11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014 I - 1

11th

European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014 I - 1

www.EFCF.com I - 2

International Solid Oxide FUEL CELL and Electrolyser Conference

11th

EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 – 4 July 2014

Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Chaired by Niels Christiansen John Bøgild Hansen

Topsoe Fuel Cells A/S, Lyngby/Denmark Haldor Topsøe A/S, Lyngby/Denmark

Tutorial

by Dr. Günther G. Scherer ex PSI Villigen, Switzerland Dr. Jan Van herle EPF Lausanne, Switzerland

Exhibition

Event organized by European Fuel Cell Forum Olivier Bucheli & Michael Spirig

Obgardihalde 2, 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil, Switzerland Tel. +41 44-586-5644 Fax +41-43-508-0622 [email protected] www.efcf.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.efcf.com/

11th


11th

European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014 Table of content page ◘ Welcome by the Organisers I - 4

◘ Conference Session Overview I - 5

◘ Chair’s Welcome I - 6

◘ Intern. Board, Scientific & Organising Committee I - 7

◘ Abstracts of the Oral and Poster Presentations I - 8

Conference Schedule and Programme see Booklet & Corrigenda

◘ List of Authors and Contributions II - 1

◘ List of Participants II - 12

◘ List of Institutions II - 29

◘ List of Exhibitors / List of Booths and Demos II - 33/37

◘ Outlook to the next European Fuel Cell Forums II - 39

The event is endorsed by:

ALPHEA

Rue Jacques Callot

FR-57600 Forbach/France

International Hydrogen Energy Association

P.O. Box 248294

Coral Gables, FL 33124 / USA

UK HFC Association c/o Synnogy,

Church Barn Fullers Close Aldwincle

Northants NN14 3UU United Kingdom

Bundesverband Mittelständische

Wirtschaft, Landesverband Schweiz

Baarerstrasse 135, 6301 Zug /Switzerland

SIA (Berufsgruppe Technik und Industrie)

Selnaustr. 16

8039 Zürich / Switzerland

VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

Graf-Reck-Strasse 84

DE-40239 Düsseldorf / Germany

Euresearch

Effingerstr. 19

3001 Bern /Switzerland

Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences

Seidengasse 16

8001 Zürich / Switzerland

Wiley – VCH Publishers

Boschstr. 12

DE-69469 Weinheim / Germany

FUEL CELLS 2000

1625 K Street NW, Suite 725

Washington, DC 20006 / USA

Swiss Gas and Water Industry Association

Eschengasse 10

8603 Schwerzenbach / Switzerland

Vätgas Sverige

Drottninggatan 21 SE-411 14

Gothenburg/Sweden

www.EFCF.com I - 4

Welcome by the Organisers

Olivier Bucheli & Michael Spirig

European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2

6043 LUZERN / Switzerland

Welcome to the 11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014. As from the year 2000, this 18th event of a successful series of conferences in Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies takes place in the beautiful and impressive KKL, the Culture and Congress Center of Lucerne, Switzerland. Competent staff, smooth technical services and excellent food allow the participants to focus on science, technology and networking in a creative and productive work atmosphere.

One more time, this event gives us as organiser the challenge to adapt to the evolving needs of the scientific and technical community around high temperature electroceramic technologies. In the context of Power-to-Gas discussions, Solid Oxide Electrolysers grow in importance, generalising also work on the electrode level. The growing and important number of poster contributions is taken into account by extended poster sessions that start earlier and allow for more direct scientific exchange. As with every programme, we want to keep one thing constant: The focus on facts and physics. This is granted by the autonomy of the organisation that does not depend on public or private financial sponsors but is fully based on the participants and exhibitors. Your participation made this event possible, please take those following days as your personal reward!

Energy autonomy and the energy turn-around (Energiewende) are highly ranked on the agenda of decision makers. Fuel Cells and Electrolysers are considered as enabler for renewable energy. There are yet a few steps ahead before reaching the level of mass

products. One of them is to inform the general public about Fuel Cells, for taking up the offered solutions, and sustain the public support for overcoming the market entrance hurdle. Fuel Cells and Hydrogen have an important contribution in answering the global challenge. Let us share this message beyond the scientific and technical community.

In this respect, we would like to thank the conference chairs Niels Christiansen and John Bøgild Hansen, the Scientific Organising Committee and the Scientific Advisory Committee for their excellent work. Based on 320 submitted contributions, they have composed a sound scientific programme picturing the recent progress in high temperature electroceramics from more than 30 countries and 6 continents – we look forward to seeing this exciting programme of the European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014. We also hope that the charming and inspirational atmosphere of Lucerne allows many strong experts to initiate or confirm partnerships that result in true products and solutions for society, and will allow adding some more pieces in the emerging picture of our future energy system.

Our sincere thanks also go to all the presenters, the session chairs, the exhibitors, the International Board of Advisors, the media, the KKL staff and our co-workers. We thank all of you for your coming and support. May we all have a wonderful week in Lucerne with fruitful technical debates and personal exchanges!

Yours sincerely Olivier Bucheli & Michael Spirig

We are looking confident on the 2014 event and the future with:

► 5th EUROPEAN PEFC & H2 FORUM 30 June - 3 July 2015

► 12th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 5 July - 8 July 2016

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Conference Session Overview see also: Booklet with full Programme & Memory Stick with all Proceedings Session Luzerner Saal Session Auditorium

A01 P1: Opening Session International Overview: JP, US, CN

A02 P2: European Overview

A03 R&D at Institutes – Overviews B03 SOFC & SOE electrodes I

A04 in Club Rooms 3-8 (2nd floor) Poster Session I (covering all Oral Session Topics)

A05 Company & Major groups development status I - EU B05 New Materials and Processing

A06 Company & Major groups development status II - Worldwide B06 Durability and lifetime prediction

A07 P3: Balanced Energy Strategy – the Role of SOFC

A08 Company & Major groups developments status III - Worldwide B08 SOFC & SOE electrodes II

A09 Cell and stack design – State of the Art B09 Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

A10 in Club Rooms 3-8 (2nd

floor) Poster Session II (covering all Oral Session Topics)

A11 Manufacturing B11 Mechanical modelling and reliability

A12 SOFC System design, integration and optimisation B12 Diagnostic, charact. & electrochem. modelling I

A13 Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling II B13 SOE cells and stacks

A14 Interconnect, sealing and coating B14 SOE systems

A15 Cell and stack design – next generation B15 Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

A16 P4: SOFC for Distributed Power Generation Legend: P1-5 = Plenary Session A17 P5: Closing Ceremony

www.EFCF.com I - 6

Chairmen’s Welcome to

11th

European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014

Niels Christiansen Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark

John Bøgild Hansen Haldor Topsøe A/S, Denmark

Dear EFCF Attendee,

Considerable progress has been made in the SOFC (Fuel Cell) and SOE (Electrolyzer) technologies, ranging from material and component development to demonstration and market entry of systems. SOFC is gaining increased attention as a key technology for energy systems with a high share of renewable, intermittent power production. At the 11th European SOFC Forum 2014, a complete overview of the state of the art – including materials, cell and stacks, processing, modelling and diagnostics, system design and operation, product ideas and potential markets – will be given at a three day technical conference. We are proud to chair this very interesting conference with so many excellent contributions, oral and poster. It is all the researchers and authors credit, when Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers become the key enabling technologies for a more sustainable energy world.

Addressing issues of science, engineering, applications, market possibilities and future trends, the European SOFC Forum 2014 is aiming at a fruitful dialogue between researchers, engineers, and manufactures, between hardware developers and potential users, between academia, industry, and electric power and gas utilities. The technical programme comprises current results, challenges and trends in the field of SOFC and SOE technologies, including solid PCFC and MIEC, and the event is a unique opportunity for networking within and across different disciplines.

Aiming at high quality and relevance, the technical programme has been set up by a Scientific Advisory Committee. The Committee has the task of ensuring full independence in all scientific and technical manners. All papers presented as lectures or posters will be collated in the electronic proceeding, which will be distributed to all participants at the time of registration and later distributed to libraries, research institutions and universities. In a special edition of the international Journal of Fuel Cells, some selected contributions will be published.

For a fascinating conference under the motto:

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers:

Key enabling technologies for sustainable energy scenarios.

Niels Christiansen & John Bøgild Hansen

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International Board of Advisors Prof. Frano Barbir (Unido/Croatia)

Prof. Joongmyeon Bae (KAIST, Daejeon/Korea)

Dr. Ulf Bossel (ALMUS AG/Switzerland)

Dr. Niels Christiansen (TOFC/Danmark)

Dr. Olaf Conrad (University of Cape Town/South Africa)

Dr. Karl Föger (Ceramic Fuel Cells/Australia)

Prof. Hubert A. Gasteiger (TU München/Germany)

Prof. Angelika Heinzel (ZBT/Germany)

Prof. Ellen Ivers-Tiffée (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology/Germany)

Prof. Deborah Jones (CNRS/France)

Prof. John A. Kilner (Imperial College London/UK)

Dr. Jari Kiviaho (VTT/Finland)

Dr. Ruey-yi Lee (INER/Taiwan)

Dr. Florence Lefebrve-Joud (CEA/France)

Prof. Göran Lindbergh, (KTI/Sweden)

Prof. Paulo Emilio V. de Miranda, (Coppe/Brazil)

Dr. Mogens Mogensen (Risø/Denmark)

Dr. Angelo Moreno (ENEA/Italy)

Prof. Vladislav A. Sadykov (Boreskov Institute of catalysis/Russia)

Prof. Kazunari Sasaki (Kyushu University/Japan)

Dr. Günther G. Scherer (ex PSI, Villigen/Switzerland)

Dr. Günter Schiller (DLR Stuttgart/Germany)

Dr. Subhash Singhal (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory/USA)

Dr. Martin Smith (Uni St. Andrews/UK)

Prof. Robert Steinberger-Wilckens (Chair; Uni Birmingham/UK)

Prof. Constantinos Vayenas (University of Patras/Greece)

Dr. Christian Wunderlich (IKTS/Germany)

Scientific Organizing Committee Niels Christiansen, Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark (Chair)

Anke Hagen, DTU, Denmark

John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/S, Denmark (Chair)

John Irvine, University of St Andrews, UK

John Kilner, Imperial College, UK

Mogens Mogensen, DTU, Denmark

Robert Steinberger-Wilckens, University of Birmingham, UK

André Weber, KIT, Germany

Scientific Advisory Committee Niels Christiansen, Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark

John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/S, Denmark

Florence Lefebvre-Joud, CEA-LITEN, France

Peter Vang Hendriksen, DTU, Denmark

Mihails Kusnezoff, IKTS-Fraunhofer, Germany

Annabelle Brisse, EIfER, Germany

Ludger Blum, FZ Juelich, Germany

Nigel P. Brandon, Imperial College, UK

Ellen Ivers-Tiffée, KIT, Germany

Jan Van herle, EPFL, Switzerland

Jari Kiviaho, VTT, Finland

Karl Föger, CFCL, Germany

Mark Selby, Ceres Power, UK

Søren Primdahl, Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark

Dario Montinaro, SOFCpower, Italy

www.EFCF.com I - 8

Conference Schedule & Programme see: Last Page, Booklet, Corrigenda, & Proceeding Memory Stick

Next EFCF conferences:

5th

European PEFC and H2 Forum 2015 30 June - 3 July 12

th European SOFC and SOE Forum 2016 5 July - 8 July

www.EFCF.com in Lucerne, Switzerland

11th


International Solid Oxide FUEL CELL and Electrolyser Conference

11th

EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 – 4 July 2014


Chaired by

Niels Christiansen John Bøgild Hansen Topsoe Fuel Cells A/S, Lyngby/Denmark Haldor Topsøe A/S, Lyngby/Denmark

Abstracts of all Oral and Poster Contributions …

Legend: ◘ The programme includes three major thematic blocks:

1. Int. and EU Overviews of Programs; R&D Institutes, Company and Major groups development status EU, Worldwide Plenary presentation on “Balanced Energy Strategy”, “Distributed Power Generation”. (A01- A07, A16);

2. Advanced Diagnostic, Characterisation and Modelling (B06, B11, B12, A13) and Manufacturing (A11) 3. Technical Sessions on Materials, Cells, Stacks, Interconnects, BoP, Systems, Fuel Conditioning for SOFC and SOE (B3-B11, A12,

A14, A15,B13-B15) ◘ Abstracts are identified and sorted by presentation number e.g. A0504, B1205, etc. first all A and then all B

o Oral abstracts consist of numbers where last two digits are lower than 07 o Poster abstracts are linked to related sessions by letter and first two digits: e.g. A05.., B10, …etc o Due to late withdrawals some numbers are missing (second two digits)

11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 1 - 4 July 2014, Lucerne/Switzerland

Plenary Sessions: Country Overviews, Chapter 01 - Sessions A01/A02/A07/A16 - 1/11 Energy Strategy, Power Generation

Chapter 01 - Plenary Sessions A01: International Overview - JP, US, China A02: European Overview A07: Balanced Energy Strategy - The Role of SOFC A16: SOFC for Distributed Power Generation Content Page A01/A02/A07/A16 - ..

A0101 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Welcome by the Organizers 2

A0102 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Welcome by the Chairs 2

A0103 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Welcome to Switzerland the Smart Research Place 2

A0104 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Development and Application of SOFC technology in Japan 3

A0105 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Status of the US SECA Program - 2014 4

A0106 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

SOFC Development in China 5

A0107 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 6

A review of solid oxide fuel cell activities in Iran 6

A0201 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 7

The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking: Past, Present and Future 7

A0208 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Fuel Cell Added Value 8

A0209 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Accessing Fuel Cell opportunities in European Research and Innovation 9

A0701 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Role of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in a Balanced Energy Strategy 10

A1601 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Distributed Generation Market Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in the U.S. 11



A0101

Welcome by the Organizers

Olivier Bucheli, Michael Spirig European Fuel Cell Forum

Obgardihalde 2, 6043 Adligenswil/Luzern [email protected]

A0102

Welcome by the Chairs

Niels Christiansen John Bøgild Hansen Topsoe Fuel Cells A/S Haldor Topsøe A/S, Lyngby/Denmark

[email protected] [email protected]

A0103

Welcome to Switzerland the Smart Research Place

Stefan Oberholzer, Rolf Schmitz, Walter Steinmann Swiss Federal Office of Energy; Bern/Switzerland

[email protected]

Remark: Please see the presentations or

contact the authors directly for further information.



A0104

Development and Application of SOFC technology in Japan

Kenji Horiuchi New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

18F Muza Kawasaki Building, 1310, Omiya-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa/JAPAN

Tel.: +81-44-520-5261 Fax: +81-44-520-5275 [email protected]

Abstract

The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) has been conducting technology development and demonstrative research projects on fuel cells (FC s) and hydrogen since its establishment in 1980. The latest strategic energy plan of Japan , approved by the Cabinet April 2014 for the first time after the Tohoku Earthquake, referred to FC and hydrogen as one of the important technologies for energy security and global warming countermeasure. Total installation of ENE-FARM , FC-based combined heat and power (CHP) residential system, exceeded 70,000 units as of end of March 2014, and the government set the target as 5,300,000 units in accumulation until 2030. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been strongly expected because of its high electrical efficiency, availability of versatile fuels and applicability to various scale systems [1][2]. NEDO started a new SOFC project

in 2013 [3]. There are four themes: (1) fundamental study for rapid evaluation method of SOFC degradation, (2) demonstrative study of SOFC system for business use, (3) elemental technology development of SOFC system for large scale power generation and (4) development of next generation technologies. Here the current status of these developments will be briefly introduced.



A0105

Status of the US SECA Program - 2014

Briggs M. White, Ph.D. U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory

Advanced Energy Systems Division 3610 Collins Ferry Road

P.O. Box 880, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880, USA Tel.: +1-304-285-5437

[email protected]

Abstract

Development of electric power generation technology that efficiently and economically utilizes coal and natural gas while meeting environmental requirements is of crucial importance to the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE), through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), is leading the research and development of advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) as a key enabling technology. This work is being done in partnership with private industry, academia, and national laboratories. The systems being developed, for central-station (>100 MWe) application, and based on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology, are to be cost-effective and operate with high electric efficiency. Further, their designs must provide for effective carbon (CO2) capture, and they must restrict the emission of other pollutants (eg, Hg, NOx, SOx) and conserve water. Historically, the fuel basis for this development has been coal, a major US energy source. This continues to be the focus. However, the SOFC technology developed to meet design objectives could be adapted for implementation in advanced power generation systems fueled with natural gas. Thus, there could be strong synergy between efforts to develop advanced coal-fueled power generation, as in the SECA program, and any parallel effort by the program participants to develop natural gas-fueled distributed-generation SOFC power systems. A natural gas-fueled distributed power generation system could be first to the marketplace, which would provide early manufacturing and operational experience on large commercial scale that would benefit SOFC power system developments with both fuels. Progress and recent developments in the SECA program will be presented.



A0106

SOFC Development in China

Minfang Han, Suping Peng Union Research Center of Fuel Cell,

China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing Ding 11, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100083

[email protected]

Abstract

Up to now, fossil fuel is the most important energy resource in the world. In China, coal is the main energy resource being consumed; nearly 70% of the electricity is generated from coal-based power plants. However, the efficiencies of the current power generation methods of coal are very low, also accompanied with serious environmental impact. Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) power generation is a kind of highly efficient and environmental friendly energy conversion technology. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the core technology in IGFC. SOFC related actions have been supported in China, including NSFC-National Science Foundation of China, MOST-Ministry of Science and Technology [National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) and National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program)], MOE-Ministry of Education, CAS-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Local Governments, Industries and Others.

- -2016) to put forward the gy of Fuel Cells and

are measured and demonstrated by the team such as DICP, NIMTE, HUST, SCICAS. In - he series

researches including materials, cell design, carbon fuel, electrode reactions, modeling,

including universities, institutes and company. The detail results will be introduced in the prevention No. A0106, on the morning, 2, July,2014. Key words: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, IGFC Power Generation



A0107 (Abstract only)

A review of solid oxide fuel cell activities in Iran

Alireza Babaei School of Metallurgy and Materials Eng.

College of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar Ave., Tehran/Iran


Abstract

A review of technical and academic activities regarding solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology in Iran is presented in this report. National Strategy of Iran fuel cell technology development is addressed first, which is mainly concerned with two types of fuel cells, PEM and SOFC. Then, development of SOFCs is discussed in more details from two perspectives; technical achievements and academic activities. A Laboratory scale 100W SOFC stack is developed as a part of Iran SOFC road map. Performance enhancement and longtime stability of the cells and stack are currently active projects. Special attention is paid to direct utilization of hydrocarbons (methane) in SOFCs and development of a 50W methane fueled SOFC stack is under investigation. Introduction of nano-sized electro-catalytic materials including transition metals and mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs) to the microstructure of the electrodes is chosen as an academic approach for performance enhancement and diversifying of the fuel. The results indicate that addition of a small amount of catalytic materials significantly reduces electrode polarization resistances probably by promoting spillover of gas molecules to the neighboring electrode surfaces. Research is active on the optimization of infiltrated structures.




The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking: Past, Present and Future

Bert de Colvenaer and Jean-Luc Delplancke FCH JU

TO 56-60 B-1049 Brussels/Belgium

Tel.: +32-2-2218138 Fax: +32-2-2218126

[email protected]

Abstract

The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU)1 was established by Council Regulation (EC) 521/2008 of the 30th May 2008 as a Community Body2 on the basis of Article 171 of the EC Treaty3, with the European Commission and the Industry Grouping as founding members. The Research Grouping joined shortly after. The FCH JU is considered as one of the European Industrial Initiatives under the SET Plan and was created with the mission to reach a new level of coordination, joint agenda setting, cooperation and commitment including co-financing. The FCH JU aims at placing Europe at the forefront of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies worldwide and enabling the market breakthrough of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies, thereby allowing commercial market forces to drive the substantial potential public benefits. In terms of direct support by the FCH JU, the main instrument for achieving this goal from the period of 2008-2013 has been the award of research, demonstration and support projects following competitive annual calls for proposals. Specifically, from 2008 to 2013 the FCH JU has awarded respectively 16, 28, 26, 33, 27 (2 of which are still under negotiation) and 21 (under negotiations) grant agreements, for a total of 151 projects. A second limited call for proposals is planned in Q4 2013 after amendment of the 2013 AIP. The total amount of

contributions from industry and research.

The purpose of this presentation is to highlight the first results already achieved in the projects supported by the FCH JU and to present the FCH 2 JU, the next step for funding projects in the field of fuel cells and hydrogen technologies under the Horizon 2020, the new Framework Program of the European Commission.

1 http://www.fch-ju.eu/ 2 Council Regulation (EC) No 521/2008 of 30 May 2008 setting up the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking.

OJEU. L153/1-20, 12.6.2008 3 Now Article 187 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)



A0208

Fuel Cell Added Value

Scott Hardman, Amrit Chandan and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Chemical Engineering,

University of Birmingham, Edgbaston,

B15 2TT [email protected]

Abstract Fuel Cells are often marketed to consumers based on their increased efficiency and

environmental performance. Whilst fuel cells do provide positive environmental

performance there are additional beneficial characteristics that should be highlighted to

consumers. Due to the high price premiums associated with fuel cells added value

features need to be exploited in order to increase unit sales and market penetration. The

US DOE cites low target costs per kWel for fuel cell commercialisation, however some

companies have successfully sold fuel cell power providers f 0/kW. These

products are marketed with added value in order to justify these price premiums. The

products are also targeted to niche markets where there is a willingness to pay for these

premiums. This paper looks at two companies approach at selling high value fuel cells to

niche markets. The first, SFC Energy has a proven track record selling 29,000 units and

the second, Bloom Energy is making significant progress in the US selling its Energy

Server to more than 40 corporations including Wal-Mart, Staples, Google, eBay and Apple.



A0209

Accessing Fuel Cell opportunities in European Research and Innovation

Julian Randall and Sibylla Martinelli Effingerstrasse 19

CH-3008 Bern/Switzerland Tel.: +41-31-380-6010

[email protected]

Abstract

Who is this presentation for? Those responsible for or involved in funding acquisition. -

How can this presentation help you? Whilst you may know of the significant opportunities at the European level, finding the ideal strategy for you or your organisation can be challenging. Euresearch is the key access point in Switzerland for European research and innovation. Euresearch will be present at EFCF and can help you determine your optimal approach for European opportunities. What questions will be answered at the European opportunities session? What European opportunities can be expected in 2015 related to Fuel Cells? What topics are likely to be funded, especially in the 2015 calls? Who has already been funded or participated successfully in another way? What are the new rules for the European opportunities? How can Euresearch further support you?

Why is this a good time to get informed? The majority of successful applicants to such calls are in touch with project partners at least 12 months before submission. So the EFCF is an optimal time to check for your interests and inform those peers including those based outside Switzerland (such as EFCF these opportunities. Who are Euresearch? The mission of Euresearch is both to increase the success of Swiss researchers and companies in European research and innovation projects and to facilitate international innovation & technology cooperation. The Euresearch network is

Euresearch collaborators provide targeted information, expert advice and hands-on support in all phases of applying for and managing European projects and technological cooperation with generally free of charge services. Keywords: fuel cell, funding, technology transfer, partnering, strategy, international overview, regional activities, products, demonstration, deployment, SOFC, stationary power generation, hydrogen production and distribution, transport, refueling infrastructure



A0701

Role of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in a Balanced Energy Strategy

Eric D Wachsman University of Maryland Energy Research Center

University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

Tel.: +1-301-405-8193 Fax: +1-301-314-8514

[email protected]

Abstract

Fuel cells are the most efficient technology to convert chemical energy to electricity and thus could have a major impact on reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Hydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energy resource. Unfortunately, fuel cells have been linked perceptually and programmatically to a hydrogen economy. Moreover, the tremendous infrastructural cost of creating the hydrogen economy has relegated fuel cells

the US Department of Energy in favor of vehicle electrification. In fact, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are fuel flexible, capable of operating on both conventional fuels (e.g., natural gas and gasoline) and future alternative fuels (e.g., H2 and biofuels). The primary technical challenge for SOFCs has been high operating temperature and its impact on cost, reliability, and (for transportation applications) start-up time. Significant reductions in operating temperature have been achieved over the last decade without sacrificing power density, thus, reducing cost, improving reliability, and putting SOFCs on the path toward near term commercial viability in a number of stationary power applications. Moreover, recent increases in power density and further temperature reductions have made transportation applications feasible. In this regard we will also discuss briefly advances we have made on low temperature high power density SOFCs with Redox Power Systems. Thus it seems clear that SOFCs are an important part of a balanced energy RD&D portfolio, with or without a hydrogen infrastructure.



A1601

Distributed Generation Market Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in the U.S.

Dan Rastler Electric Power Research institute

3420 Hillview Ave Palo Alto, CA 94303

Tel.: 650-855-2034 Fax: 650-855-8997 [email protected]

Abstract

This paper will inform fuel cell system developers and researchers about the evolving distributed generation market in the U.S. and provide cost, O&M and business model attributes for a successful market introduction. A confluence of industry drivers including the availability of low cost natural gas is creating a new market opportunity for natural gas based distributed generation in the United States. Solid oxide fuel cells are a potentially attractive option because of their high electrical efficiency, modular size and low emissions, however meeting US Smart Grid integration requirements will help insure successful product introduction. Current field trials in Japan and Europe involve micro-CHP fuel cells but vendors question the near-term market opportunity for these systems in the US. This paper will be of value to fuel cell vendors, and researchers by providing a look at the evolving US market and requirements for a successful product launch. This paper will review recent EPRI research on distributed generation markets in the US including industry and consumer drivers, policy, and a market competitive analysis for the commercial, industrial and residential sectors. The findings will detail SOFC product requirements (including capital and O&M cost targets) in order to offer a viable business case for these markets. The paper will also provide recommendations for improving the grid integration of SOFC products for the U.S. and outline a collaborative deployment plan to help catalyze the grid integration of SOFC fuel cells in the evolving US smart grid.


On pages like this also your advertisement or other useful information could be placed.

Next EFCF Conferences:

5

th European PEFC and H2 Forum

30 June - 3 July 2015

12th

European SOFC and SOE Forum 5 July - 8 July 2016



R&D at Institutes Overviews Chapter 02 - Session A03 - 1/5

Chapter 02 - Session A03 R&D at Institutes Overviews

Content Page A03 - ..

A0301 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Overview on the Jülich SOFC Development Status 2

A0302 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Overview and Perspectives of SOFC Technology Development in Taiwan 3

A0303 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Overview of SOFC/SOEC development at DTU Energy Conversion 4

A0304 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 5

NEXT-FC: A Challenge of Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center for Tight Industry-academia Collaborations 5



A0301

Overview on the Jülich SOFC Development Status

Ludger Blum, L.G.J. (Bert) de Haart, Jürgen Malzbender, Norbert H. Menzler, Josef Remmel

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich, Germany

Tel.: +49-2461-616709 Fax: +49-2461-616695

[email protected]

Abstract

SOFC development at Forschungszentrum Jülich has achieved a very well advanced status. Anode supported cells with thin film 8YSZ electrolyte and LSC cathode can achieve current density of approx. 3.5 A/cm² at 700 °C with hydrogen as fuel and a manufacturing route has been demonstrated showing the potential of reducing manufacturing steps. The Crofer 22 APU interconnect material has been further optimized and the modification Crofer 22 H shows a significantly enhanced creep strength and better oxidation behaviour especially with thin sheets. One long term stack test has reached 57,500 h having a degradation rate of 0.7%/kh and another 28,000 h test yielded degradation rates of about 0.2%/kh. Stack technology using glass ceramic sealing has been improved resulting in increased mechanical robustness. Based on these results and FEM modelling also stack design could be improved which is demonstrated by more than 60 thermal cycles of a 1 kW stack in a furnace between 200 and 700 °C without any change in gas tightness. Based on the emended sealing technology four gas-tight 5 kW stacks, each consisting of 36 layers with 360 cm² electrode area, could be realised and successfully pre-tested in a furnace. They were subsequently integrated in a 20 kW system demonstrator which was operated successfully for more than 5,400 h with natural gas. The system yielded an overall electrical net efficiency of 42%, based on a fuel utilisation of 70%. Further stack tests proved that also 80% fuel utilisation will be possible without using anode recycling. Intensive post-test analysis of all stacks is performed. A key aspect is the interaction of the various materials during long term testing, as for example the manganese diffusion from the LSM cathode into the 8YSZ electrolyte, observed after about 19,000 h operation at 800 °C.



A0302

Overview and Perspectives of SOFC Technology Development in Taiwan

Ruey-yi Lee, Yung-Neng Cheng, Wen-Tang Hong, Ning-Yih Hsu, Chang-Sing Hwang, Ta-Nan Lin, Maw-Chwain Lee and Li-Fu Lin

Institute of Nuclear Energy Research No. 1000 Wenhua Road

Longtan Township/Taiwan (R.O.C.) Tel.: +886-3-471-1400 Ext. 7356

Fax: +886-3-471-1408 [email protected]

Abstract

Taiwan Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) has been developing SOFC technology since 2003. To date, several key technologies from powder to power for the SOFC have been established including those for precursor powders, cell compositions and fabrication processes, sealants, stack design, fabrication and assembly, reforming nano-catalysts, and a number of balance of plant components such as afterburners, reformers, heat exchangers, and data acquisition and control sub-systems. Both INER s anode-supported-cells (ASCs) and metal-supported-cells (MSCs) have shown a degradation rate of about 1%/1000hr. Thermally stable nano-structured catalysts have been developed to reform natural gas and show a conversion of greater than 95% demonstrated in a 4000-hour performance test. A 500-hour validation test has been carried out for a kilowatt class prototype SOFC system. Significant R&D efforts are continuing at INER to improve the quality and reliability for SOFC power systems for practical applications. Currently, integration of fuel (upstream), SOFC module (midstream) and power logistics (downstream) systems is being conducted by Taiwan s SOFC Industry Alliance.



A0303

Overview of SOFC/SOEC development at DTU Energy Conversion

Anke Hagen DTU, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage

Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Tel.: +45-4677-5884 [email protected]

Abstract

According to a broad political agreement in Denmark, the Danish energy system should become independent on fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas by the year 2050. This aim requires expansion of electricity production from renewable sources, in particular wind mills. In order to balance the fluctuating power production and to cope with the discrepancies between demand and supply of power, solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysis are considered key technologies. DTU Energy Conversion has a strong record in SOFC/SOEC research, with a close collaboration with industry, in particular with Danish Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S. Recent achievements will be presented ranging from development of new cell generations, manufacturability, up to testing under realistic operating conditions including degradation studies and high pressure testing. A strong focus will be on development of methodologies, e.g. in micro structural analysis and electrochemistry, in order to understand fundamental processes in detail and thus being able to improve SOFC/SOEC based on this knowledge.




NEXT-FC: A Challenge of Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center for Tight Industry-academia

Collaborations

Kazunari Sasaki1,2,3,4

Kyushu University,

1Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT-FC) 2International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy

3Faculty of Engineering, 4International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)

Motooka 744, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395/Japan

Tel.: +81-92-802-3143, Fax: +81-92-802-3223 [email protected]

Abstract Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT-FC) has been established in Japan, with a financial support (ca. 11 Mio.US$) by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Japan, as one of the first comprehensive research centers focusing on SOFCs and related technologies. This contribution presents the concept and vision of this Center including various opportunities (i) for private companies to open their own laboratory within the NEXT-FC building, (ii) to get one-stop support by various researchers within our University, (iii) to use various advanced facilities such as atomic-resolution electron microscope, low energy ion scattering (LEIS), FIB-SEM-EDX, as well as fuel cell testing systems (more than 50 systems available), (iv) to start various collaborations with other companies within the NEXT-FC, and (vi) to test performance and long-term durability of various fuel cells. More than 15 companies have already opened their own laboratories in the NEXT-FC. Current status and future perspectives will be presented. Corresponding/presenting author: Kazunari SASAKI, Dr. sc. techn. ETH Distinguished Professor of Kyushu University




5


30 June - 3 July 2015

12th



11th European SOFC and SOE Forum 2014 1 4 July 2014, Lucerne Switzerland

Company & Major groups development Chapter 03 - Session A05 - 1/6 Status I: Europe

Chapter 03 - Session A05 Company & Major groups development status I (EU)


A0501 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Hexis and the SOFC System Galileo 1000 N past, present, future 2

A0502 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Scale-up of Metal-supported Thin-Film SOFC Manufacturing with improved Quality Assurance at Plansee 3

A0503 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Ceramic Fuel Cells BlueGen Market Introduction Experience 4

A0504 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Development and Manufacturing of SOFC-Based Products at SOFCpower SpA 5

A0507 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Performance of Ceres Power Steel Cell Stacks in a 1kW-Class Natural-Gas Fuelled Fuel Cell Module 6



A0501

Hexis and the SOFC System Galileo 1000 N past, present, future

Andreas Mai, Boris Iwanschitz, J. Andreas Schuler, Roland Denzler, Volker Nerlich, Alexander Schuler

Hexis Ltd. Zum Park 5

CH-8404 Winterthur Tel.: +41-52-26-26312 Fax: +41-52-26-26333

[email protected]

Abstract

Hexis is developing and manufacturing SOFC-based micro-CHP systems for single-family or small multi-family houses. The current system Galileo 1000 N has an output of 1 kW electrical power. It furthermore covers the full heat demand of a standard single family house. More than 250 Galileo 1000 N systems have been installed up to now and are operated at customer's sites and in the lab. The newest achievements in the field test and in the lab on durability and cyclability of SOFC stacks and complete micro-CHP systems are reported. Achievements are total system efficiencies of 95% (LHV) and electrical efficiencies of 35% (AC net, LHV). The longest system test had been running for more than 40 000 h. More recently, power degradation rates of approx. 0.5% per 1 000 h over more than 17 000 hours on short-stack level have been demonstrated. Cycling tests have shown a tolerance against 100 complete redox-cycles on short-stack level and 41 on-off cycles on system level. Summarized, stack lifetimes of 7 to 8 years are considered to be achievable. All-in-all, the technical market readiness has been achieved with the Galileo 1000 N. Consequently, an introduction into pilot-markets in Europe was started in autumn 2013.



A0502

Scale-up of Metal-supported Thin-Film SOFC Manufacturing with improved Quality Assurance at

Plansee

Wolfgang Schafbauer, Markus Haydn, Marco Brandner, Andreas Venskutonis, and L.S. Sigl

Plansee SE 6600 Reutte, Austria Tel.: +43-5672-600-2439 Fax: +43-5672-600-563

[email protected]

Abstract

Recently, especially metal-supported SOFCs (MSCs) are of high interest for different applications where high efficient energy converters are needed. Compared to other cell types, thin-film electrolyte MSC show high potential for mobile applications where cells are facing harsh conditions, e.g. mechanical stress due to vibrations or thermal cycling. Furthermore, metallic cell supports and dense metal parts (interconnects and frame sheets) can be more easily joined in light-weight stack designs by means of a laser welding process. During the last years, metal-with novel thin film electrolytes have been developed. While growing demand of cells for evaluation and following industrialization supported the scale-up of cell manufacturing capacity, the surrounding infrastructure was enlarged during the last years as well. This included not only pilot scale processing devices but also improved quality assurance systems. Starting with a wide range of different destructive and non-destructive characterization methods, quality control processes were stepwise reduced regarding costs, processing time and value. Additionally, the increased demand for inks, pastes and powders is a challenging factor when ramping up cell manufacturing from lab-scale even to pilot scale. In this contribution, the stepwise scale-up of manufacturing starting from 10 up to 200 parts per batch will be presented. Occurring challenges for thermal treatments but also shaping and coating steps will be discussed. With increasing amount of cells in our pilot production, quality assurance steps were reviewed with respect to significance of different results. Finally, the joint improvement of raw materials together with our suppliers has resulted in higher surface quality, crucial to electrolyte layer density, in combination with higher availability and quality of the used pre-products. With these measures, pilot-scale metal-supported SOFC manufacturing was established at Plansee resulting in enhanced cell quality (gas tightness of half-cells) together with a higher yield and output of MSC for technology testing and evaluation at our partners.



A0503

Ceramic Fuel Cells BlueGen Market Introduction Experience

Karl Föger and Richard Payne Ceramic Fuel Cells Group

Borsigstrasse 80 D-52525 Heinsberg/Germany

Tel.: +49-151-61311491 Fax: +49-2452-153755 [email protected]

Abstract

Ceramic Fuel Cells (CFC) developed the highly efficient (60% NET electrical efficiency at 1.5 kW output) SOFC electric generator/micro-CHP system BluegenTM. Typically, the system is installed with a 200 litre+ hot water store for hot water supply or connected via the store to an existing heating system. After obtaining CE product certification, field testing of BlueGen started in 2010, and commercial sales through distribution partners in January 2012. Since then the installed fleet of BlueGens has clocked up over 4 million operating hours, providing

CFC with valuable data about system and component reliability. Commercial sales bring new challenges compared to field testing, related to development of sales channels, installation and service infrastructure, product warranty and production quality. After gaining experience with a 3rd party sales channel for about 12 months, CFC decided to experiment in addition with direct sales focused at NRW and the Heinsberg region with the objective to gain customer data and accurate sales/marketing costs. The installation and service infrastructure is a key element in achieving customer satisfaction and economic viability of the product. CFC has built an in-house team - to gain experience, accurate cost estimates for installation and service, and to work on possible

ly selected installer firms. A strong focus is on BlueGen manufacturing, including building supply chains and extending the Heinsberg facility to fulfill customer orders, as well as reducing production costs. High product quality is achieved through extensive QC/QA measures and close collaboration with suppliers. The production facility is ISO9001 certified. The development team in Melbourne is focused on product reliability, increased stack life and value engineering for cost reduction. This effort has led to significant improvements over the past two years. The paper will discuss all these issues in more detail.


Company & Major groups development status I (EU) Chapter 03 - Session A05 - 5/6

A0504

Development and Manufacturing of SOFC-Based Products at SOFCpower SpA

Massimo Bertoldia, Olivier Buchelib and Alberto V. Ravagnia,b a SOFCpower SpA,

I-38017 Mezzolombardo, Italy b HTceramix SA,

CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland [email protected]

Abstract SOFCpower SpA provides efficient energy solutions based on its proprietary planar SOFC technology. The company focuses on products that use natural gas either for heat and power generation (CHP) or for distributed power generation at high electrical and total efficiencies. The company develops and manufactures SOFC power modules in close collaboration with both European heat appliance OEMs and utilities.

cell has been installed in new facilities in Italy. With a production capacity of 2MW/yr, SOFCpower has the capability to fulfill the needs of demonstration projects such as ene.field as well as to cover the increasing internal needs for system development for different applications. Based on a ordering volume of 50 MW, the stack and balance of stack components match target market requirements, allowing selling and operating systems at grid parity prices. Collaboration with industrial component suppliers and integrators has largely increased in intensity within the last 3 years, key success factor for reaching the required cost and reliability targets for the stationary market. First units have been installed since 2010, operating as sheltered field tests in the North-East of Italy within the frame of the Crisalide Initiative. Those activities will be strongly enlarged with in the FCH-JU demonstration project Ene.field started in October 2012. Besides the micro-CHP generator development, SOFCpower also pursues strategic development activities to demonstrate biogas and waste-to-energy (WTE) applications. The paper provides an update of the stack and system development, including operational results of SOFC-based micro-CHP and the approach to enter the distributed cogeneration market.


Company & Major groups development status I (EU) Chapter 03 - Session A05 - 6/6

A0507

Performance of Ceres Power Steel Cell Stacks in a 1kW-Class Natural-Gas Fuelled Fuel Cell Module

Paul Barnard, Mark Selby, Chris Evans, Martin Schmidt, Simone Dozio, Alexander McNichol, Tomasz Domanski and Don Nicholls

Ceres Power Ltd. Viking House, Foundry Lane

Horsham, RH13 5PX, UK Tel.: +44-1403 273463 Fax: +44-1403 367860

[email protected]

Abstract

Ceres Power has developed low-temperature SOFC cells and stacks based on a unique metal- hnology. Ceres cells are based on a perforated ferritic stainless-steel substrate coated with thick-film active ceramic layers. The active ceramics in Ceres Steel Cells are predominantly Ceria-based, enabling low temperature operation in the 500-620°C range. Ceres has developed a kW-class natural gas fuelled fuel cell module incorporating a Steel Cell stack, developed primarily for micro-CHP applications. Ceres FCMs have been tested

which are essentially standalone power generation systems using laboratory-grade instrumentation as technology demonstrators, operating off mains natural gas and feeding AC power back into the grid.

- team reformer and steam generator, air preheater and tail-gas burner along with the Steel Cell stack in an insulated enclosure. The design incorporates novel features to optimize thermal integration between BOP components and the relatively low-temperature Steel Cell stack. This paper presents the latest performance data from Ceres Type-F FCMs, in particular demonstrating electrical efficiency of >50% LHV at rated power, repeated thermal cycling, rapid load following and good turn-down efficiency. In addition, very good resistance to unfueled emergency stops is demonstrated.


Company & Major groups development Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 1/13 Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 Company & Major groups development status II and III (Worldwide)

Content Page A06/A08 - ..

