
Trt No Treatment Description
Fruit No./ Tree
Fruit Size (g)
Cropload Adj. Fruit
Size (g) 1 Unthinned Control 608 139 153 2 2.0 gal ATS/100 gal @ 80% FB 472 143 142 3 2.5 gal Lime Sulfur + 2.0 gal Fish Oil/100 gal @ 80% FB 457 153 156
11 7.5ppm NAA + 1pt Sevin XLR @ 10mm Fruit Size 442 152 154 12 100 ppm BA + 1pt Sevin XLR @ 10mm Fruit Size 426 162 161
LSD P≤0.05 118 14 12 Contrasts ATS vs FOLS NS NS * FOLS vs Unthinned Control * * NS ATS vs Unthinned Control * NS * ATS vs BA/Sevin * * * FOLS vs BA/Sevin NS * *
FOLS vs BA/Sevin NS * *
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Bloom Thinning Options (Caustic Thinners)• WillblossomthinningeverbeacceptedintheEast?
• TheadditionofthePTGMisasignificantadvance• Measurementofstylelengthiscritical• Ifsepalsareremovedthevisiblelengthofthepistilislongerthanshowninthispicture
• Ifstylemeasurementistoolongthenchemicalapplicationisdelayedandtoolittlethinningachieved
• LimeSulfurandOilismoreeffectiveforthinningthanATSbuthasgreaternegativeeffectsonplantmetabolismandthusdepressesfruitgrowthrateforseveraldaystoaweek
• Forlargefruitedvarieties,thetemporarysuppressionoffruitgrowthfromcausticthinnerscauseslittleconsequencebutwithsmallfruitedvarietiesthedepressionoffruitgrowthisaproblem
PhotofromGregPeckpresentation
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Bloom Thinning Options (Hormone Thinners)• BA+GA4+7(Promalin,Perlan,Typy)
• Causesmoretypey fruitforDelicious,Galaandothervarieties• Insomeyearscancausesomethinning• Whentemperaturesarewarmithasagoodeffect.• Timingisatearlykingbloomandwellbeforefullbloom• Userateof2pt/acregivesalowamountofBAcomparedtoMaxcel userates
• BA(Maxcel,Exilis,Riteway)• Causesmoreblockyfruit(notelongated)• Isaverymildthinneratbloombutcanincreasefruitsize• Increasescelldivisiontocreateapotentiallylargerfruit• Workswellinwarmconditionsduringbloombutpoorlyincoolconditions(1yearoutof2-3thereisagreatresponse).
• Userateof8pt/acregivesahighamountofBAcomparedtoPromalin userates
• NAA(Fruitone,Pomaxa,Refine)• Amildthinner(safe)whenusedatbloom• Canbesprayedsafelyathighrateof10ppm• Hasaneutraleffectonfruitsize• Littleornodepressionofphotosynthesisatbloom• CanhelpimprovereturnbloomonHoneycrisp
• NAD(Amide-ThinW)• Amildthinner(safe)whenusedatbloom• Canbesprayedsafelyathighrateof8oz/100• Hasaneutraleffectonfruitsize• Littleornodepressionofphotosynthesisatbloom• CanhelpimprovereturnbloomonHoneycrisp
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2 3 4 5 6 7
Perc
ent f
ruit
set (
%)
Measurement time
0
5
10
15
20
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30
35
40
2 3 4 5 6 7
Perc
ent F
ruit
Set
Measurement time
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5
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2 3 4 5 6 7
Perc
ent f
ruit
set
Measurement time
UntreatedControl Promalinthen3Maxcel/Sevin
Maxcelthen3Maxcel/Sevin
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ResultsofPrecisionThinningofGalaatGenevain2013
Treatment Initial After After After After TargetFruit Bloom PF 10mm 18mm FruitNumber Spray Spray Spray SprayNumber
UntreatedControl 4430 1536 1217 1299 1288 335Promalin,3Maxcel/S4430 1524 992 933 673 335Maxcel,3Maxcel/S 4430 1051 992 981 567 335
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100
120
140
160
180
200
Frui
t Siz
e (g
)
0 5 10 15 20
Crop load (fruit no/cm2 TCA)
Bloom Thinning Issues• WhyisblossomthinningmoresuccessfulintheWest?
