1.1_Windows OS Concepts

8/6/2019 1.1_Windows OS Concepts

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Copyright 2007 Accenture All Rights Reserved

Windows Desktops & Windows XP

Introduction to Windows Operating System


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2Copyright 2007 Accenture All Rights Reserved

Content

Operating System (OS)

Operating System Architecture

Operations performed by OS Network Commands

Windows XP Operating system

System Requirements for XP

WIN XP Pro Advantages


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Operating system

An Operating system (OS) is a program that acts

as an intermediary between users of a computer

and as an interface between applications with thecomputer hardware that controls the execution of

application programs


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Operating system (OS) is the most important

software that runs on a Computer. It is an interface

between the user and the hardware

It enable computer hardware to communicate and

operate with the computer software

It provides each user with a slice of the resources

OS act as a control program

Operating System (continued)


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OS is set of programs which controls the computer

system

Other Software/Applicationprogram

Operating System

Hardware

Any request from

different Application

programs reaches to OS,

which in turn sends the

request to Hardware and

executes the request.



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Operating system overview

ppli ation rograms anystem programs

Operating

ystem

ComputerHar ware

ComputerOperators/users1

ComputerOperators/users 2

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Compiler Interpreter Database

Users

Userrograms

O

ro essor,Memory,

is et

ifferent layers of intera tion with the system


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Operating System Structure

Operating System structure is a container consisting

of collection of structures for interacting with the

operating system's file system, directory paths,

processes, and I/O subsystem.

Operating system provides substructures that are

meant to present a model to handle the resources

Two basic criteria of OS structure are:

User

System


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Operations performed by OS

Different operations performed by OS are:

Memory management

Command Interpreter Process management

File Handling

Networking


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Memory

Memory can be defined as a large array of bytes.With each byte/ word having its own address andcan be accessed by the Central Processing unit(CPU) and I/O (input/output ) devices.

Memory is of two types:

Main Memory

Secondary memory


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Memory (Continued)

Main memory

It is a volatile & Non-Volatile Memory storagedevice which primarily means that the contents are

lost in the case of system failure. ROM (Non- Volatile)

RAM (volatile)

Secondary Memory

It is a permanent and non-volatile memory. Mostcomputers use disks for storing both largeprograms and data.


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Memory Management

Responsibility of OS for main memory management:

It maintains a track of which part of memory isused and by which process

To load a new process in memory when memoryspace becomes available

OS Allocates the memory when needed andshould deallocate the space if it is not needed

Responsibility of the OS for secondary memory : It tracks for free space on the disk

Storage allocation

Scheduling of the Disk


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Command Interpreter

Command interpreter is the program that interprets

control statements.

Its function is to get and execute the next command

statement

Various commands are given to the operating system to

deal with process creation, I/O handling, memory

management and networking


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A process is a running instance of a program. It is a task

that is in execution stage

The tasks executed by the active process are terminals,

files, and other I/O devices communication.

A process is more than a program code. It is an 'active'

entity as oppose to program which consider to be a

'passive' entity.

Process elements are Program code and a Set of

data associated with that code.

Process - Definition


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Process Model

In a process Model, all programs in the computer are

organized in a number of sequential Processes.

The process model protects and separate memory from

each other, and is dynamic in nature. The states in the Process Model are as follows :

New process is being created

Running process currently being executed

Waiting process waiting for some event to occur

Ready process that is prepared to execute

Exit process that finished execution


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Working of Process Model

New Ready

Blocked

Running Exit

AdmitDispatch

Time Out

Release

Event wait

Event Occurs

The Working of the Process model is diagrammatically

shown below:


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Process Scheduling

Process Scheduling is the assignment of physical processors to

processes to accomplish work. The problem of determining

when processors should be assigned and to which processes is

called processor scheduling or CPU scheduling.

Types of Scheduling:

Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) Decision to add

to the pool of processes to be executed

Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) Decision as to

which available process will be executed by the processor

I/O scheduler Decision as to which processs pending I/O

request shall be handled by an available I/O device


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CPU Scheduler

Processes that are selected from memory that are

ready to execute are allocated time to work with CPU

is called as CPU Scheduler

CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a

process:

Switches from running to waiting state

Switches from running to ready state

Switches from waiting to ready

Terminates


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Types of Process Scheduling

Types of Process Scheduling algorithms are as below:

Non Preemptive scheduling:

The scheduling is non preemptive if, once a process has been

given the CPU, the CPU cannot be taken away from that

process

Preemptive Scheduling:

Preemptive scheduling is the strategy of allowing processes that

are logically run able to be temporarily suspended in contrast to

the "run to completion" method.

Context Switching is used to suspend the process in

preemptive scheduling


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Scheduling Criteria

CPU utilization

Keeping the CPU always busy

Throughput

Processes that complete their execution per unit time

Turnaround time

Time taken to execute a particular process

Waiting time

Time taken for a process in ready queue

Response time

Time taken for responding first request


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File Handling

File is defined as the collection of related information.It represent data, source and object programs.

Responsibility of the OS for file management: Creation, deletion and manipulation of file and

directories

Back up of files onto secondary storage or a nonvolatile storage medium.


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Networking

Networking system is a communication between different

processors or computer. Each processor or computer

has its own local memory.