A0601 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Operation Results from the Topsoe PowerCore 2

A0602 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

eneramic© The Mobile SOFC Power Generator Well on its Way to Commercialization 3

A0603 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

DIESEL BASED SOFC-APU FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS 4

A0604 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

System Development Activities at sunfire 5

A0605 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Robust, Low-Cost, Efficient Steel Cell Stack Development at Ceres Power 6

A0606 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

State of the Art in Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFCs) 7

A0607 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

SOFC Kit for Teaching, Training and Demonstration 8

A0801 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development at Versa Power Systems 9

A0802 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Saint- 10

A0803 ................................................................................................................................... 11

The EN 500 P a compact and highly efficient SOFC module for various off-grid markets 11

A0804 ................................................................................................................................... 12

SOEC Development Status at sunfire 12

A0807 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Status of Elcogen unit cell and stack development 13



A0601

Operation Results from the Topsoe PowerCore

Henrik Weineisen and Jonas Lundsted Poulsen Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S

Nymøllevej 66 DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

Tel.: +45-22754866 [email protected]

Abstract The Topsoe PowerCore is a SOFC subsystem in the 1.5 kW (DC) power range that was designed to provide a simple interface to natural gas based SOFC technology. The system features tight integration of the SOFC stack and all hot balance of plant components, i.e. reformer, off-gas burner and heat exchangers for air and fuel preheat, all contained in a well-insulated compartment. Since the system is designed for anode off-gas recycling, the PowerCore requires no external water supply once in operation. Anode gas recycling results in high overall fuel utilization and in high electrical efficiency. System DC efficiencies of 64% have been achieved at nominal power. The tight integration of balance of plant components and the resulting compactness of the system, i.e. a total volume of 38 litres (1.3 cubic feet) and a weight of 33 kg (73 lb), have resulted in excellent part load capability. Steady state operating points have been achieved for a range of 20 to 120% of nominal current. Test results include operation times up to 3700 hours on a single unit as well as 29 thermal cycles performed on another unit.

Figure 1. The Topsoe PowerCore



A0602

eneramic© The Mobile SOFC Power Generator Well on its Way to Commercialization

Sebastian Reuber, Andreas Pönicke, Christian Wunderlich, Alexander Michaelis Fraunhofer IKTS, Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems

Winterbergstrasse 28 D-01277 Dresden/Germany

Tel.: +49-351-2553-7682 Fax: +49-351-2554-230

[email protected]

Abstract Fraunhofer IKTS has developed a mobile power generator, branded eneramic© system, that is now on the way to commercialization. The SOFC LPG-fuelled system is designed as battery-hybrid, thus it is an economic and long-life alternative to existing energy sources in the field of industry, security or leisure activities. In these markets portability, simplicity and ease of use have a higher priority than efficiency, much in contrast to stationary applications. Thus the system was designed to run on widely available propane/butane fuels. The simple planar stack design is based on IKTS 3 YSZ electrolyte supported cells and metal sheet interconnects. Current eneramic© prototypes achieve a net power of 100 W at a total volume of 90 liters and a weight of 35 kg. In laboratory environment the system prototypes have been operated up to 7500 h with power degradation rates far below 1 % per 1000 h. Cyclability has been deeply tested, currently the stack design sustains between 60 - 90 start/stop cycles. A safety concept has been worked out in cooperation with TÜV SÜD based on the IEC62282-3-1 standard. Following these results a small scale manufacturing was established at IKTS to produce an test the latest eneramic© generation under real life conditions. During winter period the propane fuelled hybrid-system charges the lead batteries of a traffic control board. Field testing for caravan and industrial applications starts in June 2014 and results will affect the design of the first eneramic© product, that will be launched in 2015.

Figure 1: Small scale manufacturing of eneramic© systems (left), LPG-based power supply for a mobile set of traffic lights in a laboratory test (right).



A0603

DIESEL BASED SOFC-APU FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS

Pedro Nehter1, Nils Kleinohl2, Ansgar Bauschulte2, Keno Leites3 1ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems GmbH / Operating Unit HDW

Werftstrasse 112-114 24143 Kiel / Germany Tel.: +49-431-700-128275

[email protected] 2OEL-WAERME-INSTITUT GmbH

3ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems GmbH / Operating Unit Blohm+Voss

Abstract Emission regulations for ships are forcing ship-owners and shipyards to drastically reduce harmful species in the exhaust gases. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) promise improvements towards efficiency and emission. SOFC systems are seen as most efficient and clean alternative to conventional Diesel engines, where a more comprehensive and expensive exhaust gas treatment will be required in the near future. In this context, the project SchIBZ has been initiated to develop a fuel cell based generator set for seagoing ships. A consortium of industrial and academic partners have been joined to develop a Diesel based SOFC APU with a rated power of 500 kW. Adiabatic prereforming of Diesel is one of the most efficient type of fuel processing for SOFC systems. The feasibility of adiabatic prereforming, operating without any deep desulfurization technologies and at atmospheric pressure has successfully been demonstrated with one catalyst for more than 3000 h. A 100 kW demonstrator is developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the process and the robustness of the SOFC. It consists of 4 submodules supplying above 100 kW gross power in sum. Different process concepts are investigated by steady state and dynamic simulations to optimize the process towards part load and at end of life conditions. Particular attention is paid to design a process concept with a minimum pressure difference between the anode and the cathode gas. Different anode offgas recirculation concepts are compared in this context to keep the efficiency in the range of 55% to 60% in maximum. The submodules are developed by Sunfire, whereas the first module has successfully been tested for 370 h so far.



A0604

System Development Activities at sunfire

Oliver Posdziech, Michael Pruggmayer and Markus Kunkis sunfire GmbH

Gasanstaltstraße 2 D-01237 Dresden / Germany

Tel.: +49 (0) 351-896-797-965 Fax: +49 (0) 351-896-797-843 [email protected]

Abstract

sunfire is currently developing 1 to 100 kWel solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems in cooperation with various partners in the fields of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) as well as off-grid and vehicle power generation. Both steam reforming (SR) and catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx) are used for the purpose of fuel processing depending on the respective requirements in terms of electrical efficiency, robustness, maintenance intervals and cost targets. The systems use stack modules of various sizes and consisting of sunfire stacks based on ESC technology. The stack modules are integrated into system hotboxes destined for system integrators. All critical components have been designed and manufactured by sunfire. The objective is to enable customers to design and manufacture SOFC systems for end-user applications. This paper describes requirements in potential markets, the resultant specifications and the implementation thereof in a system prototype. It also presents operational results for CPOx and SR-based systems with a power output of 1 and 3.5 kWnet respectively. One further developmental step is the combination of CPOx and SR stages to deliver a water-free system characterized by high electrical efficiency. This concept is currently being evaluated within the framework of the European project STAGE-SOFC.



A0605

Robust, Low-Cost, Efficient Steel Cell Stack Development at Ceres Power

Robert Leah, Adam Bone, Ahmet Selcuk, Mike Lankin, Robin Pierce, Lee Rees, Andrew Clare, Stephen Hill, Carl Matthews, Subhasish Mukerjee and Mark Selby



[email protected]

Abstract

Ceres Power has developed low-temperature SOFC cells and stacks based on its unique metal-stainless-steel substrate coated with thick-film active ceramic layers. The active ceramics in Ceres Steel Cells are predominantly Ceria-based, enabling low temperature operation in the 500-620°C range. This low temperature of operation enables the majority of the cell and stack mass to be made of widely available ferritic stainless steel foils and avoids the use of fragile seal technologies, resulting in a low stack material cost and extremely robust sealing through the use of welding and compressive gaskets. In addition, all the main ceramic layers in the cell can be deposited by screen-printing and other high-volume processes, facilitating an inherently low-cost volume-scalable manufacturing process. The standard Ceres Power Steel Cell stack platform is suitable for integration into a wide range of product types. Ceres Power is working with systems integrators and the developers of consumer products to incorporate Steel Cell technology into their products for multiple applications. In this paper data will be presented showing the latest developments of the technology, in particular, demonstrating good volumetric power density, reliability and outstanding robustness to thermal and REDOX cycling at both short and kW-class stack level. In addition durability and efficiency are shown to be consistent with other fuel-cell technologies, and initial results from the next generation of Steel Cell design will be presented, which offer further advantages in robustness and manufacturability.



A0606

State of the Art in Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFCs)

Michaela Kendall and Kevin Kendall Adelan

10 Weekin Works, 112-116 Park Hill Road, Birmingham, UK B17 9HD

Tel.: +44-121-427 8033 [email protected]

Abstract Political, market and materials advances have led to a new surge in commercial activity in the fuel cell sector, resulting in varied niche market products, reduced production costs, and commercial sales. One maturing technology, microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (mSOFCs) follows this trend, moving from lab invention 20 years ago towards the market, and several companies are now selling systems into the market testing their commercial viability. Perhaps surprisingly, mSOFCs are increasingly appearing in demonstrations of portable or mobile system, previously a dismissed commercial application for many fuel cell types, and especially for SOFCs. Often running on hydrocarbon fuels as a stepping stone towards the hydrogen economy, mSOFCs are finding traction in a number of market sectors requiring small-scale power, often as a portable/mobile or remotely located device. Geographically, development activity centres in Asia particularly in Japan and Korea but several key players in North America continue to invest in this technology and Europe has a growing number of demonstration activities.



A0607

SOFC Kit for Teaching, Training and Demonstration

Ulf Bossel ALMUS AG

Morgenacherstrasse 2F CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf / Switzerland

Tel.: +41-56-496-7292 [email protected]

Abstract

The introduction of new technologies is always difficult. People want to understand first before they buy. This is also true for fuel cells. However, polymer fuel cells are frequently used for demonstrations. Simple cells and stacks are easy to operate and therefore offered by many companies for school experiments and shows. Not so for solid oxide fuel cells. Mainly because of the high operating temperatures table-top demonstrations are difficult. Interested people are invited to laboratory tours. They see furnaces and containers inside of which a solid oxide fuel cell is said to be operating. One can also see and touch single cells and bipolar plates in the cold state, but the question remains: does it really work and if so, how? An experimental tool appears to be needed for the table-top demonstration of solid oxide fuel cell in class rooms, lecture halls and at exhibitions. Such a tool has been developed by ALMUS AG and will be presented at the 11th European SOFC Forum. All components needed for the demonstration of the SOFC technology come in a trolley case. The 16 cell stack is electrically heated and will reach an operating temperature of 600°C in about 20 minutes. All essential features of an SOFC such as start-up heating, temperature dependence of power output, system response to changes of air and fuel flow rates can be demonstrated. A small hydrogen supply is provided with the SOFC demonstration kit. The unit can also be operated with reformates from hydrocarbons and alcohols. Also, the unit can be used for a wide range of qualitative experimental investigations. The system will be explained and demonstrated at the conference.



A0801

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development at Versa Power Systems

Brian Borglum, Eric Tang, Michael Pastula Versa Power Systems 4852 52nd Street SE

Calgary, Alberta, T2B 3R2 / Canada Tel.: +1-403-204-6110 Fax: +1-403-204 6101

[email protected]

Abstract Versa Power Systems (VPS) is a developer of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for clean power generation and is a wholly owned subsidiary of FuelCell Energy (FCE). FCE is the global leader in the design, manufacture and distribution of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) power plants. From an economic perspective, MCFCs scale-up very well and as

-megawatt size range. SOFCs are complementary because they scale-down well and hence are well suited to sub-megawatt

in the areas of cell and stack development.



A0802

Saint-and Performance

Craig Adams, Robin Barabasz, Emma Dutton, Guangyong Lin, Aravind Mohanram, Yeshwanth Narendar, John Pietras, Chunming Qi, Zachary Patterson, Sophie

Poizeau, Ayhan Sarikaya, and Morteza Zandi Saint-Gobain Corporation

9 Goddard Road Northborough, MA 01532

Tel.: +1-508-351-7594 Fax: +1-508-351-7540

[email protected]

Abstract

Energy generation through solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is a long-term strategic project for Saint-Gobain, a global leader in ceramic materials and components. Our unique all ceramic SOFC stacks are designed to meet the reliability and cost targets for residential and small commercial distributed generation markets. Significant operational reliability improvement and manufacturing cost reduction is achieved with the combination of ultra-thin ceramic interconnects, simplified stack-supported design and multi-cell co-firing. Design of stack modules with integrated current collection and gas delivery manifolds is presented along with avenues for future performance improvements. This paper reports updates to the proven performance of Saint-Go cluding stable operation over 12,000 hours. Saint- -term operation, hundreds of power cycles and realistic redox cycling. The stack response to high fuel utilizations is reported, as well as initial tests with fuels simulating internal and external reforming. Work is underway to further increase operational voltage and power density under these conditions.



A0803

The EN 500 P a compact and highly efficient SOFC module for various off-grid markets

Matthias Boltze, Gregor Holstermann, Arne Sommerfeld, Alexander Herzog new enerday GmbH

Lindenstraße 45 D-17033 Neubrandenburg/Germany

Tel.: +49-395-37999-202 Fax: +49-395-37999-203

[email protected]

Abstract

The company new enerday GmbH develops and produces very compact and highly efficient SOFC systems for various off-grid power solutions in the power range of up to 1 kW electric. SOFC, especially planar type technology, today is worldwide in the focus for residential and stationary power applications with electric powers of 1 kW up to megawatt scale systems. However smaller systems applying liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be an interesting alternative to conventional generators or PEM type fuel cell systems in the power range of up to 1000 W, because of their simplicity, high efficiency, robustness and thus reliability and cost efficiency. Two years ago new enerday presented in Lucerne the first results of the product development of a compact and highly efficient SOFC-system in the below 1000 W class operated with propane. Meanwhile several systems of this concept were produced and tested in-house and in different real world field applications, e.g. as a range extender in a fork lift truck and in an electric golf-kart or as an independent power source for battery charging and power grid supply on a luxury house boat in Germany. Interesting aspects as well as results of component tests and system operation in these applications will be presented.

The EN 500 P installed on a 12 meter house boat in Germany



A0804

SOEC Development Status at sunfire

Danilo Schimanke and Christian Walter sunfire GmbH

Gasanstaltstraße 2, D-01237 Dresden, Germany

Tel.: +49-351-896-797-0 Fax: +49-351-896-797-831

[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Since 2012 sunfire (formerly staxera) is developing SOEC (solid oxide electrolysis cell) technology for a future use in Power-to-Liquid and Power-to-Gas applications. Together with 7 German partners and the support of the federal ministry of research (BMBF), the following research fields are addressed:

Development of solid oxide electrolysis cells, stacks and system components,

Electrolysis system modules under pressure (first prototype 10 kW at 15 bar; parameters chosen according to industrial requirements),

Power-to-Liquid process based on Fischer-Tropsch-process (first test plant for one barrel per day).

The steam electrolyser development has shown significant progress with respect to a lowered degradation to values close to those needed for practical applications. Results of long-term testing over up to 8000 h of electrolyte supported cells (6Sc1Ce and 10Sc1Ce doped Zirconia) with LSCF oxygen electrode and Ni-GDC hydrogen electrode will be presented as well as 2000 h stack testing including dynamic operation tests. Furthermore, the engineering status of the first pressurized SOEC module will be presented.



A0807

Status of Elcogen unit cell and stack development

Matti Noponen*, Aleksander Temmo, Andre Koit, Pauli Torri, Jukka Göös, Paul Hallanoro, Enn Õunpuu

Elcogen *Niittyvillankuja 4

02150 Espoo Finland Tel.: +358-10-732-9696

[email protected]

Abstract

Elcogen is a manufacturing company of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) unit cells and stacks. The competitive advance of Elcogen unit cells is their performance characteristics at reduced temperatures. The unit cells are based on anode supported structure with standard material system from anode to cathode corresponding to NiO/YSZ YSZ GDC LSC. The cell performance at 700 °C has been measured to be 1.0 V at 0.4 A.cm-2 corresponding to an area specific resistance of 0.17

.cm2. Unit cell durability has been evaluated over 6000 hours at 700°C and 0.4 A.cm-2 resulting in less than 0.2 %.kh-1 voltage based degradation. Elcogen stacks are based on its high performance unit cells. The stacks are optimized for stationary applications with 1 kW electrical power output. The stack performance at 700 °Chas been measured to be 0.9

V at 0.4 A.cm-2 corresponding to an area specific resistance of 0.37 .cm2. Stack durability based on Elcogen ASC-10 cell type has been evaluated over 2000 hours at 700°C and 0.25 A.cm-2 without showing any additional degradation resulting from the stack structures.




5


30 June - 3 July 2015

12th




Cell and stack design - State of the Art Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 1/13

Chapter 05 - Session A09 Cell and stack design - State of the Art


A0901 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

High-performance SOFC stacks tested under different reformate compositions 2

A0902 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Fuel flow distribution in SOFC stacks revealed by impedance spectroscopy 3

A0903 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 4

Thermomechanical optimisation of a SOFC stack: A new product design and its operation 4

A0904 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

How SOFC stack performance depends on the interaction of MIC design and cathode material 5

A0905 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Short stack and full system test using a ceramic A-site deficient strontium titanate anode 6

A0906 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

SOFC stack performance under high current densities and fuel utilizations 7

A0907 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Dynamic SOFC Temperature Estimation with Designed Experiments and Time-Series Model Identification 8

A0911 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

High Efficiency Operation of Ceres Steel Cell Stacks: a Cost Effective Solution for Stationary Power Generation 9

A0912 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Operating characteristics of an anode-supported planar SOFC stack with post-operation three-dimensional reconstruction of the electrodes microstructure 10

A0913 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Issues on Stack Development for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11

A0914 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Influences of the gas pressures and flow rates on the maximal power of SOFC by using the Design of Experiment methodology 12

A0915 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Short-stack testing of novel anode-supported 13

SOFC 2R-Cell 13



A0901

High-performance SOFC stacks tested under different reformate compositions

Z. Wuillemin1, S. Ceschini2, Y. Antonetti1, C. Beetschen1, S. Modena2, D. Montinaro2, T. Cornu3, O. Bucheli1, M. Bertoldi2

1HTceramix SA - SOFCpower 26 av. des Bains

CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains Tel.: +41-24-426-10-91 Fax: +41-24-426-10-91

[email protected] 2SOFCpower S.p.A.

I-38017 Mezzolombardo 3Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

CH-1015 Lausanne

Abstract

In the past years HTceramix SA - SOFCpower has developed with its partners an innovative stack design optimized for high electrical efficiencies and low manufacturing costs. Using CFD models coupled with an optimizer based on Monte-Carlo methods, the quality of different fuel flow distribution systems was tested ab initio, allowing developing a design having an excellent distribution of gases compatible with the manufacturing tolerances of low-cost, mass-production fabrication methods. Testing short stacks, electrical efficiencies as high as 74% (LHV) have been demonstrated using steam-reformed methane as fuel, while converting more than 90% of the fuel in a single-pass. With hydrogen, efficiencies slightly above 60% (LHV) have been attained at 94% of fuel utilization, almost reaching the theoretical maximum efficiency for single-pass flows. Not only short stacks, but also complete units have been shown to operate at over 90% of fuel utilization for an electrical power of 1 kW, hence proving the quality of the internal gas distribution and the validity of the concept. In this paper, performance maps are presented for this new family of stacks, for different fuels, reformate compositions, and pre-reforming ratios.



A0902

Fuel flow distribution in SOFC stacks revealed by impedance spectroscopy

R. R. Mosbæk (1), J. Hjelm (1), R. Barfod (2), and P. V. Hendriksen (1) (1) DTU Energy Conversion, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Denmark (2) Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Nymøllevej 66, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

Tel.: +45-2365-2319 Fax: +45-4677-5858

[email protected]

Abstract

As SOFC technology is moving closer to a commercial break through, methods to -of- terest. This

requires application of advanced methods for detailed electrical and electrochemical characterization during operation. An operating stack is subject to compositional gradients in the gaseous reactant streams, and temperature gradients across each cell and across the stack, which complicates detailed analysis. An experimental stack with low ohmic resistance from Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S was characterized using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The stack measurement geometry was optimized for EIS by careful selection of the placement of current feeds and voltage probes in order to minimize measurement errors. It was demonstrated that with the improved placement of current feeds and voltage probes it is possible to separate the loss contributions in an ohmic and a polarization part and that the low frequency response is useful in detecting mass transfer limitations.

This methodology can be used to detect possible minor changes in the supply of gas to the individual cells, which is important when going to high fuel utilizations. The fuel flow distribution provides important information about the operating limits of the stack when high electrical efficiency is required.




Thermomechanical optimisation of a SOFC stack: A new product design and its operation

Murat Peksen, Ali Al-Masri, Ro. Peters, Ludger Blum and Detlef Stolten Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK), Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3),

Tel.: +49-2461 61 8732 Fax: +49-2461 61 6695 [email protected]

Abstract

Thermomechanically induced stress in SOFCs has been a challenging issue that impedes the hermeticity of fuel cell stacks and the incorporation of the technology in the global energy sector. The effort to increase the thermomechanical reliability of the stacks requires a robust structural stack design. The present study introduces a new stack design (1) with optimised thermomechanical behaviour. The developed design has been compared to the currently used standard Jülich F-design. Experience from our previous 3D Coupled multiphysics modelling studies has been used to aid in the optimisation of the developed design and for comparison purposes (2-6). The used 3D short stack models comprise the interconnector plates, cell, wire-mesh and the glass-ceramic sealant materials. The coupled CFD-FEM analyses show favourable results for the developed design with significant improvement in the thermomechanically induced stress. The developed design is currently tested. The test results after 8000h testing period, including various fuel utilisations of H2 and CH4, over 30 thermal cycles with different heating rates and leakage tests show that the stack is still tight and running without any reservation.

(1) Peksen, M. European, German Patent File, Fuel Cell/Brenstoffzellen Modul, 11858-PT.

(2) Peksen, M. (2013) 3D thermomechanical behaviour of solid oxide fuel cells operating in different environments, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 30, pp. 13408-13418.

(3) Peksen, M., Al- Masri, A., Blum, L., Stolten, (2012) D 3D Transient Thermomechanical Behaviour of a Full Scale SOFC Short Stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 10, pp. 4099-4107.

(4) Peksen, M. (2011) A Coupled 3D Thermofluid Thermomechanical Analysis of a Planar Type Production Scale SOFC Stack. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 18, pp. 11914-11928.

(5) Peksen, M., Peters, Ro., Blum, L., Stolten, D. (2011) Hierarchical 3D Multiphysics Modelling in the Design and Optimisation of SOFC System Components. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, pp. 4400-4408.

(6) Blum, Groß, S., Malzbender, J., Pabst, U., Peksen, M. et al. (2011) Investigation of solid oxide fuel cell sealing behavior under stack relevant conditions at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Journal of Power Sources, 196, 17, pp. 7175-7181.



A0904

How SOFC stack performance depends on the interaction of MIC design and cathode material

H. Geisler1, A. Kromp1, A. Weber1 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE),

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany


Abstract

It is known for long, that high performing anode-supported cells (ASC) undergo a significant power reduction when contacted by a metal interconnector (MIC) with a specific design for flow field and contact ribs [1]. The performance limiting factors of the MIC design have been quantified recently by combining an extensive set of experimental data and a straight forward FEM model [2]. In the meantime, we have extended the model further and developed a 2D SOFC stack layer FEM model [3,4], incorporating the physical processes i) gas diffusion in the porous electrodes, ii) electric /ionic conduction in the electrodes and electrolyte as well as iii) the electrochemical electrode reactions. All implemented material parameters are determined by in-house experiments. The model has been validated over the whole technical relevant range of operating conditions with the help of current/voltage-characteristics measured on state of the art planar ASCs. Hence in this work the 2D SOFC stack layer FEM model is used to investigate systematically how cathode material parameters and MIC-design influence stack performance. The results will show i) the interaction of MIC design and cathode material on performance and ii) the importance of a well-chosen cathode thickness for the total stack power output.



A0905

Short stack and full system test using a ceramic A-site deficient strontium titanate anode

Maarten C. Verbraeken (1), Boris Iwanschitz (2), Elena Stefan (1), Mark Cassidy (1), Ueli Weissen (2), Andreas Mai (2) and John T.S. Irvine (1)

1) University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, KY16 9ST, St Andrews, UK 2) Hexis AG, Zum Park 5, P.O. 3068, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland

Tel.: +44(0)1334 463844 [email protected]

Abstract

Doped strontium titanates have been widely studied as potential anode materials in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The high n-type conductivity that can be achieved in these materials makes them well suited for use as the electronically conductive component in SOFC anodes. This makes them a potential alternative to nickel, the presence of which is a major cause of degradation due to coking, sulphur poisoning and low tolerance to redox cycling. As the electrocatalytic activity of strontium titanates tends to be low, impregnation with oxidation catalysts, such as ceria and nickel is often required to obtain anode performances that can compete with Ni-YSZ cermets. Here the stability issues due to nickel should be reduced due to the small loadings and its non-structural function. In this study, a lanthanum and calcium co-doped A-site deficient strontium titanate (LSCTA-) was used as the anode material in cells with an active area of 100 cm2. Cell performance was tested in both short (5 cell) stack configuration, as well as a full HEXIS Galileo system (nominally 1 kW AC). Various impregnates, such as nickel and ceria, were used in this approach with promising results. The system test initially produced 70% of the

-oxide SOFC test on this scale. The strontium titanate backbone provides sufficient electronic conductivity to ensure acceptable ohmic losses. Power densities up to 200 mA/cm2 could be obtained at 900°C, which compares well with Ni-cermet based anodes. Degradation is however severe at 900°C, due to impregnate coarsening, but operation at 850°C minimises this effect. Short stacks could be stably operated for 1600 hours with an output power of 100 mA/cm2. Stacks are redox stable, but sulphur tolerance is determined by the electrocatalysts.



A0906

SOFC stack performance under high current densities and fuel utilizations

Qingping Fang, Ludger Blum, Roland Peters, Detlef Stolten Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH

Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-3) Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße

D-52428 Jülich / Germany Tel.: +49-2461-611573 Fax: +49-2461-616695 [email protected]

Abstract

Forschungszentrum Jülich has demonstrated reproducible stable performance of the F10- and F20-design stacks. The current density and fuel utilization were mostly kept at 0.5 Acm-2 and 40%, respectively. In order to investigate the stack performance under high current densities and high fuel utilizations, two short stacks (one F20- and one F10-design) were tested. The F20-design stack was still operated with relative mild current densities

Acm-2), but high fuel utilizations up to 90% with 10% pre-reformed liquefied natural gas (LNG). The F10-design stack was operated with 20% humidified H2, but with high fuel utilizations up to 90% and high current densities up to 1.5 Acm-2. Preliminary analysis shows that both F10- and F20-design stacks can be operated smoothly at the fuel utilization of ~85% in the temperature range of 750~800 °C, although the increase of concentration polarization can be already noticed at the fuel utilization of ~80%. Operation with fuel utilization of 90% is possible for both stacks, but with largely increased concentration polarization. The influence of the current densities seems to be quite small under current testing conditions. The possible effects of the temperature, gas flow rate and gas distribution inside stacks during the measurement are also discussed. The Authors did not wish to publish their full contribution in these proceedings and possibly have published it in a journal. Please contact the authors directly for further Information.



A0907

Dynamic SOFC Temperature Estimation with Designed Experiments and Time-Series Model Identification

Antti Pohjoranta, Matias Halinen, Jari Pennanen and Jari Kiviaho Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Fuel cells

Biologinkuja 5 P.O.Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT / Finland

Tel.: +358-20-722-5290 Fax: +358-20-722-7048

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper presents the development of ARX-type (autoregressive with extra input) time-series models for the dynamic estimation and prediction of the SOFC stack maximum temperature. Experiment design aspects, model identification as well as filtering are discussed, and practical results obtained on a 10 kW SOFC system are presented (e.g. Fig. 1). Data-based time-series models, whose parameters are identified directly from system measurements provide an alternative modeling approach compared to models based on physical first principles. Although physical models are very useful during the system design, they often become nonlinear and complex by structure, meaning that their application to control development or in embedded system software can be impractical. Often at least significant model simplification is required. Time-series models can be directly created as linear discrete-time models, which means that their utilization in control design as well as deployment into a modern embedded computational environment is straightforward.

160 180 200 220 240 260 280

780

790

800

810

820

Stack Tmax

T (

°C)

t (h)

Measurement

Filtered estimate

12h-prediction

Figure 1 The measured SOFC stack maximum temperature (blue, solid), the corresponding estimate (red, dash-dot) obtained with an ARX-model coupled with Kalman filtering and the

temperature predicted forward by a fixed 12-hour time interval (cyan, dotted).



A0911

High Efficiency Operation of Ceres Steel Cell Stacks: a Cost Effective Solution for Stationary Power Generation

Robert Leah, Mark Selby, Adam Bone, Alexander McNicol, Lee Rees and Subhasish Mukerjee



[email protected]

Abstract

Ceres Power has developed low-temperature SOFC cells and stacks based on a unique metal-stainless-steel substrate coated with thick-film active ceramic layers. The active ceramics in Ceres Steel Cells are predominantly Ceria-based, enabling low temperature operation in the 500-620°C range. The low operation temperature allows the majority of the cell and stack mass to be made of widely available ferritic stainless steel foils, resulting in a very low stack material cost and extremely robust sealing through the use of welding and compressive gaskets. In addition, all the main ceramic layers in the cell can be deposited by screen-printing and sintering, facilitating an inherently low-cost volume-scalable manufacturing process. This paper will present analysis and experimental data to demonstrate Steel Cell stacks operating on steam-reformed natural gas with gross DC electrical efficiencies of greater than 55%LHV leading to high efficiency electrical generation applications. This high efficiency, coupled with the inherently low stack cost means Ceres Steel Cell technology is an attractive technology platform for stationary power applications where electrical efficiency is critically important.



A0912

Operating characteristics of an anode-supported planar SOFC stack with post-operation three-dimensional

reconstruction of the electrodes microstructure

Grzegorz Brusa,b,*, Tetsushi Isomotoa, Hiroshi Iwaia, Motohiro Saitoa, Hideo Yoshidaa, Yosuke Komatsuc, Remigiusz Nowakb and Janusz S. Szmydb

aKyoto University, Kyoto, Japan bAGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

cShibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan *Tel/Fax.: +81-075-383-3652


Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has a complex composite structure for both the anode and the cathode. The electrode microstructure is an important factor determining electrochemical performance of the entire cell and consequently the entire stack of cells. The most precise information about a cell microstructure can be derived from real structural analysis. A method such as combination of Focused Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscope (FIB-SEM) can provide very detailed information about the electrodes microstructure. In this study the static characteristics of a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack with a standard power output of 100W has been investigated. After power generation experiment the microstructure parameters of the tested cell were quantified. The presented research can be used as a benchmark for increasing number of stack numerical simulations.



A0913

Issues on Stack Development for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Wei Wu, Wanbing Guan, Le Jin, Huijuan Zhai, Wei Guo Wang Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering

519 Zhuangshi Road, Zhenhai District 315201 Ningbo / PR China

Tel.: +86-574-87911363 Fax: +86-574-87910728

[email protected]

Abstract

The development of SOFC stack is important for planar SOFC commercialization. In this

work, 30-cell stack modules were obtained through thermal and pressurized treatment.

The electrical performance of these modules was than evaluated. Several issues during

stack assembly and testing were discussed experimentally. These issues include cell

crack and voltage gaps. In addition, the optimal operating voltage of 0.75 V was

determined through theoretical calculation and analysis. At this operating voltage, the

stack power loss was less than 10%.

30-cell planar anode-supported SOFC stack modules



A0914

Influences of the gas pressures and flow rates on the maximal power of SOFC by using the Design of

Experiment methodology

Salim Daoudi and Bouzid Chebbah University of BBA, Faculty of the Sciences and Technology

Ain Tessara 34037 Bordj Bou Arreridj, ALGERIA [email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract

In the next decades, hydrogen could be required to take a larger place in the energy field, alongside electricity, in response to environmental problems (global warming) and also to deal with the question of energy independence inherent in the growth of global energy demand. It is certain that we will see in the next future the emergence of hydrogen technology in our daily lives as an energetic vector. Different types of fuel cells exist; they transform the chemical energy contained in hydrogen into electrical energy and heat. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) debit the largest electric power due to solid electrolyte which allows the cell to function at very high temperature, thus accelerating the reaction kinetics. The fuel cell performance strongly depends on the operating conditions; these performances are related to changes in controllable parameters (e.g. pressures, the compositions of the gas, temperatures, current densities, factors using reagents ...) and other less controllable factors talcum impurities, service life.... More, several physical parameters involved in the steering system of the fuel cell. Therefore, it is not simple to establish relationships between the causes that may have an influence on the system and measurable effects, or see if there are interactions between factors. In this context, we will study the influence of flows rates and pressures of the reactant gases (hydrogen and air) on maximum power and performance of the SOFC by using the Design of Experiment methodology, which achieves a better knowledge of behavior of the SOFC system in the face of different factors that are likely to change and that, a minimum testing and with maximum precision.



A0915

Short-stack testing of novel anode-supported SOFC 2R-Cell

Crina S. Ilea1, Raphael Ihringer2, Ivar Warnhus1

1Prototech AS, Fantoftveien 38, 5072 Bergen, Norway

2Fiaxell, PSE A,1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Tel.: +47-911-57-913 Fax: +47-555-74-110

[email protected]

Abstract

The current generation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) referred to as electrolyte-supported cells (ESC) are robust and reliable, but do not deliver power unless the temperature of operation is high, typically maximum temperatures of 820 to 850oC. The other alternative of SOFC based on anode-supported cells (ASC) can produce much higher power densities at lower temperature, 600-750oC. However, these systems present one major issue robustness. Fiaxell, Switzerland developed and manufactured a new generation of ASC, namely the 2R-Cells. The preliminary tests [1,2] showed that they possesses properties that will greatly improve the robustness of SOFC systems. The present abstract presents the results obtained by Prototech AS, Norway from building and testing a short-stack using the novel 2R-Cells. The aim was to test the short-stack at 800oC with less than 1% degradation after 1000h. The following were used to build the short-stack: two 2R-Cells (80x80mm2), ceramic interconnect plates (LaCaCrO3), mica paper as sealant material. The 2R-Cells have LaSrCoO3 as active cathode, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as electrolyte and Nickel Zirconia cermet as active anode. The test was performed at 800oC for 1150h using fuel (H2/CO2 mixture of 60/40) and air. The calculated open cell voltage (OCV) was 0.9363 V and the cells presented the following OCVs: 0.927 V and 0.930 V, respectively. The area specific resistance (ASR) was 0.55

cm2 cm2 from

cm2 cm2 from membrane-electrode assembly. The 2R-Cell short-stack shows excellent performance regarding both low ASR and low degradation; actually, the cell performance was still improving after 1000h.




5


30 June - 3 July 2015

12th




Manufacturing Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 1/18

Chapter 06 - Session A11 Manufacturing


A1101 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Towards large-scale/industrial Fabrication of Anode-Supported Cells Detailed Performance Study of Different Coating Techniques for Anode and Electrolyte 2

A1102 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Co-fired SOFC Roll Support with Impregnated Catalysts Produced by Sequential Tape Casting 3

A1103 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Co-extrusion of Multi-layer Ceramic Hollow Fibers for Micro-tubular SOFC 4

A1104 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Effects of sintering temperature on composition, microstructure and electrochemical performance of spray pyrolysed LSC thin film cathodes 5

A1109 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Combustion synthesis of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 perovskite as cathode contact material for IT-SOFCs 6

A1110 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Novel Anode Fabrication of Ni/Ag/GDC for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 7

A1111 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured NiO/GDC composites for an anode material of low-temperature SOFC 8

A1112 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Recovery of Metals and Rare Earths from Spent Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Stacks 9

A1114 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Fabrication of Graded Anode-Supported Microtubular SOFCs via Aqueous Gel-casting and Electrospinning 10

A1115 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Controlled Porosity of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes by Colloidal Processing and Aqueous Tape Casting 11

A1116 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 12

The Effect of Sintering Conditions on the Oxygen Ionic Conduction Property of Composite SOFCs Cathode 12

A1117 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 13

Synthesis and mechanical properties of a glass matrix-YSZ nanoparticles composite for SOFCs applications 13

A1119 ................................................................................................................................... 14

Development of Plasma Sprayed Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 Anode Layer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14

A1122 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 16

Influence of Starch Content on Electrochemical Performance of Fuel-Supported Aqueous Tapes 16

A1123 ................................................................................................................................... 17

Surface control of materials for SOFC applications, tape casting manufacturing and electrical characterization 17

A1124 ................................................................................................................................... 18

Quantitative Evaluation of Sintering Process in NiO-YSZ Composite Powder 18



A1101

Towards large-scale/industrial Fabrication of Anode-Supported Cells Detailed Performance Study of

Different Coating Techniques for Anode and Electrolyte

J. Szász1, D. Klotz1, N. H. Menzler2 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),

Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany 2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK),

D-52425 Jülich/ Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-48796 Fax: +49-721-608-48148

[email protected]

Abstract

Anode-supported cells (ASC) developed by Forschungszentrum Jülich for fuel cell and electrolysis operation have attracted a lot of attention during the last 10 years because of their superior performance and long-term stability. Vacuum slip casting (VSC) was used as a successful coating technique for functional layers anode (NiO/8YSZ) and electrolyte (8YSZ) to achieve smooth interfaces with enhanced adhesion characteristics, even though they were coated on the coarse NiO/8YSZ support. However, VSC is an impracticable method in terms of industrial standards for large-scale cell production. A standard manufacturing route in contrast to VSC is screen printing (SP) which is easily applicable for large-scale production. In this study we compare 4 differently manufactured batches of cells, each with different combination of VSC and SP coating technique for anode and electrolyte layers, in terms of their electrochemical performance and microstructural characteristics. The cell testing involves electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and current/voltage (C/V) measurements at different temperatures and fuel humidification. Equal performance of all cells is observed for various operating conditions from the measurements with less than 3% deviation. In the post-test analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the microstructure of all cells show good adhesion of the functional layers, which strongly supports that there is no distinct difference of mechanical properties between the coating techniques. In summary this work proves that anode-supported cells by Forschungszentrum Jülich can be produced on a larger scale with no performance constraints.



A1102

Co-fired SOFC Roll Support with Impregnated Catalysts Produced by Sequential Tape Casting

Mark Cassidy, Marina MacHado, Paul Connor, Julie Nairn, Chengsheng Ni and John Irvine

University of St Andrews School of Chemistry

KY16 9ST, St Andrews United Kingdom


Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells are based on multi-layered ceramics relying on close control of the microstructures in each layer for optimal performance. This requires a number of separate firings to optimise the separate microstructural needs, however mass manufacturing and cost reduction drives towards a single cofiring step. This compromises the optimal firing temperatures for individual materials in the cell, leading to non-optimal microstructures, reduced dimensional control and reduced performance. Infiltration of catalyst onto supporting scaffolds has proven to be a promising route to separate support and catalyst functions. This creates potential to form engineered cell scaffolds from a single material where the firing can be tailored for structural and dimensional needs, with catalytic function being introduced during later infiltration.

SOFCs with more complex geometries can offer several advantages over planar cells in specific applications, such as remote power, where robustness and rapid start up are key. One such potential geometry is the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Roll (SOFCRoll), based on a double spiral, it combines structural advantages of tubular geometries with processing advantages of thick film techniques used in planar systems. In this paper we report on current work to integrate impregnated catalysts to the SOFCRoll concept.

Recent trials have investigated support structures fabricated by sequential tape casting of different slurries, each designed to result in either dense electrolyte or open porous support skeletons. This relectrolyte between two porous scaffolds and avoids lamination processes. Appropriate mixtures of nitrate solutions were then introduced to both porous supports before being dried and heat treated to form the desired catalyst phases in-situ. It was found that close control of the slurry composition is vital to ensure the cast tapes bond well, have the target layer thicknesses and correct microstructural morphology. This work has shown that the selection of pore former and casting sequence has significant effects on the tape cast layers in particular the effects of graphitic pore former on the surface wetting chatacteristics of over cast layers. This interaction prevented use of these pore formers in multiple cast systems with the resulting non-optimised microstrcutures negatively impacting catalyst infiltration levels infiltration and therefore subsequent fuel cell performance. Mitigation of these effects and future directions for development are also discussed.



A1103

Co-extrusion of Multi-layer Ceramic Hollow Fibers for Micro-tubular SOFC

Tao Li, Zhentao Wu and Kang Li Department of Chemical Engineering

Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK

Tel.: +44 2075945676 Fax: +44 2075945629

[email protected]

Abstract

Micro-tubular SOFC has received an increasing level of interest due to the advantages such as high volumetric power density, rapid start-up/shut-down and superior thermal shock resistance[1]. However, there still exist several challenges, such as a lack of cost-effective manufacturing route and inefficient current collection, which dramatically slow down the process from lab-scale development to commercially viable products.

Fig.1. Pictures of: (a) quadruple-orifice spinneret; (b) triple-layer precursor fibers. The technical feasibility of fabricating multi-layer hollow fibers via a single-step process has been well demonstrated in our recent studies [2]. In this study, two different triple-layer designs have been developed. The first design involves an anodic functional layer (AFL) between exterior electrolyte and interior asymmetric anode, via a phase-inversion assisted co-extrusion technique. AFL, which has been considered helpful in increasing triple-phase boundary (TPB) length, is further utilized for a better matched co-sintering of triple-layer hollow fibers, after being co-extruded through a quadruple-orifice spinneret (Figure 1). The effect of AFL thickness on electrochemical performances has also been studied (600°C and pure H2), with an increment of 30% in power density (0.89W/cm2 to 1.21W/cm2) compared to the dual-layer counterpart (without an AFL). The second design consists of anode, electrolyte and an anodic current collector formed in one step. The inner current collector layer has been deliberately designed with a mesh-like structure, in order for negligible gas diffusion resistance and improved electrical conductivity of anode [3]. Full electrochemical characterizations of this design are in progress.

