12 BSC2011 Vertebrates IClicker

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The VertebratesChapter 34



Animal diversity

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4

/l_034_04.html

2



iClicker: Which of the following is not an

insect?

3

A. A wasp

B. A flyC. A beetle

D. A scorpion

E. An ant



4

Major

clades ofvertebrates



5

Vertebrates are chordates

with a backbone

Have chordate features as well as

1. Vertebral column

2. Cranium

3. Endoskeleton

4. Neural crest

5. Diverse internal organs



6

Vertebrates

All chordate characteristics plus

1. Vertebral column: notochord is replaced by a

bony or cartilaginous column of interlockingvertebrae

2. Endoskeleton: cartilage or bone – most alsohave two pairs of appendages

3. Internal organs: liver, kidneys, endocrineglands, and a heart with at least two chambers Liver unique to vertebrates

Heart, kidneys, and endocrine system are more

complex than analogous structures in other taxa



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Hagfish

Jawless, finless marine fish

that lack vertebrae

Notochord and cartilaginous

skull

Essentially blind with a keen

sense of smell

Copious amounts of slime

Class Myxini



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Class Petromyzontida

Lampreys

Lack hinged jaw and true

appendages

Agnathan= jawless

Do possess a notochord

and rudimentaryvertebral column



Lampreys

One of earliest diverging

groups of vertebrates Found in marine and

freshwater

Marine lampreys parasitic

as adults

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Class Petromyzontida



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Jawed vertebrates

Hinged jaws

developed from thepharnygeal arches

Modification of

existing feature

Gnathostoma



• Treat Video

http://www.arkive.org/great-white-shark/carcharodon-carcharias/video-08d.html

http://www.arkive.org/great-white-shark/carcharodon-carcharias/video-08d.html



12

Class Chondricthyes

Cartilaginous fish

Sharks, skates, rays

Skeleton composed of flexiblecartilage

Derived not ancestral character

Sharks among earliest fish todevelop teeth

Not set into jaw



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Denser than water – swim to maintain buoyancy

and breathing

2 chambered heart –

single circulation Powerful sense of smell

Lateral line – pressure wave detection

Internal fertilization

Oviparous – lay eggs

Ovoviparous – egg retained in female, no placenta

Viviparous – eggs develop in uterus, placenta

nourishes young

Class Chondricthyes



Reproduction: Internal egg

development, eggs, or

sometimes live birth

Skate egg case

Great white shark, Carcharodon

carcharias, is ovoviviparous,

gestating its eggs for 11 months.

Lemon shark, Negaprion

brevirostris, is viviparous,

giving live birth to pups

Class Chondricthyes



Mass migration of cow-nose stingrays, Rhinoptera bonasus,

from Yucatan peninsula, MX to western Florida photographed

in 2008

Class Chondricthyes



This baby whale shark, found offthe coast of the Philippines in

2009, measured just 15 inches,

making it the smallest whale

shark ever found.

The whale shark, Negaprion

brevirostris, is the largest fish

in the world

Class Chondricthyes



Extinct Carcharodon megalodon shark

Size of the extinct megalodon shark compared

with that of the modern great white shark Jaws of the megalodon

Class Chondricthyes



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Bony fish

3 living classes Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish

Actinistia – coelacanths

Dipnoi – lungfish

Many features different fromChondricthyes

1. Bony skeleton2. Operculum covers gills

3. Swim bladder for buoyancy



Circulation: 2

chambered heart with

single circulation

All fish have this

circulation

Fish



Respiration: fish

swallow water and

push it over their gills.

Fish



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Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish Includes all bony fish but coelocanths and lungfish

Fins supported by thin, bony, flexible rays

Bony fish



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Sarcopterygii

Actinistia – coelacanths

Believed extinct until 1938

Special joint in skull gives

powerful bite

Swim bladder filled with oil

rather than gas – still used

for bouyancy

Bony fish



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Sarcopterygii

Dipnoi – lungfish

3 genera with 6 species

Live in oxygen-poor

freshwater

Both gills and lungsWill drown if unable to

breathe air

Muscular lobe fins

Bony fish



iClicker: By far the largest number of extant fish

species on Earth have

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A. an operculum and swim bladder.

B.

lungs capable of extracting oxygenfrom air.

C. a cartilaginous skeleton.

D. a long tail used for grasping onto

structures.

E. gills slits.



iClicker: A new species of aquatic chordate is

discovered that closely resembles an ancient form.

It has the following characteristics: external armor

of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a

suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. Which of the

following is most likely also true of this species?