• Moreconsistentweatheratbloom• Lessrusseting• Betterrelationshipofcroploadandfruitsize,thusifLSandOildepressfruitgrowthforafewdaystheystillcanachieve80-88countGala
Washington
NY40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Fru
it S
ize
(g)
Crop load (fruit no/cm2 TCA)
2007
2004
2010
2006
2008
2005
2009
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Bloom Thinning Options• ConclusionsandRecommendations
• UsethePTGMandsprayATSorLimeSulfurandoil(iflegal)2or3timesduringbloomforlargefruitedvarieties:• Honeycrisp• Fuji• Evercrisp• McIntosh• Delicious• Cortland• Rome• Jonagold• NY2• Otherlargefruitedvarieties
• Useahormonetypethinnerforsmallfruitedvarietiesduringbloom• Gala• NY1• Jazz• Empire• Macoun• PinkLady
•Donotspraycausticthinnersunderslowdryingandwetconditionsorifthereisfrost•Frostcausesdamagetofruitskinandcausticthinnersthencauserussetting
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Chemical Thinning Options• Bloom
• AmmoniumThiosulfate(ATS)• LimeSulfurandOil• Promalin• Maxcel• NAA• Amide-Thin
• PetalFall(fruitsat5-6mm)• Sevin• AmideThin• Maxcel+Sevin• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat11-13mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat15-20mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin+Oil• Ethrel+Oil• ACC+Maxcel• Metamitron
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2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25Days After Petal Fall
Cro
plo
ad (
fruit
/cm
2T
CA
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Fru
it D
iam
eter
(m
m)
Series4BA/SevinNAA/SevinUnthinned ControlFruit Diameter
AtPetalFalltheeffectofNAA/Sevin orBA/Sevin ismild.Afewdaysafterpetalfalltheeffectisgreaterbutstillverysafe
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FruitsetofDelicious,GalaandMcIntoshwaslowestwhenchemicalthinnerswereappliedat200-250degreedaysafterfullbloom
BottomLine:Applythinnersformaximumeffectat200-250DDafterbloom
Results–ChemicalThinning
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-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 5 10 15 20
Slop
e of
Car
bohy
drat
e Ef
fect
on
Fina
l Fru
it nu
mbe
r (fru
its/g
carb
ohyd
rate
)
Days after Petal Fall
DeliciousGalaMcIntosh
Results– ChemicalThinning
AtpetalfallthereisaverysmalleffectofcarbohydratebalanceonthinningresultsAtlatertimestheeffectvariedfrom1fruitto4fruitspergofcarbon
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Results– byyearYeartoYearVariabilityinresultsatpetalfalland18mm
Bestthinningwasalwaysbetween200-250DD
Takehomemessage:TimethinningspraysbyDDandtarget200-250DD
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Petal Fall Thinning Options• Carbaryl(Sevin)
• AmildthinneratPetalFall(verysafe)• Limitedsolubilityinwater(Ratesabove1pt/100arenotsolublebutinsuspension)• Ifappliedat2pt/100ratethenitcanbere-wettedandgiveadditionalthinning• Hassomeinsectcontrolbenefitsifappliedat2pt/100rate
• BA+Carbaryl(Maxcel,Exilis,Riteway)• BAaloneisaverymildthinner(safe)butcanincreasefruitsize• Increasescelldivisiontocreateapotentiallylargerfruit(Useonsmallfruitedvarieties)• WhencombinedwithCarbaryltheefficacyismuchbetter.• ThecombinationofBA/Sevin workswellinwarmconditionsduringbloombutpoorlyincoolconditions(1yearoutof3thereisagreatresponse).
• UsehighrateofBA(4-8pt/acre)• Useonly1ptCarbarylper100sothatthereislittlechanceofre-wettingandexcessivethinning.