(a) (b)



A1104

Effects of sintering temperature on composition, microstructure and electrochemical performance of

spray pyrolysed LSC thin film cathodes

Omar Pecho1,2 Lorenz Holzer1, Zhèn Yáng2, Julia Martynczuk2, Thomas Hocker1, Robert J. Flatt3 and Michel Prestat1,2

1. Institute of Computational Physics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Wildbachstrasse 21, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland

2. Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland 3. Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Tel.: +41-58- 934-7790 [email protected]

Abstract

Thin nanoporous LSC (La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- ) cathodes are deposited by spray pyrolysis onto gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte substrates, followed by sintering at 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C. The investigation includes quantitative microstructure analysis, electrochemical characterization and application of Adler-Lane-Steele (ALS) model in order to extract intrinsic material properties and to explain the effects of variation in sintering temperature. A secondary gray phase (SGP) is detected, which consists of Sr and O and has a contrast in backscatter imaging intermediate between the pores and the LSC. SGP fills 66% of the mesopores in LSC sintered at 600 °C. With increasing sintering temperature the amount of SGP decreases until it disappears at 1000 °C. In this investigation we intend to understand the effect of SGP formation. For this purpose the influence of microstructural changes (i.e. active surface area) and variation of intrinsic material properties (exchange flux density) associated with SGP formation need to be quantified. The area specific resistance (ASR) of symmetrical LSC/GDC/LSC cells is measured

cm2 are obtained for samples sintered at 600°C, and 80 times higher for samples sintered at 1000 °C. These results indicate that the SGP is not blocking gas diffusion of O2 in the pores and therefore surface oxygen reduction reaction may take place over the entire LSC surface. Hence at low sintering temperatures a high specific surface area is obtained and the results indicate that formation of SGP does not bring a negative effect neither on the oxygen transport in 1-inverse correlation between the measured ASR values and the LSC-surface is obtained. The exchange neutral flux density, r0, is calculated using the ALS model, which results in r0-values in the range between 10-8 (600°C) and 10-9 mol/cm2/s (1000°C). Considering the formation of a secondary SrO-phase in a mass-balance for the entire sample also leads to the conclusion that there must be an increase of A-site deficiency and oxygen vacancies in LSC. In summary, it can be concluded that the variation of the ASR between LSC sintered at 600°C and 1000 °C is more strongly related to the difference in intrinsic material property, (r0 varies by a factor of 40) than the difference in surface area, (a varies by a factor of 2). For a controlled optimization of cathode performance it is necessary to consider all these different aspects (non-stoichiometric compositions, microstructure, secondary phase formation, intrinsic properties, sintering temperature).



A1109

Combustion synthesis of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 perovskite as cathode contact material for IT-SOFCs

K. Vidal (1), A. Morán-Ruiz (1), A. Larrañaga (1), M. A. Laguna-Bercero (2), J. M. Porras-Vázquez (3), P. R. Slater (3) and M. I. Arriortua (1)

(1) Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU). Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain

(2) Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

(3) University of Birmingham, School of Chemistry, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK Tel.: +34-94-601-5984 Fax: +34-94-601-3500 [email protected]

Abstract

A perovskite sample of composition LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 has been prepared by the glycine-nitrate route using different amounts of glycine fuel (G/N= 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5), in order to study the sample preparation influence on the structural, morphological and electrical properties in the context of their possible use as cathode contact material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The obtained materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and electrical conductivity measurements. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) shows that all of the compounds have rhombohedral symmetry (space group: R-3c). All of the samples obtained using different amounts of glycine fuel have a porous microstructure with fine grain sizes. The data obtained by bulk conductivity showed that the sample obtained at the glycine/nitrate ratio 1.0 presents more suitable conductivity values for application as SOFC contact material.



A1110

Novel Anode Fabrication of Ni/Ag/GDC for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Zadariana Jamil (1,2), Enrique Ruiz-Trejo (1), Paul Boldrin (1), Nigel P Brandon (1) (1) Department of Earth Science and Engineering

Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK (2) Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang

26400 Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia Tel.: +44 (0) 7512202200 [email protected]

Abstract

A novel fabrication method for SOFC anodes is presented. First a Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-x (GDC) scaffold is deposited on a YSZ thin electrolyte by screen printing and then sintered. The

cells configurations. The electrochemical performance was examined in different concentrations of humidified hydrogen (3% H2O) over a range of temperatures.



A1111

Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured NiO/GDC composites for an anode

material of low-temperature SOFC

Manami Arai1, Kazuyoshi Sato1, Jean-Christophe Valmalette2, 3 1. Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University

1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515 Japan Tel.: +81-27-730-1452 Fax: +81-27-730-1452

[email protected]

2. Université du Sud Toulon Var, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France 3. CNRS, IM2NP (UMR 7334), BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France

Abstract 20mol% gadolinium-doped CeO2 (Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9; GDC) colloidal nanocrystals were grown to fabricate the nanostructured NiO/GDC composite for a high performance anode material of low temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The colloidal solution was obtained through

hydrothermal treatment of an anionic precursor at 100-150 C for 1- 24h. Nanostructured

NiO/GDC composite particles were obtained through a co-precipitation by adding NiCl2 aqueous solution into the colloidal solution, followed by washing, drying and subsequent

heat treatment of the precursor above 400 C. The GDC and NiO/GDC particles were

characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry, N2 gas adsorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Well dispersed aqueous colloidal solutions of GDC nanocrystals were obtained after the hydrothermal treatment. XRD and TEM revealed that the solution contains well crystallized GDC nanocrystals with the crystalline size in the range of 4-6 nm. EDX and Raman spectroscopy supported the successful doping of 20 mol% of gadolinium into CeO2 lattices. The specific surface area (SSA) of the GDC was in the range of 180-215 m2g-1, corresponding to the particle size in the range of 4-5 nm. Nanostructured NiO/GDC composite particle was successfully obtained after the heat treatment of the co-precipitated precursor. The nano-sized constituent particles in the composite even after the heat treatment at such temperatures can be attributed to the suppressed grain growth due to the retarded volume diffusion of NiO and GDC phases each other by the uniform interposition of the insoluble different phases.



A1112

Recovery of Metals and Rare Earths from Spent Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Stacks

Dario Montinaroa, Anna Dalvita, Claudia Contrinib, Roberto Dal Maschiob (a)SOFCpower SpA, 115/117 viale Trento, 38017 Mezzolombardo, Italy

Tel.: +39 338 7265895 Fax: +39 0461 1755050

[email protected] (b)University of Trento, DIMTI, via Mesiano 77, I- 38123 Trento, Italy

Abstract

Recycling of SOFC materials at the end of life of SOFC stacks represents a strategic route to reduce the environmental impact of production of SOFC systems. However, while recovery of REEs and metals has been widely investigated in the field of batteries and electronic devices, recycling of SOFC materials has been almost unexplored. The present work focuses on the advantages attainable by the development of recycling processes tailored to the recovery of SOFC materials. REEs, Nickel and Cobalt were selectively separated from ceramic cells dismounted from spent SOFC stacks. The selective extraction of elements was achieved by hydrometallurgical routes based on acid dissolution and selective precipitation In the present work, the extraction of the elements contained in spent solid oxide fuel cells was investigated by dissolution in sulfuric acid solution and selective precipitation by with NaOH solution. The major elements dissolved by the acid solution are represented by Ni, Co, Fe, Ce and La. On the other hand, Zr, Y, Gd and Sr forms unsoluble sulfates which precipitate as a grey powder. Ce and La can be separated, from as a white powder, from the solution, as soon as pH=2 is reached. Keywords: SOFC, recycling, rare earths



A1114

Fabrication of Graded Anode-Supported Microtubular SOFCs via Aqueous Gel-casting and Electrospinning

E. Xuriguera1,2, M. Morales1,*, M. Niubó1, J.A. Padilla1, A. Cirera2, M. Segarra1 (1) Centre DIOPMA, IN2UB, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria

Metal·lúrgica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

(2) MIND/IN2UB, Electronics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Tel.: +34-93-4021316 Fax: +34-93-4035438

[email protected]

Abstract

A simple gel-casting method was successfully combined with the electrospinning technique to manufacture graded anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFCs) based on samaria-doped ceria (SDC) as an electrolyte. Microtubular anodes were shaped by a gel-casting method based on a new and simple technique that operates as a syringe. The aqueous slurry formulation of the NiO-SDC substrate using agarose as a gelling agent was optimized. The anode functional layers (AFLs) with 30:70 wt.% and 50:50 wt.% NiO-SDC and SDC electrolyte were deposited by spray-coating method. Furthermore, pre-sintering temperature of anode substrates was systematically studied in order to obtain a dense electrolyte without cracks, after co-sintering process. Afterwards, LSCF as cathode was synthesized by electrospinning method. Despite the high shrinkage of substrate (50-60%), an anode porosity was achieved. MT-SOFCs between 2 and 3 mm

of outer diameter, 400 m support, the AFLs, the electrolyte and the cathode thickness

between 10 and 20 m were successfully obtained. The use of AFLs allowed to obtain a continuous gradation of composition and porosity in the anode-electrolyte interface.



A1115

Controlled Porosity of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes by Colloidal Processing and Aqueous Tape Casting

Johanna Stiernstedt (1,2), Elis Carlström (1) and Bengt-Erik Mellander (2) (1) Swerea IVF AB; PO Box 104; SE-431 22 Mölndal / Sweden

(2) Department of Applied Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; SE-412 96 Göteborg / Sweden

Tel.: +46-70-780-6034 Fax: +46-31-27-6130

[email protected]

Abstract

The pore structure of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes is important for the performance of the cell. Volume changes during start-up and operation and external mechanical loads such as vibrations will tend to damage the pore structure and this put demands on the structural integrity of the pores. Fracture mechanics considerations favours a narrow pore size distribution compared to a wider size distribution. Using colloidal processing it is possible to design the pore structure and control the pore size distribution. Deposition of thin layers using particle suspensions followed by drying is influenced by colloidal forces. The smaller the particles the lager influence of the attractive van der Waals forces between particles. Strong flocculation of particles gives a porous material with low mechanical properties and a wide pore size distribution. Flocculation can be controlled by adding dispersants, which also improves the powder packing and gives a dense material. A porous strong material can then be achieved by adding a fugitive phase such as starch. In addition, the binder can be used to influence the deposition process and the pore structure of the deposited layer. In water based processing it is possible to use latex based binders that have much lower viscosity than soluble polymeric binders. One example of pore structure control is using anionic latex binders that exhibit phase separation during drying. These binders tend to create drying channels that form pores perpendicular to the deposited layer.

Schematic picture of pores created by phase separation of anionic latex binder.




The Effect of Sintering Conditions on the Oxygen Ionic Conduction Property of Composite SOFCs Cathode

Meiling Li, Meng Ni, Geoffrey Q.P. Shen

Building Energy Research Group Department of Building and Real Estate The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Hung Hom / Kowloon / Hong Kong Tel.: +852-34008126 or +852-65276311

Fax: +852-27645131 [email protected]

Abstract

The cathode is the key in improving the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In operation, oxygen molecules and electrons are transported through the pores and electronic particles respectively to the three-phase boundaries (TPBs), where they react to produce oxygen ions. Subsequently, the oxygen ions are conducted from the TPBs to the dense electrolyte through ionic particles. Efficient operation of SOFC cathode thus requires large length of TPB, fast gas transport in pores and efficient conduction of electrons/oxygen ions in the electronic/ionic particles. All the above-mentioned properties heavily depend on the cathode microstructure, which is formed during the sintering process. In our previous study, the variations of TPB length and gas transport properties (porosity and tortuosity) with sintering time at different sintering temperatures have been investigated using the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method. Since the cathode ionic conduction is another major voltage loss, it is necessary to verify whether the optimal sintering time corresponding to the peak TPB length can also yield a high ionic conductivity or not. In this paper, the effects of sintering conditions on oxygen ionic conductivity of a composite SOFC cathode are analyzed by a 3D morphological dilation method with controlling different contact angles between two types of particles. The random composite cathode powder compacts are formed by randomly dropping spherical particles into the computational domain. Detailed simulations are conducted under different parameters (particle sizes, particle distribution, porosity, contact angles, electrode materials(oxygen conducting SOFC and proton conducting SOFC)) for investigating whether the optimal TPB length can also yield a high oxygen ionic conductivity and the relationship between best TPB length and cathode porosity. The present study provides fundamental information on the transport properties of the SOFC cathode in the sintering process. The results are very valuable for designing high performance SOFC electrodes.




Synthesis and mechanical properties of a glass matrix-YSZ nanoparticles composite for SOFCs applications

Zohreh hamnabard1 and Fateme Heydari2and Amir Maghsoudipour2

Laser & Optic research School, North of Kargar, Tehran, Iran Tel:+982182063150 Fax:+982188221082

[email protected]

Materials & Energy Research Center, Meshkindasht, Karaj, Iran Tel:+982636204131 Fax:+982636201888

Abstract

In order to improvement of mechanical properties and widen its applications, glass matrix composite seals with YSZ nanoparticles for solid oxide fuel cells synthesized and thermal, mechanical and electrical resistivity of the samples were monitored. Also, XRD and SEM analysis were carried out for identification of created phases and amount of adherence and chemical reaction between sealant and electrolyte interfaces. The selected glass composition was based on SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-BaO system and 10, 15 and 20 vol% of YSZ nanoparticles were added to the glass composition. Thermal properties like CTE,Tg of the glass were 10.36*10-6 and 626oC,respectively. By increasing of YSZ nanoparticles, CTE decreased and Tg increased. Different compositions were sintered in the temperature of 680-870oC with heating rate of 10oC/min with soaking time of 1 hr. Mechanical properties of heat-treated samples in SOFC operating temperature for different times of 1,10,30 and 50 hrs were measured. The results showd that addition of 10vol% YSZ improves mechanical properties and increasing heat-treatment time has similar result on mechanical properties. Electrical resistivity of different samples in temperature range of 600-800oC was 2.31*106

oC. Results showed that electrical resistivity is decreased by increasing temperature and zirconia content.



A1119

Development of Plasma Sprayed Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 Anode Layer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

N.H. Faisal(1,2), R. Ahmed(2,3), S.P. Katikaneni(4), S. Souentie(4), M.F.A. Goosen(5) (1) College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi

Arabia (2) School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road,

Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK (3) School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton,

Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK (4) Research & Development Centre, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia

(5) Office of Research & Graduate Studies, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia Tel: +44-1224-262438 Fax: +44-1224-262444

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Air plasma sprayed (APS) thermal spray coatings provide an ability to deposit a range of novel fuel cell materials at competitive costs. It is known that under certain conditions the carbides of molybdenum are active catalysts for hydrocarbon steam reforming. The aim of this paper therefore is to develop thermally sprayed Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 coatings on a Hastelloy®X interconnect substrate as an anode layer for potential applications in proton

conducting solid oxide fuel cells (PC-SOFC). Commercially available composite feedstock powders Mo-Mo2C (agglomerated and sintered, - r) and ZrO2 (crushed, -

structure. The zirconium-modified composition included a weight ratio of Mo-Mo2C:ZrO2::0.8:0.2. Coating compositions were characterized for their microstructure, porosity and composition over a range of plasma spray conditions. We report herein that an optimized anode layer of 250 µm thickness and a porosity as high as 16-18% are controllable by a selection of the APS process parameters with no addition of a sacrificial pore-forming material. Microstructural evaluations of Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 coatings included SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry), to determine the distributions of materials in the composites, and nanoindentation to determine the hardness and elastic modulus. Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cells, air plasma spray, molybdenum carbide, zirconia, microstructure, nanoindentation, porosity.



A1120

SOFC with supported dual-layer Ni-cermet anode produced by combustion synthesis

Denis Osinkin1, Nina Bogdanovich1 and Viktor Zhuravlev2

1 Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of RAS. Academicheskaya, 20, Yekaterinburg, 620990, Russia

2 Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch of RAS. Pervomayskaya, 91, Yekaterinburg, 620990, Russia

[email protected]

Abstract

The dual-layer design of supported SOFC anodes (substrate and functional layers) is a conventional electrode configuration matching high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and porosity of the substrate with high electrochemical activity and optimal TEC of the function layer. NiO - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) composites are widely used materials for SOFC anodes, as they effectively satisfy the majority of necessary requirements. There are many different techniques to produce highly dispersed composite powders based on NiO and YSZ, however, the majority of them are difficult to employ and/or require specialized equipment. The simplest and most prospective method to produce highly dispersed weakly agglomerated powders is combustion synthesis, i.e. the combustion reaction between nitrate solutions and organic compounds such as glycine, urea, polyvinyl alcohol, or other components functioning as a fuel or complexing substances is used. Simple and complex oxides as well as composites may be obtained using this method. High transformation rate and abundant gas emission at combustion prevent the growth of particles and thus facilitate the formation of submicron and nanocrystalline materials. Due to high chemical activity and dispersion, the powders obtained by this method can be used for making SOFC components. In this work the combustion synthesis (C.S.) was applied for the synthesis of the Zr0.8Y0.2O1.9 (YSZ), 56 mass.% NiO + 44 mass.% Zr0.8Ce0.01Sc0.19O1.9 (NiO-CeSSZ), powders and YSZ particles covered with NiO in the ratio of 61 mass.% NiO to 39 mass.% of YSZ (NiO-YSZ) [1]. A fubricated button type SOFC consisted of 1mm thick anode substrate prepared from NiO-YSZ powder with addition of 10 wt.% of pore agent (high dispersed graphite), 30 micron thick NiO-CeSSZ anode functional layer, 30 micron thick electrolyte layer (SSZ) and thin porous Pt cathode. Both the conductivity and porosity of the reduced anode substrate were sufficiently high (1.5 kS/cm at 900°C and 53%, respectively), and the polarization resistance of the function layer was sufficiently low (0.9 Ohm*sqcm at 900°C in wet H2). At 900°C the produced button-type SOFC generated about 1.2 W/sqcm at 0.5 V.

This wor -08-31030

-I-3-2048




Influence of Starch Content on Electrochemical Performance of Fuel-Supported Aqueous Tapes

Juan Zhou, Qinglin Liu, Siew Hwa Chan Nanyang Technological University

50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 / Singapore

Tel.: +65-67904192 Fax: +65-67905591

[email protected]

Abstract

For the fuel-electrode supported Solid Oxide Cell by aqueous tapes casting, the performance of fuel electaqueous tape casting process, the fuel electrode porosity mostly come from pore former, so the pore former of starch play a key role of the final fuel electrode microstructure. The different content of starch was added in fuel electrode slurries, and the volume ratios are 6.8, 9.1, 11.3, 13.6 and 15.9%, respectively. When the starch content is 11.3%, the cells give a best performance.



A1123

Surface control of materials for SOFC applications, tape casting manufacturing and electrical characterization

Fernández-González R.1,2, Molina T.3, Savvin S.1, Moreno R.3, Makradi A.2, Núñez P.1 1 Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200-La Laguna,

Tenerife, Spain 2 Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor, 29, avenue John F. Kennedy, L-1855

Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Luxembourg 3 Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, ICV-CSIC, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain

[email protected]

Abstract

This work deals with the preparation and characterization of well dispersed suspensions of ceramic powders (LSCF and YSZ) for tape casting and further manufacturing of tapes to be used as ion transport membranes, cathodes or electrolytes for SOFCs. The influence of some parameters, such as pH or deflocculant content, on the rheological behavior was studied for both materials. In the case of LSCF material, the sinterability of the tapes was investigated in the temperature range 800ºC-1400ºC. An XRD analysis was also performed in order to study the solid state reactivity and the microstructural evolution of the LSCF tapes. Three different YSZ commercial powders were used to prepare and electrochemically characterize the tapes.



A1124

Quantitative Evaluation of Sintering Process in NiO-YSZ Composite Powder

Akihiro Ohi, Shotaro Hara, Zhenjun Jiao and Naoki Shikaono Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo

Komaba4-6-1 Meguro-ku, Tokyo/Japan


Abstract

Composite sintering is one of the critical fabrication processes deeply related with an initial performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, the quantitative understanding of composite sintering is still lacking due to its inherent complexities linking with multiple mechanisms. In this study, NiO-8YSZ composite were sintered at different heating rates of 10, 40 and 100 ºC /min, and their densification behaviors were analyzed by applying a master sintering curve (MSC) concept. The composite NiO-YSZ sintering process was well characterized by MSC, and the activation energy of 710 kJ/mol was obtained. Besides, the microstructural trajectories during the composite sintering were quantitatively measured utilizing three dimensional reconstruction approach based on focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) technique (Fig. 1). This approach allows us to estimate the change of grain size and tortuosity factor of two phases as a function of relative density. The critical transition of grain growth is observed around the relative density of 0.9, in accordance with the pore network change (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1 Three-dimensional NiO-YSZ microstructures (red:NiO, blue:YSZ) with the relative density of (a)

=0.629 and (b) =0.989.

Fig. 2 Grain size growth of each phase


SOFC System design, integration and optimisation Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 1/30

Chapter 07 - Session A12 SOFC System design, integration and optimisation


A1201 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Simulation of a small scale propane-driven SOFC system with anode off-gas recycling 3

A1202 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Thermodynamic system study of a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plant with direct internal reforming (DIR)-solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) for flexible hydrogen and power production 4

A1203 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

DESTA: SOFC APUs for Heavy Duty Truck Idling a Progress Report 5

A1204 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

SOFCOM Project: analysis of the SOFC DEMO plants in Torino (biogas) 6

A1205 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Operating Results of the SOFC20 Stationary SOFC CHP System using a CFY-Stack Platform 7

A1206 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Experience with a 20 kW SOFC System 8

A1207 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 9

Exploitation of biogas potential in the EU-context via solid oxide fuel cell multi-generation plants 9

A1208 ................................................................................................................................... 10

BioZEG Highly Efficient Standalone Green Production of Hydrogen and Electricity 10

A1209 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 11

Tailoring the electrocatalytic activity of Pt(111) for hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions with atomic layers of Cu 11

A1210 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Development of a SOFC/Battery-Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation in India 12

A1211 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Multiple innovations on a portable propane driven 300 We SOFC system 13

A1212 ................................................................................................................................... 14

Experimental Investigation of Anode/Cathode Differential Pressures for a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant 14

A1213 ................................................................................................................................... 15

Coupling of SOFC and Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) for truck applications 15

A1215 ................................................................................................................................... 17

Operation of a SOFC Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant with Different Fuels 17

A1216 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 18

Numerical bifurcation and stability analysis of steady states during start-up of a HT-Fuel cell 18

A1217 ................................................................................................................................... 19

Efficiency comparison of SOFC systems with diesel reformers 19

A1218 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 20



Comparison between different biofuels for SOFC-GT systems for aircraft application 20

A1219 ................................................................................................................................... 21

Thermal Integration of an SOFC with A High Performance Metal Hydride Storage System: A Systems Approach 21

A1220 ................................................................................................................................... 22

Feasibility study of a power generator system based on micro-SOFCs for portable applications 22

A1221 ................................................................................................................................... 23

MCFC-products for CHP-and H2-applications in Europe 23

A1222 ................................................................................................................................... 24

Thermodynamic Modeling and Parametric Study of an Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC) 24

A1223 ................................................................................................................................... 25

Computational Modelling of a Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 25

A1224 ................................................................................................................................... 26

System performance comparison employing either partial oxidation or anode offgas recirculation as reforming methods within a biogas SOFC system 26

A1225 ................................................................................................................................... 27

Validation System Performance Tests for a Kilowatt Grade SOFC System 27

A1226 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 28

Anode off-gas recirculation for methane fed solid oxide fuel cells 28

A1227 ................................................................................................................................... 29

Improvement of SOFC-mCHP system integration and demonstration in SICCAS 29

A1228 ................................................................................................................................... 30

Operation of a Tubular Direct Carbon Fuel Cell 30

with a Dry Carbon Gasifier 30



A1201

Simulation of a small scale propane-driven SOFC system with anode off-gas recycling

Shaofei Chen (1) and Reinhard Leithner (2) (1) TLK-Thermo GmbH, Hans-Sommer-Str. 5, D-38106 Braunschweig

(2) Institute for Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35, D-38106 Braunschweig

Tel.: +49-0531 390 76232 Fax: +49-0531 390 7629

[email protected]

Abstract

In this contribution, the modeling and validation of a small scale propane-driven solid oxide

fuel cell (SOFC) system (electrical power of about 350 W) are presented and discussed.

The system concept aims at both improving overall efficiency and reducing system

complexity. The system efficiency is improved by integrating the waste heat through an

endothermic reforming step and by recycling the unused fuel gas (H2 und CO) within the

anode off-gas back into the SOFC. The system complexity is reduced by the use of an

innovative reformer-burner-unit and an injector for the anode off-gas recycling. The

reformer can carry out both propane partial oxidation (POX) for the startup and steam-dry-

reformation for nominal operating mode, thus reducing the auxiliary components like

hydrogen storage or water evaporator.

To prognosticate the steady state operation and transient startup of the system, a

mathematical model was created in Matlab/Simulink and validated using the experimental

data of a test rig, which was driven in an electrically heated furnace. Preliminary study [1]

[2] has shown the high efficiency of the system at the design point and the feasibility of the

proposed startup procedure with the POX mode. The O/CRef ratio of more than 2.5 was

used as criterion to avoid soot formation. In this paper, further simulation results are

presented about the shut-down operation and the partial load performance. Furthermore,

we show the relations between the key variables: fuel utilization, cell voltage and recycle

ratio to fulfill the required O/CRef ratio of 2.5.

Key words: SOFC, anode off-gas reforming (AOGR), POX, O/C ratio, H2- und CO-

oxidation, startup, shut-down, partial load, validation



A1202

Thermodynamic system study of a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plant with direct internal

reforming (DIR)-solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) for flexible hydrogen and power production

Aditya Thallam Thattai, Theo Woudstra, P. V. Aravind Section Energy Technology, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of 3mE, TU Delft

Leeghwaterstraat 39 2628CB, Delft, The Netherlands


Abstract

Retrofitting existing natural gas fired power plants with SOFCs can be attractive and flexible power production systems owing to their high efficiency. The implications on plant performance due to retrofitting needs to be investigated for optimum performance of these systems. A three step approach is presented in this paper with ASPEN Plus system models to show the influence of retrofitting a NG based power plant with a DIR-SOFC stack. The three models include a reference case natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) without a SOFC stack, a gas turbine cycle (GT) retrofitted with a direct internal reforming (DIR)-SOFC stack and a third model with an addition of a steam cycle to the DIR-SOFC-GT system. Input data for the GT and steam cycles are based on the European Benchmark Task Force (EBTF) document, which defines overall performance criterions and compositions for an NGCC plant. Performance parameters and criteria for the GT are maintained the same for retrofitting SOFCs. Input data for the DIR-SOFC stack model has been obtained from literature. The models have been developed with the ASPEN Plus process simulation software and no external subroutines/programs. An iterative procedure is used to calculate key parameters like voltage and current with a fixed power output from the fuel cell stack. The reference case NGCC model (without SOFC) gives a net efficiency (LHV) of about 57.8% with a GT power output of about 285 MW. The retrofitted DIR-SOFC-GT model gives a high net efficiency (LHV) of about 66% with the SOFC stack output of about 200MW, giving an indication that retrofitting is highly advantageous. With the addition of a steam cycle, it is seen that the steam cycle reduces in size (low power output) by a large extent with the slight increase in efficiency. It is concluded that retrofitting GT with DIR-SOFCs is more advantageous than retrofitting combined cycle plants. A brief description is also given about H2 production from such systems and an exergy (2nd Law) analysis has also been presented showing exergy losses in the system.



A1203

DESTA: SOFC APUs for Heavy Duty Truck Idling a Progress Report

Juergen Rechberger (1), Andreas Kaupert (2), Christoffer Greisen (3), Roy Johansson (4), Ludger Blum (5)

(1) AVL List GmbH Hans List Platz 1,

8020 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316787-3426

[email protected]

(2)Eberspächer Climate Control Systems GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (3) Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark

(4)Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Sweden (5)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany

Abstract

Within the EU (FCH JU) funded project DESTA the partners AVL, Eberspächer, Topsoe Fuel Cell, Volvo and Forschungszentrum Jülich are collaborating since January 2012 to demonstrate the first European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit (SOFC APU) on a heavy duty truck. The SOFC technology offers the main advantage of compatibility with conventional fuels. The DESTA SOFC APU systems are operated with conventional road diesel fuel. Within the APU system the diesel fuel is reformed to a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing synthesis gas. Another benefit of SOFC technology is that, alongside hydrogen also carbon monoxide can be directly converted into electricity. The system technology is developed by AVL and Eberspächer. Both companies have developed this technology over the last 5 years into prototype systems. Within the project DESTA 6 APU systems, 3 from each partner, are tested in the laboratory. After 6 months of testing the superior features of both systems will be merged to an optimized DESTA SOFC APU, which will go into the vehicle demonstration in 2014. The test results of the 6 APU systems will be shown and discussed in detail. Within the first 2 project years both APU systems reached the net power target of 3kW, around 30% efficiency and significant improvements towards packaging size to enable the truck demonstration. Both systems are equipped with SOFC stacks from Topsoe Fuel Cell. Topsoe Fuel Cell is mainly working on the optimization of the fuel cell stacks towards diesel fuel compatibility (especially sulfur tolerance), thermal cycle ability and re-oxidation stability. The actual development status and latest test results will be shown. Volvo is responsible for the vehicle demonstration on a US type class 8 heavy duty truck. All interfaces have to be defined and prepared for the integration of the SOFC APU. Volvo is also in charge to develop a customized DC/DC converter to step down the stack voltage into the 12V vehicle electrical grid. Also the latest results from the preparation of the vehicle integration will be presented.



A1204

SOFCOM Project: analysis of the SOFC DEMO plants in Torino (biogas)

M. Santarellia, J. Kiviahob, R. Singhc, L. Meuccid, L. Vegae, V. Chiodof, J. Jevulskig, S. Herrmannh

aEnergy Department, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy,

bTechnologian Tutkimuskeskus VTT, Espoo

02044, Finland, cTopsoe Fuel Cells, Nymøllevej 66, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,

dSocietà Metropolitana

Acque Torino, 10152 Torino, Italy, eMATGAS 2000 A.I.E., Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain,

fConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-ITAE, 00185 Roma, Italy,

gInstytut Energetyki, 01330 Warszawa,

Poland, hTechnical University of Munich, 80333 Muenchen, Germany

*[email protected]

Abstract

SOFCOM is an applied research project (FCH JU Grant agreement no: 278798) devoted to demonstrate the technical feasibility, the efficiency and environmental advantages of CHP systems based on SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell technology) fed by different typologies of biogenous primary fuels (biogas and bio-syngas, locally produced) integrated by a process for the CO2 separation from the exhaust gases and Carbon reutilization. The main general objective of SOFCOM is to demonstrate the high interest of electrochemical systems based on high temperature fuel cells to operate as the core of future energy systems with renewable fuels and multi-product configuration, with particular care on CO2 management through C re-utilization in different processes (electrochemical, chemical, or biological as in SOFCOM). SOFCOM foresees two final demonstration of complete biogenous fuel-fed SOFC systems. The paper will deal with the DEMO 1 Torino (IT), field demonstration: the proof-of-concept SOFC system is able to operate with biogas produced in an industrial waste water treatment unit (WWTU). The plant will be in operation as CHP plant, with heat recovery from the exhaust for the production of hot services (hot water). Also, the plant will be completed with a CO2 separation from the anode exhaust and with a section of CO2 recovery for Carbon reutilization in a photo-bio-reactor for C storage in form of algae (CO2 sink).



A1205

Operating Results of the SOFC20 Stationary SOFC CHP System using a CFY-Stack Platform

Martin Hauth1), Jürgen Rechberger1), Stefan Megel2), Mihails Kusnezoff2) 1) AVL List GmbH, Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria

Tel.: +46 316 787 2770, [email protected]

2) Fraunhofer IKTS, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany Tel.: +49 351 2553 505,

[email protected]

Abstract

Operating results of the stationary SOFC CHP system jointly developed within the project Plansee, IKTS, FZJ, Schott and AVL will be shown. The system is based on

a CFY-stack platform with chromium based (CFY) interconnects and electrolyte supported cells. The successful development of all stack components i.e.: interconnect (Plansee), cells (IKTS), glass sealing (IKTS and Schott), protection- and contact layer (IKTS) enables robust, redox stable stacks with a low degradation rate. The stacks were arranged to modules of eight 30-cell stacks and were electrically connected in series. Uniform gas and air distribution were simulated with CFD tools and reproduced in tests. The stack module was tested at a test rig at IKTS and showed good results. Stationary power points were measured to compare the behavior of the stack module to the system test at AVL. For an optimized start of the system a procedure for a start of the stack module with CH4 containing reformate was determined. After shipping the stack module was tested in the system at AVL in Graz and showed comparable results. AVL as the system integrator operated the system at 3 - 6 kWel for more than 1000 h at an efficiency of ~56 %DC. The system was operated at ~830 °C up to a current output of 36 A. During this testing period the stack module has shown no observable degradation. The natural gas driven system is equipped with an anode gas recirculation cycle using a hot anode gas blower to enable steam reforming during load operation without an external steam supply. The blowers use hydrodynamic bearings and were successfully operated at 600 °C gas temperature with a significant amount of start/stop cycles showing no degradation. By controlling the rotor speed of the blower the recirculation ratio could be adjusted in a wide range. An exhaust gas heated steam reformer was used to control the reforming temperature and thus influence the methane content at the stack inlet. The results of operation of the stack module under lab conditions and in the real system are in a good agreement. The module performance in terms of cell voltages, stack temperature distribution and fuel utilization under methane reformate fuel will be shown.



A1206

Experience with a 20 kW SOFC System

Roland Peters, Ludger Blum, Robert Deja, Ingo Hoven, Wilfried Tiedemann, Stefan Küpper, Detlef Stolten

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK)

Leo-Brandt-Straße D-52425 Jülich/Germany

Tel.: +49-2461-614664 Fax: +49-2461-616695 [email protected]

Abstract

Systems based on planar SOFC stacks have a great potential to become compact high efficient power plants. At Forschungszentrum Jülich system technology is under development aiming at a 20 kW demonstration plant. An important challenge is to realize a compact and efficient system. To achieve this, Jülich has invented an integrated stack module, which incorporates all hot parts (means above 400°C) of the system. Having developed and tested all these hot plant components in special test equipment, several 1000 hours of dummy testing with a complete system followed to optimize the operation strategy and the control system. Simultaneously the stack technology had to be improved to handle the harsh requirements concerning thermomechanical robustness imposed by system operation. After a few years of development four stacks with a nominal power of 5 kW could be assembled and characterized with proper quality. After integration into the system operation has been started and 21.3 kW gross power were achieved. Because of a leakage in one integrated module the test had to be interrupted after 550 hours of operation under load. After restart with 2 modules the system is in operation under load for more than 5,300 hours up to now.




Exploitation of biogas potential in the EU-context via solid oxide fuel cell multi-generation plants

M. Gandiglio, A. Lanzini*, M. Santarelli Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24

10129, Torino, Italy *[email protected]

Abstract Biogas conversion in electricity and heat with carbon emission reductions via carbon capture and utilization/sequestration (CCU and CCS, respectively) is addressed in this work. As several organic waste substrates can be transformed to a useful fuel via anaerobic digestion (AD), different plant sizes are potentially feasible according to local biogas availability and thus substrates considered for AD. We focus in this study on a 1 MWe plant coupled with a waste-water treatment plant (WWTP) capable of producing over 1 million of Nm3/h yearly. The reference case is the WWTP of SMAT Spa in Torino (IT). Biogas is exploited in a combined heat and power (CHP) high-temperature fuel cell system based on solid oxide fuel technology specifically designed for C-exhaust. A thorough techno-economic assessment is provided where both energy and economic performance of the integrated biogas SOFC plant are calculated according to a baseline plant configuration as well as modifications of the same concerning the way oxygen is produced. CO2 capture is most efficiently achieved through oxy-combustion of anode-off gas, followed by cooling plus H2O condensation. Such process enables a relatively pure CO2 stream than can be either sequestered or re-used for either industrial or energy-related processes. Concerning the economic part, the impact of subsidies, carbon-constraining legislation is included for the final evaluation of plant profitability. Notably, solid oxide generators fed with biogas and capturing CO2 can still achieve efficiencies higher than 50% (based on biogas LHV) while producing economic profit in modeled scenarios.



A1208

BioZEG Highly Efficient Standalone Green Production of Hydrogen and Electricity

Arnstein Norheim (1), Bjørg Andresen (1), Øystein Ulleberg (2), Ivar Wærnhus (3) and Arild Vik (3)

(1) ZEG Power AS, c/o IFE P.O. Box 40

NO-2007 Kjeller Tel.: +47-92-40-27-93

[email protected]

(2) Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2007 Kjeller (3) CMR Prototech, P.O. Box 6034 Postterminalen, NO-5892 Bergen

Abstract

A prototype plant that demonstrates the ZEG-technology (Zero Emission Gas technology), that is highly efficient co-production of hydrogen and electricity with CO2-capture has been built and installed at Hynor Lillestrøm, located at the Akershus EnergyPark, just north of Oslo in Norway. The system consists of a 30 kWH2 Sorption Enhanced Reforming (SER) reactor system, a 20 kWel Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) module, and a high temperature heat exchange section, for close thermal integration between the SER and SOFC. The goal with the BioZEG-plant is to demonstrate conversion of biomethane to hydrogen and electricity at an overall system efficiency of 70%. The BioZEG-demonstration is a significant first step towards the realisation of the ZEG-technology, which aims to achieve an overall system efficiency of 80% in larger MW installations with integrated CO2 capture. The 20 kWel SOFC-module which was custom-made for the BioZEG-plant by CMR Prototech (NO), was built using CFY-stacks delivered by a European consortium led by Plansee (AT) and Fraunhofer IKTS (DE). A dual stack configuration was chosen as the baseline for the SOFC module, which consists of 12 blocks with 2 stacks each. The concept can easily be extended for further up-scaling. High temperature gas-to-gas heat exchangers, an integrated afterburner/pre-reformer, and other core components have also been developed within the project. The heat exchangers are essential for the close thermal integration between the SOFC module and the SER reactor system, making it possible to reach the targeted system efficiency. The testing of the system was initiated in January 2014, and will continue throughout 2015. The purpose with this paper is to present the BioZEG-plant and the obtained initial results.




Tailoring the electrocatalytic activity of Pt(111) for hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions with atomic

layers of Cu

Jakub Tymoczko,1,2 Wolfgang Schuhmann,1,2 Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka1 1Center for Electrochemical Sciences - CES, 2Analytische Chemie - Elektroanalytik &

Sensorik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum/Germany

Tel: ++49 234 3224198 Fax: ++49 234 3214683 [email protected]

Abstract

The catalytic activity of Pt(111) electrodes towards the hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation reactions can be efficiently optimized with monolayer and sub-monolayer amounts of Cu. The resulting activity depends drastically on the position of copper atoms relative to the topmost surface layer. Preferential positioning of approximately 2/3 monolayer of Cu into the second atomic layer of platinum weaken the surface binding of the adsorbed hydrogen and increases the Pt(111)-electrode activity for hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation reactions. The activity of related nanostructured material is among the most active (if not the best) model electrocatalysts presently known for both reactions under comparable conditions1.

Fig. 1: A current-time curves for the HER under potentiostatic conditions (E = 0.06 V) for the Cu-

Pt(111) NSA and unmodified Pt(111) electrodes. The inset shows the position of the Cu-Pt(111)

NSA at the tip of the volcano plot.

1 J. Tymoczko, W. Schuhmann, A. S. Bandarenka, (2013) submitted



A1210

Development of a SOFC/Battery-Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation in India

Thomas Pfeifer, Markus Barthel, Christian Dosch, Stefan Megel, Matthias Scholz and Christian Wunderlich

Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28

D-01277 Dresden / Germany Tel.: +49-351-2553-7822 Fax: +49-351-2554-302

[email protected]

Abstract

In recent years India faces demanding challenges in covering an aggressively increasing electricity consumption through economic growth and progressive consumer requirements. Renewable sources and small distributed power generators have been identified as one of the options to establish a diversified power supply infrastructure. The present situation

- mon measure of competitiveness, but rather the installation speed and availability of reliable power sources. Contracted by the company Mayur REnergy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. based in Pune, India, Fraunhofer IKTS is currently developing a 1 kW(el) SOFC power generator during a three-year system engineering and technology transfer project. The fuel cell system is based on CFY stack technology by Plansee SE and IKTS, incor-porating state-of-the-art ESC with Scandia-doped Zirconia electrolytes. CFY-stacks have proven to be robust and reliable, showing power degradation rates below 0.6 % per 1.000 hours during endurance operation over 18.000 hours and a power decay of 5 % per 50 near-system cycles under full RedOx-conditions. For the SOFC power generator a 50-cell CFY stack is integrated with a pre-reformer, a tail-gas oxidizer and heat exchangers into a HotBox-module following a novel concept for least-space-demanding reactor integration and flow distribution. Aside from compactness, a simple and robust, yet highly efficient system concept is set as the primary development goal for the project. To meet this requirements, two major design decisions have been introduced in the process layout, i.e. a rated fuel utilization in the stack of 85 % as well as the recycling of exhaust gases and waste heat for the fuel pre-treatment. This approach leads to a water-less SOFC system with an estimated net electrical efficiency above 40 %. The HotBox-concept was validated in a pre-test by the end of April, 2014. In the next project phase two stand-alone prototype systems will be assembled and commissioned at IKTS until October 2014. A second, optimized prototype generation, capable of fully automated, unattended operation is scheduled to be available by mid of 2015. Based on the provided SOFC prototype systems and technology platform the product development and commercialization will be initiated by Mayur REnergy Solutions in India.