Communication among systems takes place using aprotocol. Protocol is a set of agreements on which the two

or more systems communicate on a network.

It provides user access to various system resources.

It allows access to a shared resource which supportscomputation speed-up, Increased data availability and

enhanced reliability


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Types of Operating System

Types of Operating System are

Single User Operating System

Only one user is allowed to use the computer at a givenpoint of time

Example : DOS

Multi-User Operating System

Multiple users are allowed to use the same computer at

the same time and /or at different time

Unix, Linux, Windows 2000


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Networking - Definitions

Domain

It contains a group of systems that can be accessed andadministered with a common set of rules. It is set up using anetworking software. It is also referred as domain name.

Internet Protocol (IP) address

Computer which is connected to the Internet is identifieduniquely by a address known as its Internet Protocol (IP)address.

IP address consists of four numbers (each between 0 and255) separated by dots.

Example of IP address: 10.116.12.146


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Networking Definitions (continued) HostName

The IP addresses are difficult to remember the Internet allows usto identify a computer by a name instead of numbers.

For example, IP address 10.116.12.146 can also be referred toas: B3A-2F168-32F7B. This string is known as thecomputer's host name.

DNS server (Domain Name Server)

To communicate on the internet it is important to know whichmachine is connected. So the DNS converts Internet domain andhost names to IP addresses

DHCP server (DynamicHost Configuration ProtocolServer)

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol andprovides a solution that automatically assigns IP addresses to

computers on a network


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Network Commands

IPCONFIG is a command that displays the currentconfiguration of the IP on computer which isconnected to a network.

IPCONFIG switches that can be used at a command prompt

are as follows:

Ipconfig will display the IP address of the system

ipconfig /all will display all of your IP settings. ipconfig /renew forces the DHCP server, if available

to renew a lease

ipconfig /release forces the release of a lease.


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Windows XP Operating system

Windows XP Operating system is aMicrosoft

product. System Requirements for XP is as follows:

CPU 233Mhz300Mhz (Recommended)

Intel Pentium/Celeron family, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron

family, or compatible processor recommended

Memory64MB

128MB (Recommended)

1.5 gigabyte (GB) of available hard disk

Monitor Super VGA (800 600) or higher resolution video adapterand monitor


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Windows XP Desktop

Screen Shot of Windows XP


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WIN XP Pro Advantages

Advantages of Win XP Pro

Remote Desktop

Offline Files and Folders

Encrypting File System Granular Access Control

Ability to join a Windows NT or Windows 2000 domain

Support for Group Policy and Roaming Profiles

Software Installation and Maintenance

Installation using Remote Installation Services (RIS)

Multi-language support Multiprocessor support

Multiple Monitors support

Personal Firewall


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WIN XP Pro Advantages (continued)

Remote Desktop Remote Desktop acts as a Terminal Server. It is advantageous in the case if you move from computer to

computer and occasionally need to access your primary desktop

from another machine.

Remote Desktop is also useful when you're on the far, as you can

connect to your machine over a VPN connection from a remote

location.

Offline Files and

Folders

Offline files and folders allow you to store the contents of a

network share on the local disk.

This feature is advantageous when you are moving with a laptop.

While plugging laptop back into the network, the files changed on

the laptop are automatically synchronized so that the files in the

network share are up to date.

Encrypting File

System (EFS)

It encrypt files so that unauthorized users cannot view the

contents.

It is useful in high security or a laptop environment.

Both Windows XP Home and Professional support the NTFS file

system, but EFS is disabled on XP Home. EFS is best used on

laptop computers


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Granular Access

Control

Windows XP Professional allows you to assign the full range of NTFS

permissions to files and folders.

Instead of granular NTFS based access controls, Windows XP

Ability to join a Windows NT or Windows 2000 domain

It support for Group Policy and Roaming Profiles

Software Installation and Maintenance

Multi-language

support

It allows you to change the language used is various dialog boxes

It is not helpful feature if you work in one language

Multiprocessor support

Multiple Monitors

support

Multiprocessor and multiple monitor support in Windows XP

Professional allows use of up to two processors and 10 monitors.

XP Home allows only a single processor and monitor.

Universal Backup

in Operating

System

Updated Windows NT backup program is included with BOTH XP

Professional and XP Home.

The new backup program allows to back up to virtually any media like

remote disks or tape.


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Personal

Firewall

Windows XP's Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) provides

basic computer security, is easy to implement, and is free of

charge to all Windows XP users.

ICF allows the user to set restrictions on connection of

computer from the Internet. The ICF disables all incoming trafficunless traffic is associated with an exchange that began from

within your computer.

Windows XP which provides a shared Internet connection with

other machines on the same network.

One drawback to ICF is that it doesn't block any outbound

traffic Though it should probably be used in conjunction with other

firewall products, ICF is a no-cost product, is easy to

implement, and provides Windows XP users with a basic level

of security.


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Key Points

Operating system (OS) is the most important software that

runs on a Computer. It is an interface between the user

and the hardware

Networking system is a communication between differentprocessors or computer. Each processor or computer has

its own local memory.

IPCONFIG is a command that displays the currentconfiguration of the IP on computer which is connected to

a network. Windows XP Operating system is a Microsoft product.


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