• NAA+Carbaryl (Fruitone,Pomaxa,Refine)• Avoidratesabove3oz/100sinceitdepressesphotosynthesisathighrates.• Hasaneutraleffectonfruitsize• WhencombinedwithCarbaryltheefficacyismuchbetter.• CanhelpimprovereturnbloomonHoneycrisp• AvoidwithFujiandDelicious(causespygmyfruitifBAusedlater)• Avoidsurfactants(Regulaid)sincetheydramaticallyincreasetheuptakeofNAA
• NAD(Amide-ThinW)• Amildthinner(safe)whenusedatpetalfall• Canbesprayedsafelyathighrateof8oz/100• Hasaneutraleffectonfruitsize• Littleornodepressionofphotosynthesisatpetalfall• CanhelpimprovereturnbloomonHoneycrisp
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New Petal Fall Thinning Options without Carbaryl
• BA+NAA• ThecombinationofBAwithNAA(3oz/100)thinssimilarlytoBA+Sevin.• VaryrateofBA(4-8pt/acre)dependingonthevariety
• BA+NAD• ThecombinationofBAwithNAA(8oz/100)thinssimilarlytoBA+Sevin.• VaryrateofBA(4-8pt/acre)dependingonthevariety
• Metamitron (notyetregistered)• Aphotosynthesisinhibitor• IfthereisacarbondeficititwillthinbutgenerallymildatPF• Canbesprayedsafelyathighrateof200-400ppm• Hasaneutraleffectonfruitsize• A40%depressionofphotosynthesis
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• ItisnotaPGR-aphotosynthesisinhibitor(Usedasasugarbeetherbicide)
• Canbeappliedatnormalthinningwindow(petalfallto18mm)
• Worksbestwhenthereisacarbohydratedeficit• Cancausephytotoxicityatveryhighrates(leafdamage)
• RegisteredinEU,toberegisteredintheUSinthe
nearfuture.
Metamitron asanapplethinner
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Metamitron
d
ab ab a ab aab
bcc
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Contr
ol
Orch
ard co
ntrol
Metam
itron
4mm
Metam
itron
8 mm
Metam
itron
12mm
Metam
itron
16mm
Metam
itron
20mm
Metam
itron
24mm
Metam
itron
28mm
Thin
ning
effe
ct (f
ruits
per
clu
ster
)
Thinning effect
Metamitron had a wide window for thinning
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Metamitron
a aba a a
bab
a a
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Contr
olOr
chard
contr
olM
etami
tron 4
mmM
etami
tron 8
mm
Meta
mitro
n 12m
mM
etami
tron 1
6mm
Meta
mitro
n 20m
mM
etami
tron 2
4mm
Meta
mitro
n 28m
m
Frui
t wei
ght (
g)
Fruit weight adjusted by crop load
No differences were found in crop load adjusted fruit weight
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PetalFall 12mmfruitsize
MildthinningatPetalFall. Thethinningeffectwasgreatestwhenmetamitron wasappliedat12mmfruitsize.
InNYourtrialsshowMetamitron isamildthinneratPetalFallandamuchbetterthinnerat10-18mm
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Chemical Thinning Options• Bloom
• AmmoniumThiosulfate(ATS)• LimeSulfurandOil• Promalin• Maxcel• NAA• Amide-Thin
• PetalFall(fruitsat5-6mm)• Sevin• AmideThin• Maxcel+Sevin• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat11-13mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat15-20mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin+Oil• Ethrel+Oil• ACC+Maxcel• Metamitron
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FruitsetofDelicious,GalaandMcIntoshwaslowestwhenchemicalthinnerswereappliedat200-250degreedaysafterfullbloom
BottomLine:Applythinnersformaximumeffectat200-250DDafterbloom
Results–ChemicalThinning
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Relationship between carbohydrate balance for 5 days after application of thinners and fruit set of Empire/M.9
apple trees.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0
Carbohydrate Balance (5 day average)
Fru
it S
et (
pro
po
rtio
n o
f sp
urs
wit
h f
ruit
)
Untreated Control
BA
NAA
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Decision Rules We Use to Make Recommendations
4-Day Av. Carb. Balance Thinning Recommendation+20g/day to +40g/day Increase Chemical Thinning Rate by 30%+20g/day to 0g/day Increase Chemical Thinning Rate by 15%0g/day to -20g/day Apply Standard Chemical Thinning Rate-20g/day to -40g/day Decrease Chemical Thinning Rate by 10%-40g/day to -60 g/day Decrease Chemical Thinning Rate by 20%-60g/day to -80 g/day Decrease Chemical Thinning Rate by 30%< than -80g/day Do not thin (many fruits will fall off naturally)
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-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 5 10 15 20
Slop
e of
Car
bohy
drat
e Ef
fect
on
Fina
l Fru
it nu
mbe
r (fru
its/g
carb
ohyd
rate
)
Days after Petal Fall
DeliciousGalaMcIntosh
Results– ChemicalThinning
AtpetalfallthereisaverysmalleffectofcarbohydratebalanceonthinningresultsAtlatertimestheeffectvariedfrom1fruitto4fruitspergofcarbon
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Effectsofmetamitron onyieldandsizeofGalaapples
A
B
C C
cb
a ab
0
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40
60
80
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120
140
0
200
400
600
800
1000
UntreatedControl
200mg·L-1
350mg·L-1
500mg·L-1
Frui
t siz
e (g
)
Frui
t num
ber
per
tree
Fruit No. per tree Fruit Size (g)
Results
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Themaximumreductioninphotosynthesisduetometamitron was
around40%inbothyears
In2017withcoolertemperatures,therewasnotrateresponseandphotosynthesisreacheditslowestlevelaround7-8days
afterapplication.