A1211

Multiple innovations on a portable propane driven 300 We SOFC system

Ralph-Uwe Dietrich1, Christian Szepanski1, Andreas Lindermeir1, Sebastian Stenger2, Reinhard Leithner2, Jens Hamje3, Richard Deichmann4, Lars Dörrer4

1Clausthaler Umwelttechnik-Institut GmbH Leibnizstraße 21+23

D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Tel.: + 49(0)5323 / 933-209 Fax: + 49(0)5323 / 933-100

[email protected] 2TU Braunschweig, Institut für Energie und Systemverfahrenstechnik (InES),

Franz-Liszt Straße 35, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany 3TU Clausthal, Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren

(ISAF), Agricolastr. 2, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany 4TU Clausthal, Institut für Metallurgie (IMET), Robert-Koch-Str. 42,

D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

Abstract

A Lower Saxony SOFC Research Cluster bundled all local industrial and research activities on SOFC technology for an innovative stand-alone power supply demonstrator with the following features: - Net system electrical power of 300 W, - High net efficiency of >35 %, - Compact mass and volume (less than 40 liters and 40 kg), - Time to full load in less than 4 hours. Its intention was to demonstrate multiple innovations to improve system characteristics like: - Stacked, planar design of its main components to reduce thermal losses and permit

a compact set-up, - Stack compression system across the whole hotbox, observed and controlled force,

different automated modes - Endothermic propane reforming using anode off-gas recycle to increase electrical

efficiency without complex water treatment, - Operation management with reduced sensor hardware to decrease internal energy

consumption, - System and component design suited for a subsequent transfer towards an

industrial prototype development, - Based on the Mk200 stack technology of sunfire GmbH, Dresden, including ESC4

cells of H.C. Starck. Dynamic process simulation provided input for the control and monitoring system. Improved hardware components, compact interconnection with minimized piping and innovative operating regime including safety concept will be described in detail.



A1212

Experimental Investigation of Anode/Cathode Differential Pressures for a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid

Power Plant

Christian Schnegelberger, Mike Steilen, Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, Peter-Kalle Hartleif, Josef Kallo, K. Andreas Friedrich

German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40

70569 Stuttgart, Germany Tel.: +49-711-6862-532 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected]

Abstract

Providing electrical energy with a reduced CO2 footprint and in a sustainable way is a significant challenge for the future. Therefore the research community is intensively studying more effective ways to provide electricity to consumers. In this respect a hybrid power plant, a combination of SOFC and gas turbine, is highly attractive and a research prototype is being developed at the German Aerospace Center [1]. The hybrid power plant consists of a pressurized solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a small gas turbine. It has the possibility to provide electrical energy with high electrical efficiencies. In the hybrid power plant the SOFC will be operated at elevated pressure which enhances the electrical power output of the SOFC [2]. The increased SOFC cathode pressure is maintained by the gas turbine compressor. Pressure differences between the two electrode volumes lead to mechanical stresses and may lead to failure of the SOFC. The durability of the SOFC stack related to pressure differences between anode and cathode compartment was investigated with a planar two layer SOFC stack at operating temperature of 850 °C. The tests were carried out with stationary pressure changes to determine operational limits and potential reasons for failure. The testing procedure and the results will be explained and discussed.



A1213

Coupling of SOFC and Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) for truck applications

Vikrant Venkataraman*, Andrzej Pacek and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, School of Chemical Engineering

University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Tel.: +44 (0)121 414 7044

* [email protected]

Abstract

Modelling studies have been carried out to investigate coupling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) stack with a Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) for a truck application. The heat available from the SOFC is utilised to drive the VARS and the electrical power is used to run all electrical loads (classified as hotel loads) onboard the truck. In a hybrid configuration, the electrical power can also be employed for traction purposes. As this novel strategy utilizes both heat & power from the SOFC it leads to overall increased SOFC system efficiency and reduced load on the main internal combustion engine. The main engine is then solely used for traction. The thermal energy available and the volume flow rate of exhaust (cathode & anode) from a 1 kW & 5 kW SOFC stack was calculated and found to be sufficient to drive the VARS unit. Steady state modelling of the VARS unit has been carried out using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to identify the energy flows & mass flows required for the system. The thermal power available from the SOFC stack is obtained from a MATLAB code which shows the variation of thermal energy with current density. As the refrigeration system is powered solely by the fuel cell, the following advantages can be achieved:

1) Quieter operation of refrigerated trucks inside city limits 2) Main engine can be turned off during idling periods, resulting in reduced wear and

tear of the engine and higher overall efficiency. 3) Reduced pollution levels from refrigerated trucks.



A1214

SOFC stack feeding with biogas from dry anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste

Davide Papurello*(1),(2), Lorenzo Tognana(3), Andrea Lanzini(1), Stefano Modena(3), Silvia Silvestri(2) and Massimo Santarelli(1)

(1)Energy Department (DENERG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 (TO), Turin 10129.

(2)Fondazione Edmund Mach, Biomass bioenergy Unit, (TN) 38010,

(3)SOFCpower spa, V.le Trento 115/117, Mezzolombardo (TN) 38017. Tel*.: +39-340-2351692

[email protected]

Abstract

Biogas production from dry anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) represents a suitable and advantageous solution to produce a valuable renewable fuel and a good quality fertilizer instead of generating air and soil pollution. Among energy generation systems, SOFC technology shows the highest electrical efficiency values. In this work, results are presented for a pilot plant in which an anaerobic digester was connected to a gas cleaning, compression and storage unit to feed with biogas a 500 We SOFC stack. The digester was fed with domestic waste collected from the local municipalities. During the stationary fermentation phase a volumetric flow of around 1m3/h of biogas with a suitable composition to feed a SOFC (55-65% mol. of CH4) was produced at an outlet pressure above 4 mbar(g). Such a low biogas outlet pressure required a blower to feed the gas clean-up section consisting of an adsorber filled with activated carbons. A compression unit finally raised the biogas pressure from ~80 mbar to 11 bar in order to fill a 640 L storage tank used as buffer to compensate production fluctuations and to feed the SOFC stack. A commercial 500 We SOFC stack (from Sofcpower, Italy) with 40 Ni-anode supported cells was employed. The content of biogas trace compounds was monitored using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer mass spectrometry instrument before and after the gas cleaning section. Aside from sulfur compounds, aromatic and terpenes compounds were detected. The principal pollutant compound was however H2S, with concentration ranging from 30 to 100 ppm(v). The SOFC stack was directly fed with biogas using a stack integrated stack/c-POx reformer unit and operated with no degradation for more than 400 h. Maximum performance were achieved working in potentiostatic mode at 54% FU with an electrical efficiency above 35% (LHV of biogas) and electrical power above 500 We.



A1215

Operation of a SOFC Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant with Different Fuels

Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, Mike Steilen, Christian Schnegelberger, K. Andreas Friedrich, Josef Kallo

German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany


Abstract

Hybrid power plants consisting of a SOFC coupled with a gas turbine convert chemically bound energy into electrical energy. They can be operated at very high electrical efficiencies within a wide range of installed power. Hybrid power plants can generally be operated with a variety of gases including hydrogen, natural gas and other hydrocarbons. An operating strategy for a hybrid power plant was developed aiming at high electrical efficiency over a wide power range. The strategy was tested with a system model which is based on separately validated models of SOFC [2] and gas turbine [1]. Simulation results showed that an electrical efficiency above 60% (based on HHV) is possible for an electrical power output between 350 and 700 kW for a power plant operated with natural gas [3]. In renewable energy systems, power plants can be fuelled with renewable gases like hydrogen or biogases. In this paper, the operation of the hybrid power plant with various fuels is analyzed. Results are compared with the operation with natural gas. Power range, electrical efficiency and operating conditions of the SOFC are studied. Results show that operation with hydrogen rich gases result in a significant increase in SOFC temperature compared to the operation with natural gas. This effect is due to a lack of endothermic reforming reactions. These results show that the power range of a hybrid power plant strongly depends on the fuel type if no additional measures are taken for temperature control.




Numerical bifurcation and stability analysis of steady states during start-up of a HT-Fuel cell

Sumant Gopal Yaji, David Diarra OWI Oel Waerme Institut GmbH

Kaiserstrasse 100 D-52134 Herzogenrath


Abstract

Fuel cell systems are considered as one of the most promising technologies for energy production . A fuel cell however due to exothermic reactions is extremely sensitive in its operating temperature range. A definite change in input temperature facilitates chemical reactions which releases significant amount of heat. This is mainly observed during the start up stage and also during changes in operating conditions. The technical limitation like thermal inertia of fuel cell mass and also limitations in the controller makes it difficult to maintain thermal stability during operation. One of the main challenges is to obtain an effective operation during these inevitable conditions which would otherwise damage the material of the fuel cell. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to investigate the stable states and modes of instability of HT-fuel cell. During start-up, parameters like the amount of air being supplied, the amount of fuel gas being supplied, amount of electrical load being drawn, the amount of heat loss etc. collectively influence the operating temperature of the fuel cell. Since these parameters are mutually dependent, the process of controlling these parameters may lead to thermodynamic instability in the fuel cell. In this analysis the sensitivity of each of these operating parameters on fuel cell stability is studied. With the help of a bifurcation analysis stable operating points for each parameter at each start-up condition are determined. These points are then plotted in the corresponding state-space. The state space represents multiple stable and unstable operating points. These points then serve as an input to the controller in order to achieve an effective and stable start-up operation. A brief overview of model development with the emphasis on approach for determining the possibility of operating a fuel cell at different operating conditions will be shown.



A1217

Efficiency comparison of SOFC systems with diesel reformers

Sangho Lee, Minseok Bae, Joongmyeon Bae and Sai P. Katikaneni Dept. of Mechanical Eng., KAIST.

291 daehak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea


Abstract

In this study, the efficiencies of diesel driven SOFC systems are calculated with auto-thermal reforming and pre-reforming. Reformer plays important role in SOFC system efficiency. High reforming efficiency is required to increase SOFC system efficiency. Auto-thermal reforming (ATR) and pre-reforming are compared as diesel reforming methods. Micro-reactor test has two limitations on the comparison of ATR and pre-reforming. First, the amount of heat from electric furnace is hard to measure. Therefore, the heat is excluded in the calculation of reformer efficiency. This makes reformer efficiency higher than 100% when steam reforming and pre-reforming are used. Second, waste heat can be used as the external heat sources. Especially, anode off gas contains H2 and CO, which is burned in after burner. The SOFC efficiency can be increased using the waste heat for reforming. Therefore, ATR and pre-reforming should be compared with respected to system efficiency. In this study, SOFC systems are designed to produce 1kWe from diesel. 7.98 ml/min and 5.79 ml/min of fuel are consumed by ATR and pre-reforming, respectively. Low H2 and CO concentration of ATR leads to decrease SOFC power density. As the result of low power density, ATR requires more SOFC single cells than pre-reforming to produce 1kWe. In the other word, the system cost can be increased by SOFC single cells when ATR is integrated. In pre-reformer, 1.95 ml/min of fuel was burned for the reaction heat. Eventually, 23.07 % and 31.81% of SOFC system efficiency were calculated for ATR and pre-reforming, respectively.




Comparison between different biofuels for SOFC-GT systems for aircraft application

Álvaro Fernandes, Theo Woudstra and P.V. Aravind Department of Process and Energy, TU Delft

Leeghwaterstraat, 44 NL-2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands

Tel.: +31-15-278-3688 Fax: +31-15-278-2460

[email protected]

Abstract

The limited lifespan of fossil fuels has lead researchers to investigate other fuels as substitute for transportation. Although hydrogen is the best candidate due to its high energy density per weight, it has the lowest energy per volume. As volume is an important variable in aircraft design, other fuels stored at liquid state may be adequate to avoid bulk storage systems. In addition, to evaluate fuel feasibility, the efficiency of production should be considered. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been showing higher efficiencies than conventional propulsion systems and when internal reforming is employed and/or when coupled with gas turbines (GT) the efficiency is significantly improved up to 70%.

-to- n application giving significant indicators for fuel options and efficient technologies and improvements. In this study the power chains of DME and liquid H2 produced through biomass gasification and fuelled in a SOFC-GT propulsion system for a specified aircraft are compared. In first stage, a fuel production system is modeled that includes the production of syngas using a gasifier, gas cleaning, gas processing and storage systems. Those systems are modeled in Aspen Plus as tool due to be suitable for thermo-chemical analysis. In second stage, SOFC-GT system is designed and sized for a specified aircraft in-house software Cycle-Tempo generated to analyze thermodynamic process. Moreover, the software includes a fuel cell block making the software suitable for modeling SOFC systems. The aircraft used as reference in a concept of NASA. The volume available in both nacelles and total gross weight of aircraft is fixed and hence the SOFC-GT power required for all fuels studied are similar. As conclusion, although the efficiencies of SOFC-GT systems for both fuels are almost similar, the efficiency of DME power chain is higher due to its production efficiency. The production efficiency of liquid hydrogen is mainly compromised by the high energy intensity required for liquefying hydrogen.



A1219

Thermal Integration of an SOFC with A High Performance Metal Hydride Storage System: A Systems

Approach

Arvin Mossadegh Pour, Aman Dhir And Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells.

University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK


Abstract

Fuel cells are currently attracting interest because of their potential in power supply in stationary, portable and transport applications. In many applications, metal hydride tanks offer an interesting method of storing hydrogen as an alternative to compressed or liquefied hydrogen due to the low pressure requirements and high volumetric capacity. 1D, 2D and 3D models using Matlab & Comsol have been created to study the coupling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and high temperature metal hydride. This enables complete understanding of the systems behaviour during the heating-up process and aids in the design of the metal hydride & auxiliary hydrogen tank. Thermal integration of the metal hydride tank with an SOFC system should allow the recovery of heat needed for hydrogen desorption and can be considered in the market of Auxiliary Power Units (APU) for trains and trucks. A design for a metal hydride tank optimized for coupling with SOFC exhaust heat is presented along with simulation calculations of the start-up and continuous operation operational modes.



A1220

Feasibility study of a power generator system based on micro-SOFCs for portable applications

D. Pla1, M. Salleras2, A. Morata1, I. Garbayo1,2, A. Sánchez1, A.Tarancón1 1. Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for

Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor

08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona /Spain Tel.: +34 933 562 615

[email protected]

2. IMB-CNM (CSIC), Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, National Center of Microelectronics, CSIC, Campus UAB,

08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona/ Spain

Abstract The exponential use of portable electronic applications year by year has led to an opportunity gap in the power generator market beyond Li-ion batteries. The development of novel miniaturized power generators able to operate in continuous (by using a fuel), more efficiently and off-grid is receiving much attention. Among promising alternatives, the micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (micro-SOFC) are presented as one of the most suitable candidates because provides fuel flexibility and has higher specific power densities than other electric power generation systems [1]. Although proof-of-concept micro-SOFC technology has been demonstrated, there is still a long way to go to achieve a feasible and reliable micro-SOFC system as power generator in a short term. Numerous issues must still be solved, such as the thermal management. In this work, a three-dimensional thermo-fluidic finite element model based on a novel micro-SOFC system with 1We output and fuelled with ethanol liquid has been set up. A proper balance between a thermally self-sustaining and a rapid start-up operations is presented.



A1221

MCFC-products for CHP-and H2-applications in Europe

Dipl.-Ing. Stefan Peterhans FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH

Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden/ Germany

Tel.: +49 89 139 28 30 40 Fax: +49 89 139 28 30 70

[email protected]

Abstract

FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH (FCES) is a Joint Venture between Fraunhofer IKTS, Dresden and Fuel Cell Energy Ltd., Danbury, Connecticut, USA. It was founded in mid of 2012 and is operational since then. The product portfolio of FCES consists of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power plants with sizes ranging between 250 kWel up to 2,8 MWel. The products are available in modular sizes DFC®250 EU, DFC®300 EU, DFC®400 EU, DFC®1500 EU and DFC®3000 EU. As this technology can be arranged very modular, there are no limits in terms of size. This results in a power plant up to 60 MW electrical power which is operation in South Korea right now. These power plants can be operated on Natural gas as well as on many different bio gases. The exhaust heat can be utilized for heating purposes and the production of steam as well as fed directly to adsorption cooling systems. One additional new add on is the production of Hydrogen which can be separated from the Anode exhaust and provided for different demands like automotive applications. The systems with 250/400 kWel power output have been developed in Germany over the last years. Operating several field trials systems a lot of experience was gained and led towards a redesign incorporating lessons learned and also improving other expectations from customer side. The original approved recycled system approach was not changed but rearranged inside the stack module. The motivation for switching from a tubular to a rectangular module design mostly was driven by a bigger potential for cost reduction and increasing the overall efficiency. Besides that, a modular design which can take 300 up to 600 cells per module was achieved. The new setup also allows much easier maintenance of the module at site and incorporates more robust sub components like the manifolds including their dielectric system. A first of its kind DFC®-H2 system has been installed and is in operation since 2011. It is located in the Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA and produces up to 115 kg of H2 per day out of sewage bio gas produced on site. The Hydrogen is stored at 500 bar and supplied through a H2-filling station for use in Hydrogen fuelled cars. FCES stands for continuous supply of large MCFC CHP Power Plants in Europe with the background of FCE, USA the worldwide largest Fuel Cell manufacturer. The power plants are commercially available and fulfill the need for continuous, clean, highly efficient and sustainable electrical energy.



A1222

Thermodynamic Modeling and Parametric Study of an Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC)

Taufiq Bin Nur (1), Takayoshi Ishimoto (2), Yasunori Kikuchi (3,4), Kuniaki Honda (4) and Michihisa Koyama (1,2,4)

(1) Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

(2) INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

(3) Presidential Endowed Chair for Platinum Society , The University of Tokyo / 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

(4) International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

Tel.: +81-92-802-6969 Fax: +81-92-802-6969

[email protected]

Abstract

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is recognized as a high efficiency energy device with low environmental effects for a sustainable future. SOFC also delivers heat at sufficient temperatures, which can be certainly recovered as heat sources to produce mechanical energy in turbines in a combined cycle power plant. Taking into account the fuel flexibility, SOFC is suitable for direct use of synthesis gas (syngas) from a coal gasification plant. The application of integrated SOFC in coal gasification based power plants, such as integrated gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC) could be a key technology for high efficiency and very low emission fossil power plants in the future. However, most of IGFC system design performance efforts to-date simply replace the power block of the conventional gasification combined cycle with SOFC block without taking into consideration the various polarization mechanisms and safe operation of SOFC. These designs cannot provide an optimum interaction between SOFC and gasifier because integrating an SOFC with a gasifier is different from combining a turbine with a gasifier due to the characteristics of SOFC. As an electrochemical energy conversion device, the performance and safe operation of SOFC are also significantly affected by the species concentrations and the main operating conditions such as fuel utilization rate, current density, steam to carbon ratio, and air utilization rate. In this work, detailed thermodynamic analysis is carried out to develop systematic process integration strategies of gasifier, SOFC, steam turbine and other balance of plant components as realistically as possible. The plant layout is also carefully designed to best exploit the heat generated in all the processes, polarization modes in the SOFC and simulated in Aspen Plus to improve heat recovery and energy efficiency. A parametric study is used to determine the most viable system designs based on maximizing total system efficiency.



A1223

Computational Modelling of a Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Bostjan Hari (1), Jan Peter Brouwer (2), Antony Meadowcroft (1), Aman Dhir (1) and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens (1)

(1) University of Birmingham, School of Chemical Engineering, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham / United Kingdom

Tel.: +44-121-414-5080 Fax: +44-121-414-5324

[email protected]

(2) HyGear Fuel Cell Systems B.V., P.O. Box 5280 6802 EG Arnhem / The Netherlands

Tel.: +31-88-9494-329 Fax: +31-88-9494-399

[email protected]

Abstract

Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (microtubular SOFC) possess many advantages compared to conventional tubular and planar SOFC such as rapid start-up, thermal shock resistance, improved cycling performance and simple fabrication by extrusion. Microtubular SOFC can utilise conventional hydrocarbon fuels or hydrogen to produce electricity for auxiliary and portable power devices or propulsion energy for small-scale transport and unmanned aerial vehicles. The aim of this work is to design and develop a microtubular SOFC stack for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. A computational microtubular SOFC stack model is used to design, optimise and build the stack prototype, fuelled by propane reformate coming from a catalytic partial oxidation fuel reformer. The stack will be built and tested to determine the suitability of the SOFC system to power an UAV. The results will be fed back into the model for validation and refinement purposes, allowing more rapid development of future stacks and systems.



A1224

System performance comparison employing either partial oxidation or anode offgas recirculation as reforming methods within a biogas SOFC system

M. P. Heddrich (1), E. Reichelt (2), T. Albrecht (1), C. Greß (1), M. Jahn (1), R. Näke (1) (1) Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, IKTS

Winterbergstraße 28; 01277 Dresden/Germany (2) Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden

Tel.: +49-351-2553-7506 Fax: +49-351-2554-336

[email protected]

Abstract

Recirculation of system or anode offgas is essential to the system concepts of many recent SOFC systems. Numerous system concepts are possible and have been theoretically analyzed. Few concepts were actually built, tested and reported about using either blowers or ejectors which have to be specifically designed for high temperature operation and dimensioned according to system concept and power range. Recirculation may permit independence from external reforming agents like air or water. In the case of a system with partial oxidation (POx) as reforming method anode offgas recirculation (AOGR) additionally leads to a significant increase in efficiency. The Fraunhofer IKTS biogas SOFC system was operated with real and synthetic biogas. A laboratory pump and a recuperator were utilized for AOGR. Experimental results of non-AOGR operation with varying methane content within the biogas will be presented. Furthermore transient and stationary experimental results of both POx and AOGR operation will be shown. POx operation was successfully confirmed for methane concentrations of xCH4 = Furthermore the transition from POx to air-free AOGR could be demonstrated under real biogas operation.



A1225

Validation System Performance Tests for a Kilowatt Grade SOFC System

Shih-Kun Lo1, Cheng-Nan Huang1, Hsueh-I Tan1, Ching-Han Lin1, Wen-Tang Hong1, and Ruey-Yi, Lee1*

Chun-Da Chen2, Ying Tsou2, Chun-Hsiu Wang2, Hsun-Yu Lin2 1: Institute of Nuclear Energy Research

No. 1000 Wenhua Road Longtan Township / Taiwan (R.O.C.)

2: China Steel Corporation No. 1 Chung-Kang Road

Siaogang District / Taiwan (R.O.C.) *Tel.: +886-3-471-1400 Ext. 7356


Abstract

An experimental investigation is carried out to evaluate the performance and operating characteristics of a prototype Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system. The current investigation is a collaborative work between the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) and the China Steel Cooperation (CSC). The performance of the SOFC stack and major balance of plant (BOP) components is evaluated for both the warm-up and the normal operation stages for a SOFC system. The experimental results show that under nominal operating conditions, the fuel concentration of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the reformer reaches to 75.7 %. Furthermore, the output power of the stack performance is around 824 W, while the fuel utilization efficiency and overall electrical efficiency are equal to 65.34 % and 34.30 %, respectively. After 500 hours normal operation, the system power is around 730 W, and the electrical efficiency is 30.13 %.




Anode off-gas recirculation for methane fed solid oxide fuel cells

Tsang-I Tsai*, Shangfeng Du, Aman Dhir and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham

B15 2TT, UK Tel.: +44-21-414-5283 [email protected]

Abstract

The high operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) provides high flexibility in their fuel selection. Hydrocarbon fuel such as methane is a popular choice, as it can be directly reformed inside the SOFCs. However, carbon deposition on the anode could deactivate the catalytic nickel and block the porous anode thus lowering the system performance and shorting the operational life.

The typical solution is to mix the fuel with steam at the inlet to initiate methane

steam reforming and avoid the formation of solid carbon. Nevertheless, the issues of water purity and temperature gradient cause complexity and instability to the system. Additionally, the added steam dilutes the fuel concentration and lowers the cell performance.

In this study, the modelling work was introduced based on the thermodynamic

equilibrium methods to find the minimised anode off-gas recirculation rate to recycle the steam required for preventing carbon formation.

The results show that a higher recycling rate is required when the cell is operating

at a lower current density whilst high current densities require lower recycling rates.



A1227

Improvement of SOFC-mCHP system integration and demonstration in SICCAS

Xiaofeng Ye, Youpeng Chen, Zhongliang Zhan and Shaorong Wang Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS).

588 Heshuo Road Shanghai / P.R. China

Tel.: +86-21-6990-6389 Fax: +86-21-6990-6389

[email protected]

Abstract

High temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) offer high electricity efficiency, superior environmental performance, combined heat and power (CHP), and fuel and size flexibility. Major benefits of distributed generation systems are savings in losses over the long transmission and distribution lines, reduced installation cost, local voltage regulation, and the flexibility during peak load conditions. A possible solution would be to establish an optimized decentralized micro-CHP network, in which SOFC can play an important role due to its fuel flexibility and high efficiency. SOFC group at SICCAS works on the development of materials, cells and stacks since the late 90s, and we have built a pilot line of single cells fabrication and stacks integration. We can produce single cells with size from 10*10cm2 to 25*25cm2. The production capacity of our standard cell (13*13cm2) can reach 3000 pieces per year. Modular assembly technology has been applied to integrate large stacks. Our standard stack module generates 250 W output, and negligible degradation can been seen in 30 thermal cycles. Now we are focusing on the m-CHP system integration and demonstration. 1kW and 5kW system have been developed in our group, which have been demonstrated using pipeline natural gas. The system can be started in 7 hours, and the temperature of BOP component and stack in the system can be controlled uniformly. The 1kW system has run for more than 600 hours totally and more than 100 hours in one thermal cycle. The pressure drop of the stack should be decreased to improve the system efficiency in the future.



A1228

Operation of a Tubular Direct Carbon Fuel Cell with a Dry Carbon Gasifier

Tak-Hyoung Lim, Jong-Won Lee, Seung-Bok Lee, Seok-Joo Park, Rak-Hyun Song

Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) Tel.: +82-42-860-3608 Fax: +82-42-860-3297

[email protected]

Abstract

A carbon gasified direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) was fabricated and investigated for generating effective carbon fuel cell reactions. Anode-supported tubular DCFC cells with a 45 cm2 active electrode area were used to manufacture the DCFC, which was coupled with a dry gasifier induced by a reverse Boudouard reaction. Activated carbon (BET area 1800 m2/g) powder was mixed with K2CO3 powder (5 wt.%) and used to fill a dry gasifier as a solid carbon fuel, and pure CO2 gas was supplied to the gasifier. The CO fuel generated by the reverse Boudouard reaction in the dry gasifier increased the performance of the DCFC. The tubular DCFC single cell showed a maximum power of 6.95 W at 750 oC. The results indicate that the fabricated tubular DCFC is a promising power generation system candidate for many practical applications, such as residential power generation (RPG) and stationary power systems.


Interconnect, sealing and coating Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 1/18

Chapter 08 - Session A14 Interconnect, sealing and coating


A1401 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Multilayered PVD Coating for Interconnector Steel 2

A1402 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 3

Effect of Composition, Microstructure and Service Environment on the Long Term Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Interconnect Steels 3

A1403 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Oxide (Cr2O3) scale growth on metallic interconnects and its impact on ohmic resistance: Combined study of image analysis and modeling 4

A1404 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Development and Testing of Sealing Glasses for SOFCs based on CFY-Interconnects 5

A1405 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Chromium evaporation from mechanically deformed pre-coated Crofer 22 APU 6

A1406 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Coating developments for Metal-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 7

A1409 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Aging Behavior of Reactive Air Brazed Seals for SOFC 8

A1410 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 9

Post-Test Characterization of Metallic Interconnect after Long Term Service in SOFC-Stacks 9

A1411 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Feasibility of using LNF-coated Crofer22APU mesh as cathode contact material for SOFC 10

A1412 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 11

Oxidation-Resistant Manganese and Cobalt Diffusion Coatings for Interconnect Materials in SOFCs 11

A1413 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Mechanical properties of sealants and cells 12

A1414 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Effect of Ceramic Filler Particles on the Sealing Capability of a SrO-CaO-based Glass-Ceramic Sealant 13

A1415 ................................................................................................................................... 14

Development of Cu-rich Spinels as Coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14

A1416 ................................................................................................................................... 15

Behavior of commercial ferritic stainless steel during the starting process of intermediate temperature SOFC stacks 15

A1417 ................................................................................................................................... 16

Mechanical properties of interconnects, sealants and gas distribution layers for planar solid oxide fuel cell stacks. Part I: interconnects and gas distribution layers 16

A1418 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 17

Barium aluminosilicate glass modified with B2O3 for sealing application 17

A1419 ................................................................................................................................... 18

Glass Ceramic Seal for Electrochemical Devices 18



A1401

Multilayered PVD Coating for Interconnector Steel

Mats W Lundberg, Robert Berger and Jörgen Westlinder AB Sandvik Materials Technology

SFFLY (4371) SE-811 81 Sandviken / Sweden


Abstract

Sandvik Materials Technology develops thin PVD coatings for SOFC stainless steel interconnects. In this study of a novel multilayered coating has been made. Cyclic oxidation for more than 15,000 hours at 800°C, chromium volatilization and area specific resistance studies has been conducted on three different coatings and compared with the uncoated steel, in this case AISI441 (EN 1.4509). In this work we have shown that pre-coated AISI 441 show very promising results for SOFC interconnectors at 800°C. We have studied and compared state of the art CeCo coating with a new four layered coating that shows slightly higher cumulative chromium volatilization, similar ASR values and reduced mass gain in the cyclic oxidation experiments. From these studies it shows that focusing solely on one parameter will not give a fuller understanding on interconnector behavior.




Effect of Composition, Microstructure and Service Environment on the Long Term Oxidation Behavior of

Ferritic Interconnect Steels

Leszek Niewolak, Heike Hattendorf 1), Egbert Wessel, Willem Joseph Quadakkers Forschungszentrum Jülich

Institute of Energy Research (IEK-2), 52425 Jülich, FRG 1) OUTOKUMPU/VDM, Werdohl, FRG


Abstract

The oxidation behavior of four commercially available ferritic steels (Crofer 22 APU, Crofer 22 H, ITM and Sanergy HT) during exposure up to 10000 hours under SOFC relevant conditions was compared. Aim of the study was to evaluate the suitability of the mentioned

between 650 and 900°C. The oxidation performance was studied during isothermal as well as cyclic short and long term exposures. The oxidation mechanisms were evaluated using Thermogravimetry in combination with a variety of analysis techniques such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy and wave length dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, secondary neutrals mass spectrometry, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Relative differences in behavior between air and simulated anode gas (SAG) were found to be different for the steels tested and could be attributed to different types and amounts of minor alloying additions. It is shown that formation of an outer Cr/Mn spinel layer over the inner chromia scale is a time and atmosphere dependent process. Formation of the Cr/Mn spinel layer increases the scaling rate during air exposure, however, it also decreases the Cr-loss from the oxide scale by formation of volatile species. Contrary to manganese, addition of reactive elements such as Y and La effectively reduce the scaling rate of the chromia base surface scale but apparently do not substantially affect the Cr-release from the oxide scale surface. Long term oxidation behavior of the steels, especially when prevailing in thin components, is obtained by increasing Cr-content. However, high Cr- -phase, especially at relatively low SOFC operation temperatures around 650°C.



A1403

Oxide (Cr2O3) scale growth on metallic interconnects and its impact on ohmic resistance:

Combined study of image analysis and modeling

Markus Linder (1,2), Thomas Hocker (1), Lorenz Holzer (1), K. Andreas Friedrich (2), Boris Iwanschitz (3), Andreas Mai (3), J. Andreas Schuler (3)

(1) Institute of Computational Physics (ICP), ZHAW; Winterthur, Switzerland (2) DLR; Stuttgart, Germany

(3) Hexis AG; Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.: +41-58-934-7717

[email protected]

Abstract

Oxide formation on metallic interconnects (MIC) represents a major source of SOFC stack degradation. Studies of scale growth mechanisms and their relationship with power degradation thus attract major attention in the context of lifetime improvements. MIC degradation is evaluated here by comparing the oxide scale thickness and microstructure evolution with the corresponding ohmic losses, and finite-element- (FE)-modeling is used to explain differences between the rates of scale growth and the resistivity increase. The growth of the oxide scales and the simultaneous increase of area specific resistance (ASR) are generally described by a parabolic rate law (i.e. exponent n = 0.5). However, the Cr2O3 scale growth measured by image analysis and as well as the experimentally determined ASR evolution exhibit evident deviations, which are consistently sub-parabolic (i. e. n < 0.5) for oxide growth and over-parabolic (i. e. n > 0.5), for the ASR evolution. Such deviations become particularly pronounced for investigations > 5000 hours. In order to explain the difference for these two time-dependent behaviors, FE-modeling is performed on electron microscopy images. The distribution of current densities within oxide layers of real samples is simulated and generates ASR values for specific time steps. Deviations between scale growth and ASR evolution are explained by the influence of scale morphology, which is a time-dependent factor. This morphology factor (M) has a high impact during short-terms (< 2000 h)determine the behavior of initially thin scales. At longer time-scales (> 5000 h) the scale morphology loses its impact on ASR increase because higher scale thicknesses preclude

- . Errors are thus generated when ASR evolutions are predicted only based on growth rates of (measured) average oxide scale thickness. Consequently, for reliable predictions of the ASR evolution based on scale thickness growth, a time dependent morphology factor has to be considered.



A1404

Development and Testing of Sealing Glasses for SOFCs based on CFY-Interconnects

Axel Rost1, Jochen Schilm1, Jens Suffner2, Mihails Kusnezoff1, Alexander Michaelis1 1: Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems

Winterbergstr. 28 01277 Dresden, Germany

2: SCHOTT AG BU Electronic Packaging Christoph-Dorner-Str. 29

84028 Landshut, Germany Tel.: +49-351-2553-7701 Fax: +49-351-2554-214

[email protected]

Abstract

For a reliable and safe operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), gastight sealings with high long-term stability are required. Due to stringent demands to the sealing materials resulting from working temperatures up to 900 °C, harsh atmospheres and the need of electrical insulation, only few materials are suitable for this application. Among the different sealing concepts, still the most common used is to apply sealings with glasses or glass ceramics. Glass sealings are related to rigid joints forming chemical bonds with joined components. Therefor the thermo-physical properties of sealing material have to be adapted to these materials. This was realized by a glass forming system of BaO-SiO2-Al2O3 with additional oxides for controlling crystallization of disilicate-type phases. They are needed to adjust the coefficient of thermal expansion, the viscosity for sealing and reactivity during operation. The general aim was to develop partial crystallizing glass ceramics with residual glassy phases maintained during stack operation for relaxation of mechanical stresses. This study presents the development of sealing glasses for SOFC-stacks based on CFY-interconnects (Cr, Fe, Y) produced by PLANSEE SE. It is shown that relevant properties of the CFY-alloy such as thermal expansion and chemical compatibility are matched by adjusting the composition of the glasses. With respect to the high Cr-content of CFY the chemical compatibility of the glasses was investigated with a unique setup for in-situ measurements of the resistivity of sandwich type samples at high temperatures in a dual atmosphere under applied voltage up to 5 V. SEM investigations of interfacial reaction layers of tested samples gave valuable information for the optimization of the glass compositions. Special interest was paid to the formation of chromate-type oxides which are known to have detrimental effect on the adhesion of the sealing glasses on metallic substrates. As a consequence sealing glasses with minimized BaO-contents leading to a controlled crystallization behavior have been created. Further testing of selected BaO-containing and BaO-free glasses was performed in SOFC stacks to characterize the joining behavior under realistic conditions. Results obtained from testing of model samples and from sealed and operated CFY-stacks were in good agreement showing possibility to apply the developed methodology for ex-situ glass material development.



A1405

Chromium evaporation from mechanically deformed pre-coated Crofer 22 APU

Hannes Falk Windisch, Jan-Erik Svensson and Jan Froitzheim Chalmers University of Technology, Energy and Materials

Kemivägen10 SE-41296 Göteborg/Sweden

Tel.: +46-31-772 2850 [email protected]

Abstract Ferritic stainless steels have become the most popular choice of interconnect material in planar solid oxide fuel cells during the last decade. However, one of the largest issues associated with ferritic stainless steels is the volatilization of chromium species such as CrO2(OH)2 at the cathode side, known to poison the cathode. Poisoning of the cathode is known to be detrimental to stack performance and must therefore be inhibited. This can be done by applying a coating to the steel. Several different coating techniques such as spray drying, screen printing, plasma spraying, electroplating or physical vapor deposition (PVD) etc. can be utilized. The great advantage using thin metallic PVD coatings is that steel coils can be pre-coated enabling high volume production, without the need for an extra post-coating step after the deformation process. The influence of Cr-vaporization and high temperature oxidation on deformed Co-coated steels was studied in this work. Crofer 22 APU was coated with 600 nm Co and formed into real interconnect shape and exposed up to 336 h in air-3% H2O at 850 °C. As references were uncoated (undeformed), coated (undeformed) as well as deformed and post coated steel foils exposed. Microscopic investigation showed that when the pre-coated steel was deformed, large cracks were formed in some areas. However, upon exposure those cracks did heal forming a continues surface oxide rich in Co and Mn. Volatilization measurements further proved the healing effect since no significant difference in Cr-volatilization compared to the coated reference material could be observed.



A1406

Coating developments for Metal-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

M. Stangea, C. Denonvillea, Y.Larringa, C. Haavika, A. Brevetb, A. Montanib, O. Sicardyb J. Mouginb, P.O. Larssonc

a SINTEF, Forskningsveien 1, 0373 Oslo, Norway Tel.: +47-990-24-433 Fax: +47-220-67-350

[email protected] b CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France

c HÖGANÄS AB, SE-263 83 Höganäs, Sweden

Abstract

The development of a protective coating for porous metal supports is critical for sufficient life time for the fuel cells; enabling improved oxidation resistance, reduced chromium evaporation, and increased conductivity of the protective oxide scale. The oxidation of coated and non-coated substrates have been compared, and shows that it is possible to increase the oxidation resistance at 600°C in air by a factor of 10 and in wet hydrogen by a factor of 1000. Cr evaporation is also lowered by a factor of 10 in air. These experiments on pre-coated porous metal supports verify that the coating is well suited for use for metal supported fuel cells aiming at a low temperature fabrication route (below 1100°C). A different coating procedure more suitable for post-coating after deposition and co-sintering of the fuel cell component using a high temperature fabrication route has also been investigated. The results showed that post-coatings is better than the pre-coating approach for the high temperature fabrication route after 500 h in air and after 100 h in wet hydrogen due to the detrimental effect of the cell sintering step.



A1409

Aging Behavior of Reactive Air Brazed Seals for SOFC

Andreas Pönicke, Jochen Schilm, Mihails Kusnezoff, and Alexander Michaelis Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS

Winterbergstrasse 28 D-01277 Dresden/Germany

Tel.: +49-351-2553-7966 Fax: +49-351-2554-215

[email protected]

Abstract

The mechanical integrity of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and the long-term stability under operating conditions are basic requirements for a reliable operation of SOFC stacks. In this respect the use of metallic brazes as sealing material is considered to have advantages in comparison to the widely used brittle glasses or glass ceramics. In this study the mechanical properties of reactive air brazed YSZ-steel joints and their long-term stability at high temperatures in air and dual atmospheres are investigated. Silver-based braze compositions like Ag-4CuO are used for reactive air brazing of gas tightness samples. During aging in air at 850°C for 800 h the thickness of the interfacial oxide layers increases with time, while the bending strength decreases. Microstructural analysis reveals the formation of voids within the brazing zone and the development of multilayered reaction layers. In contrast, the aging in dual atmospheres at 850°C causes strong degradation and the total loss of gas tightness. However, the addition of small amounts of TiH2 to the braze compositions enhances the dual atmosphere tolerance of the reactive air brazed seals.




Post-Test Characterization of Metallic Interconnect after Long Term Service in SOFC-Stacks

Vladimir Shemet, Daniel Grüner, Christian Geipel*, Anton Chyrkin, Qingping Fang, and W. Joe Quadakkers

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo-Brand Straße 1

D-52428 Jülich/ Germany Tel.: +49-2461-615560 Fax: +49-2461-613699 [email protected]

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are considered to be a promising future electricity-generation technology due to their high electrical efficiency. Nevertheless, their development still faces various problems concerning construction materials, cost-efficiency, manufacturing processes and optimized plant design. Introduction of improved ferritic steels and new contacting methods for interconnects as well as high performance ceramic cells has in recent years resulted in reduced degradation rates of SOFC-stacks which is a prerequisite for the commercialization of SOFCs. The present paper presents recent results obtained for the high temperature behavior of metallic interconnects Crofer 22 APU (Outokumpu VDM) and ITM (Plansee GmbH) during long-term SOFC-operation at 750-850°C. The post test characterization after 30.000 h of stack operation revealed that the interconnect surface on the anode side compartment was mainly covered by MnO and Si/Mn-spinel crystals as well as by a surface layer consisting of Cr/Mn-spinel and chromia, i.e. the phases typically found as corrosion products on high chromium ferritic steels with Mn additions. SEM/WDX analyses revealed that a protective MnCo2O4 coating applied on the interconnect by APS prior to stack manufacturing had as result that hardly any chromium was present in the contact layer. The APS spinel coating appears to be very efficient for improving the surface stability and contact resistance of the interconnect and also prevents chromia evaporation from the steel surface. Nickel diffusing from the Ni-mesh (electrical contact on anode side) into the ferritic steel interconnects led to local formation of austenitic grains adjacent to the contact area. The

metallographic cross-sections after electrochemical etching also show the formation of -phase formation beneath the austenitic grains in case of Mo-containing alloys. DICTRA simulations of interdiffusion between Ni and ferritic steels confirm the formation of

austenitic and -phases in the electrical contact area on the anode side.