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A. It has legs

B. It has lungs

C. It lacks jaws

D. It reproduces asexually



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Tetrapods

Transition to land meant adaptations to preventdesiccation, locomotion and reproduction onland possible Sturdy lobe-finned fishes became fishes with four

limbs

Vertebral column strengthened, hip and shoulderbones braced against backbone

Relatively simple changes in gene expression,especially Hox genes



Hox genes 9 –13 work together to specify limb

formation from the proximal to the distal direction,

meaning from close to the point of attachment to

the body to the terminal end of the limb

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Tetrapods



Tiktaalik video

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4

/l_034_49.html

28



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Transitional taxa

Tiktaalik rosae

Fishapods had broad skulls,

eyes on top, lungs, pectoralfins with 5 finger-like bones

Species increasingly fed on

land but tied to water for

reproduction

320mya Cacops was similar

to modern amphibians

Expanded ribs

Neck

Scales

Fins

Flat head,

eyes on top

Tiktaalik

roseae

Tetrapodshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/libr

ary/03/4/l_034_49.html



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Amphibians

Successfully invaded land butmust return to water toreproduce

Buccal pumping to force air intolungs

Skin can absorb oxygen

3 chambered heart

Fertilization external

Larval stages aquatic



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Metamorphosis

Development: External fertilization in waterhatches to tadpole with develops into adult form



32

Amphibians

Circulation: 3chambered heart

with mixing ofoxygenated anddeoxygenated blood



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Amphibians

Respiration: gills inlarval stage andlungs/skin in adult stage.

Ventilation from buccalpumping.

Lungless salamander: skin Bullfrog: ~½ skin / ½ lungs

Larval Salamander: gills



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Amphibians

Adults: ventilation frombuccal pumping.



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Order Anura – frog and toads Nearly 90% of amphibians

Carnivorous adults, herbivorous larva

Order Caudata – salamanders Paedomorphosis – adult has larval characteristics

Order Gymnophiona – caecilians Nearly blind tropical burrowers

Secondarily legless

Uterine milk nourishes young inside mother ’s body

Amphibians



36

Amphibians

caecilian

frog

salamander



37

Amphibians

Goliath frogJapanese giant salamander



iClicker: Which of the following is untrue of

amphibians?

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A. They are rarely found on land.

B. They often have internal gestation.

C. They often have gills and lungs throughout

their lifetime.

D. Some of them breath through their skin.



Amniotes

Reptiles and mammals

Amniotic egg: Critical

innovation was thedevelopment of a shelled

egg that sheltered the

embryo from desiccating

conditions on land Amniotic egg broke tie to water



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4 extra-embryonic

membranes:

1. Amnion –

protectsembryo in amniotic cavity

2. Yolk sac – yolk

3. Allantois – disposal of

wastes4. Chorion – with allantois

for gas exchange

Amniotic Egg



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Reptiles

Most live on dry land

Have amniotic egg

Scales on skin Most have 3 chambered

heart (except crocodilians

and birds, which have 4)

Respiration with lungs

Dominant animals on Earth

until 65 mya



43

Reptiles

Some major groups:

Testudines: turtles

and tortoisesLepidosauria: snakes

and lizards

Crocodilia: alligators

and crocodiles

Aves: birds



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Class Testudines

Turtles, tortoises and

terrapins

Virtually unchangedfor 200 million years

Hard protective shell

In most, vertebrae

and ribs fused to shell

Lack teeth but have

sharp beak



Class Lepidosauria

Lizards and snakes

Kinetic skull with

extremely mobile joints

Lizards have

moveable eyelids and

external ears whilesnakes do not

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Class Crocodilia

Crocodiles and

alligators

4 chambered heart

Teeth in sockets

Care for young



47

Class Crocodilia

Care for young



Reptiles

Non-crocodilian

respiration have a

partially dividedventricle, which leads

to a small amount of

blood mixing – like

amphibians.



50

Dinosaurs

Class Ornithischia –

bird-hipped dinosaurs

Class Saurischia –

lizard-hipped dinosaurs

Legs of these dinosaurs

were positioned directly

under the body



51

Birds likely evolved from dinosaur-like reptiles

Examples of bird-like reptiles:

Evolution of birds



52

Archaeopteryx lithographica

Related to therapods, group of saurischian dinosaurs

Archaeopteryx

Evolution of birds



53

Class Aves

4 features unique to birds (for flight):

1. Feathers – modified scales keep birds warm

and enable flight; evolved long before flight2. Air sacs – very efficient breathing

3. Reduction of organs – single ovary, nourinary bladder

4. Lightweight skeleton – thin, hollow,honeycombed Sternum to anchor flight muscles, no teeth



54

Other characteristics of birds:

Double circulation with 4 chambered heart

Warm body temperature

Acute vision

Most carnivores

Eggs broodedComplex courtship

One-way respiratory system

Class Aves



55

Class Aves

One-way respiratory

system:

Bird lungs are composedof long tubes called

parabronchi and air sacs

that help the system to

function as a one-wayrespiratory system



56

Class Aves

One-way respiratory system:

Lungs



57

Class Aves

One-way respiratory system:

Lungs

Lungs



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Class Aves

28 orders, 166 families,

9600 species

Birds can be found inalmost every habitat on

Earth

Variation in beak

morphology delineates

variation in feeding

strategies



Superb Lyrebird

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSB71jNq-yQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSB71jNq-yQ



iClicker: Recall the roles of the cuticle and seeds

in land plants. The analogous adaptations in

reptiles are ________ (analogous to cuticle) and

________ (analogous to the seed).

60

A. claws . . . lungsB. scales . . . jellylike egg masses

C. scales . . . the amniotic egg

D.

nasal breathing openings . . . aquatic larvaeE. shell . . . internal fertilization



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Mammals

Evolved from amniote

ancestors earlier than birds

Appeared about 225 mya

Range of sizes and body

forms unmatched

About 5,400 species ofmammals alive today



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Distinguishing characters:

Mammary glands secrete milk

All mammals have hairOnly vertebrates with specialized teeth

Extreme maternal care

Enlarged skull and brainSome digest plants using symbiotic bacteria

Mammals



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Mammals

Hair

(b) Camouflaged coat(a) Sensory hairs (c) Defensive quills



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Mammals

Teeth



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Mammals

Horns and Antlers

(a) Skull outgrowths (b) Epidermal outgrowths (c) Bony antlersa: © MartinHarvey/Getty Images; b: © John Shaw/PhotoResearchers, Inc.; c: © Paul A. Souders/Corbis



Mammal circulation

Mammals have four

chambered hearts, with the

right chambers responsible

for pulmonary circulationand the left chambers

responsible for systemic

circulation.

The mammalian heart isbasically two hearts: a

pulmonary heart (right) and

a systemic heart (left).



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Subclass Prototheria – Order Monotremata Platypus and echidna lay eggs, lack placenta, poorly

developed nipples

Mammals

echidna



69

Mammals

Subclass Theria

Clade Eutheria

Placental mammals Long-lived complex placenta

Prolonged gestation



iClicker: In which vertebrates is fertilization

exclusively internal?

70

A. reptiles and amphibians

B. chondrichthyans and mammalsC. amphibians, mammals, and reptiles

D. reptiles and mammals

E.

mammals



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Primates

Primarily tree-dwelling species of eutherians

Evolved about 85 mya

Defining characteristics

Grasping hands with opposable thumbs

Large brain

Some digits have flat nails (not claws)

Binocular vision

Complex social behavior and well-developed parental care



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Primates

Strepsirrhini: wetnoses, no fur at tip Bush babies, lemurs,

pottosGenerally nocturnal

and smaller-brained

Haplorrhini: dry, furry

nose Tarsiers and

Anthropoidea Monkeys, apes and

humans



73

Strepsirrhini – wet noses, no fur at tip Bush babies, lemurs, pottos

Generally nocturnal and smaller-brained

Primates

Ring-tailed lemurs



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Tarsiers: Large eyes, nocturnal Single genus living only in SE Asia today

Primates



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Anthropoidea:

Monkeys:

Old world monkeys: Africaand Asia No prehensile tail

New world monkeys:

South and Central America Prehensile tail, usually

smaller

Primates

Old world baboon

New world squirrel monkey



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Current distribution of old world andnew world monkeys.

Primates



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Anthropoidea:

Hominoids (aka apes): gibbons, gorillas,orangutans, chimpanzeesand humans No tails, usually larger

Family Hylobatidae – lesser

apes, gibbons Family Hominidae – greater

apes, gorillas, chimps,orangutans, and humans

Primates

Lesser ape: gibbon

Great ape: gorilla



Human evolution

About 6 mya, lineage split off from primatelineage Evolution not a neat progression

1 or 2 hominin species coexisting at the same time

Key characteristic was bipedalism Resulted in many changes

spine sits underneath skull, broader pelvis, lower limbs larger

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Australopithecus – widespread, at least6 species, relatively small, facial structureand brain size similar to chimp

Homo – increased brain size, stone tools Homo sapiens 3,000 years ago

Taller, lighter-weight, slightly smaller braincapacity than H. neanderthalensis

Out of Africa hypothesis supported overmultiregional hypothesis

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Human evolution



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Human evolution



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Human evolution



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Human evolution

Probable spread of humans through theworld



Human lice video

http://video.pbs.org/video/1790635347/

http://video.pbs.org/video/1790635347/



iClicker: Which of the following are apes?

A. New World monkeys

B. LemursC. Orangutans

D. Old World monkeys

12 BSC2011 Vertebrates IClicker

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