In2016,withwarmtemperatures,therewasasignificantresponsetorateofmetamitron andthemaximum
reductioninwhole-treephotosynthesisoccurredthreedaysafterapplication.
ns
ns ns
a
ab
b
b
a
ab
bb
0
50
100
150
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
NCER(%
ofthepre-treatmentvalue)
Daysaftermetamitronapplication
2016
0mgL-1200mgL-1350mgL-1500mgL-1
ns
nsns ns
a
bbb
a
bbb
a
bbb
0
50
100
150
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
NCER(%ofthepre-treatmentvalue)
Daysaftermetamitronapplication
2017
0mgL-1200mgL-1350mgL-1500mgL-1
2016
2017
ResultsWhole-treenetCexchangerate
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Chemical Thinning Options• Bloom
• AmmoniumThiosulfate(ATS)• LimeSulfurandOil• Promalin• Maxcel• NAA• Amide-Thin
• PetalFall(fruitsat5-6mm)• Sevin• AmideThin• Maxcel+Sevin• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat11-13mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin• Maxcel+NAA• Metamitron
• Fruitsat15-20mm• NAA+Sevin• Maxcel+Sevin+Oil• Ethrel+Oil• ACC+Maxcel• Metamitron
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Chemical Thinning past the optimum time• Fruitsat15-20mm
• NAA+Sevin +Oil(1pt/100)• Marginallyeffectivewithoutoil
• Maxcel+Sevin+Oil(1pt/100)• Withouttheoil,BA/Sevin ismarginallyeffective• WithoilwehavehadverygoodsuccesswithGala
• Ethrel+Oil• Ethrel generatesethyleneintheplant• Powerfulthinningcombinationiftemperaturesarehot
• ACC+Maxcel• ACCisaprecursorofethyleneandprobablyworksbygeneratingethyleneinthefruit
• WehavehadgoodsuccesswithACConlyifcombinedwithMaxcel• WeareevaluatingACCwithregulaid oroil
• Metamitron• Veryeffectiveat15-18mmfruitsizeifthereisacarbondeficit• Canbesprayedsafelyatrateof200-400ppmdependingoncarbonbalance
• Hasaneutraleffectonfruitsize• Causesa40%depressionofphotosynthesis
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Unt
reat
ed
18m
mM
/S
No
18m
m
18m
mEt
hrel
/oil
18m
mM
/AC
C
18m
mM
/oil F
ruit
Num
ber/
tree
Effect of 18mm Treatments
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Unt
reat
ed
18m
mM
/S
No
18m
m
18m
mEt
hrel
/oil
18m
mM
/AC
C
18m
mM
/oil
Yie
ld/a
cre
(bu)
Effect of 18mm Treatments
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Unt
reat
ed
18m
mM
/S
No
18m
m
18m
mEt
hrel
/oil
18m
mM
/AC
C
18m
mM
/oil
Frui
t Siz
e (g
)
Effect of 18mm Treatments
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
10000 12000
Unt
reat
ed
18m
mM
/S
No
18m
m
18m
mEt
hrel
/oil
18m
mM
/AC
C
18m
mM
/oil C
rop
Val
ue ($
/acr
e)
Effect of 18mm Treatments
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Metamitron
d
bc
a aab
aab
abcc
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Contr
ol
Orch
ard co
ntrol
Metam
itron
4mm
Metam
itron
8 mm
Metam
itron
12 m
m
Metam
itron
16 m
m
Metam
itron
20 m
m
Metam
itron
24 m
m
Metam
itron
28 m
m
Initi
al c
rop
load
(fru
its p
er c
m2
TCSA
)
Initial crop load