A1411

Feasibility of using LNF-coated Crofer22APU mesh as cathode contact material for SOFC

A. Morán-Ruiz (1), K. Vidal (1), A. Larrañaga (1), M.A. Laguna-Bercero (2),

J.M. Porras-Vazquez (3), P.R. Slater (3), M.I. Arriortua (1) (1) Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU).

Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa (Vizcaya), Spain. (2) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA).

Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. (3) University of Birmingham, School of Chemistry. Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.


Abstract

The key-requirements to achieve high performance on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are related to effective contact area between interconnect and cell cathode. In this work, the contact layer comprises a current collecting layer at the cathode side formed by

LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3- (LNF) perovskite-coated Crofer22APU ferritic stainless steel mesh. In order to determinate the feasibility of using this composite as a contact material, it was directly adhered to the channeled metallic interconnect and sintered at 1050 ºC for 2h in air. The contact evaluation of the system composed of {composite contact material/channeled interconnect} is carried out by the ASR measurements using the dc four-point method. The obtained signal is stable near 2 at 800 ºC in air. The system was treated at 800 ºC for 1000 h to study long term compatibility between the metallic substrate and the composite. X-Ray Micro-Diffraction, performed at the rib and channel of the interconnect, revealed that LNF material is acting as a protective layer for metallic interconnect. However, EDX analysis carried out on the composite direct contacted (the rib) and indirect contacted (channel) with interconnect present similar La, Ni, Fe and Cr distributions. Taking into account the obtained contact resistance and chemical compatibility of the studied system, LNF dip coated on Fe-Cr mesh would offer promising opportunities as a high conductive composite contact material.




Oxidation-Resistant Manganese and Cobalt Diffusion Coatings for Interconnect Materials in SOFCs

Diana Schmidt, Xabier Montero, Mathias C. Galetz and Michael Schütze DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut

Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt/ Main, Germany

Tel.: +49-69-7564-479 Fax: +49-69-7564-388

[email protected]

Abstract

Modern solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate in the temperature range from 600-800°C, which allows the application of ferritic steels for use as interconnect materials. The main drawback for application of these alloys e and cathode side service environments at the operating temperatures. At the cathode side chromium can evaporate from the surface of the interconnect steel due to the high temperatures leading to poisoning of the cathode and rapid degradation of the electrical properties of an SOFC stack. If the water vapor content of the cathode environment is increased the chromium evaporation becomes even more dramatic. Extensive research on coatings of a cobalt-manganese-spinel on the cathode side of the interconnect confirm that this spinel has a great potential. It was found that it can block outward diffusion of chromium from the steel and, thus, prevent the formation of volatile chromium species. At the same time, this spinel exhibits a well-adapted coefficient of thermal expansion and excellent electrical conductivity, which is an important feature for this particular application. The state-of-the-art of manganese-cobalt spinel coatings are physical vapor deposition or slurry coatings like screen-printing or spraying. This work is focused on the development of an alternative method to apply metallic cobalt and manganese in the metal subsurface regions of ferritic steels as reservoir for manganese-cobalt spinel formation by oxidation using the pack cementation method, which affords diffusion coatings with very good adherence and high homogeneity. The pack cementation method offers different advantages in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods. Component geometries of any kind can be deposited with a homogenous diffusion zone. Metallic Co and Mn are enriched in the metal subsurface region forming a reservoir phase. During oxidation a thin spinel can form and for longer exposure times the oxide can grow due to the reservoir of Mn and Co. At this time the focus of the work is the diffusion coating development and the formation of the spinel phase during oxidation. In the future the electrical and mechanical properties of coated samples will be investigated. Two types of ferritic steels were used for the study: K41 with 18% Cr and Crofer22APU with 22% Cr. Short-term tests for 100 hours at high temperatures (800°C) in water vapor containing environments were conducted to evaluate the coating. These results were compared to state-of-the-art manganese-cobalt spinel coatings on the same materials produced by screen printing. The coatings and oxide scales were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis.



A1413

Mechanical properties of sealants and cells

Jianping Wei, Goran Pe anac, Jürgen Malzbender Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IEK-2

Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich, Germany

Tel.: +49-2461-61-9399 Fax: +49-2461-61-3699

[email protected]

Abstract

The reliable long-term operation of solid oxide fuel cell stacks depends critically on the robustness of sealants and cells. The current work focuses on selected room and elevated temperature properties of these materials, in particular fracture strength, fracture toughness and creep properties. Available mechanical testing methodologies are improved and new tests are developed. Different mechanical testing methods are compared by means of advantages and disadvantages and assessment of mechanical parameters. The fracture and elevated temperature deformation results need to be supported by advanced microstructural characterizations along with fractography to gain insight into the relationship of properties and microstructure and failure origins.



A1414

Effect of Ceramic Filler Particles on the Sealing Capability of a SrO-CaO-based Glass-Ceramic Sealant

Hae-June Je, Hyo-Jin Kim, Kyung-Joong Yoon, Ji-Won Son, Jong-Ho Lee, Byung-Kook Kim, Hae-Won Lee

High-Temperature Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science & Technology

Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 / Korea

Tel.: +82-2-958-5514 Fax: +82-2-958-5449

[email protected]

Abstract

Oxide glasses and glass-ceramics have been commonly used for SOFC sealing but often suffered from uncontrolled deformation and structural instability during normal and thermal cycle operations. Generally, ceramic filler particles are added into the sealing glass in order to improve glass retention as well as mechanical toughness and strength. However, ceramic filler particles are apt to devitrify the sealing glass. In this study, the effect of devitrification of a SrO-CaO-ZrO2-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic system induced by ceramic filler particles on the sealing capability is investigated. SiO2, MgO and YSZ powders were used as filler particles. In order to investigate the sealing capability of glass-matrix composites, the leak rate was measured using sealing tapes and Crofer22APU metal interconnector. The initial leak

rates of the sintered glass without fillers and SiO2 composite were as low as 1 10-4~1 10-5 sccm/cm but MgO and YSZ composites showed substantially higher values under the same conditions. While the leak rates of SiO2 composite at 800 oC and RT remained below

1 10-4 sccm/cm after 10 thermal cycles, that of the sintered glass increased rapidly during thermal cycling operation, and the sealing of YSZ composites permanently failed after only 1 thermal cycle. The exellent sealing capability of SiO2 composite can be attributed to the increased its CTE with increasing heat treating time and sealing failure of YSZ composite is due to the decreased CTE which increases thermal mismatch between Crofer22APU and sealing tape. Less corrosion was observed from Crofer22APU in contact with the sintered glass compared to that reacted with the glass-matrix composites, but the sealing tape of the sintered glass spread more than those of the glass-matrix composites after leak test. Added ceramic fillers evidently induce the devitrification of a glass-ceramic that affects the thermal properties and interfacial reaction with Crofer22APU interconnector. Nevertheless, in order to efficiently use a glass-ceramic as SOFC sealing material, it is desirable to add ceramic fillers to adjust CTE and to suppress the spreading of the sealing material.



A1415

Development of Cu-rich Spinels as Coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Roberto Spotorno (1,2), Simone Valente (1), Paolo Piccardo (1,2), Massimo Viviani (2), Francesco Perrozzi (2), Dennis Soysal (3), Asif Ansar (3)

(1) Universitá degli Studi di Genova Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via Dodecaneso, 31 I-16146 Genoa / Italy

(2) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per l´Energetica e le Interfasi Via De Marini, 6

I-16149 Genoa / Italy Tel.: +39-010-353-6145 Fax: +39-010-353-6148

[email protected]

(3) German Aerspace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38-40

70569 Stuttgart

Abstract

Ferritic Stainless Steel interconnects for SOFC are often indicated as promising for their ease of manufacturing, conductivity, costs and mechanical compatibility with the cell materials. Nevertheless, they need protection from the aggressive environment of the stack, especially at the cathodic side, in order to keep low the interfacial resistance decreasing the oxidation rate and the formation of insulating phases. They also act as a barrier against the diffusion of chromium and its compounds to the sensitive materials of the cell electrodes which would cause a fast degradation of the overall stack performances. Four different coatings were produced on Crofer 22 APU substrates via plasma spraying: Copper Manganese Oxide (CuxMn3-xO4) in three different stoichiometries and Cobalt Manganese Oxide (CoxMn3-xO4) being a state of the art coating for ferritic stainless steels used as interconnect in SOFC stacks. The achievement of the right composition was checked by X-Ray Diffraction. The coating layers were tested measuring the Area Specific Resistance (ASR) in the temperature range 400-800°C and then characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the thickness and the morphological aspect.



A1416

Behavior of commercial ferritic stainless steel during the starting process of intermediate temperature SOFC

stacks

Paolo Piccardo(1,2), Simone Anelli(1), Roberto Spotorno(1,2), Francesco Perrozzi(2), Sabrina Presto(2), Massimo Viviani(2), Valeria Bongiorno(1) and Pauline Girardon(3)

(1) DCCI - University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, I- 16146 Genoa, ITALY [email protected]

(2) CNR-IENI Via De Marini 6, I-16149 Genoa, ITALY (3) Aperam, rue Roger Salengro, F-62330 Isbergues, France

Abstract

Among the degradation processes of a SOFC stack working at the intermediate temperature range of 600-800°C there are phenomena that start directly at the first steps of the stack manufacturing such as sealing or on site sintering. The usage of commercial stainless steel as structural material (e.g. interconnects) responds to the demanded needs of chemical and mechanical stability and compatibility, and is becoming more and more important to face the market request of reliable and cost effective products. This study aims to investigate the behavior of two commercial stainless steels (K41X, DIN 1.4509, and K44X, DIN 1.4521) during the sealing process (i.e. glass curing) in static air. It was then possible to highlight the influence of the temperature, of the chemical composition of the steel. As final ageing following the sealing step the samples were kept at 600°C for 200h.



A1417

Mechanical properties of interconnects, sealants and gas distribution layers for planar solid oxide fuel cell

stacks. Part I: interconnects and gas distribution layers

Fabio Greco, Arata Nakajo, Jan Van herle FUELMAT Group, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, EPFL

Station 9 CH-1015 Lausanne / Switzerland


Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks are vulnerable to mechanical failures in any of their constituents. Failure of the interconnect, sealant or gas diffusion layer can ultimately lead to cell cracking and subsequent definitive or, in the best case, temporary interruption of the operation of the stack. Distinct events during operation or design particularities will modify the sequence leading to dramatic failure. Therefore, the understanding of the interactions between the different components is crucial to effectively mitigate their possible adverse effects and the knowledge of the mechanical properties of all SOFC components is required for relevant structural analysis. The study aims at compiling data on the mechanical properties of the materials used in the components of planar solid oxide fuel cell stacks: the interconnects, the glass-ceramic sealants or compressive gaskets and gas diffusion layers. Part I focuses on metallic interconnect and on gas diffusion layers and contacting layers (GDL). Part II is dedicated to the mechanical properties of the sealing solutions. Modelling approaches and required measurements are discussed. The paper focuses on the most common and promising material candidates. The reported properties of the materials include thermal expansion, strength, elastic or elasto-plastic and creep behaviour.




Barium aluminosilicate glass modified with B2O3 for sealing application

Maviael J. Silva1, Signo T. Reis2 and Sonia Mello-Castanho1*

Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN CNEN/SP, Brazil Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242

05508-000 São Paulo, SP/Brazil Tel. 55 11 31339200

2 Missouri University of Science and Technology- Rolla MO, USA *[email protected]

Abstract

The planar design of SOFC requires sealant at the edges of the cell to prevent fuel

leakage (H2, CH4, etc.) and air mixing at its working temperature (700 to 900°C). The

extreme operation conditions of current cell designs involve both high temperatures and

highly corrosive environments. Consequently is necessary a material to seal the chambers

of the anode and cathode along each cell unit (the anode-cathode-electrolyte and

interconnects). The present work is an attempt to engineering glass compositions based

on the BaO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3 system chosen due its thermal properties and good glass

forming tendency. The glass formation or stability against crystallization x) and the

thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter

(DSC) and dilatometric analysis, respectively. The corrosion resistance of the glasses

determined by polarization curves using the Tafel method extrapolation showed good

accordance with the TEC specified for SOFC sealants. The main subject of this work is the

development and selection of sealing glasses composition for SOFCs applications and the

development of new methodologies for preparation and evaluation of glass ceramics

suitable for SOFC seals applications.

Key words: SOFC, Sealants, Glass stability, thermo analysis, Tafel extrapolation.



A1419

Glass Ceramic Seal for Electrochemical Devices

Matthieu Schwartza and Signo T. Reisb

a Saint-Gobain Recherche 39 Quai Lucien Lefranc F-93303 Aubervilliers Tel : +33 1 48 39 55 56

[email protected] b Saint-Gobain Innovative Materials

9 Goddard road Northborough, MA 01532, USA

Tel : + 01 508 351 7289 [email protected]

Abstract

This paper details the recent progress in the investigation of the long term behavior of selected Saint-Gobain Glass Ceramic Seal under operating conditions that play an important role in the performance of electrochemical devices like solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), high temperature electrolysis (HTE) and ceramic membrane reactors. In addition to gas tightness and electrical resistivity, a seal material must have a set of thermo-mechanical and chemical properties in order to efficiently seal the SOFC cell components and to maintain performance at elevated temperature over extended operating time. The seal must be stable in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres and withstand thermal cycles between room and the cell typical operating temperature (800 to 900°C). Chemical reaction with the SOFC components should be minimal so as to keep integrity of the seal/cell-interface and prevent degradation in seal reliability over time. In this work, the glass-ceramic seal is discussed for which optimal sintering/crystallization behaviors and thermal stability have been demonstrated. The investigation of the sealant was performed from the point of view of sealing ability and crystallization behavior using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The evolution of the seal Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) has been followed by dilatometric analysis, crystalline phase evolution has been investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the chemical interaction between sealant and cell components has been evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA). The microstructure of the sealing material has been evaluated after aging by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).


Cell and stack design - next generation Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 1/16

Chapter 09 - Session A15 Cell and stack design - next generation


A1501 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Planar Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Conventional Ceramic Processing Routes 2

A1502 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Preparation of Metal-supported SOFC using Low Temperature Ceramic Coating Process 3

A1503 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

New SOFC-stack design with parallel connected cells 4

A1504 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Operation of SOFC short stacks with integrated planar high temperature heat pipes 5

A1505 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Development of a Prototype Portable SOFC System Using Commercially Available LPG Cartridge 6

A1506 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Development of metal foam supported SOFCs 7

A1507 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Connection Optimisation for Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 8

A1508 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

STS-Supported SOFC with thin- or thick-film process 9

A1509 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Design and analysis of a computer experiment of the anode-gas-flow distribution in fuel cells 10

A1510 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Fully ceramic-based micro-SOFC integrated in silicon 11

A1511 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Catalytic hydrogen micro-combustor for SOFC Portable Applications 12

A1512 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Three-in-one: single layer low temperature micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells 13

A1513 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14

Manufacturing & Electrical Characterization of Intermediate Temperature Micro Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14

A1514 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 15

All porous solid oxide fuel cells (AP-SOFC): a bridging 15

technology between dual and single chambers for operation in dry hydrocarbons 15

A1515 ................................................................................................................................... 16

Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Materials Development to Single Cell Performance and Durability Tests 16



A1501

Planar Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Conventional Ceramic Processing Routes

Dario Montinaroa, Pradnyesh Satardekarb, Vincenzo M. Sglavob (a)SOFCpower SpA, 115/117 viale Trento, 38017 Mezzolombardo, Italy

Tel.: +39 338 7265895 Fax: +39 0461 1755050

[email protected] (b)University of Trento, DIMTI, via Mesiano 77, I- 38123 Trento, Italy

Abstract

Metal Supported-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (MS-SOFC) represent a very interesting fuel cell design because of their robustness and tolerance to rapid thermal- and redox-cycling. Moreover, the low cost of metal supports and the reduced amount of ceramic materials required to make thin SOFC layers lead to a substantial reduction of the manufacturing costs with respect to electrode or electrolyte supported cells. However, in order to be very attractive from the industrial point of view, MS-SOFC has to be produced by using very robust and cost-effective processing routes.

Within the RAMSES EU project, materials, components and processes have been tailored for MS-SOFC. The present work is focused on the development of planar MS-SOFC, considering Ni/YSZ cermet as anode and 8YSZ electrolyte, by conventional ceramic processing routes such as tape casting an screen printing. The design of the metal support/anode/electrolyte half-cells was optimized by introducing intermediate layers with tailored composition. Green half-cells were then co-sintered at high temperature under slightly reducing atmosphere. However, this approach implicates some major issues like interdiffusion of Ni and Cr and RedOx reactions involving volume changes at the metal/anode interface. Due to these reactions, delamination and cracking of the multilayers is frequently observed at the high sintering temperature required to obtain a full-density electrolyte. These problems were significantly limited by modifying the composition of the anode and electrolyte by reactive elements and sintering aids, respectively. RedOx expansion, which is the main source of delamination, was significantly limited by the use of a small amount of Nickel Aluminate in the anode. In addition, the use of Iron as sintering aid was observed to shift the onset of sintering of 8YSZ from 1190oC (for pure 8YSZ) to 1050oC, allowing the half-cells constrained sintering to be performed at T<1350°C.



A1502

Preparation of Metal-supported SOFC using Low Temperature Ceramic Coating Process

Jong-Jin Choi and Dong-Soo Park Korea Institute of Materials Science

Functional Ceramics Group 797 Changwondaero Sungsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 642-831, South Korea

Tel.: +82-55-280-3371, Fax: +82-55-280-3392 mailto:[email protected]

Abstract

Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells were fabricated using room-temperature operating aerosol deposition consisting of a co-fired FeCr-based alloy support, LST diffusion barrier, Ni-GDC anode, aerosol-deposited dense YSZ electrolyte, and aerosol-deposited porous LSCF cathode. The LST diffusion barrier effectively suppressed the reaction between the FeCr based alloy support and Ni in the anode during co-firing at 1300oC. Room-temperature deposition of the electrolyte and cathode layers in low vacuum conditions effectively prevented metal support degradation and cathode decomposition. Microstructural analysis of the anode, electrolyte, and cathode layers is presented. An open circuit voltage of 1.08V and maximum power density of 0.71 W/cm2 were achieved at 750oC.

Figure 1. Schematic of aerosol deposition system



A1503

New SOFC-stack design with parallel connected cells

Andreas Lindermeir1, Christoph Immisch1, Christian Szepanski1, Jens Hamje2 Abdelhamid Bentaleb3 and Lars Dörrer4

1Clausthaler Umwelttechnik-Institut GmbH (CUTEC) Leibnizstraße 21+23

D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Tel.: + 49(0)5323 / 933-209 Fax: + 49(0)5323 / 933-100

[email protected] 2TU Clausthal, Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren (ISAF),

Agricolastr. 2, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany 3TU Clausthal, Institut für Elektrische Energietechnik und Energiesysteme (IEE),

Leibnizstr. 28, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

4TU Clausthal, Institut für Metallurgie (IMET), Robert-Koch-Str. 42, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

Abstract

SOFC technology still suffers from essential problems like high costs and insufficient lifetime, partly caused by the traditional stack design with serial connected single cells. A stack design with parallel connected cells offers benefits in terms of reduced degradation and better reliability. Within a joint research project a new design with parallel connected cells is developed. Goal is the realization of a parallel stack demonstrator in the power scale of 200 to 300 W. The concept is based on a repeating unit (twin-cell) consisting of two cells, electrically connected in parallel. Stack-modules with 50 to 60 W will be build up by stacking these twin-cells. Multiple stack-modules can be connected serial for reasonable terminal voltage. Different design options for the twin cell were evaluated by flow field simulations and with respect to their producibility. Both, metal and ceramic concepts for the cell frame are considered. Glass sealings are completely avoided for improved durability. Reactive air brazing (RAB) is used for the ceramic frame concept, whereas the metal concept deploys additional laser welding for tightening the gas compartments. The presentation focuses on the different design approaches and their specific pros and cons. Preliminary tests on welding and brazing technologies show the general feasibility of the approach and enable mass production of the basic repeating units. Flow field simulations assist the dimensioning to assure homogeneous distribution of reactants.



A1504

Operation of SOFC short stacks with integrated planar high temperature heat pipes

Marius Dillig and Jürgen Karl Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU),

Institute of Energy Process Engineering Fürther Strasse 244f

D-90429 Nürnberg / Germany Tel.: +49-911-5302-9029 Fax: +49-911-5302-9030

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper proposes a thermal balancing, heat removal and supply mechanism via high temperature heat spreaders integrated to the solid oxide cell (SOC) stacks. Planar alkali metal heat pipes for almost isothermal 2-D heat transport, even for intense heat transfer rates, are incorporated into the metal interconnector structure of SOC-short stacks. The objective of this concept is a temperature gradient shrinking within the stacks and a thermal control without large amounts of additional air cooling. Subsequent to the development of planar heat pipe interconnectors with thickness down to 4 mm and heat transfer rates of up to 150 W per cm² cross sectional area at isothermal operation, this work focuses on their integration into the SOC stack structure. Therefore, short stacks with incorporated planar heat pipes are designed and build up for evaluation. The presented experimental study focuses heat spreading capabilities and power limitations of the heat pipe interconnectors and on temperature distributions within the stack. Experiments demonstrate effects on stack stability and impacts on heat pipe operation within the stack structure and environment.

SOFC

SOFC

SOFC

metal interconnector

wick

vapour space

vapour flow

liquid flow

condensation

evaporation

planar

heat pipe

Fig. 1 Schematic design of SOC stacks with integrated planar heat pipe interconnector layers, designated to thermal gradient flattening and heat extraction from the stack



A1505

Development of a Prototype Portable SOFC System Using Commercially Available LPG Cartridge

Hirofumi Sumi, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Koichi Hamamoto, Toshio Suzuki and Yoshinobu Fujishiro

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 2266-98, Anagahora, Simo-shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560 / Japan

[email protected]

Abstract

Electrochemical characteristics of several Ni-oxide anodes were investigated in hydrogen, methane and butane at 610 oC. The performance of Ni-Gd-doped ceria (Ni-GDC) anode was slightly lower than that of Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) anode in hydrogen. As a result of distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis, the anode polarization resistances were the following sequences; activation: Ni-GDC < Ni-YSZ, concentration: Ni-GDC > Ni-YSZ. In butane at a relatively low steam/carbon (S/C) ratio of 0.044, Ni-YSZ anode deteriorated rapidly for 3 h due to a large amount of carbon deposition. The cell using Ni-GDC anode could generate power continuously more than 24 h because of high catalytic activity against reforming of butane and electrochemical oxidation of deposited carbon. We were successful to demonstrate a proto-type portable SOFC system using a commercially available LPG cartridge. It can be heated up to 400 oC within 2 min by burning an external LPG burner, and drive a USB device for 24 h continuously using a LPG cartridge (250 g). This paper also introduces the schematic framework of NEDO project Technology Development of Portable Electricity Genera .



A1506

Development of metal foam supported SOFCs

Feng Han1, Robert Semerad2 and Rémi Costa1 1German Aerospace Center

Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40

D-70569 Stuttgart / Germany Tel.: +49-711-6862-8047 Fax: +49-711-6862-1442

[email protected] 2Ceraco Ceramic Coating GmbH

Rote-Kreuz-Str. 8 D-85737 Ismaning / Germany

Abstract

A metal foam supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) bi-layer electrolyte is proposed. The prepared cells are supported by NiCrAl metal foam, which has been impregnated with La-substituted SrTiO3 (LST) as electrical conductive material. An LST-GDC anode functional layer was tape cast into green tape and then laminated onto the metal foam support. The measured thickness of the anode functional layer is approximately 20 µm after calcination at 1000 oC. Gas-tight YSZ electrolyte layers were deposited by vacuum plasma spray (VPS). Alternatively, porous YSZ layers were dip-coated with a fine suspension containing YSZ nanoparticles in order to obtain thin-film electrolytes. Successively, a gas-tight GDC electrolyte was deposited by EB-PVD method. The thickness of the gas-tight VPS YSZ electrolyte and the thin film YSZ-GDC bi-layer electrolyte was approximately 100 µm and 3 µm, respectively. The pore size distribution of NiCrAl foam supported substrates was characterized by mercury porosimetry analysis, the microstructure was demonstrated with SEM and the gas-tightness of the half cells was evaluated.



A1507

Connection Optimisation for Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A.D. Meadowcroft*, K.S. Howe, A Dhir and R. Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research,

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham,

Birmingham, UK Tel.: +44-121-414-5283 [email protected]

Abstract

Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) offer a rapid start-up, high efficiency option for portable power generation, however their progress has been marred by issues of lifetime and the complexity of interconnection. Interconnection methods reported in the literature vary widely; including cathodes covered by dense silver wire coils and brazed caps, amongst many other designs. These methods all add to the cost and complexity of the system. For a given power demand, the tube size, and hence power per cell, must be balanced with the complexity of interconnects. Larger tubes mean fewer cells are needed, but the anode and cathode conductivities become more significant as length increases. Various approaches have been tested, with the cathode being the focus of research due to its higher resistivity. A porous silver ink coating on the catsilver wire along its length proved the most effective, with one connection point on each electrode. A power density of 0.59 W/cm2 was obtained in this configuration at 74% utilisation of simulated reformate fuel from cells with a cathode length of 9.5cm at 0.7V.



A1508

STS-Supported SOFC with thin- or thick-film process

Kun Joong Kim, Sun Jae Kim, Byung Hyun Park and Gyeong Man Choi Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)

Fuel Cell Research Center / Department of Materials Science and Engineering San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea


Abstract

Metal supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) could provide high mechanical strength and thermal-shock resistance and thus promise stable performance at intermediate temperature. In this study, we have fabricated stainless steel (STS)-supported SOFCs using either thick or thin film process. In the thick film process, electrolyte/anode layers were co-fired with STS with diffusion barrier layer in order to prevent the reaction between anode and STS. The single cell co-fired at 1350oC has shown good performance at 700oC. In the thin film process, micro-SOFC was fabricated without using lithography or etching. The thin film electrolyte layer was deposited on top of micro-porous oxide substrate. Excellent electrochemical performance was shown at 450oC for this micro-SOFC.

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A1509

Design and analysis of a computer experiment of the anode-gas-flow distribution in fuel cells

Thierry M. Cornu, Priscilla Caliandro, Arata Nakajo, Jan Van herle FUELMAT group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Tel.: +41-21-693-3528 Fax: +41-21-692-3502 [email protected]

Abstract A homogeneous flow distribution into the bipolar plates of fuel cells is known to be important for their proper operation. This study investigates the use of techniques for the design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE) in order to carry out a sensitivity analysis and generate a meta-model, whereas optimizing the number of runs needed. Various design variables and operating conditions are considered as factors; namely: (1) topology of manifolds, (2) height of channels, (3) width of manifolds, (4) mole fraction of hydrogen, and (5) electrical current density. A fractional factorial design and a central composite design are chosen in the frame of this study. The responses of interest for which the effect of the factors and their interactions is quantified are (a) flow uniformity and (b) pressure drop. Among the selected factors, the width of the manifolds displays the most significant effect on the flow uniformity.

Figure 2. Conceptual map of the study.



A1510

Fully ceramic-based micro-SOFC integrated in silicon

I. Garbayo1,2, D. Pla1, A. Morata1, L. Fonseca2, V. Esposito3, S. Sanna3, N. Sabaté2 and A. Tarancón1

1 Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2ª pl.

E-08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona (Spain) 2 Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC)

Campus UAB, s/n E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona (Spain)

3 Department of Energy Conversion and Storage DTU Frederiksborgvej 399

DK-4000 Roskilde (Denmark) Tel.: +34-933-562-615 Fax: +34-933-563-802

[email protected]

Abstract

The increasing energy demand of the lastly developed high performance portable devices is limiting their out-of-grid autonomy. Consequently, in the recent years there has been a reactivation of the research in the field of portable power systems. In this sense, the fabrication of micro-SOFCs integrated in silicon has been shown as one of the most promising alternatives to current state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. By reducing the electrolyte thickness and smart integration into low thermal mass structures, the SOFC technology has overcome the major drawbacks for application in portable devices, i.e. high operating T and long start-up times with high energy consumption. This work presents the fabrication and performance of an all-ceramic micro-SOFC fully integrated in Si, representing the first report on a non-metallic based micro-SOFC. The use of ceramics as electrodes greatly improves the reliability of metal-based devices, strongly affected by de-wetting processes and thus instable already in the intermediate range of temperatures (>400ºC). Dense yttria-stabilized zirconia films are used as electrolyte, porous La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- as cathode and porous Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9- as anode. A comprehensive microstructural and electrochemical analysis of the three layers has been

2 for the individual components are achieved at temperatures of ca. 700°C. A power density of ca. 100 mW/cm2 with an open circuit voltage of 1.05V is obtained at 750°C based on a CGO/YSZ/LSC micro-SOFC. The total power achieved per single device was ~2 mW, reached by using a large-area free-standing membrane design previously reported by the authors.



A1511

Catalytic hydrogen micro-combustor for SOFC Portable Applications

D. Pla1, L. Almar1, G. Gadea1, A. Morata1 and A. Tarancón1 1. Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for

Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor

08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona /Spain Tel.: +34 933 562 615

[email protected]

Abstract

The catalytic combustion of hydrogen at low temperature has been widely reported, but information about a micro-combustor which could be directly coupled to small-scale intermediate-temperature micro-SOFC systems is sparse. The present work reports the design, fabrication and performance evaluation results of a compact catalytic bed micro-combustor based on a mesoporous ceria support, infiltrated with nickel oxide (NiO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles for the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen. The current design is based on a silicon bed micro-reactor with an overall size of 25 mm x 19 mm x 0.5 mm fabricated with the mainstream micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies. The micro-combustor was filled with NiO/CuO-cerium gadolinium oxide mesoporous catalysts by applying a pressure gradient and encapsulated with a glass cover by anodic bonding. The conversion and efficiency of the catalytic reactor were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) shows the suitability of the here-employed catalyst to oxidative combustion the exhaust gases coming from a micro-SOFC system.



A1512

Three-in-one: single layer low temperature micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells

Shangfeng Du (1,*), Tsang-I Tsai (1), Bin Zhu (2), Robert Steinberger-Wilckens (1) (1) School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham

B15 2TT, UK (2) Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44,

Stockholm, Sweden Tel.: +44-21-414-5081

[email protected]

Abstract

The high operating temperature and the three-layer construction of the conventional solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) usually cause the mismatch of thermal expansion as well as inter-diffusion and interaction between electrolytes and electrodes, bringing serious mechanical and chemical problems. To this end, considerable efforts have been devoted using novel component structures, e.g. adding an interlayer between the electrolyte and the electrode, which would increase the complexity and the fabricating cost at the same time. In this work, for the first time, we demonstrate a novel type of single layer micro-tubular SOFC. With a reported nanocomposite mixture of samarium-doped ceria and nanoparticles of a LiNiCuZn-based oxide acting as ionic conductor and semiconductor phases, respectively, the single layer micro-tube was manufactured by a single one-step extrusion. The final tubes with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm and a wall thickness of 0.4 mm were directly used as single-component SOFCs and tested with hydrogen and air. A power density of 264 mW cm-2 was achieved at 550 oC. However, the stability test showed a fast degradation to the cell performance, and only 41% of the initial power remained after 15 hours. Although a high potential is expected for this technology in practical applications, a further understanding of the exact nature of the underlying processes and the structure-property relationships for this single component device is necessary in our future work.




Manufacturing & Electrical Characterization of Intermediate Temperature Micro Tubular Solid Oxide

Fuel Cells

Ali Murat SOYDAN1* and Ali ATA1 1.Gebze Institute of Technology ,Nano Technology Research Center

Istanbul Str 41400 Kocaeli / Turkey Tel.: +90-262-605-1730 [email protected]

Abstract

With their rapid start up time and elimination of cell sealing, tubular solid oxide fuel cells are expected to be the first prototypes of the fuel cell commercialization. Co extruding the anode and electrolyte double-layers of micro tubular solid oxide fuel cells is a promising manof the extrusion batch, extrusion rate, sintering temperature and raw powder characteristics are found to be highly effective over the mechanical & electrical properties of the final cells. Nano Ceramic Powders obtained by using GNP combustion method and examined with BET, SEM & XRD were mixed with several binding & extrusion polymers such as Poly ethylene glycol, Poly vinyl alcohol and butvar. Layer porosity and layer specific surface area of co extruded green tubes ( composed of a 250 micron thick Ni-GDC Anode and 100 Micron GDC electrolyte with a total diameter of 3.1 mm ), & electrical examinations of the cells were performed by SEM, Empedance spectrometer & fuel cell performance analyzer.




All porous solid oxide fuel cells (AP-SOFC): a bridging technology between dual and single chambers for

operation in dry hydrocarbons

Youmin GUO and David FARRUSSENG* Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON)

CNRS, 2, Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France Tel.: +33-4-72-44-54-86 Fax: +33-4-72-44-53-99

[email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

The anode deactivation by coking for hydrocarbon-feed SOFC is a chief obstacle towards industrialization. All Porous Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (AP-SOFC) is the latest technology allowing the controlled distribution of gaseous O2 at anode side, thus preventing deactivation and generating heat by auto-thermal reforming. The oxygen distribution is controlled by the porosity of a CGO electrolyte. In this AP-SOFC, the oxidative reforming of hydrocarbon streams consequently operate in a similar fashion to single chamber SOFC, but within a safer and better controlled process [1]. In our first electrolyte supported AP-SOFC, the peak power output only reached ~20 mW cm-2 with methane as fuel due to the large thickness of the porous electrolyte (2 mm). In this study, we show a 10-fold peak power output using a second generation AP-SOFC based on anode-supported porous thin-film CGO electrolyte (Fig. 1). In single cell test, stable OCV of 0.82V was obtained over 160 hours (Fig. 2). Moreover, continuous and stable operation in dry 6% propane for more than 120 hours without observable degradation in OCV was obtained, whereas the cell performance degraded almost 35% for dual chamber SOFC with dense CGO electrolyte only after 10 hours [2].

Fig. 1. I-V curves of the anode-supported AP-SOFC

(NiO+CGO-CGO-BSCF+CGO) at various temperatures under 7%CH4-He/Air atmosphere.

Fig. 2. The open circuit voltage versus time for anode supported AP-SOFC operated in 7% CH4-He/air and

6% C3H8-He/air at 700 oC.

[1] Y. Guo, M. Bessaa, S. Aguado, et.al. Energy Environ. Sci, 2013, 6, 2119-2123. [2] F. Chen, S. Zha, M. Liu, Solid State Ionics, 2004, 166, 269-273.



A1515

Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Materials Development to Single Cell Performance and Durability

Tests

Julie Mougina, Aude Breveta, Jean-Claude Grenierb, Richard Laucourneta,

Per-Olof Larssonc, Dario Montinarod, Lide M. Rodriguez-Martineze, Mario A. Alvareze, Marit Stangef, Lionel Bonneaug, Enrico Concettonih, Lorenzo Stroppah a CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, FR-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 / France


b CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 Av. du Dr. Schweitzer, FR-33600 Pessac-Cedex / France

c HÖGANÄS AB, SE-263 83 Höganäs / Sweden d SOFCPOWER, 115/117 viale Trento, IT-38017 Mezzolombardo / Italy

e IKERLAN, 2 Paseo J.M. Arizmendiarrieta, SP-20500 Mondragon / Spain f SINTEF, Forskningsveien 1, NO-0373 Oslo / Norway

g BAIKOWSKI, BP 501, FR-74339 La Balme de Sillingy Cedex / France h LOCCIONI ,16 Via Fiume, IT-60030 Angeli di Rosora / Italy

Abstract

Metal supported cells (MSC) are considered as the next generation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells due to their robustness and cost-efficiency. However, improvement of their performances for operation below 700°C is a key point, as well as their durability and their manufacturing route. Within the RAMSES EU project, materials, components and processes have been tailored for MSCs. Thus, a coated metal substrate has been optimized, fulfilling the targets of low-cost, sinterability in low-oxidizing atmosphere and oxidation resistance. A customized electrolyte powder allowed decreasing the sintering temperature of 100°C compared to a reference 8YSZ powder. A modified Ni-8YSZ anode as well as a lanthanide nickelate cathode was found to reach low polarization resistances below 700°C. Tubular metal supported cells including RAMSES materials have been

successfully tested, leading to an ASR of 0.42 .cm² at 700°C. Durability over 500 h has been demonstrated, and 500 thermal cycles have been successfully applied for a total operation time of almost 3000 h. Activities for upscaling of these cells have been carried out. Inspection techniques have been developed for on-line detection of defects. Some prototypes of planar MSC have been produced, and electrochemical characterizations have been carried out.


SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 1/26

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Content Page B03/B08 - ..

B0301 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Solid-gas interactions at the surface of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- cathodes and their impacts 3

B0302 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

MnFeCrO4 spinel coatings for metal supported solid oxide fuel cells 4

B0303 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

IT SOFC Cathodes Based on Pr Nickelates/Cobaltites: Design and Performance 5

B0304 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Parameter Identification on Polarization Resistance of SOFC Anode with Magnetically Aligned Ni 6

B0307 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 7

Impregnating porous scaffolds for accelerated development of SOFC anodes 7

B0308 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Thermodynamic Evaluation of LSCF Cathode Stability and Tolerance towards Gas Impurities 8

B0309 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

LSM-GDC cathode improvement through nanocatalyst infiltration 9

B0311 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Novel Ordered Mesoporous Architectures for Highly Stable Electrodes in Solid Oxide Cells 10

B0312 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Fuel-side CO/CO2 Studies of High Performance LSFCr RSOFC Electrodes 11

B0314 ................................................................................................................................... 12

SOFC Cathode Design Optimization using the Finite Element Method 12

B0315 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Influence of ceria buffer layer on redox anode supported cell performance tested with LSC-based cathodes 13

B0801 ................................................................................................................................... 14

Oxygen Surface Exchange Coefficients and SOFC Cathode Performance 14

B0802 ................................................................................................................................... 15

Effect of the current polarisation on the versatility of SrCoO3- derivatives as electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysers 15

B0803 ................................................................................................................................... 16

Cathode Reaction Mechanism of CO2/H2O Co-electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolyte Cells 16

B0804 ................................................................................................................................... 17

La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3- as a Novel Air Electrode Material for Solid Oxide

Electrolysis Cells 17

B0807 ................................................................................................................................... 18

Influence of Surface Properties on Oxygen Reduction Reaction of MIEC Cathode 18

B0808 ................................................................................................................................... 19

Core-shell Properties of Strontium-Iron Perovskite Cathode 19

B0809 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 20



Evaluation of LaxSr1-xTi1-yFeyO3 YSZ Composite Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 20

B0810 ................................................................................................................................... 21

Advanced cathode materials for metal supported cells: 21

the lanthanide nickelates Ln2NiO4+ (Ln = La, Pr) 21

B0811 ................................................................................................................................... 22

YXZr1-XO2-X/2(YSZ;X=0.06-0.21) colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured La(Sr)MnO3/YSZ composites for a cathode material of intermediate-temperature SOFC 22

B0812 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 23

Investigation of the Formation of La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-d Cathode Materials and Their Interaction with Electrolyte Substrates for Potential SOFC Applications 23

B0813 ................................................................................................................................... 24

A comparison of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3- , La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- and Pr2NiO cathodes on the performance of anode supported microtubular cells 24

B0814 ................................................................................................................................... 25

Custom Tailoring High-Performance MIEC Cathodes 25

B0815 ................................................................................................................................... 26

Internal Steam Reforming of Iso-Octane on Co-based Anodes in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 26



B0301

Solid-gas interactions at the surface of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- cathodes and their impacts

Jan Hayd1, Harumi Yokokawa2 and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée1 1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

Adenauerring 20b D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Tel.: +49-721-608-47573 Fax: +49-721-608-47492

[email protected] 2 Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo

Tokyo / Japan

Abstract

Degradation of SOFC cathodes is the result of microstructural and/or chemical alterations taking place during operation. This contribution will focus on the solid/gas interaction between nanoscaled La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- (LSC) thin films and the surrounding gas atmosphere in terms of gas composition and partial pressure and discusses the resulting influence on the electrochemical properties. Differently designed experiments and thermodynamic calculations were performed in order to investigate the influence of H2O(g) and CO2 in the surrounding atmosphere and of the oxygen partial pressure on the cathode performance. The latter plays an important role during the cathode fabrication process, as low oxygen partial pressures lead to the formation of a beneficial hetero-interface of (La,Sr)2CoO and La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- .The influence of H2O(g) and CO2 on the electrochemical performance was investigated experimentally in a tem . Both gases negatively affect the solid/gas electrochemistry of the cathode. CO2 leads to a reversible poisoning of the cathode. H2O leads to an irreversible and continuously increasing degradation. A detailed analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data disclosed that CO2 mainly affects the surface-exchange reaction, whereas H2O impedes the oxygen ion diffusion within the cathode. The results demonstrate the changeability of the solid-gas electrochemistry of MIEC cathodes. Based on these results, operation strategies in terms of optimal operation temperature and required gas preprocessing can be deduced. The content was published elsewhere in:

J. Hayd and E. Ivers-Tiffée, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160 (11), p. F1197 (2013).

J. Hayd, H. Yokokawa, and E. Ivers-Tiffée, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160 (11) p. F351 (2013).



B0302

MnFeCrO4 spinel coatings for metal supported solid oxide fuel cells

Elena Stefan (1), Dragos Neagu (1), Peter Blennow Tullmar (2), Åsa Helen Persson (3), David Miller (1), Ming Chen (3) and John Irvine (1)

(1) University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry KY16 9ST, St Andrews, United Kingdom


(2) TOPSOE FUEL CELL A/S, Nymøllevej 66, DK 2800, Kgs. Lyngby

(3) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage,

Frederiksborgvej 399,P.O. Box 49, Bygning 778, 4000 Roskilde

Abstract

Metal supported fuel cells show great promise for cost effective scaling-up due to lower potential material costs, increased tolerance to mechanical and thermal stresses and lower operational temperatures. However, the metal particles in the anode layer, and sometimes even in the support may undergo oxidation in realistic operating conditions leading to severe cell degradation. In order to diminish oxidation, protective coatings have to be devised. Previously, we have shown that MnFeCrO4 spinels display higher conductivity as compared to their MnCr2O4 analogues and could even be used as electrode support materials. Here, we attempt to form these spinels in situ as protective coatings on porous metal scaffolds. Our approach consists of scavenging the FeCr oxides formed during a controlled oxidation process into a continuous and well adhered spinel coating.



B0303

IT SOFC Cathodes Based on Pr Nickelates/Cobaltites: Design and Performance

Vladislav Sadykov, Nikita Eremeev, Ekaterina Sadovskaya, Aleksei Bobin, Arkady Ishchenko, Vladimir Pelipenko, Yulia Fedorova, Anton Lukashevich, Aleksei

Salanov, Tamara Krieger, Vladimir Belyaev, Vladimir Rogov, Vitalii Muzykantov, Zakhar Vinokurov, Aleksandr Shmakov

Novosibirsk State University, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva, 5

630090 Novosibisk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7-383-3308-763, Fax: +7-383-330 8056 [email protected] Oleg Bobrenok

Institute of Thermal Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Nikolai Uvarov, Yurii Ohlupin, Artem Ulikhin

Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanical Activation, Novosibirsk, Russia Josef Mertens, Izaak C. Vinke

Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich, Germany Robert Steinberger-Wilckens, James Watton, Aman Dhir, Nikkia McDonalds

University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom

Abstract

This work presents results of research aimed at design of stable to carbonation Sr-free cathodes for IT SOFC based on Pr nickelates/nickelates-cobaltites with perovskite-like (P) structures and their nanocomposites with Y/Gd-doped ceria with fluorite (F) structure.

Nanocrystalline fluorites, perovskites PrNi1-xCoxO3- (x=0-0.6) and Ruddlesden-Popper

oxides Pr2-xNiO4+ (x=0-0.3) were synthesized by Pechini method. Nanocomposites were prepared via ultrasonic dispersion of F and P powders in isopropanol with addition of polyvinyl butyral followed by sintering at temperatures up to 1300 oC in air. Phase composition, morphology, microstructure and elemental composition of domains in P/F oxides and their nanocomposites were characterized by XRD and HRTEM/SEM with EDX. Oxygen mobility and reactivity were characterized by oxygen isotope exchange (including 18O2 SSITKA), weight loss, unit cell and conductivity relaxation studies. Electrochemical characteristics were estimated for cathodes supported on H.C. Starck half-cells (YDC buffer layer/ thin YSZ electrolyte/NiO/YSZ). P and F domains are nanosized and disordered even in dense nanocomposites due to elements redistribution between phases. This microstructure provides fast oxygen diffusion in such domains and along their interfaces with DO and Dchem at ~600 K exceeding those for LSFC-GDC composites by 2-3 order of magnitude. For optimized composition and microstructure of nanocomposite cathodes, a stable performance in the IT range with maximum power density (Wt/cm2) up to 0.3 (600 oC), 0.6 (700 oC) and 1.0 (800 oC) in wet H2/air feeds exceeding best results for LSFC/GDC cathodes on the same substrates was demonstrated.



B0304

Parameter Identification on Polarization Resistance of SOFC Anode with Magnetically Aligned Ni

Keisuke Nagato (1, 2), Naoki Shikazono (3), Masayuki Nakao (1), Jan Hayd (4), Dino Klotz (3, 4), Ellen Ivers-Tiffée (4)

(1) Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo / Japan

(2) PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency; 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan

(3) Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-0041 Tokyo / Japan

(4) Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Adenauerring 20, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Tel.: +81-3-5841-6362 Fax: +81-3-5800-6997

[email protected]

Abstract

In anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), Ni, and pores are distributed, and oxygen ions, electrons, and gases pass in each path. They chemically react at the boundaries (triple phase boundaries, TPBs). In the view point of tortuosity, aligned YSZ and Ni particles and TPB are promising microstructures for a low resistance in terms of transport and the electrochemical reaction. In our report, it is proposed that Ni particles are aligned by a magnetic field during the drying process after screen-printing Ni/YSZ paste. By applying a magnetic field, Ni particles are magnetically polarized, attracted to each other, and align along the magnetic field. In this study, we varied the temperature and gas conditions for a detailed impedance analysis, in order to investigate the contributions of gas diffusion, electrochemical reaction, ionic and electronic conductivities to the polarization resistance of symmetrical anodes with magnetically aligned Ni by calculating the Distribution Relaxation Time (DRT) of the measured impedance spectra.



B0307 (Abstract only)

Impregnating porous scaffolds for accelerated development of SOFC anodes

Paul Boldrin (1), Enrique Ruiz-Trejo (1)

and Nigel P Brandon (1) (1) Department of Earth Science and Engineering

Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK [email protected]

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are complex systems with many fabrication and operational parameters which can affect performance. It is highly desirable to explore compositional space to improve electrocatalytic performance and tolerance to common poisons such as H2S and tars, and to be able to systematically explore the effect of microstructure on performance. However, current anode fabrication methods are both time consuming and unable to separate composition and microstructure, i.e. a change in the composition will result in a change in the microstructure and vice versa. Porous scaffolds containing commercial CGO microparticles, CGO nanoparticles produced on a continuous hydrothermal pilot plant and pore formers in different ratios have been produced. These have been impregnated with metal nitrate solutions to deposit the electrocatalysts and introduce the electronic conduction pathways. Separating the deposition of the oxide-conducting ceramic from the deposition of the metallic conductor allows greater independent control over the microstructure and composition of each. Dozens of compositionally and structurally unique anodes can be produced per week in this way. The microstructure of the scaffolds have been characterized by FIB-SEM, CT and USAXS. The anodes have been tested both as symmetrical cells in arrays of up to 10 cells simultaneously, and, for the better performing anodes, in full cell tests looking at performance in syngas and methane. The effects of compositional variables such as use of Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru, Re and microstructural variables such as anode thickness and pore size distribution are discussed.



B0308

Thermodynamic Evaluation of LSCF Cathode Stability and Tolerance towards Gas Impurities

Weiwei Zhang, Ming Chen, Peter Vang Hendriksen and Wolff-Ragnar Kiebach Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark

Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Tel.: +45 4677-5757 Fax: +45 4677-5858

[email protected]

Abstract

Strontium and iron co-doped lanthanum cobaltites (La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3- , LSCF) show good oxygen ion and electronic conductivity and fast oxygen surface exchange kinetics at temperatures between 600 and 800 °C, and is considered today one of the most promising class of cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Despite its technological importance, the phase stability of the LSCF perovskite has not yet been fully mapped out and may be critical for the use of the materials during long-term operation. For cells with LSCF or LSCF/CGO (CGO: gadolinia doped ceria) cathodes, partial decomposition of the perovskite phase has been reported as a possible cause of high degradation rates. In addition, the LSCF perovskite is prone to react with gas species, such as CO2 and water vapor, which are present in atmospheric air, or species evaporated from stack components (interconnects and glass seals), such as chromium- or boron-containing gas species. In this paper, a thermodynamic database for the multicomponent La-Sr-Co-Fe-O system is presented which was established employing the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) methodology. The phase stability of LSCF itself is then discussed as a function of composition, temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The results show that the LSCF perovskite phase will decompose at high Sr or Co content, at elevated temperature, or at reduced oxygen partial pressure. The LSCF reactivity towards gas impurities is further analyzed under realistic SOFC operating conditions.



B0309

LSM-GDC cathode improvement through nanocatalyst infiltration

Laura Navarrete, Cecilia Solís and Jose M. Serra* Instituto de Teconología Química

Avda/ Los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia (Spain)

Tel.: +34.963879448 Fax: +34.963877809 [email protected]

Abstract

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) have been demonstrated as a good alternative for the energy production. During last years the efforts have been focused on the development and optimization of different materials for the SOFC components. Regarding electrodes, composites have been proposed in order to combine the good properties of two different materials; usually one is an electronic phase whereas the other one is an ionic conductor. The mixture of both phases can improve the performance of the electrode enlarging the triple Phase Boundary (TPB) to the whole electrode. The composite Lanthanum strontium manganate (LSM) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been widely studied [1]. LSM has good electronic conductivity, in contrast to YSZ with good ionic conductivity. However, YSZ shows appropriate electrochemical performance only at high temperatures [2]. In order to reduce the operating temperatures (700 - 400 ºC), gadolinium doped ceria GDC has studied an alternative [3], due to its superior ionic conductivity. However, this composite electrode does not exhibit sufficient catalytic activity to achieve low polarization resistance. Aiming to solve this problem, we introduced catalytic nanoparticles by infiltration in the electrode to promote the oxygen reduction reaction. Firstly, LSM-GDC composite has been tested by means of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) on GDC electrolyte in symmetrical cells. Then, different infiltrated catalysts have been tested, i.e., Co, Ce, Pr, Sm, Zr, obtaining polarization resistance 40

2 at 700 ºC) than the same material without infiltration. To check the activity and stability of the different nanoparticles, several tests have been performed, obtaining good stability for relatively long periods of time (more than 150 operation hours) with different temperature cycles. FE-SEM analysis has been employed to study the morphology and dimension of the particles before and after the electrochemical test and it was confirmed that the catalyst particle sizes was maintained below 30 nm.



B0311

Novel Ordered Mesoporous Architectures for Highly Stable Electrodes in Solid Oxide Cells

L. Almar (1), T. Andreu (1), A. Morata (1), M. Torrell (1), R. Campana (1,2) and A. Tarancón (1)

(1) Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy

Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 08930 Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona / Spain

Tel.: +34 933 562 615

(2) Centro Nacional del Hidrógeno, Prolongación Fernando el Santo s/n, 13500, Puertollano / Spain

[email protected]

Abstract

The development of electrode materials with stable microstructures is one of the major drawbacks for a proper optimization of Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) in the intermediate temperature range (600-800 ºC). Keeping nano-scale materials stable at high temperatures is probably the key issue since nanostructures greatly enhance the performance of SOCs. In our previous study, we presented a counterintuitive and cost-effective thermal treatment at intermediate temperatures for stabilizing ordered mesoporous oxides at high temperatures (T ~ 1000 ºC) by means of forcing the self-limited grain growth regime [1]. Here, mesoporous ceria doped scandium (SDC) powder was fabricated by this approach and used as ceramic scaffold for the further infiltration of a catalyst Sm0.5Sc0.5CoO3- (SSC). Infiltration techniques have been reported as an effective approach to synthesize electrodes for IT-SOFCs. The so-prepared cells were evaluated as cathodes. An extended stability test performed on the symmetrical SSC-SDC/SDC/SSC-SDC cells, shows an exciting improvement of its area specific resistance (ASR) by ~45 %, to an ASR value of 0.07 2 during the first 200 hours (T = 700 ºC). Moreover, an electrolyte supported cell based on fully mesoporous electrodes was evaluated: a Ni-CGO mesoporous cermet was used as anode synthesized by the thermal stability approach explained in [2] and the above explained SSC-infiltrated in the SDC mesoporous scaffold was used as cathode. The cell showed a target power peak of 565 mW/cm2 at 750 ºC. It was subjected to a galvanostatic experiment for more than 1000 hours and the impedance spectra recorded showed a decrease of the polarization resistance, which is mainly attributed to the resistance of the electrodes. The novel strategies followed to fabricate highly-stable mesoporous structures demonstrated long-term stability under severe IT-SOFC operational conditions. Furthermore, the strategies are easily reproducible for synthesizing any other cer-cer or cermet materials and thus, can represent a step forward towards the implementation of nanostructures in many applications where high thermal stability is required i.e. solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cells, gas separation membranes or high temperature catalysis.



B0312

Fuel-side CO/CO2 Studies of High Performance LSFCr RSOFC Electrodes

Paul Addo, Beatriz Molero-Sanchez, Min Chen, Scott Paulson and Viola Birss* Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary

Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Tel: +1-403-220-5360 Fax:+1-403-220-7040

[email protected]

Abstract Our group has been studying the development of a symmetrical SOFC, based on the mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) perovskite, La0.3Sr0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3- (LSFCr). The

perovskite structure of LSFCr is stable in both air and down to a pO2 of 1.9×10-21 atm at 800 oC, which makes it suitable for operation as either an anode or cathode. In fact, LSFCr exhibits excellent electrochemical activity for both fuel oxidation and oxygen reduction. Also, the LSFCr catalyst is stable in CO2 atmospheres. Because of these advantageous characteristics, the electrochemical activity of LSFCr in CO2/CO gas atmosphere has now been examined. In this study, we demonstrate that the symmetrical reversible SOFC (RSOFC), fabricated using the LSFCr perovskite as both the fuel and O2 electrode material, is both high performing and stable towards the reduction of CO2 or the oxidation of CO, as well as for oxygen evolution or reduction. A LSFCr/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LSFCr cell was constructed and evaluated electrochemically using both DC (Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic) and AC (impedance) techniques. The cell was tested at 800 oC using either 90% CO2:10% CO or 70% CO2:30% CO fed to the fuel electrode and air flowing to the O2 electrode. Both the CV and impedance data showed that the cell performance is higher during the electrolysis of CO2 than for the oxidation of CO. Furthermore, the cell showed very stable performance towards CO2 reduction, with only a 0.057 mV/hr potential loss after 133 hrs of -100 mA/cm2 galvanostatic testing in 90 % CO2:10 % CO at 800 oC.



B0314

SOFC Cathode Design Optimization using the Finite Element Method

Martin Andersson and Bengt Sundén Lund University, Department of Energy Sciences

221 00, Lund, Sweden Tel.: +46-46-222-4908 Fax: +46-46-222-4717

[email protected]

Tingshuai Li University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)

School of Energy Science and Engineering Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China


Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising as an energy producing device, which at this stage of development will require extensive analysis and benefit from numerical modeling at different time- and length scales. A 3D model is developed based on the finite element method (FEM), using COMSOL Multiphysics, of a single SOFC operating at an intermediate temperature range. Ion, electron, heat, gas-phase species and momentum, transport equations are implemented and coupled to the kinetics of the electrochemical and internal reforming reactions. High current density spots were identified in our previous work, at positions where the electron transport distance is short and the oxygen concentration is high. The electron transport especially within the cathode is found to be limiting for the electrochemical reactions at positions far from the channel walls (interconnect). New cathode designs are proposed, for the cathode/air channel interface, to be able to reduce the maximum electron current density (decreasing the ohmic polarization due to electron transport), i.e., to increase the fuel utilization, with constant inlet conditions, compared to a standard approach. The two cases with a modified cathode structure presents 1 % higher average ion current density as well as 1 % higher fuel utilization, keeping the inlet conditions similar. Keywords: SOFC, Modeling, FEM, Porous media, Cathode Design Optimization



B0315

Influence of ceria buffer layer on redox anode supported cell performance tested with LSC-based

cathodes

Pierre Coquoza, Raphaël Obrista, Issam El Bakkalia, Carolina Grizea, Jesus Ruiza

Pascal Brioisb, Alain Billardb and Raphaël Ihringera aFiaxell Sàrl

bIRTES-LERMPS, UTBM, EA7274 and FR FCLab, CNRS 3539, Belfort, France Fiaxell Sàrl,

EPFL Science Parc, PSE A, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland


Abstract

Fiaxell Sàrl has developed an anode supported half-cell, the 2R-robustness and reliability upon multiple thermo- and redox-cycles. A 1800 hours test has been carried out on a 2R-Technology (EPFL). The cell supported 4 redox cycles and 2 thermal cycles, after 1 redox cycle the voltage drop is 4.6%, then 0.8% per cycle. The OCV remained constant during the whole test. Measurements of 2R-order to use LSC-based cathodes, a layer of GDC (ceria layer) is used as buffer layer to protect the YSZ electrolyte. Significant differences in power density are observed between post-sintered and PVD deposited ceria layer. For instance at 0.8V and 780°C, 690 and 800 mW/cm2 are measured respectively, which represents an improvement factor of 1.2. The anode and cathode potentials are also studied separately by measurement of the potential from a reference electrode 2 mm apart from the cathode. Different deposition methods of the ceria layer (co-sintered, post-sintered and other deposition techniques) are discussed in regards of the electrochemical results. The corresponding electrochemical results are presented. SEM images of the ceria layer are included showing the quality of the thin layer and the interface.



B0801

Oxygen Surface Exchange Coefficients and SOFC Cathode Performance

Briggs White, Shiwoo Lee, and Kirk Gerdes (1), Xingbo Liu (2) (1) U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory

Advanced Energy Systems Division 3610 Collins Ferry Road

P.O. Box 880 Morgantown, WV 26507-0880, USA


(2) Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia University

P.O. Box 6070 Morgantown, WV 26506-6070, USA


Abstract

The development of cathodes with high activity and stable performance is a key pathway to the cost-effective utilization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell systems and thereby the realization of broader economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, the US Department of

CA Program has maintained a substantial focus on cathode research. Recently, this effort has centered on correlating surface properties (composition, crystallography, electronic structure) with performance attributes (stability and overpotential) with the goal of identifying concepts for rationally designing cathode architectures. In parallel, the oxygen exchange kinetics for cathode materials were measured using a variety of experimental techniques. These results were frequently interpreted using the surface properties mentioned above; however, they were not always correlated with cell performance a key step toward making better performing cells. This presentation will compare surface kinetic data and cell performance data for state of the art cathode materials, leveraging the results and insights developed by the many



B0802

Effect of the current polarisation on the versatility of

SrCoO3- derivatives as electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysers

D. Pérez-Coll1, J. A. Alonso2, S. Skinner3, J. Kilner3, A. Aguadero3 1. Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

2. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 3. Department of Materials, Imperial College, London, UK

[email protected] Tel.: +44-20-759-45174

Abstract

The development of versatile electrode materials to be used in reversible fuel cell-electrolysers, can enormously simplify and reduce the cost of the processing with a huge impact on the commercialisation of these systems. However, the high number of requirements that they must fulfil represent a great materials challenge that is preventing the implementation in the devices. In this work, we are presenting the study of the relationships between composition, crystal structure and physical properties of SrCo1-

xBxO3- (B= Sb, Mo) perovskites to understand the complex mechanism affecting the electrochemical performances and practical limitation of these multipurpose electrodes. In particular, SrCoO3- derivatives were evaluated as air mixed ionic electronic electrodes showing a considerable improvement of the electrode performance under anodic polarisation conditions, where the material is catalysing the oxygen evolution reaction. The

electrical conductivity in the samples is higher than 100 S cm-1 above 500 C, and the polarization resistances under OCV conditions display values in the range of 0.05 to 0.13

·cm2 at 750 ºC with a ceria-based electrolyte. The performance of the systems are improved under anodic polarization conditions, reaching overpotential values as low as 28 mV for a current density of 210 mA·cm2 at 700 ºC, for instance in the case of

SrCo0.9Mo0.1O3- .



B0803

Cathode Reaction Mechanism of CO2/H2O Co-electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolyte Cells

Jongsup Hong, Hyoungchul Kim, Kyung Joong Yoon, Jong-Ho Lee, Hae-June Je and Byung-Kook Kim

High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)

Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-791, South Korea

Tel.: +82-2-958-5431 Fax: +82-2-958-5529

[email protected]

Abstract

Cathode reactions inside solid oxide electrolyte cells (SOEC) for co-electrolysis of steam/CO2 mixtures are examined to elucidate their reduction pathway and enable controlling the syngas yield and selectivity. To investigate important products at various loads, cathode reaction products are analyzed by an online mass spectrometer and gas chromatography. It is shown that the electrochemical reaction pathway is substantially different from that of solid oxide fuel cells. The syngas production rate and product selectivity are highly dependent on gas concentrations, flow rates and electrical loads. It is highlighted that the cathode reaction mechanism is critical to optimize the syngas production rate and product selectivity, and hence the design and operation of co-electrolysis SOEC.



B0804

La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3- as a Novel Air Electrode Material

for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

Beatriz Molero-Sánchez, Paul Addo, Min Chen, Scott Paulson and Viola Birss* Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Tel.: +1-403-220-5360, Fax: +1-403-880-7040

[email protected]

Abstract The primary focus of this work has been on the development of a stable mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) oxide electrode that is catalytic, and yet stable, for application as an air electrode in reversible solid oxide fuel cells (RSOFCs). For this purpose, our recently developed La0.3Sr0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-be active as both an anode and cathode material in symmetrical SOFCs, has been modified by replacing the Sr in the A site with Ca, giving La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-(LCFCr). This study was performed employing LCFCr at both electrodes in a symmetrical half-cell configuration operated either in stagnant air and pure oxygen. The 20 µm thick LCFCr electrodes were screen-printed on both sides of a 1 mm thick GDC (gadolinium doped ceria) electrolyte-support layer, followed by firing at 1100 oC in air. The performance of the LCFCr/GDC/LCFCr half cells, operated at 600-800 oC in both the SOFC (ORR) and SOEC (OER) modes, was then investigated. Preliminary results obtained by electrochemical evaluation reveals excellent performance in both the

at 800 oC, with no interfacial damage is seen by SEM even after 100 hr at a 0.2 V or 0.65 V anode overpotential.



B0807

Influence of Surface Properties on Oxygen Reduction Reaction of MIEC Cathode

Keiji Yashiro(1), Hiroki Sato(1), Yuki Gonoi(1), Takashi Nakamura(2), Shin-ichi Hashimoto(3), Yusuke Tamenori (4), Koji Amezawa(2), Tatsuya Kawada(1)

(1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan (2) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University,Japan

(3) Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan (4) JASRI, Japan

Tel.: +81-22-795-6977 Fax: +81-22-795-4067

[email protected]

Abstract Lowering operation temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is indispensable for cost reduction and further penetration into the market. One of the critical issues toward low operation temperature is improvement of cathode performance. It is well known that rate determining step of MIEC cathode is oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at electrode surface. We have reported that the hetero-interface between (La, Sr)2CoO4 on (La, Sr)CoO3 promote surface reaction kinetics of (La, Sr)CoO3 [1]. In addition, implementation of the hetero-interface into porous (La, Sr)CoO3 cathode improve the electrode performance [2]. However, it is still not clear how ORR is improved. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of surface reaction enhancement at the hetero-interface. Hetero-interface electrodes were fabricated by a pulsed laser deposition method. Electrode performance was examined by electrochemical impedance. Additionally, electronic structure of a specimen was investigated through soft x-ray adsorption spectroscopy (SPring-8, BL27SU). We have observed the following remarkable findings so far. Strontium segregation at the surface deteriorated (La, Sr)CoO3 cathode performance. The results of x-ray adsorption imply that divalent cobalt ions exist at the surface of high performance electrode, while electronic structure of electrode bulk is different. Surface reaction kinetics of cathode seems to depend on surface state of cathode. Authors acknowledge the financial support from JST-PRESTO. [1] Sase et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, B793, (2008). [2] Yashiro et al., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 12, B135, (2009). Remark: The Authors did not wish to publish their full contribution in these

proceedings. The topic of this Abstract will be published in a journal. Please contact the authors directly for further information.



B0808

Core-shell Properties of Strontium-Iron Perovskite Cathode

Horng-Yi Chang1,*, Yao-Ming Wang1, Chia-Ming Chang1, Chia-Hsin Lin2,

Ching-Iuan Sheu2 and Ying-Chang Hung2 1 Department of Marine Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road,

Keelung 20224, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Division of Electronic Materials, Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial

Technology Research Institute, Chutung 31060, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel.: +886-2-24621292 ext 7103

Fax: +886-2-24633765 * [email protected]

Abstract

The cobalt-free SrFeO3- (SF) is one of the most promising cathode materials in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) which are based on oxygen ion-conducting electrolytes. Barium, lanthanum and niobium are used to substitute the A-site and B-site of perovskite SF to increase the structural stability and conductivity. The lanthanum oxide and lanthanum cerium oxide (LC) are coated on barium strontium niobium iron oxide (BSNF), respectively, to form core-shell (BSNF-xLa and BSNF-xLC, x=0~25 mol%) particles using organic alcohol-water coating process. The pure BSNF structure is maintained without second

phase below the 5 mol% LC coatings after 800 C-4 h calcination and 1190 C-6 h sintering. The La and LC coatings can suppress the BSNF grain growth slightly. The DC conductivities increase with the amounts of LC coatings but degrade with higher than the 5 mol% LC coatings. The core-shell cathode is cofired on densified lanthanum strontium barium cerium oxide (LSBC) electrolyte to form a half-cell. The AC impedance measurement shows that the diffusion and interface resistances decrease effectively for the half-cells with cathode containing less than 5 mol% LC coatings. The only lanthanum oxide coating on BSNF can also increase the DC conductivity and reduce the AC impedance. However, the LC containing Ce indicates to improve the cell performance more efficiently. The diffusion layer between LC and BSNF plays an important role.




Evaluation of LaxSr1-xTi1-yFeyO3 YSZ Composite Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Zhiqun Cao, Zhe Lv*, Yu Sui, Jipeng Miao, Wenhui Su Center for the Condensed Matter Science and Technology, Department of Physics,

Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China Tel/Fax: +86-451-86418420

[email protected]

Abstract

The anode LaxSr1-xTi1-yFeyO3 (LSTFO, x=0, 0.3 and y=0, 0.7) with cubic structure were prepared via solid state reaction. The LSTFO mixed with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite anode materials(LSTFO:YSZ=6:4 weight ratio) were tested in YSZ electrolyte-supported cells with (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95MnO3 (LSM) cathodes. This work investigated the effects of La doping on phase structures, stability of anode and electrochemical performances in wet or dry H2. The perovskite anode exhibited good phase stability under a wet reducing atmosphere at 800 oC due to the substitution of La for Sr. The X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the La0.3Sr0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3 were more stable than SrTi0.3Fe0.7O3 in dry H2 conditions. With La content increasing, the ability of LSTFO against reaction with YSZ was increasing. The thermal expansion of LSTFO showed the tendency of a decreasing thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) with increasing Ti-substitution for Fe. The maximum power density of La0.3Sr0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3-YSZ|YSZ|LSM-YSZ cell could reach

~150 mW cm at 800 oC in wet H2 with a 400µm thick YSZ electrolyte, while the cell using

La0.3Sr0.7TiO3 as an anode only has ~10 mW cm . The present results indicated that the La0.3Sr0.7Ti1-xFexO3 is a promising anode candidate for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).



B0810

Advanced cathode materials for metal supported cells: the lanthanide nickelates Ln2NiO4+ (Ln = La, Pr)

A. Rougier, A. Flura, C. Nicollet, V. Vibhu, S. Fourcade, J.M. Bassat, J.C. Grenier and A. Brevet1, J. Mougin1

CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 Av. Dr Schweitzer, F-33600 Pessac Cedex, France

(1) CEA-Grenoble, LITEN/DTBH/LTH 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France

Tel.: +33 5 40 00 62 63 Fax: +33 5 40 00 27 61

[email protected]

Abstract

The cell manufacturing of Metal Supported Cells (MSC) for IT-SOFC application (typically 600 °C 700 °C) requires preparation under non oxidizing conditions at high temperature (typically > 950 °C). A porous metal is used to support the cell, which causes some drawbacks resulting from this architecture: for instance, it is mandatory not to expose the metal support to oxidizing atmosphere at high temperature during the cell manufacturing. It implies to sinter the constitutive elements of the cell under low p(O2) (e.g. under Ar, p(O2)

10-4 atm), or even under hydrogen. In such conditions, the most sensitive layer appears to be the cathode, which is usually a mixed ionic and electronic oxide. In the scope of the European RAMSES project (1), the behavior of the lanthanide nickelates

Ln2NiO (Ln = La, Pr or Nd) has been studied, i.e. their chemical stability when exposed to

temperatures as high as 1300 °C, under p(O2) as low as 10-4

atm. TGA, XRD analyses and Thermal

Expansion Coefficients are reported for electrodes sintered at high temperature, under low p(O2),

down to 10-4

atm.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements on Ln2NiO //GDC//YSZ symmetrical

half-cells sintered either in air or under N2 at 1150 °C for 1 hr have been performed in the 500 °C to

800 °C range, in air, at idc = 0 A. The lowest values of the polarization resistance have been

obtained for Pr2NiO (Rp 2 at 600 °C), either sintered in air or under nitrogen at 1150

°C, then re-oxidized while La2NiO shows lower polarization resistances when sintered under

nitrogen, compared to air. Finally, both cathode materials meet the target requirements (< 0.20

.cm² at 600-700 °C), which made them potential candidates for an application in MSC of SOFC.



B0811

YXZr1-XO2-X/2(YSZ;X=0.06-0.21) colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured La(Sr)MnO3/YSZ composites for

a cathode material of intermediate-temperature SOFC

Kazuya Horiguchi and Kazuyoshi Sato Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University

1-5-1 Tenjin-cho Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515 Japan

Tel.: +81-27-730-1452 Fax: +81-27-730-1452

[email protected]

Abstract YXZr1-XO2-X/2(YSZ;X=0.06-0.21) nanocrystals highly dispersed in aqueous medium were

grown and used for the synthesis of nanostructured LaXSr1-XMnO3 (LSM)/YSZ composite particles. The YSZ nanocrystals were grown through a hydrothermal approach of anionic

zirconium and yttrium complexes in a basic solution at 150 C for 1-24h. Then the

nanostructured LSM/YSZ composite particles were synthesized through a co-precipitation of YSZ nanocrystals with LSM precursor by adding La3+, Sr2+ and Mn2+ containing solution into the YSZ dispersed solution, followed by heat treatment of the composite precursor at

1000 C for 6h. The YSZ nanocrystals and LSM/YSZ composite particles were

characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Well crystallized YSZ nanocrystals with the size of 4-6 nm without forming agglomerates were obtained. The requirements including precise doping of Y3+ into ZrO2 lattices, almost 100 % of product yield, and less agglomeration of the nanocrystals in the solution were satisfied with the hydrothermal treatment at 3 h. The nanostructured LSM/YSZ composite particles and cathode were successfully obtained even after the high temperature heat treatment of the co-precipitated precursor.




Investigation of the Formation of La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-d Cathode Materials and Their Interaction with Electrolyte

Substrates for Potential SOFC Applications

Can SINDIRAÇ and Sedat AKKURT Izmir Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department

Gulbahce Campus Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey


Abstract

Cathode layers of SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) materials are investigated to find out the reactions leading to the formation of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 on the surface of either ZrO2 or CGO (Cerium-Gadolinium Oxide) electrolyte substrates. Precursor salt powders were blended, compressed and placed on discs of sintered ceramic electrolytes before being heated in a laboratory furnace at 800oC for 1h. Almost all combinations of LSCF salt mixtures were prepared and analyzed by SEM-EDS, XRD and TGA to see if all solid state reactions are completed and what new phases eventually formed in LSCF combinations. Most of the transformations were complete after 1050oC heat treatment to yield oxides. La was found to play a significant role to enable the formation of new phases. In the absence of La, other salts had significant difficulty to react to form new phases. Sr tended to swap its chloride with nitrate of other salts in salt mixtures after drying in oven. SEM analysis of the interface between the electrolyte and LSCF showed that there was mutual diffusion of the constituent elements between the cathode layer and the electrolyte. The cathode layer was usually in porous form but was found to spread well over the substrate. Uneven diffusion of La, Sr, Co or Fe into the substrate influenced the stoichiometry of the resulting coating layer in varying degrees. Unlike 6428 samples, it was successful to form stoichiometric LSCF in 6482 samples.



B0813

A comparison of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3- , La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- and Pr2NiO cathodes on the performance of anode

supported microtubular cells

M. A. Laguna-Bercero, H. Monzón, J. Silva, M. J. López-Robledo, A. Larrea and V. M. Orera

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain


A. Várez, B. Levenfeld Dpto. Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

Avda. Universidad 30 28911 Leganés, Spain

Abstract

The performance of YSZ-Ni supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (mT-SOFCs) with thin YSZ electrolyte and three different cathodes: La0.8Sr0.2MnO3- (LSM), La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- (LSCF) and Pr2NiO (PNO) is compared. The mT-SOFC cells were fabricated using NiO-YSZ support precursors manufactured by Powder Extrusion Moulding (PEM). The YSZ layer was deposited by dip coating. The electrolyte deposition parameters and the sintering parameters were optimized to obtain a dense and thin layer. Three different cathode materials, LSM, LSCF and PNO were then deposited by dip coating. To circumvent reactivity at the sintering temperatures between LSCF and PNO with the YSZ electrolyte, barrier layers were also deposited. Electrochemical characterization under the same fuelling conditions for all the three cells was performed. The results are discussed and compared. As for example, the cell with a LSM-YSZ cathode presented a power density at 0.5V and 850 °C of 0.7 Wcm-2 with an

ASR (area specific resistance) at OCV (open circuit voltage) of 2. Similar performance was obtained when using LSCF or PNO cathodes at about 750 ºC, allowing for a significant reduction of the operation temperature of these mT-SOFCs.



B0814

Custom Tailoring High-Performance MIEC Cathodes

Andreas Messner, Jochen Joos, Moses Ender, André Weber and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),

Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe

Tel.: +49 721 608-47494 Fax: +49 721 608-47492

[email protected]

Abstract

The performance of mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) cathodes strongly depends on material composition and microstructure parameters. We developed a numerical tool which decouples both shares on performance, as this knowledge is a precondition for custom tailoring high-performance cathodes. In a first step, the initial configuration of pore phase and solid phase is stochastically generated within a given volume. The shape of the solid particles is chosen from a Voronoi tessellation [1]. The rearrangement of particles and pores, which represents the sintering process, is simulated using a level-set method [2]. This allows for a physically motivated manipulation of surface area and size distribution of both, solid phase and pore phase. This approach was validated by comparing microstructure parameters of the generated structures with those derived from reconstructed MIEC cathodes using focused ion beam tomography. The calculated parameters (volume fraction, surface area, tortuosity and particle size distribution) can be implemented in homogenized models [3]. Moreover, by using the generated 3-dimensional (3D) data set itself, it is even possible to investigate the interplay between microstructure variation and performance directly. Thereby, targeted variations within the manufacturing process, such as particle size or solid content in the screen printing paste, become accessible. This newly developed numerical tool enables us to analyze microstructure development at different sintering parameters (temperature or time), and provides guidelines for the most important microstructure parameters (e.g., ideal material fraction, ideal cathode thickness, among others).



B0815

Internal Steam Reforming of Iso-Octane on Co-based Anodes in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

A. Al-Musa*1, V.Kyriakou2,3, . Kaklidis4, M. Al-Saleh1, G.E. Marnellos2,4

1Water and Energy Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, KACST 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

2Chemical Processes and Energy Resources Institute, CERTH, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.

4Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100, Kozani, Greece.

Tel.: +966 11 481 4316 Fax: +966 11 481 3880 [email protected]

Abstract

Liquid hydrocarbons such as gasoline have been recognized as a useful source of hydrogen due to their high energy density. Furthermore, they can be transported via an existing infrastructure of pipelines and a well-equipped hardware. The present work aims to investigate Co-based supported on mixed CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts as anodic composites in a liquid hydrocarbon internal steam reforming solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The fuel used was iso-octane (i-C8H18) which is a common surrogate for gasoline. Initially, a series of 20wt% Co/Ce1-xZrxO2 catalysts were prepared and tested for i-C8H18 steam reforming in a fixed-bed reactor. In all cases, gas mixtures rich in 2, CO, CO2 and CH4 were produced. Among all samples tested, the 20wt%Co/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst exhibited the optimum catalytic performance achieving 2 yields well exceeding 75% at 700 oC. In addition, the excellent durability of this catalyst was proven by long-term (24 h) stability experiments. To this end, it was selected to serve as the anodic electrode in the fuel cell tests. During the SOFC measurements, the power outputs were relatively poor and they were not exceeding 15 mW/cm2. However, this output was up to 80% of that obtained when direct 20% H2 was fed to the cell, thus indicating that 20wt%Co/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 can be considered as a promising anodic composite for direct hydrocarbon fed SOFCs.


New Materials and Processing Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 1/21

Chapter 11 - Session B05 New Materials and Processing

Content Page B05 - ..

B0501 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Development of a coking-resistant NiSn anode for direct methane SOFC 3

B0502 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 4

Toward Understanding Electrical Behavior of Proton Conducting Ceramic Oxides4

B0503 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 5

A new route for preparing porous metallic supports for 3G SOFC 5

B0504 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Electrolytes for Low Temperature Operation of SOFCs at 600~650 oC 6

B0507 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Nanoscaling SOFC Electrodes Boosting the Performance of Anode Supported Cells 7

B0508 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Coated Stainless Steel 441 as Interconnect Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Evolution of Electrical Properties 8

B0509 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Enhanced oxygen surface exchange of La2NiO by silver deposition 9

B0510 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Progress in the development of Nickel-less SOFCs: status of the EU project EVOLVE 10

B0511 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Lifetime estimates of thin film coated interconnects in SOFC cathode side environments 11

B0512 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 12

Structure and Electrochemical Studies of Modulated LaNb1-xWxO4+d Phases as a New Electrolyte for SOFC 12

B0513 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Partial oxidation of methane in gadolinia-doped ceria-silver composite membranes 13

B0515 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14

Electrochemical investigation of Ni-Co/CGO composite catalyst as protective layer for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell anode fed with biofuel 14

B0516 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 15

Preparation of Lanthanum Silicate Electrolyte Film with nano sized dispersed particle paste and its application to middle temperature ranged SOFC 15

B0517 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 16

Magnesium Doped Lanthanum Silicate Synthesis with Apatite-type Structure for Use as an Electrolyte in IT-SOFC 16

B0518 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 17

Combinatorial approach on fabrication and characterization of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-

xO3± thin films 17

B0519 ................................................................................................................................... 18

Decomposition of Carbon-Carbonate Mixture at Elevated Temperature 18

B0520 ................................................................................................................................... 19



New materials and low temperature sintering processes for PCFCs 19

B0521 ................................................................................................................................... 20

Colloidal Approach for Nanostructured Composite Electrodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 20

B0522 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 21

Barium Boron silicate glass as a sealant for use in anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 21



B0501

Development of a coking-resistant NiSn anode for direct methane SOFC

Nicky Bogolowski and Jean-Francois Drillet DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut;

Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25; 60486 Frankfurt a.M. (GER) Tel.: +49-69-7564-476 Fax: +49-69-7564-388 [email protected]

Abstract

This work reports on the development of a coking-resistant NiSn-based MEA for internal CH4 reforming in SOFC. Catalyst powder was prepared in a centrifugal casting oven by melting stoichiometric amounts of Ni and Sn under vacuum. The formation of Ni3Sn2

intermetallic phase was confirmed by XRD analysis. Catalytic activity for CH4 reforming and stability of the NiSn powder were first evaluated in a quartz glass reactor for 4 h at 600-1000°C. The reaction products H2, CO and CO2 were detected by gas chromatography while no carbon formation was visible during the experiments. Then, 3YSZ electrolyte-supported MEAs were fabricated with a Ni3Sn2/YSZ anode and LSM/YSZ cathode and characterized under SOFC conditions. The MEA showed an excellent stability under CH4 atmosphere (3% H2O) at 850°C over more than 500 h. No substantial decrease in cell potential was observed during this period.




Toward Understanding Electrical Behavior of Proton Conducting Ceramic Oxides

Jong-Sook Lee,1 Young-Hun Kim,1 Gye-Rok Kim,1 Dong-Chun Cho,1 Eui-Chol Shin, 1

Dieu Nguyen,1 John G. Fisher,1 Jong-Ho Lee,2 Byung-Kook Kim,2 Ji Haeng Yu3 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju

500-757, Korea 2High-temperature Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and

Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea 3Energy Materials and Convergence Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy

Research, Daejeon 305-343, Korea Tel.: +82-62-530-1701 Fax: +82-62-530-1699 [email protected]

Abstract

Most proton conductor oxides so far investigated are acceptor-doped transition metal oxides such as zirconates, cerates, niobates, tantalates, tungstates, etc. Alkaline earth or rare earth elements are either additional cation constituents or the acceptors for generating oxygen vacancies which in turn produce the proton carriers upon water incorporation. In addition to the consequent co-ionic conductivity, the electronic contribution should be understood for the performance of PCFC and other electrochemical devices. The electronic structure of these heavily acceptor-doped transition metal oxides is far from being understood. Most polycrystalline proton conductors indicate the blocking nature of the grain boundaries. Although the blocking effects are usually strong at temperatures much lower than the cell operation temperature, without the origin and mechanism being satisfactorily clarified, their role in the PCFC performance may not be excluded. The deconvolution of the different polarization contributions is non-trivial even for the symmetrical cells, not to speak of the AC response of fuel cells. We performed AC analysis of various proton conductors over a wide temperature range from 1073K to RT on cooling in different oxygen atmosphere and humidity and as-cooled samples from 500K to 200K in a cryostat. The AC conductivity Arrhenius plots and Bode plots of admittance and capacitance provide overviews of the characteristic AC response of different protonic ceramic conductors. The bulk response exhibits well-defined frequency dispersion of power law exponents of 1/3 or 2/3. Different conductivity contributions can be directly identified by AC conductivity Arrhenius plots, while the individual impedance spectra are often strongly overlapped. In zirconates and cerates grain boundary effects appear to be described by the selective blocking of the proton transport with respect to the electronic conduction. Therefrom a cube-root-law dependence of the band gap on the acceptor concentration is revealed. Multiple capacitance components for the grain boundary response are attributed to the transmission line models of the three charge carrier rails. Based on the model, the effects of sintering additives on BZY systems can be systematically investigated. The grain boundary impedance ortho-niobates exhibit almost ideal RC behavior connected by a well-defined CPE response with the bulk response.