Can thin up to 28mm fruit size
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A Lesson on Tree Row Volume and Thinning• Wesuggestcalculatingofamountofthinningchemicalsperacre
basedforthesizeofthetreecanopyusingTRV• AllofourratesintheCornellRecommendsareratesper100
gallonsofdilutespray• MostmodernorchardhaveaTRVof100-220gallonsofsprayto
fullywetthetree• Example:TallSpindletreesplanted3X11and12feettalland6feet
wide(43560/11=3960linearfeetofrowperacre*6*12*0.7/1000=200gallonsdiluteTRV
• Example:SuperSpindletreesplanted2X11and10feettalland4feetwide(43560/11=3960linearfeetofrowperacre*4*10*0.7/1000=111gallonsdiluteTRV
• Tocalculatetherateperacremultiplytherateper100bythefractionofTRV/100baserate• Example:TallSpindletreeswithTRV=200(concentrationfactoror
2.0)andaMaxcel rateof64oz/100gal=128ozMaxcel peracre• Example:SuperSpindletreeswithaTRV=111(concentrationfactor
of1.11andaMaxcel rateof64oz/100gal=71ozMaxcel peracre• Theamountofchemicalputinthetankistheperacreamount
regardlessofthevolumeofwater
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A Lesson on Tree Row Volume and Thinning (cont.)
• Thevolumeofwaterperacrecanbevariedfromfulldilute(1X)to1/3thefulldilutevolume(3X)withoutdifferencesinthinningresponse• Example:TallSpindletreeswithTRV=200canbesprayedat
200gallonsperacre(fulldilute)orwithhalfthewatervolume(100gallons/acre)orat1/3watervolume(67gallonsperacre)
• Example:SuperSpindletreeswithaTRV=111canbesprayedat111gallonsperacre(fulldilute)orwithhalfthewatervolume(56gallons/acre)orat1/3watervolume(37gallonsperacre)
• Mixingprotocol• Example:TallSpindletreeswithTRV=200butsprayedat100
gallonsperacrewithhalfthewatervolume(64ozMaxcel/100galdilute*2=128ozMaxcel/acre*5acressprayedpertank=540oz/tank=5gallonsMaxcel/tank
• Example:SuperSpindletreeswithTRV=111butsprayedat50gallonsperacrewithhalfthewatervolume(64ozMaxcel/100galdilute*1.11=71ozMaxcel/acre*5acressprayedpertank=355oz/tank=2.77gallonsMaxcel/tank
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Best Spray Pattern for Thinning • Theproblem:Thebottomhalfofthetreeisusually
overthinnedandthetopsoftreesareunderthinned• Thisisduetomorelightandthusmorecarbohydrates
availableforfruitletsinthetopsoftreesthaninthebottomsoftrees.
• Traditionalrecommendation• Nozzlethesprayersothetophalfofthetreereceives2/3of
thesprayvolumeandthebottomhalfofthetreereceives1/3• Thisspraypatterncontinuestooverthinthebottomofthetree
andunderthin thetopofthetree• Wehavedone4separatetrialswithhigherpercentages
directedtothetopofthetreeandthebestresultsarewhen80-100%ofthesprayisdirectedtothetopofthetree• Wesuggestthatforthebloomandpetalfallspraysthe
traditionalspraypatterof2/3and1/3isbest• Forthe12mmsprayswesuggestthepatternbechangedto
80%inthetopand20%inthebottom• Forthe18mmspraywesuggestthepatternbechangedto
100%inthetop
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Questions?