A new route for preparing porous metallic supports for 3G SOFC

Dalya Alkattan, Pascal Lenormand, Patrick Rozier, Florence Ansart CIRIMAT-LCMIE UMR 5585

Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09-France

Tel.: +33561556534 Fax: +33561556163

[email protected]

Abstract

The third generation of SOFCs corresponds to a porous metal for mechanical support on which are deposited the active materials. The most conventional materials are yttria-stabilized zirconia as electrolyte (ZrO2-8% Y2O3), nickel cermet-yttria-stabilized zirconia for

the anode (Ni-YSZ) and lanthanum nickelates for the cathode (La2NiO4+ , Pr2NiO4+ ...). One of the major challenges is to assembly the cell by successive deposition and heat treatments steps without damaging the integrity of the porous metal support while ensuring optimal densification of the electrolyte. To do this, we propose in a first step to synthesize by soft chemistry routes the different parts of the cell with the scope to control the microstructure. As a second step, both assembly and densification will be ensured in one step using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process, well known to densify while maintaining the initial microstructure of the powder materials with specific short sintering durations. The beginning of this work is to develop the porous metal. For this, the synthesis of oxides by sol-gel route and their reductions in pure hydrogen are essential steps. The pellet surface before and after reduction at 800°C-2h are presented (a) and (b). The powders synthesis parameters (nature, concentrations of precursors, heat treatments, purity of the phases...), their shaping by SPS (composition, heat treatment, pressure...) and their reduction by hydrogen (phases obtained after reduction, porosity, reduction time and temperature...) will be described. Their influence on the nature and microstructure of the porous metal support will be presented and discussed in particular with respect to layouts constraints of active cell materials.

Microscopy image FEG-SEM of the surface of a pellet before reduction (a) and after reduction

800°C-2h (b)

(a) (b)



B0504

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Electrolytes for Low Temperature Operation of SOFCs at 600~650 oC

Jong-Ho Lee, Hae-Ryung Kim, Jongsup Hong, Hyoungchul Kim, Kyung Joong Yoon, Ji-Won Son, Byung-Kook Kim, Hae-June Je, and Hae-Weon Lee

High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology

Seoul 136-791, Korea Tel.: +82-2-958-5532 Fax: +82-2-958-5529

[email protected]

Abstract

In recent years, intensive research efforts have been made to develop ultra-thin film electrolyte in order to lower the operating temperature of SOFCs down to 600~650oC. Although current thin film techniques such as solution or vacuum deposition technique offers numerous advantages over the conventional thick film printing methods to fabricate ultra-thin films below 1 micrometer thick, its practical application for SOFC fabrication have been limited due to the difficulties in controlling the macro-defects, which are frequently generated during the film deposition process. In this study, application of advanced thin film technologies based on pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and chemical solution deposition (CSD) are investigated to safely reduce the operating temperature down to 600~650oC without sacrificing the performance. We optimized the processing conditions for thin film deposition to the way to reduce the microstructural anisotropy and its related macro-defects in deposited electrolyte films. According to the performance analysis, excellent gas-tightness of the thin electrolyte was confirmed from both of the cells produced via CSD and PLD, by showing open circuit voltage close to the theoretical value. The electrochemical performance was also superior to conventional SOFCs in both cases. The presentation will discuss the up-to-date progress of related research activities for the development of advanced SOFC based on thin film technology at KIST.



B0507

Nanoscaling SOFC Electrodes Boosting the Performance of Anode Supported Cells

D. Klotz1, J. Hayd1, J. Szász1, N. H. Menzler2 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),

Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany 2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK),

D-52425 Jülich/ Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-47571 Fax: +49-721-608-48148

[email protected]

Abstract Mixed ionic-electronic conducting cathodes as LSCF and cermet anodes like Ni/8YSZ are well-established electrode materials. Yet polarization losses as well as ohmic loss increase steeply at operating temperatures of 600 °C or below. In this contribution, standard-type anode-supported cells (ASCs) were modified using nanotechnology to significantly improve the solid-gas electrochemistry at both electrodes:

The LSCF cathode was substituted by a nano-scaled La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- (LSC) thin-film cathode of 200 nm. The nano-scaled microstructure in combination with a heterointerface between the LSC and a Ruddlesden-Popper type phase (La,Sr)2CoO on the cathode surface lead to an extremely enhanced oxygen surface exchange, significantly reducing the cathodic area specific resistance (ASRcat) [1].

In the µm-scaled Ni/8YSZ anode a nano-scaled layer of 10 to 100 nm composed of Ni/8YSZ/pores was grown in-operando by a reverse current treatment (RCT) [2]. An enormous increase of triple phase boundaries at the nanoscale reduces the ASRan by 40% [3].

A thin-film 8YSZ electrolyte of ~1.5 µm in combination with a dense 850nm PVD-CGO (Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9) buffer layer was used to efficiently reduce the ohmic loss by 80% [4].

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed an ASRtotal of 720 at 600 °C and 5.5% H2O in H2 and current/voltage (C/V) curves a power density of 0.9 W/cm² at 700 mV in dry hydrogen. This performance exceeds the standard-type ASC with an LSCF cathode by 400%, which underlines the urge for nanotechnology in IT-SOFC. In comparison to alternative approaches for low and intermediate temperature SOFC reported about in literature, the here presented strategies are simple to apply and also applicable on the larger scale, so that we see great potential in this novel ASC design.



B0508

Coated Stainless Steel 441 as Interconnect Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Evolution of Electrical

Properties

Jan Gustav Grolig, Jan-Erik Svensson and Jan Froitzheim Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology

Kemivägen 10 SE-41296 Göteborg

Tel: +46-772-2828 Fax: +46-772-2853

[email protected]

Abstract

In recent years there has been extensive research about metallic interconnects for SOFCs. Besides chromium based alloys, ferritic stainless steels (FSS) have been commonly suggested for meeting the materials requirements for SOFC applications. Examples of FSS alloys specially developed for this use are Crofer 22 H, ZMG 232 and Sanergy HT. Metallic interconnects face three major material challenges; degradation due to oxidation, evaporation of chromium which poisons the cathode and the degradation of the electrical conductivity because of the growing oxide scale. For a sufficient performance regarding these three issues, protective coatings have to be applied this leads to additional costs. For cost savings cheaper base materials such as AISI 441 coated with protective coatings seem to be promising. We investigated AISI 441 coated with a double layer coating of 10 nm cerium (inner layer) and 630 nm cobalt. The material was exposed to a simulated cathode atmosphere of air with 3 % water at 850 °C and the samples were exposed for up to 1500 h. The performance of chromium evaporation, corrosion rate and electrical degradation was monitored. The electrical properties could be linked to the evolving microstructure during the different stages of exposure. Both the degradation of the electric performance and the oxygen uptake (mass gain) followed a similar trend. Chromium evaporation could be decreased by 90 % compared to the uncoated substrate material.



B0509

Enhanced oxygen surface exchange of La2NiO by silver deposition

Andreas Egger and Werner Sitte Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Chair of Physical Chemistry

Franz-Josef-Straße 18; 8700 Leoben/Austria Tel.: +43-3842-402-4814 Fax: +43-3842-402-4802

[email protected]

Abstract

La2NiO is a mixed ionic-electronic conducting ceramic that has been considered for applications as intermediate-temperature SOFC-cathode or oxygen-permeable membrane. It is a strontium-free material which exhibits high diffusivities and fast surface exchange kinetics of oxygen. However, even though the surface exchange is rather fast, it dominates the overall oxygen transport from the gas phase into the bulk in the intermediate temperature regime. This makes a reliable determination of chemical diffusion coefficients difficult and places a limit to the oxygen flux through a SOFC cathode or ceramic membrane which cannot be alleviated by a decrease in particle size or membrane thickness [1]. In this work, the oxygen surface exchange kinetics has been improved by covering the sample surface with a ~200 nm-thick layer of silver deposited by Ag-sputtering in an argon plasma [2]. After silver deposition the chemical surface exchange coefficient of oxygen (kchem) was significantly increased (Fig. 1). Measurements performed between 600°C and 850°C showed strongest enhancement of kchem at 600°C and a pronounced hysteresis at temperatures above 700°C caused by the continuous removal of silver via volatile gas species [3] (Fig. 2). Application of the silver layer enabled a more reliable determination of chemical diffusion coefficients of oxygen (Dchem) by the conductivity relaxation technique at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures (pO2) (Fig. 3). Activation energies were obtained from linear fits to the data in Arrhenius representation, yielding 130-140 kJmol-1 for kchem and 50-60 kJmol-1 for Dchem. The stability and morphology of the silver metallization was investigated by annealing Ag-coated La2NiO -specimens for 24 hours at temperatures between 500 and 800°C. While the as-deposited silver film appears to be quite homogeneous and dense, extensive Ag-agglomeration has been observed on the annealed samples (Fig. 4). Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, however, completely removes the Ag-layer as evidenced by the pronounced hysteresis of kchem within a temperature cycle, after which the surface exchange kinetics was found to be similar to that of uncoated La-nickelate (Fig. 2). Moreover, XPS-depth profiles of a sample after testing gave no indication for silver remaining on the surface or diffusing into the bulk. Ag-deposition can thus be considered as an attractive method to increase surface exchange kinetics of ceramics in the short run, while the high volatility of silver at elevated temperatures limits its usefulness for applications such as SOFC-cathodes or ceramic membranes.



B0510

Progress in the development of Nickel-less SOFCs: status of the EU project EVOLVE

Rémi Costa (1) and Asif Ansar (2) (1) German Aerospace Center,

Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Electrochemical Energy Technology, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

Tel.: +49-711 6862-733 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected] (2) Saan Energi AB

Ideon Innovation / Ideon Science Park Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden

Abstract

The project EVOLVE aims at the development of new cell architecture for SOFC cell and stack, combining benefits of existing Anode Supported (high power density, lifetime) and Metal Supported cell (redox and thermal cyclability) architectures, while limiting the issue of carbon coking and sulphur poisoning by using enhanced perovskite anode materials. The core component is based on a composite anode substrate made of porous Alumina forming alloy (NiCrAl), combined with an electron conducting oxide ceramic (La0,1Sr0,9TiO3-

LST), without having pure Nickel as structural component. Two manufacturing routes were followed for the manufacturing of the electrolyte, plasma spraying or PVD avoiding thus a sintering step in air at high temperature. The first prototype have been produced through the plasma spraying route, with 100µm thick electrolyte and without anode functional layer showed a very limited peak-performance measured at 20mW/cm² at 750°C. However no significant variation has been measured and no reactivity have been detected showing thus the stability of system under SOFC operating conditions. The plasma sprayed electrolyte has been successfully replaced by a thin electrolyte produced through the PVD route approach with a thickness reduced to less than 3µm, allowing the incorporation of an anode functional layer, major improvement of cell performance is being expected.. The project has receiveProgramme (FP7/2007-2013) for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative under grant agreement n°303429.



B0511

Lifetime estimates of thin film coated interconnects in SOFC cathode side environments

Rakshith Sachitanand, Jan-Erik Svensson Jan Froitzheim Chalmers University of Technology

Division of Energy and Materials SE-41296 Göteborg Tel.: +46-31-772-2887 Fax: +46-31-772-2853 [email protected]

Abstract

Ferritic steel based interconnects promise to meet the challenges of an SOFC environment at an attractive cost. However, their viability is hindered by some key technical hurdles. Rapid oxidation in air side environments combined with Cr evaporation due to oxide volatilization leads to material failure and insufficient lifetimes. Thin film coatings offer a way to cost-effectively alter the surface properties of the individual sides of the interconnect (air and fuel) without resorting to expensive alloy redesigns. In this study, the commercial ferritic steel Sanergy HT was coated with (a) Co 640nm, (b) Ce 10nm and (c) Ce 10nm under Co 640nm using a PVD technique. The samples were exposed together and weighed periodically over 3000h in a tubular furnace in Air+3% H2O at 850°C to simulate an air side SOFC environment. In addition, Cr evaporation measurements using a unique denuder technique were carried out over 1000h to determine the rate of Cr loss due to oxide volatilization. The evaporation was reduced by a factor of 10 for the Co coated samples while a reduction in the oxidation rate was achieved when the samples were coated with Ce. By combining mass gain and evaporation data, unique information pertaining to the Cr consumption rate was generated. The duplex Co/Ce coating resulted in a combination of lower Cr evaporation and minimized oxidation rate that significantly reduced the consumption rate of Cr from the steel bulk, thus extending its useful life.




Structure and Electrochemical Studies of Modulated LaNb1-xWxO4+d Phases as a New Electrolyte for SOFC

C Li, S Pramana and SJ Skinner

Department of Materials, Imperial College London Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom


Abstract Conventionally, oxide ion conductors rely on high symmetry crystal structures, such as fluorite and perovskite type oxides. More recently, it has been demonstrated that fast ion conduction is attainable in anisotropic oxides such as La2NiO4+d and the apatite family [1]. Here, we propose another complex oxide system, namely the modulated LaNb1-xWxO4+d

phases as an electrolyte material. Current research interest was spurred by the observation of the modulated CeNbO4+d phases. The tracer diffusion coefficient measurement of the material shows that the 18O diffusivity of the low temperature modulated phase, with a monoclinic parent cell symmetry, is comparable to that of LSCF (in the order of 10-6 cm2s-1at 750 °C, Figure 1 a). The high temperature disordered tetragonal phase, on the other hand, has a much reduced diffusivity (~10-7.5 cm2s-1at 950 °C ). The results suggest that fast oxygen ion conduction is achievable in complex oxides with an ordered sublattice [2].The ionic conductivity was reported to be ~0.01 Scm-1 at 800 °C for the modulated phase[3], marking it a potential candidate for SOFC electrolyte application. To reap the benefit of this particular crystal family, LaNb1-xWxO4+d phases (x=0.08-0.18), which are structural analogues of the CeNbO4+d phases, were prepared in the current study. The La substitution is aimed at reducing the undesirable electronic conduction resulting from the oxidation of Ce3+ whereas excess oxygen is introduced by doping W on the Nb site. The structure of the obtained LaNb1-xWxO4+d phases was characterized with XRD and TEM and the modulation nature of the phase was confirmed (Figure 1b). Impedance spectroscopy measurement showed that the total conductivity of the sample reaches 10-3 Scm-1 at 800 °C. Various pO2 environments (down to 10-22 at 800 °C) lead to no reduction in conductivity, indicating a large ionic conduction domain.

Figure 1a)

18O tracer diffusivity of CeNbO4+d phases is comparable to that of La b) HRTEM image of the

LaNb0.82W0.18O4+d phase, both the parent cell, and a 1.6 nm x 1.6 nm supercell are highlighted 1.Brett et al. (2008) Chemical Society Review 37:1568 2.Packer et al. (2010) Advanced Materials 22:1613 3.Packer et al. (2006) Solid state Ionics vol 177:2059



B0513

Partial oxidation of methane in gadolinia-doped ceria-silver composite membranes

Enrique Ruiz-Trejo (1), Paul Boldrin (1), John L. Medley-Halam (1), Jawwad Darr (2), Alan Atkinson (3) and Nigel P. Brandon (1)

(1) Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK

(2) Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK

(3) Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK

Tel.: +44 207 594 9695 [email protected]

Abstract

Methane was partially oxidised to CO using oxygen permeated through a dense 1-mm thick Gd-doped ceria-silver composite membrane operating in the range 500 - 700 °C. The methane conversion reached 23% and a selectivity of 95% was achieved at 700 °C with an estimated oxygen flux in these conditions of 0.11 mLmin-1cm-2 (NTP). The oxygen permeation through the membranes was also measured using argon as the sweep gas, achieving a rate of 0.02 mLmin-1cm-2 (NTP) at 700 °C.




Electrochemical investigation of Ni-Co/CGO composite catalyst as protective layer for a

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell anode fed with biofuel

M. Lo Faroa, R. M. Reisb, G. G. A. Sagliettib, A. S. Aricòa and E. A. Ticianellib aCNR-ITAE, via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy

bUSP-IQSC, Av. Trab. São-carlense, 400 CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brasil; Tel.: +39-090-624270 Fax: +39-090-624247

[email protected]

Abstract

A Ni-Co alloy was prepared by using the oxalate method and subsequent in-situ reduction. The crystallographic phase and microstructure of the catalyst were investigated. This bimetallic alloy was mixed with gadolinium-doped ceria in order to obtain a composite material with mixed electronic-ionic conductivity. Catalytic and electrocatalytic properties of the composite material for the conversion of simulated biofuel were investigated. Electrochemical tests were carried out by utilizing the Ni-Co/CGO cermet as a barrier layer in a conventional anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell. The aim was to efficiently convert the stream of biofuel into useful fuels such as H2 and CO just before the conventional anode support. A comparative study between the modified cell and a conventional anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell without the protective layer was made. A greater maximum power density of about 55 % was observed in the presence of pure ethanol for the cell containing the protective anodic layer (fig. 1). Furthermore, the possibility of operation with an excess of CO2 in the anodic stream was assessed.

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Figure 1. Comparison of the electrochemical performances carried out in presence of pure ethanol at 800 °C

for the modified and bare cells.

Acknowledgements The present work was in part carried out in the framework of the Research Program

-7. The authors also acknowledge the Italian Ministry of Research and Education for the financial support of the BIOITSOFC project within the program "PROGRAMMI DI RICERCA SCIENTIFICA DI RILEVANTE INTERESSE NAZIONALE- PRIN PROGRAMMA DI RICERCA - Anno 2010-2011 - prot. 2010KHLKFC"




Preparation of Lanthanum Silicate Electrolyte Film with nano sized dispersed particle paste and its application to middle temperature ranged SOFC

Ryohei Mori1, Atsushi Mineshige2, Tetsuo Yazawa2, Hideki Yoshioka*3 1: Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd 2: University of Hyogo

3: Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Technology Tel.: +81-72-7598501 Fax: +81-72-7599008

[email protected]

Abstract

Anode supported SOFCs were prepared with apatite-type Mg doped lanthanum silicate (MDLS) as solid electrolyte films. MDLS films were deposited on anode substrates composed of NiO and MDLS by spin coating of MDLS pastes. After sintering at 1400- 1500 °C for 4h, dense MDLS electrolyte films were obtained. Open circuit voltages of the anode supported SOFCs coated 4 times were 0.9 - 1.1 V which are close to the theoretical value. By optimizing anode support preparation procedure, as well as MDLS sintering temperature and film coating conditions, maximum power densities obtained have reached

150 mW cm 2 at 800 C which is comparable to those using thermal sprayed MDLS films.




Magnesium Doped Lanthanum Silicate Synthesis with Apatite-type Structure for Use as an Electrolyte in IT-

SOFC

Chieko Yamagata, Agatha Matos Misso, Daniel Ricco Elias, Fernando Santos Silva, Vanessa Galvao Rodrigues and Sonia R. H. Mello-Castanho

Energy and Nuclear Research Institute Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 224 CEP-05508-000

University of São Paulo- São Paulo- Brazil Tel.: +55-11-3133-9217 Fax: +55-11-3133-9072


Abstract Lanthanum silicates apatite types are promising materials for use as electrolyte in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) solid oxide fuel cells due to their high Ionic conductivity at temperatures between 600 and 800 ºC. In this study a new method of synthesis is proposed. Lanthanum silicates apatite type with the compositions La9.56(SiO4)6O2.34, and La9.8Si5.7Mg0.3O26.4 were synthesized by sol-gel followed by precipitation method. Solutions of sodium silicate, lanthanum and magnesium chlorides were used as source of Si, La and Mg respectively. Silica gel was obtained by adding the high acid solutions of lanthanum and magnesium chlorides to the sodium silicate solution. Afterwards, lanthanum and magnesium chlorides homogeneously distributed into the obtained gel were precipitated as hydroxides with NaOH. The resulted products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area measures. The crystalline phase of apatite was reached by the thermal treatment of the precursor at 900ºC for 2h. Key words: synthesis, IT-SOFC, lanthanum silicate, electrolyte, sol gel, precipitation




Combinatorial approach on fabrication and characterization of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3± thin films

A.M. Saranya1, A. Morata1, M. Burriel2, John A. Kilner2, and A. Tarancón1

1 Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy

Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor 08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona /Spain

Tel.: +34 933 562 615 [email protected]

2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

Abstract In recent years, combinatorial approach to material synthesis and characterization is an emerging technique to acquire entire multi-component system in single experiment, which is efficient than conventional method of synthesizing single composition at one time, which are time and energy consuming tasks [1, 2]. There is lack of study on the anticipation of binary diagram of compositions before performing an experiment. In this work, we propose a new methodology based on combinatorial approach, where binary diagram of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3± system of thin films with thickness and composition predicted from simulation, is proved by experimental technique such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and its functional properties are studied by IEDP (Ion Exchange Depth Profiling) technique using SIMS. This La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3± system of perovskite are Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductors (MIEC) applied as cathodes, particularly for Low Temperature SOFCs (below 700°C). For binary diagram simulation, dense and individual layers of La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (LSC), La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) are optimized on 4inch silicon wafer by large area Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). Thickness contour map of LSC, LSM plumes are generated by interpolating the thickness, measured from SEM along X, Y axis of the samples with individual layers of LSC, LSM. Then, Simulations are performed to study the spatial distribution of thickness and composition gradient of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3± system, by mixing and changing the plume positions on 4inch Silicon wafer. With the best plume position found from simulation, pure phase of combinatorial La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3± system is fabricated by depositing monolayers of LSC(1nm)/LSM(1nm) one over the other, on 8% Yttria Stabilized zirconiaYSZ(100nm)/silicon substrate(4 inch). Combinatorial samples are prepared in such a way in order to cover the whole range of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3- composition from 0 to 100% of Cobalt. Structural and composition analysis studies on the sample are performed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Micro-Raman analysis, EDAX and SIMS. Oxygen diffusion and surface exchange coefficients (D* and k*) are measured by Ion Exchange Depth Profiling (IEDP) technique using SIMS, on the samples with cobalt content from 0% to 84.76%. D*, K* values measured in this work has values with 2 to 1 orders of magnitude higher than the values measured by De Souza et al., measured in bulk layers of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3± system [3, 4]. At 700°C D*, K* values start to decrease from 0% to 7.52% of Co content and start to increase after 7.52% of Co. This decay and evolution in D*, K* values are related with lattice oxygen and oxygen vacancy content in La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3± system. Key words: Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductors (MIEC), Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), Large area Pulsed

Laser Deposition (PLD), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Ion Exchange Depth Profiling (IEDP)

technique

[1] Radislav Potyrailo, Krishna Rajan, Klaus Stoewe, Ichiro Takeuchi, Bret Chisholm, Hubert Lam, ACS Comb. Sci. 2011, 13, 579 633. [2] Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films: Applications-Led Growth of Functional Materials. Edited by Robert Eason, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION, 2006, ISBN: 978-0-471-44709-2. [3] R.A. De Souza*, J.A. Kilner, Solid State Ionics 106 (1998) 175 187. [4] R.A. De Souza*, J.A. Kilner, Solid State Ionics 126 (1999) 153 161.



B0519

Decomposition of Carbon-Carbonate Mixture at Elevated Temperature

Jun Young Hwang, Jun Ho Yu, and Kyungtae Kang Korea Institute of Industrial Technology

Ansan-si, 426-173, Korea Tel.: +82-31-8040-6434 Fax: +82-31-8040-6430 [email protected]

Abstract

A direct carbon fuel cell system with solid oxide electrolyte and molten carbonate anode-media has been proposed by SRI. In this system, however, there are conflicting effects of temperature, which enhance ion conductivity of the solid electrolyte and reactivity at the electrodes, while result in a stability problem of the anode-media. In this study, effect of temperature on stability of carbon-carbonate mixture was investigated experimentally. TGA analysis was conducted at either nitrogen or carbon dioxide ambient for Li2CO3, K2CO3, and their mixtures with carbon black. Composition of the exit gas was also monitored during the temperature elevation. The results showed that the decomposition of carbonates could be suppressed by the increasing partial pressure of carbon dioxide. It is also discussed that, when carbon is added to carbonates, gasification of carbon could proceeds through multiple reaction paths using carbonates and their products as catalytic media.



B0520

New materials and low temperature sintering processes for PCFCs

Gilles Tailladesa*, Paul Persa, Fabrice Mauvyb, Pierre Batocchib and Maria Parcoc a ICG-AIME, University of Montpellier 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 /France

Tel.: +33-4-67-14-4620Fax: +33-4-67-14-33-04 [email protected]

bCNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France, cFundación TECNALIA, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain.

Abstract

Proton Conducting Fuel Cells (PCFCs) shares the thermal and kinetic advantages of intermediated temperature operation at 500-700 °C with molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells, and the intrinsic benefits of a proton diffusion observed at low operating temperature in proton exchange fuel cell (PEMFC/PAFC). This work deals with the development of new materials and synthesis routes for PCFCs. With the aim of decreasing the sintering temperature of the electrolyte, the influence of transition metal oxide additives on the densification BaCe0.8Zr0.1Y0.1O3 (BCZY) was investigated. It was observed that the addition ZnO as sintering favors the grain growth of BCZY, not affecting the conduction mechanism and rising the conductive from 4 to 7 mS.cm-1 at 600 °C. Anode supports based on Ni-BCZY cermets were elaborated by co-combustion of BCZY precursors and Ni(NO3)2 and sintered at low temperature. As cathode, mixture of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-

(BSCF) and BCZY were investigated. The electrochemical characterization of the cells was performed under zero dc current intensity and as a function of the temperature (600 700 °C) using air on the cathode side and wet H2 (3%vol. H2O) on the anode. The results showed that BCZY-ZnO seems to be a promising alternative to pure BCY to obtain well performing electrolytes with satisfactory chemical stability. The low sintering temperature of this electrolyte should allow the use of metal supports in the future. Ni-BCZY cermets elaborated by co-combustion and sintered at 1200 ºC exhibit e = 1000 S.cm-1 at 600 ºC. The composite cathode exhibits .cm2 at 600 °C under air. For single cell testing, Ni-BCZY supports with a diameter of 30 mm were elaborated by

co-combustion and pre sintered at 1100 °C. A 5 m thick BCZY-ZnO electrolyte was

deposited by wet spraying and co-sintered with the anode support at 1200 C. A composite BSCF-BCZY layer, deposited by wet spraying and sintered at 1050 °C, was used as the air electrode. The developed cells showed a maximal powder density of 190

mW.cm-2 and 401 mW.cm-2 at 600 C and 700°C, respectively.



B0521

Colloidal Approach for Nanostructured Composite Electrodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Kazuyoshi Sato1, Manami Arai1, Kazuya Horiguchi1, Jean-Christophe Valmalette2, 3, Hiroya Abe4

1. Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515 Japan

Tel.: +81-27-730-1452 Fax: +81-27-730-1452

kazuyoshi-sato@ gunma-u.ac.jp

2. Université du Sud Toulon Var, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France 3. CNRS, IM2NP (UMR 7334), BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France

4.Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan

Abstract

A colloidal approach has developed for nanostructured electrodes exhibiting superior electrochemical performance compared to the conventional ones. This approach consists of the following steps. Firstly, well crystallized ionic conductive nanocrystals with fluorite-type crystallographic symmetry including yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) with the size of <10 nm was grown in the aqueous solution without forming agglomerates. The nanostructured composite particles such as NiO/YSZ, NiO/GDC and La(Sr)MnO3(LSM)/YSZ were synthesized through a co-precipitation where the precursors of NiO or LSM were nucleated selectively on the oxygen ion conductive nanocrystals, followed by heat treatment. Although higher surface energy of nanocrystalline materials provides well developed solid column during sintering by promoted surface diffusion, uniformly dispersed different phases restrict the bulk diffusion each other, providing well connected and large active surface for electrochemical reaction. The uniform nanocomposite structure has the advantage not only in the performance but also the durability of SOFCs.




Barium Boron silicate glass as a sealant for use in anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Maviael J. Silva1, Signo T. Reis2 and Sonia Mello-Castanho1*

Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN CNEN/SP, Brazil Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242

05508-000 São Paulo, SP/Brazil Tel. 55 11 31339200

2 Missouri University of Science and Technology- Rolla MO, USA *[email protected]

Abstract

The planar design of SOFC requires sealant at the edges of the cell to prevent fuel

leakage (H2, CH4, etc.) and air mixing at its working temperature (700 to 900°C). The

extreme operation conditions of current cell designs involve both high temperatures and

highly corrosive environments. Consequently is necessary a material to seal the chambers

of the anode and cathode along each cell unit (the anode-cathode-electrolyte and

interconnects). The present work is an attempt to engineering glass compositions based

on the BaO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3 system chosen due its thermal properties and good glass

forming tendency. The glass formation or stability against crystallization x) and the

thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter

(DSC) and dilatometric analysis, respectively. The corrosion resistance of the glasses

determined by polarization curves using the Tafel method extrapolation showed good

accordance with the TEC specified for SOFC sealants. The main subject of this work is the

development and selection of sealing glasses composition for SOFCs applications and the

development of new methodologies for preparation and evaluation of glass ceramics

suitable for SOFC seals applications.

Key words: SOFC, Sealants, Glass stability, thermo analysis, Tafel extrapolation.




5


30 June - 3 July 2015

12th




Durability and lifetime prediction Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 1/25

Chapter 12 - Session B06 Durability and lifetime prediction


B0601 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 3

Design of Accelerated Lifetime Tests for SOFCs 3

B0602 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Performance Potential and Durability of 4

Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Cells 4

B0603 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Decrease of the electrochemically active surface in mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) by impurity segregation 5

B0604 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Effect of Biogas Contaminants on the Performance of Ni-YSZ Anode Supported SOFC 6

B0605 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Towards Comprehensive Description of Stack Durability/Reliability Behavior 7

B0606 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Nickel Sintering Processes in a SOFC Anode 8

B0607 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Degradation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Operated at High Current Densities 9

B0608 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Effects of principal biogas trace compounds on Short SOFC stack Tolerable concentration limits 10

B0609 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Elementary kinetic modeling of (electro-)chemical degradation mechanisms of the SOFC anode 11

B0610 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Silicon poisoning of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- 12

IT-SOFC cathodes 12

B0612 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Ni/YSZ microstructure optimization for long-term stability of solid oxide electrolysis cells 13

B0613 ................................................................................................................................... 14

Long-term Stability of Ni-YSZ Anodes Fabricated by Polymeric Precursor Infiltration 14

B0614 ................................................................................................................................... 15

Durability Aspects of MIEC Cathodes 15

B0615 ................................................................................................................................... 16

Reactivity studies of lanthanum strontium titanates with commonly used electrolytes 16

B0616 ................................................................................................................................... 17

Stability study of Au-Mo-Ni/GDC anodes for the Internal CH4 steam reforming reaction in the presence of H2S 17

B0617 ................................................................................................................................... 18

Experimental study of Biosyngas-SOFC integration 18

B0618 ................................................................................................................................... 19

Understanding the Degradation of SOFC Stacks 19



B0619 ................................................................................................................................... 20

Investigation of Carbide Formation Properties of Nickel-based Anode Surface by using ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulation 20

B0620 ................................................................................................................................... 21

Chemical and structural stability of SrTiO3-based materials under SOFC anode operating conditions 21

B0621 ................................................................................................................................... 22

Theoretical Study of the Sulfur Effect on the Properties of BaTiO3 as Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 22

B0622 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 23

Particle Coarsening in LSM YSZ Cathode Materials for SOFC 23

B0624 ................................................................................................................................... 24

Thermodynamics of LSM-YSZ Interfaces- A Revisit with Confirmed La2Zr2O7 Thermodynamic Data 24

B0625 ................................................................................................................................... 25

Effects of the Operating Voltage on a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell 25




Design of Accelerated Lifetime Tests for SOFCs

André Weber, Julian Szász, Alexander Kromp, Cornelia Endler-Schuck and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée

Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Tel.: +49-721-608-47572 Fax: +49-721-608-47492

[email protected]

Abstract

Understanding the durability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is still an issue, even though quite a number of research institutions and companies have analyzed the long term performance of cells and stacks over periods ranging from a few hundred hours to several years. As these tests are time consuming and costly, accelerated lifetime tests would be highly desirable. In general, a cumulative degradation rate is evaluated from the cell voltage decrease in a galvanostatic operating mode applying moderate current densities. Thus, no information on the different underlying degradation mechanisms is accessible. If aggravated stress is applied by increasing operating temperature, current density or gas utilization, the degradation of cathodes, electrolytes, anodes, contact layers and interconnects is accelerated in different ways. Obviously, measuring the cell voltage only is insufficient to understand the acceleration of performance degradation. In this contribution, the individual degradation mechanisms of cathode, electrolyte and anode, and their interfaces, are analyzed by means of (i) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, (ii) impedance data analysis by the distribution of relaxation times and, (iii) a subsequent CNLS-Fit to a physically meaningful equivalent circuit model. Cell tests were performed at different stress levels by varying temperature and current density as well as fuel and oxidant composition. On top of it, the detrimental role of contaminants as water vapor, carbon dioxide and volatile chromium species in the oxidant gas as well as higher hydrocarbons and H2S in the fuel gas was analyzed. Based on this extensive data set, the interplay between stress level and impact of the different stresses on degradation mechanisms in cathode, electrolyte and anode will be presented and guidelines for the design of accelerated tests will be discussed.



B0602

Performance Potential and Durability of Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Cells

Scott A Barnett, Gareth A Hughes, Ann V Call Department of Materials Science & Engineering

Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60208 USA

Tel.: 847 491 2447 Fax: 847 491 7820

[email protected]

Abstract

The motivations for intermediate-temperature solid oxide cells (IT-SOCs) (typically < 650oC) are to reduce balance of plant costs, enable improved interconnector and seal materials, reduce thermal cycling issues, and to reduce degradation. While reduced rates of most degradation processes, e.g., interconnect chrome volatilization and scale growth, are expected with decreased temperature, recent results suggest that degradation due to electrode particle coarsening may actually be worse in IT-SOCs. The reason is as follows: in order to achieve low polarization resistance at intermediate temperature, it has usually been necessary to make electrodes with highly active materials and nano-scale morphologies that are susceptible to coarsening. This talk will discuss recent results on degradation of nano-scale electrodes including (La,Sr)(Fe,Co)O3, (Sm,Sr)CoO3, and Ni. The results suggest that when electrode feature sizes are < 100 nm, the degradation rate due to coarsening can become prohibitively large. Based on these results, it is important to develop electrode structures that can constrain coarsening. Strategies to stabilize electrodes against coarsening include adding a stable high melting point material to the active component, either in a composite or via atomic layer deposition. The effect of current density on degradation rate is especially important for the economic viability of SOCs. That is, the device value depends on the total energy that can be produced or stored over its lifetime the cell potential times the current density j, integrated over the device lifetime. If the area-specific resistance degradation rate dRAS/dt

jm with m > 1, then the lifetime energy converted decreases with increasing current

density. It is then important to limit current density (with the additional benefit of improved efficiency due to the associated decrease in overpotential). Recent results on the effect of current density, and overpotential, on degradation of the positive electrode during solid oxide electrolysis are discussed in this context. The effects of current reversal, as needed for switching between electrolysis and fuel cell modes for electricity storage, are also discussed. Finally, different effects of stack pressurization on performance and degradation are discussed.



B0603

Decrease of the electrochemically active surface in mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) by impurity

segregation

Helena Téllez, John Druce1, Young-Wan Ju1, Tatsumi Ishihara1, John Kilner1,2

1International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, 819-0395,

Fukuoka / Japan 2Department of Materials, Imperial College London,

SW7 2AZ, London / United Kingdom Tel.: +81-92-802-6738

[email protected]

Abstract

One of the main advantages of the mixed ionic electronic conducting oxides (MIECs) for intermediate temperature (500-750°C) solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysers (SOECs) is the increase of the active surface available for oxygen exchange with the gas phase. This is not limited to the triple-phase boundary (TPB) as occurs in conventional cathode materials such as LSM [1]. The surface exchange properties in MIECs are clearly dependent on the chemical composition, morphology and active surface available. However, the surface of MIECs materials is very dynamic, as has been recently shown by Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) [2, 3].

In this work, we show that the chemical composition of the active electrode surface

in MIECs can be changed drastically after annealing for short periods of time at low temperatures (400°C). In addition to the segregation of the constituent cations, both surface chemistry and topography might be modified by the segregation of impurities from the bulk and/or the processing atmosphere at low temperature [4].



B0604

Effect of Biogas Contaminants on the Performance of Ni-YSZ Anode Supported SOFC

Hossein Madi (1), Stefan Diethelm (1), Jan Van herle (1) and Christian Ludwig (2) (1) FUELMAT Group, Faculty of Engineering Sciences (STI), Ecole Polytechnique

Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (2) PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT, General Energy Research Department, Bioenergy and

Catalysis Laboratory, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Tel.: +41-21-693-7322 Fax: +41-21-693-3502 [email protected]

Abstract

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology offers fuel flexibility. A variety of fuels can be fed directly or via a reforming process, including bio-syngas (biogas and gasified biomass). Bio-syngases contain impurities, such as sulfur compounds, chlorine, tars, siloxane etc. This study focuses on poisoning effects of siloxane D4, a typical biogas impurity which is difficult to remove and expected to cause degradation. Its effect on anode supported Ni-YSZ with (sub)ppm concentration has been examined in steady state polarization (0.25 A/cm2), using simulated biogas-reformate H2/CO/CO2/H2O. Irreversible degradation is observed with D4 impurity feed in the anode gas. Post test SEM results indicate formation of SiO2(s) deposits, which block pores and reduces the TPB length.



B0605

Towards Comprehensive Description of Stack Durability/Reliability Behavior

Harumi Yokokawa Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo

4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan Tel & Fax.: +81-3-5452-6789 yokokawa@iis/u-tokyo.ac.jp

Abstract

As reasonable consequences and continuation of the previous two NEDO projects ( 05-07, 08- 12) on durability/reliability, a new five-year NEDO project on durability places an emphasis on simulation technologies to be utilized in comparison with measured long term stack behaviors and in prediction for 90,000 h durability. To extract true degradation issues, use is made of stacks materials tested for long term operation or for thermal cycles; to further confirm the mechanisms, use is made of single cells or button cells for specified issues. This makes it possible to correlate degradation behaviors of cell components with operational conditions such as temperature and oxygen potential with an aid of predetermination of microstructures of electrodes by FIB-SEM or of the impurity levels inside major components at the beginning of cell operations. There are two major streams in such a comprehensive treatment of degradations; one is to predict the stack performance, the other being the prediction of mechanical instability. To predict the cell performance in a systematic manner, the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approximation is adopted for normal chemical reactions/diffusion as well as the electrochemical reactions. For the latter treatment, we are based on the Mizusaki s interpretation on high temperature electrochemistry in terms of the thermodynamic activities of electrochemically active species. This makes it possible to identify the oxygen potential value at any point in electrode, electrolyte, or their interfaces. Important recognition is that the interaction with impurities such as Cr-, S-containing gaseous species is taken place under such thermodynamic environments; the oxygen potential distribution is largely changed in the vicinity of the electrode/electrolyte interface depending on overpotential/current densities. With an aid of diffusion properties, this LTE makes it easy to evaluate the materials deterioration as a function of time through changes in overpotential, temperature etc to be determined by the time-dependent changes in stack behaviors. A typical example is the change in conductivity of YSZ electrolyte where NiO was dissolved during fabrication. To predict the mechanical instability, volume changes and associated relations between strain and stress are required for all cell components in addition to bound conditions. For this purpose, defect chemical description is required. In cooperation with thermodynamic changes caused by the electrochemical reactions, this approach makes it possible to predict mechanical instability of cell assemblies after fabrication and during cell operation or start up and shut down processes.

By combining two major considerations on stacks and comparing with practical stack degradation behavior, the high durability such as 90,000 h life can be predicted.



B0606

Nickel Sintering Processes in a SOFC Anode

Léonard Kröll, Bert de Haart, Ico Vinke, and Rüdiger.-A. Eichel Institute of Energy and Climate Research Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9)

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Ostring O10 D-52425 Jülich/Germany


Abstract

The agglomeration of nickel particles in a SOFC anode leads to an increase in the electronic conductivity and a change of the active catalytic area for the oxidation reaction of the fuel. Therefore, a model of the sintering behaviour of a Ni/YSZ electrode has been proposed and compared to long time measurements. In the first step, the description of the two-body sintering process is developed, basing on the assumption, that the shrinkage of a particle is directly proportional to the mass flux, which is determined by the surface bending. In the second step, the process of the two particles is expanded to a porous network of nickel and YSZ clusters. The sintering process between two particles just occurs, if two particles are in contact, which leads to contact probability function, declining in time. In the third part, the influence of the steam content and flux rate has been taken into account. The main idea rests upon the change in the effective diffusion due to the coverage of the nickel surface with hydrogen and water. The modelled grain size growth has been compared to measurements once under low flux rates and low steam content in order to lessen the effects of the third step in the model and secondly under high rates and high steam content. In the first case, the results were in good agreement with the experiment, whereas in the second case, the modelled curve was acceptable, but did not have the same accurateness.



B0607

Degradation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Operated at High Current Densities

Youkun Tao, Sune Dalgaard Ebbesen*, and Mogens Bjerg Mogensen Department of Energy Conversion and storage, Technical University of Denmark,

Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark

[email protected]

Abstract

In this work the durability of solid oxide cells for co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide (45 % H2O + 45 % CO2 + 10 % H2) at high current densities was investigated. The tested cells are Ni-YSZ electrode supported, with a YSZ electrolyte and either a LSM-YSZ or LSCF-CGO oxygen electrode. A current density of -1.5 and -2.0 A/cm2 was applied to the cell and the gas conversion was 45 % and 60 %, respectively. The cells were operated for a period of up to 700 hours. The electrochemical analysis revealed significant performance degradation for the ohmic process, oxygen ion interfacial transfer process and the reaction process at the Ni-YSZ triple-phase boundaries. The performance degradation is mainly ascribed to the microstructural changes in the Ni-YSZ electrode close to the YSZ electrolyte, including percolation loss of Ni and the contact loss of Ni and YSZ electrolyte. The type of the oxygen electrode showed an influence to the ohmic degradation: the better performing oxygen electrode corresponded to a lower Rs increase. However, the oxygen electrode itself was found to be relative stable both with respect to the electrochemical performance and microstructure.



B0608

Effects of principal biogas trace compounds on Short SOFC stack Tolerable concentration limits

Davide Papurello*(1), Andrea Lanzini(1), Gustavo Ortigoza(1), Massimo Santarelli(1), Matteo Lualdi(2) and Rahul Singh(2)

(1)Department of Energy (DENERG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 (TO), Turin 10129.

(2)Topsoe FuelCell A/S, Kgs. Lyngby/Denmark Tel*.: +39-340-2351692

[email protected]

Abstract

Biogas production from the anaerobic digestion offers additional special advantages than the usual benefits of renewable energy sources. In addition the environmental protection and enhanced independency from fossil fuels, biogas provides significant amounts of green energy to the electrical grid and contribute to mitigating the pollution effects on the local ecosystems. Among energy generation systems, SOFC technology shows the highest energy efficiency values employing biogas as fuel. Sulfur, chlorine and siloxane compounds are the biogas trace constituents considered due to their detrimental effects. Detrimental effects of biogas constituents at ultra low concentrations on SOFC performance are investigated on a short stack 200 We (Topsoe, DK). Biogas reformate mixture is the reference gas mixture feeding the TOFC stack at 700 °C and a FU of 60%. Pollutant compounds representative for chlorines (C2Cl4 and HCl) and siloxanes (D4) are added to the main stream singularly to study the SOFC threshold limit of tolerance. To investigate SOFC tolerance the pollutant biogas concentration was varied up to 1 ppm(v) for C2Cl4, 50 ppm(v) for HCl and 1 ppm(v) for D4. No strong effects on stack performance have been highlighted for chlorine compounds. The SOFC threshold limit for Cl was found above 20 ppm(v). Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) concentration ranged from 69 ppb(v) up to 1 ppm(v). Already 100 ppb(v) of D4 are not tolerable for SOFCs performance. .



B0609

Elementary kinetic modeling of (electro-)chemical degradation mechanisms of the SOFC anode

Vitaliy Yurkiv (1,2), Jonathan P. Neidhardt (1,2), Wolfgang G. Bessler (2,3) (1) German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics,

Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany (2) Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW), Universität Stuttgart,

Pfaffenwaldring 6, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany (3) Institute of Energy System Technology (INES), Offenburg University of Applied

Sciences, Badstrasse 24, 77652 Offenburg, Germany Tel.: +49-711-6862-8044 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected]

Abstract One of the main advantages of an SOFC is its ability of direct utilization of various fuel types, i.e. H2/H2O, CO/CO2 and hydrocarbons. It is, however, well known that operation of an SOFC with various fuels could cause various types of cell degradation. Therefore, the detailed (electro-)chemical investigation of degradation processes on electrode scale is certainly very important for the development of long-term operating SOFC technology. The present work contributes to the understanding of carbon (C) and nickel oxide (NiO) formation mechanisms at Ni/YSZ SOFC anodes by implementing, parameterizing and validating quantitative reaction mechanisms and transport models. The model is subsequently used to analyze literature experimental data, e.g., impedance spectra and voltage stability tests. The present approach incorporates elementary heterogeneous chemical reactions, electrochemical charge-transfer, multicomponent porous-phase and channel-phase transport, and cell degradation due to carbon and NiO formation [1]. Two crucial cases are considered for degradation of an SOFC due to NiO formation. The model successfully reproduces Ni oxidation by molecular oxygen or water from the gas phase (thermochemical) as well as oxidation by oxygen ions from the YSZ electrolyte, driven by a potential gradient (electrochemical). Results for nickel re-oxidation reveal conditions for safe operation, as well as kinetics for local NiO formation inside the electrode. Modeling the growth of a nickel oxide film on micro/nano scale, additionally allows determination of microstructural degradation based on NiO film thickness. The different types of solid carbon formed at/in a Ni/YSZ anode are assessed for evaluation of SOFC performance degradation. In particular, critical regions of surface-layered and pyrolytic carbon existence were identified considering global and local gas-phase and temperature variations. In addition, lifting of Ni particles (dusting), which occurs at high temperature and low current density, were assessed, resulting in main performance decrease. An important contribution of this work is the derivation of a new set of thermodynamic data for the relevant species (NiO and pyrolytic carbon), and reactions kinetics of carbon and NiO formation.



B0610

Silicon poisoning of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- IT-SOFC cathodes

Edith Bucher (1), Jörg Waldhäusl (1), Martin Perz (1), Werner Sitte (1), Christian Gspan (2) and Ferdinand Hofer (2)

(1) Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Chair of Physical Chemistry Franz-Josef-Straße 18; 8700 Leoben/Austria

(2) Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology & Graz Center for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Austrian Cooperative Research

(ACR); Steyrergasse 17; 8010 Graz/Austria Tel.: +43-3842-402-4813 Fax: +43-3842-402-4802

[email protected]

Abstract

Compared to the well-known chromium poisoning, the degradation of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) cathodes by silicon poisoning has so far been rarely investigated. However, previous studies showed that Si, which can originate from glass seals and thermal insulation materials in the stack, causes a severe degradation of

La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- (LSCF) [1,2] and similar mixed conducting IT-SOFC cathode materials [3,4]. In the present work long-term tests were performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) under open cell voltage (OCV) conditions at 700°C in ambient air. A symmetric cell with screen printed LSCF electrodes was prepared on a

dense Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95- (GDC) tablet. In the pristine state the cathode area specific

resistance (ASR) was 0.6 cm². During 1000 h the cathode ASR increased by a factor of 5, which may be attributed to changes in the surface elemental composition. In order to simulate the contamination of the cathode with silicon under well-defined conditions, a 10 nm thick Si-layer was sputtered onto the LSCF electrodes. Subsequently, during additional 1000 h at 700°C, a pronounced degradation occurred, which resulted in a total increase in the ASR by an additional factor of 5. Pre- and post-test analyses of the LSCF surface were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The fresh sample showed the expected microstructure of a porous screen printed cathode. After 2000 h of testing at 700°C a nanocrystalline Si-rich layer was observed on the LSCF grains. No other microstructural changes in the grain size or porosity of the LSCF cathode were found. Further investigations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the nanocrystalline layer is 25-50 nm thick. By analytical TEM studies the phase composition of the Si-rich zone could be resolved [5]. In comparison to the fresh LSCF surface, this layer consists of phases with a much lower electrical conductivity and a negligible oxygen exchange activity. It can therefore be concluded that even small amounts of silicon in the SOFC system which affect the first few nanometers of the cathode surface will cause a strong degradation in the cathode activity for oxygen reduction.



B0612

Ni/YSZ microstructure optimization for long-term stability of solid oxide electrolysis cells

Anne Hauch, Karen Brodersen, Filip Karas and Ming Chen Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark


Tel.: +45 21-36-28-36 Fax: +45 46-77-58-58

[email protected]

Abstract

In the last decade there has been a renewed and increased interest in electrolysis using solid oxide cells (SOC). So far the vast majority of results reported on long-term durability of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) have been obtained using SOC produced and optimized for fuel cell operation; i.e. solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). However, previous long-term tests have shown that the stability behavior of the Ni/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (Ni/YSZ) fuel electrode may fall out quite differently depending on whether the cell is operated in fuel cell or electrolysis mode at otherwise similar test conditions. Initial work has shown significant microstructural changes of the Ni/YSZ electrode close to

the electrolyte interface after long-term steam electrolysis test at -1 A/cm2 at 800 C. The results indicate that it will be advantageous to optimize the electrode structure with the aim of keeping the Ni particles in their required positions in the porous Ni/YSZ cermet close to the electrolyte. In this work we report cell tests and microstructures from reference and long-term tested SOEC with varied initial Ni/YSZ ratio with the aim of investigating the effect of changed Ni/YSZ ratio on long-term stability during steam electrolysis.



B0613

Long-term Stability of Ni-YSZ Anodes Fabricated by Polymeric Precursor Infiltration

Sanoop P. Kammampata, Aligul Buyukaksoy and Viola I. Birss Department of Chemistry

University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Tel.: +1 (403) 220-7306 Fax: +1 (403)289-9488

[email protected]

Abstract

Infiltration of Ni nitrate solutions into pre-constructed ceramic matrices to form Ni nanoparticles has been considered to be a very promising approach for the construction of high performance Ni-YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) anodes that can also be tolerant to redox cycling. However, such anodes have been shown to suffer from a rapid loss of electrochemical performance and electrical conductivity, mainly due to the loss of connectivity between the Ni nanoparticles (with no significant particle growth) at temperatures above 600 °C. To address this issue, a polymeric NiO precursor solution, which forms a continuous film rather than aggregated nanoparticles upon decomposition, was used here to infiltrate pre-sintered porous YSZ scaffoldings. The effect of the microstructure of the YSZ matrix was determined by using two types of porous YSZ layers with controlled pore and grain sizes. It is shown that infiltration of NiO into porous YSZ containing small pores and small grains (~200 nm pores and grains) resulted in the best stability. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the changes observed in the electrical conductivity are accompanied and/or caused by Ni particle growth, unlike what has been reported for Ni-YSZ anodes prepared by other infiltration methods.



B0614

Durability Aspects of MIEC Cathodes

Cornelia Endler-Schuck, Jochen Joos, André Weber and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT),

D-76131 Karlsruhe Tel.: +49 721 608-48148 Fax: +49 721 608-47492

[email protected]

Abstract Mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) perovskites like La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- (LSCF) are reported as best performing cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, little is known on durability of phase composition and microstructure, and its influence on cell performance. This contribution couples both characteristics combining electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS) and investigations by focused ion beam (FIB) tomography. Performance of anode supported cells was evaluated by high resolution EIS studies at temperatures of 600, 750 and 900 °C for 1000 h, and ohmic and polarization losses arising from electrolyte, anode and cathode were separated. The coefficients k and D of the LSCF cathode, resolved versus measurement time and temperature, were determined by a new method, using (i) the Gerischer impedance and (ii) the FIB tomography data. Obviously both, the exchange of oxygen with the gas phase (described by the surface exchange coefficient k ) and the transport of oxygen ions (described by the chemical diffusion coefficient D ) are changing over measurement time. Based on these results, durability issues of the LSCF cathode are discussed.



B0615

Reactivity studies of lanthanum strontium titanates with commonly used electrolytes

Dariusz Burnat1,*, Andre Heel, Lorenz Holzer, Meike Schlupp1, Thomas Graule and Ulrich F. Vogt1,2 1 - Laboratory for Hydrogen and Energy

EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 129 Uberlandstrasse

CH-8600 Dubendorf / Switzerland Tel.: +41 58 765 6173 Fax: +41-58 765 6922

[email protected]

2 - Crystallography, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany

Abstract

Doped Sr titanates are perceived as potential new anode materials for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) due to their superior redox stability. The reaction phenomenon between the cell components is an important durability issue that has to be considered for new materials.

during the cell fabrication as well as long-time operation of SOFCs, are among the most crucial strategies towards an enhancement of SOFC life time and efficiency. In this work, chemical interactions between commonly applied electrolyte materials and various La doped strontium titanates (LST) were studied by SEM/EDX and XRD/Rietveld. To increase the detectability of the reactions by XRD, nano-sized reagents were employed. The study revealed that all A-site deficient LSTs promoted a reaction with Sc and Y stabilized zirconia, whilst LST with full A-site occupancy was chemically stable. Detected structural and microstructural changes were solely assigned to high mobility of Ti, which induced formation of tetragonal structures with p42/nmc-type space groups. The degree of reactivity and diffusion has been correlated with the type of dopant. The reduction of oxygen partial pressure during sintering, high dopant content as well as type of the electrolyte dopant are presented as successful strategies to hinder or even avoid the reactivity.



B0616

Stability study of Au-Mo-Ni/GDC anodes for the Internal CH4 steam reforming reaction in the presence of H2S

M. Athanasioua,b, D.K. Niakolasa* and S. G. Neophytidesa* aFoundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences

(FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou str. Platani, GR-26504, Rion Patras, Greece bDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26504, Greece

Tel: +302610965240 Fax: +302610965223

[email protected]

Abstract

The present work refers to a first series of obtained results on how Au and/or Mo addition can affect the stability of modified Ni/GDC anodes for the reaction of internal CH4 steam reforming, in the presence of H2S. Specifically, it is shown that Ni/GDC is stable in the presence of 10 ppm H2S, but only in the case where 100 vol% of H2 is the anode feed. In the case where CH4 and H2O (diluted in Helium carrier gas) comprise the anode feed then at S/C = 2 or S/C = 0.13 ratios the performance of Ni/GDC shows severe degradation, while the Au-Mo-Ni/GDC anode has the best and most stable performance. Keywords: Au and/or Mo modified Ni/GDC anodes, H2S poisoning, Internal CH4 Steam Reforming, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells



B0617

Experimental study of Biosyngas-SOFC integration

Giovanni Cinti, Umberto Desideri, Arianna Baldinelli, Francesco Fantozzi Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria

93 via Duranti 06100 Perugia / Italy

Tel: +39-075-5853991 [email protected]

Abstract

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells are able to process a wide range of fuels, even bio-syngas. The coupling of an efficient technology such as SOFC with a renewable energy source appears very promising. In particular, the use of wood downdraft gasifier syngas into a SOFC system has been studied. The main problem, however, are the high costs and the low efficiencies associated to the conversion of biomass into an intermediate fuel, especially when small-scale applications are concerned. Moreover, throughout the gasification process, a small amount of TAR is produced. In the fuel cell tar can act both as a fuel and as a contaminant, according to the concentration in the syngas stream.

The first part of this work has been devoted to the acquisition of knowledge about all the techniques required. Button cells provided by SOFC Power were fed H2/N2 polluted with a model tar (toluene). Degradation was evaluated with a voltage measurement and SEM post-analysis.

Then, SOFC button cells were operated on tar-laden simulated syngas, whose composition was determined as the average output of the pilot downdraft gasifier of Università di Perugia. Once more, toluene was set as model tar. Increasing toluene concentration in the feed gas, variations in SOFC performances have been observed. Eventual degradation was investigated using the previously acquired techniques. The ultimate purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of a small scale Biomass Integrated Gasifier Fuel Cell (B-IGFC) able to convert biomass into electricity in the most cost-effective manner. Further tests will be carried out supplying the cell with real wood-gas, without depriving it of the tar fraction, in the aim of reducing the cleaning-unit, which covers an important fraction of the plant total costs.



B0618

Understanding the Degradation of SOFC Stacks

Michael Lang(1), Corinna Auer(1), Adam Zietak(1), Arpit Maheshwari(1), Felix Hauler(2) (1) German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics

Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 D-70569 Stuttgart / Germany

Tel.: +49-711-6862-605 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected] (2) ElringKlinger AG, Max-Eyth-Straße 2

D-72581 Dettingen/Erms / Germany Tel.: +49-7123-724-235

Fax: +49-7123-724-85-235 [email protected]

Abstract One of the major challenges for the successful introduction and acceptance of the SOFC technology into the global energy market is the improvement of the long term stability of the SOFC stacks over several thousands of hours. This objective requires the better understanding of the time dependent electrochemical behavior and of the degradation mechanisms of the layers or repeating units (RUs) of the SOFC stacks at different operating conditions. The paper presents the long term results of different repeating units of light-weight SOFC stacks in the cassette design, which were operated up to 10,000 h in

-evaporation protection layers were evaluated. The stacks were investigated by current-voltage curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), gas analysis and long term measurements. The characteristic data of the current-voltage curves, e.g. OCVs, ASRs and power densities, were determined as a function of time. In order to understand the degradation effects, these results are discussed in context with the results of the electrochemical impedance spectra. The degradation of the individual stack and cell layer impedances, e.g. ohmic, electrode polarization and gas concentration impedance, are outlined. Possible degradation mechanisms are discussed.

This .



B0619

Investigation of Carbide Formation Properties of Nickel-based Anode Surface by using ReaxFF

Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Minseok Bae and Joongmyeon Bae Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST

291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon / South Korea


Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of the promising energy conversion devices with several advantages due to its high operating temperature. One major strong point is a fuel flexibility, so not only pure hydrogen but also light hydrocarbons such as methane can be used for fuels for SOFC with internal reforming process. However, carbon nanostructure is easily formed with nickel-based catalysts for SOFC anodes during internal reforming. Formed carbide structure can cover the entire anode surface and eventually destroy the cell. Therefore, catalyst development that keeps carbide deposition on its surface is essential for efficient and stable SOFC operation. Recently, molecular dynamics simulation is widely used for investigating surface reactions with modeling of reaction sites. Reax force field (ReaxFF, developed by Adri van Duin et al.) has the ability for simulating bond formulation and braking during the simulation, and thus it can be a good modeling tool for chemical reaction like internal reforming reaction on the SOFC anode surface. In this study, carbon cluster formation on nickel surface is investigated with the aid of molecular dynamics. For the simulation, light hydrocarbon molecules are located on the nickel surface for modeling internal reforming environment, and the reaction proceeds at various temperature for investigating temperature effect. Also, the effects of pre-deposited surface carbon atoms are investigated. As a result, the carbon cluster formation on the nickel surface can be observed, and pre-deposited carbon on the nickel catalyst surface shows enormous effect for carbide generation on SOFC anode.



B0620

Chemical and structural stability of SrTiO3-based materials under SOFC anode operating conditions

Aitor Hornes (1), Martina Torchietto (1), Guttorm Syvertsen-Wiig (2), Rémi Costa (1) (1) German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics,

Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany (2) CerPoTech AS, Kvenildmyra 6, 7072 Heimdal, Norway

Tel.: +49-711-6862-8116 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected]

Abstract

This work investigates the impact of the exposition to SOFC anode operating conditions on SrTiO3-based compounds, with A-site or B-site substitution: 10 at.% lanthanum or 20 at.% niobium, respectively. Structural and surface stability of the materials after the reaction was examined (post-mortem analysis) using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These techniques have allowed us to obtain bulk and surface information of the samples which will have a crucial relevance in revealing possible modifications accomplished during system operation. These modifications could play an important role in the degradation of the cell. Structural analysis of materials before and after reduction did not show the formation of secondary phases, indicating a good stability of their crystalline structures for both samples under the conditions employed. In turn, surface study by means of XPS evidenced a surface enrichment in strontium oxide species for raw samples just after annealing. Nevertheless, exposure to the reducing environment caused an accumulation on the surface of the cations that occupy B positions in the perovskite structure oxides. At the same time, lanthanum segregation to the surface after the exposition to the reducing treatment was revealed as well. Achieved identification of the cationic diffusion processes that happened throughout cell operation will help us to understand and eventually minimize the degradation of the anode materials.



B0621

Theoretical Study of the Sulfur Effect on the Properties of BaTiO3 as Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

David Samuel Rivera Rocabado (1,2,3), Takayoshi Ishimoto (2,3), and Michihisa Koyama (1,2,3,4)

(1) Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

(2) CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency / K s Gobancho 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan

(3) INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

(4) International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

Tel.: +81-92-802-6970 Fax: +81-92-802-6970

[email protected]

Abstract

Since solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperature fuel flexibility is one of the advantage over the other types of fuel cells. However, in the practical operation, the most suitable fuels contain impurities which decrease the performance and lower the long term stability. Impurities such as sulfur, even at ppm concentrations can drastically lower the performance of SOFC. Several researches are being carried out either to improve the sulfur resistance of the current anode electrocatalyst or to find a novel sulfur tolerant anode material. We analyzed the effect of the sulfidation of the BaTiO3(001) for the CH4 bond breaking using density functional theory method. In this work, we assumed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type reaction mechanism for the CH4 dissociation on the surfaces. Our results showed that the C-H bond breaking is energetically less demanding for the species interacting with the TiO2-terminated (TiO2

T) surface than for the BaO-terminated (BaOT) surface. The sulfidation of the BaOT surface has a detrimental effect for the C-H bond breaking. Nevertheless, for the TiO2

T surface, it seems that the presence of S may catalyze the first dissociation reaction of CH4. Additionally, after the sulfidation of the TiO2

T surface, the C adsorption became quite energetically demanding. It appears that the presence of S may prevent the C deposition. Additionally, the effect of the sulfidation of the surface was analyzed to examine the change in the electronic conductivity of the slabs. Our results showed that after the sulfidation while, for the BaOT slab, the band gap of the slab increased, for the TiO2

T slab new states that can be occupied by electrons were formed due to the presence of S. It seems that this new states may increase the electronic conductivity of the TiO2

T slab.




Particle Coarsening in LSM YSZ Cathode Materials for SOFC

Andrey Farlenkov (1), Maxim Ananyev (1, 2), Vadim Eremin (1), Natalia Porotnikova (1) and Edkhem Kurumchin (1)

(1) Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS, Akademicheskaya 20 (2) Ural Federal University , Mira 19

Yekaterinburg City / Russia Tel.: +7-343-362-34-84 Fax: +7-343-374-59-92 [email protected]

Abstract

There are a number of obstacles preventing commercial deployment SOFC, one of which is their short operational life. In this work particle coarsening process has been studied as one of phenomena observing on the most popular cathode material LSM YSZ. The

object is LSM YSZ | YSZ | LSM YSZ symmetric cells provided by Denmark Technical University. Stability of these cells has been tested using several methods at the same experimental conditions

2 = 10 2 atm). Oxygen exchange constant and diffusion coefficient were measured by the oxygen isotope exchange method with gas phase analysis. Polarization resistance was monitored by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Samples after 300 and 1000 hours of exposure were used for post-test microstructure analysis. Quantitative relations between physicochemical properties of the material (exchange constant, oxygen diffusion coefficient, electroconductivity, polarization resistance) and microstructure parameters (grain and pore size distribution functions, triple phase boundary length and tortuosity factors) are discussed. A model for microstructure

coarsening process based on cellular automaton algorithm has been developed and implemented for LSM YSZ cathode materials, fig. 1. This method can be used for modeling of changing physicochemical properties of the electrode materials, when their direct measurements are difficult, but the analysis of microstructure parameters is possible. This work is partly financially supported by the 7th framework program «SOFC - Life».

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0 YSZ

LSM

LTPB

EsRe

lati

ve

ch

an

ge

, %

Time, h

Fig. 1. Evolution of microstructure parameters for LSM YSZ cathode materials (results cellular automaton modeling): Es free surface energy of LSM phase; LTPB triple phase boundary length; LSM tortuosity factor of LSM phase;

YSZ tortuosity factor of YSZ phase



B0624

Thermodynamics of LSM-YSZ Interfaces- A Revisit with Confirmed La2Zr2O7 Thermodynamic Data

Harumi Yokokawa Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo

4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505, Japan Tel & fax.: +81-3-5452-6789 [email protected]

Abstract

From late 1980 s to early 90 s, Yokokawa made a series of thermodynamic analyses on the perovskite electrode and the YSZ electrolyte. For the LSM-YSZ interface, evaluation of the thermodynamic data of La2Zr2O7 was made so as to obtain consistency among LSM-YSZ diffusion couple experiment by Lau and Singhal, thermogravimetric results on nonstoichiometric La1-xMnO3 by Shimomura et al, and calorimetric measurements by *V. R. Korneev. After this compilation, a new calorimetric value determined by M. Bolech et al. was more negative than the complied value. The calphad-type optimization was made by Gaukler s group with relying on the new value so that they criticized Yokokawa s evaluated data of La2Zr2O7 and his analytical results of phase relations related with LSM-YSZ interface. Even so, Yokokawa s analyses relied on Lau and Singhal data so that the issue to be confirmed is which diffusion couple data by Lau and Singhal or calorimetric data by Bolech is incorrect. Upon Yokokawa s request, Navrotsky s group made calorimetric measurements again on La2Zr2O7 and their new data indicate less negative. It becomes more consistent with diffusion couple data by Lau and Singhal. These chronological events eventually confirmed that Yokokawa s initial treatment is essentially valid.

Since Yokokawa s first work on the LSM-YSZ interface, many interesting and important experimental results have been reported not only for SOFC mode but also SOEC mode. These new findings will be discussed in terms of equilibrium data as well as some kinetic considerations. For the SOFC mode, the direct confirmation on Yokokawa s results was made by Siemens. Quite recently, Matsui et al reported the interesting features of slightly A-site deficient LSM cathodes having different La content, indicating the formation of a dense LSM layer at the LSM-YSZ interface more significantly for the La-rich composition, where the A-site deficiency becomes more significant with growing possibility of La2Zr2O7 formation at a given A-site deficient value. Analogous consideration to the sintering behavior of the A-site deficient cathode on heat treatment suggests that the oxide ion vacancies formed during the electrochemical polarization together with the cation vacancies enhance the sintering of LSM cathode without precipitation of Mn oxides. Behavior under the SOEC mode should depend largely on the magnitude of polarization, since the LSM-YSZ interface chemistry depends on the oxygen potential mainly because the A-site deficient width or the La2Zr2O7 formation region depends on the valence of Manganese ions. With increasing oxygen potential, the La2Zr2O7 is partially formed at the interface, and then finally La2Zr2O7 as well as MnO2 is formed as a result of oxidative decomposition.



B0625

Effects of the Operating Voltage on a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell

Maria Navasa, Jinliang Yuan and Bengt Sundén Department of Energy Sciences Lund University, P.O. Box 118

22100 Lund / Sweden Tel.: +46-46-222-4105 Fax: +46-46-222-4717

[email protected]

Abstract

Hydrogen is a promising fuel for an improved utilization of renewable energy sources. Despite the fact that nowadays hydrogen is mainly obtained through reformation of hydrocarbon compounds, other procedures based on the green energy concept can be strong alternatives. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are one of the most promising technologies for high temperature electrolysis, a process which allows obtaining hydrogen independently from carbon compounds and when coupled to existing power plants or other green energy sources, the required electric power is lower than in other competing processes working at a low temperature. In this study, the effect of the operating voltage on a single SOEC cell is analysed based on a 3D computational model by the finite volume method (FVM) using the commercial code ANSYS FLUENT 14.5. The governing balance equations for heat, charges, species and momentum transport are coupled to the electrochemical reactions. The boundary conditions employed and the methods to evaluate the effective transport properties are outlined and discussed. Only water is considered as the fuel for a single cathode-supported planar SOEC operating under cross-flow configuration arrangement. The predicted temperature distribution in the cell reveals a strong relationship between the operating voltage and the three different thermal operating modes of an SOEC: endothermic, exothermic and thermo-neutral. Furthermore, the temperature profiles at the cathode active layer, fuel and air channels are presented and discussed.




5


30 June - 3 July 2015

12th




Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 1/19

Chapter 13 - Session B09 Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes


B0901 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Isolating the influence of microstructural and strain properties on the oxygen ion transport in YSZ thin films 3

B0902 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Tailoring in situ growth of nanoparticles towards applications 4

B0903 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Preliminary Ageing Study of Praseodymium-Lanthanum Nickelates Pr2-xLaXNiOas Cathodes for Metal Supported SOFCs 5

B0904 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

The Suppression Mechanism for Carbon Deposition on the Ni Surface Supported by Various Oxides 6

B0905 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Stability studies of La- and Ca-doped SrTiO3 as anode support for solid oxide fuel cells 7

B0906 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 8

Characterization of Novel Structured Solid Oxide Cells Fabricated by A Phase-inversion Method 8

B0907 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 9

Ce1-xSrxNbO : a new oxygen excess and deficient fast ion conductor 9

B0909 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Assessment of full ceramic solid oxide fuel cells based on modified strontium titanates 10

B0910 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Improvement of the tolerance against oxidation of an anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell using Atomic Layer Deposition 11

B0911 ................................................................................................................................... 12

SOFC materials search by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition: A case study on La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-xCoxO 12

B0912 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Stability and performance of SOFC with LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3- )-GDC (Gd0.2Ce0.8O2) composite anode 13

B0913 ................................................................................................................................... 14

The Manufacture and Testing of Ni-10Sc1CeSZ Anode Supported SOFCs for Intermediate Temperature Operation 14

B0914 ................................................................................................................................... 15

Chemical stability of NiCrAl foam-based cermets for metal supported SOFC 15

B0915 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 16

Elaboration and characterizations of oxide thin films to decrease SOFC Area Specific Resistance 16

B0916 ................................................................................................................................... 17

A simple route for the manufacture of composites for hydrogen separation membranes 17

B0917 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 18



Multi Layered Anode Supports in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Using Hydrocarbon Fuel 18

B0918 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 19

Development of Cu-based Anodes for 19

BZCY72 Proton Ceramic Membrane Reactors 19



B0901

Isolating the influence of microstructural and strain properties on the oxygen ion transport in YSZ thin films

George F. Harrington1, Andrea Cavallaro1, Stephen J. Skinner1, David W. McComb2,1 and John A. Kilner1

1Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK 2Department of Materials, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

Tel.: +442075946771 [email protected]

Abstract In recent years, there have been a number of conflicting experimental investigations on thin films of yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ), with the reported conductivity ranging from an enhancement of orders of magnitude [1] to a modest reduction compared to bulk behavior [2]. Improvements in the transport properties are often attributed to an expansive lattice strain and regular networks of dislocations at the interface, yet compelling evidence remains elusive. In addition, electrical measurements on such films only provide a measure of the total charge transport leaving an ambiguity about the nature of the charge carrier. We have fabricated highly textured YSZ thin films onto MgO and sapphire single crystals using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). These correspond to a range of lattice mismatches, and have been grown at a number of thicknesses in order to isolate interfacial effects. Using x-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) the structural and chemical properties of the thin films have been characterised. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with isotope tracer diffusion will be shown to directly and unambiguously measure the oxygen ion transport properties. This allows compositional, micro- and nano-structural variations observed in the film interfaces to be associated with changes in the conduction properties. We will present evidence to show that a regular dislocation network at YSZ/substrate interfaces does not in fact drastically alter the conduction properties despite being linked to enhanced conduction properties previously [1, 3].

Figure 1. (a) HR-TEM image of YSZ film grown on an MgO substrate. (b) Fourier filtered image (a) revealing a dislocation network. (c) 18O tracer diffusion profile in a YSZ film. The inset shows an 18O ion map.



B0902

Tailoring in situ growth of nanoparticles towards applications

Dragos Neagu and John T.S. Irvine University of St Andrews.

School of chemistry KY16 9ST St. Andrews/United Kingdom

Tel.:+44(0)1334 463844 [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Surfaces decorated with nanoparticles play a key role in many fields including renewable energy and catalysis and are typically prepared by deposition techniques. Here we show that, alternatively, particles could be grown in situ, directly from a perovskite oxide support though judicious choice of composition, particularly by tuning deviations from the ideal ABO3 stoichiometry. This concept seems to enable unprecedented control over particle composition, size, distribution, surface coverage and anchorage, and may serve to design sophisticated materials for several applications beyond fuel/electrolysis cells. The potential and versatility of this concept are illustrated though various examples, while also highlighting the key factors that enable one to control and tailor this phenomenon. Specific examples include improved metal-ceramic interfaces for metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells and H2 production from high temperature steam electrolysis with in situ exsolution of catalytically active nanoparticles during operation.



B0903

Preliminary Ageing Study of Praseodymium-Lanthanum Nickelates Pr2-xLaXNiO as Cathodes for Metal

Supported SOFCs

Vaibhav Vibhu, Aurélien Flura, Clément Nicollet, Sébastien Fourcade,

Aline Rougier, Jean-Marc Bassat and Jean-Claude Grenier CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB,

87 Av. Dr Schweitzer, F-33608 Pessac Cedex, France

Tel.: +33 (0)5 40 00 27 53 Fax: +33 (0)5 40 00 27 61

[email protected]

Abstract

The present study is focused on alternative oxygen electrodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs) using MSC-type conditions. In the K2NiF4 type compounds, the Pr2-xLaxNiO mixed nickelates, further referred as PLNO, were selected in respect of their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity (i.e. MIEC properties). Depending on the composition, two domains of solid solution with orthorhombic structure were identified. One is related to Pr-rich phases, from x = 0 to x = 1, with the Bmab space group and the other one is related to La-rich phase, from x = 1.5 to x = 2, with Fmmm space group. Pr2NiO (PNO) showed excellent electrochemical properties at intermediate temperature (i.e. low polarization resistance Rp value, Rp = 0.03 at 700 °C), while La2NiO (LNO) exhibits higher chemical stability. Herein, the chemical stability of the nickelates under air at operating temperatures as well as the evolution of the polarization resistances during ageing (recorded under air and idc = 0 conditions) were studied for duration up to one month. LNO is highly stable whereas PNO is completely dissociated after 1 month at 600, 700 and 800°C. Interestingly, the ageing of the mixed PLNO/CGO/8YSZ half cells during 1 month under air shows no change in the Rp value at idc = 0 condition, despite their various degrees of chemical stability.



B0904

The Suppression Mechanism for Carbon Deposition on the Ni Surface Supported by Various Oxides

Taiki Shindo(1), Satoshi Watanabe(1),Shin-ichi Hashimoto(2), Keiji Yashiro(1), Tatsuya Kawada(1)

(1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University; 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai/Japan

(2) Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai/Japan

Tel.: +81-22-795-6976 Fax: +81-22-795-4067

[email protected]

Abstract

Carbon deposition on Ni anode causes degradation of the cell performance. Using an additive is one of possible solutions to suppress carbon deposition on Ni. In this study, the substrate effect for carbon formation was investigated at 1073 K under CH4/H2O/Ar (S/C = 0.087) using Ni particles dispersed substrate oxides (8YSZ, SrZr0.9Y0.1O3- , Ce0.9Gd0.1O2- , Y2O3, TiO2, CeO2). In our previous study, The Ni surfaces were observed with FE-SEM after the carbon deposition test. It was confirmed that Ni surfaces texture became rougher due to carbon deposition on Ni. From the order of Ni particle surface roughness, the order of suppressive effect could be qualitatively estimated as follows, CeO2, TiO2 > SrZr0.9Y0.1O3- , Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95- > 8YSZ, Y2O3. The map of atomic concentration in Ni/TiO2 which was not exposed to methane was obtained by depth profiling with micro-Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). It was found that Ti and O diffused on Ni surface with nanometer-order in thickness. The formation reaction of the carbon was probably suppressed by presence of Ti and O on Ni.



B0905

Stability studies of La- and Ca-doped SrTiO3 as anode support for solid oxide fuel cells

Lanying Lu(1), Chengsheng Ni(1), Stewart McCracken(2), Andrew Gibson(2), Stephen Mee(2), Mark Cassidy(1) and John Irvine(1)

(1) School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews KY16 9ST, St Andrews, United Kingdom


(2) MCS Limited, Midlothian Innovation Centre, EH25 9RE, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom

Abstract

The electrochemical performance and stability were performed on A-site deficient La- and Ca-doped SrTiO3 (La0.2Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3) (LSCTA-) anode-supported fuel cells with metallic catalysts infiltrated into the porous anode structure at 700oC in humidified hydrogen (3 vol% H2O). The cell performance has been improved by the nickel infiltration to the bare LSCTA- because of its superior catalytic activity towards fuel oxidation. In particular, the substitution of 25 wt% Fe to Ni enhances the power density, compared to the Ni-impregnated cell. From the comparison of the stability testing for the three cells, a rapid degradation is observed on the non-impregnated cell. In this case, the degradation mechanism has so far been attributed to the re-oxidation of the scaffold under relatively high oxygen partial pressure resulted from the transporting oxygen ions at the low voltages. The addition of catalyst demonstrated a more stable status compared to bare LSCTA- after the first 20-h operation. The cell with Ni-Fe composite catalyst shows even slower degradation than nickel-impregnated fuel cell. The degradation of the impregnated cells is always attributed to the growth and sintering of the catalyst particles on the surface of the scaffold under working condition. However, our result shows that the interaction between backbone and catalyst may cause an additional deterioration of catalytic activity by modifying the surface of the metal particles. High-resolution electron microscopy techniques have been utilized, allied with ion beam preparation to preserve fine structure on the cross-sections and interfaces, allowing a detailed survey over large areas of infiltrated anode so developing an improved understanding of how these anode structures behave and mature during cell operation.




Characterization of Novel Structured Solid Oxide Cells Fabricated by A Phase-inversion Method

Chenghao Yang* New Energy Research Institute, College of Environment and Energy, South China

University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China Tel: 86-020-39381203 Fax: 86-020-39381203

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) have been considered as one of the promising technologies, since they

can be operated efficiently in either electrolysis mode by producing hydrogen through steam

electrolysis or fuel cell mode to generate electricity by electrochemically combining fuel with

oxidant [1-3]. However, (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95MnO3 (LSM)-YSZ (8 mol.% yttria stabilized

zirconia)/YSZ/Ni-YSZ SOCs fabricated by traditional method has been found to be limited in either

SOFC or SOEC mode. To improve the cell performance, a phase-inversion method has been

utilized to optimize the micro-tubular SOC (MT-SOC) hydrogen electrode microstructure, as show

in Fig. 1 (a1, a2). The asymmetric-porous hydrogen electrode possesses a thin small finger-like

porous layer (~15

where electrochemical reactions take place, and a thick porous layer with large finger-like pores

providing effective fuel delivery to the electrode functional layer. When the MT-SOC was operated

in electrolysis mode at 900oC with an applied voltage of 1.3 V, current density of 2.57 A/cm

2 was

obtained at 80 vol.% absolute humidity (AH) (Fig. 1 b2). It is significantly higher than the cell

prepared by traditional method with current density of 1.82 A/cm2 under 1.3 V applied voltage and

80 vol.% AH at 900oC [3]. Also, it was observed that the mass transport limitations have been

mitigated, due to the large finger like channel beneficial to the fuel delivery efficiency while the

small finger like layer favorable to the electrochemical reaction.

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional SEM images (a1, a2), impedance sprectra and voltage-current density curves

(a2, b2) of the MT-SOEC.

Keywords: Solid oxide cells; electrolysis; hydrogen production; phase-inversion;

References [1] J. Fuel Cell

Sci. Tech., 2005, 2, 156-163.

[2] A. Hauch, S.H. Jensen, S. Ramousse, M. Mogensen, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2006, 153, A1741-

A1747.

[3] C.H. Yang, C. Jin, A. Coffin, F.L. Chen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35, 5187-5193.

Acknowledgment. The financial support of the South China University of Technology new faculty

startup fund, NASA EPSCoR (Award Number NNX10AN33A) and South Carolina Space Grant

Consortium is acknowledged gratefully.



Figure 1: Total conductivity of

oxygen excess Ce1-xSrxNbO4+ under various atmospheres.

Figure 2: Example of in-situ redox

characterisation via cerium valance changes determined by linear

combination fitting of XANES spectra with Ce

3+ and Ce

4+

standards. temperature,Ce1-xSrxNbO4+ contains [Ce

4+] proportional to the dopant

level.


Ce1-xSrxNbO4 : a new oxygen excess and deficient fast ion conductor

Cassandra Harris and Dr Stephen Skinner Department of Materials Imperial College London

Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ, UK

Tel.: +44 2075895111 [email protected]

Abstract

In the search for SOFC materials which exhibit improved oxide ion conductivity at lower temperatures, attention has recently been focussed towards materials with atypical structural chemistry or diffusion pathways. Transport by interstitial oxide ions or protons offers the potential for reduced migration barriers compared to the more common vacancy mechanism found in traditional SOFC materials1,2. Fergusonite structured rare earth niobates (RENbO4) can exhibit both high protonic and oxygen diffusivity depending on the dopant strategy (RE1-xAxNbO4- RE=La, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er A=Ba, Sr, Ca)3. The cerium analogue CeNbO0.25, 0.33) by oxidation of Ce3+ to Ce4+ and exhibits fast oxide ion and electronic conduction4. Unlike other rare earth niobates, CeNbO conduct via an interstitial type mechanism. Here we report the transport properties of Sr2+ doped CeNbO under oxygen and proton containing atmospheres and show that this new material exhibits total electrical conductivity that is over one order of magnitude greater than the parent material (figure 1). Full structural and redox characterisation by time-of-flight neutron diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (figure 2) will be presented. Sr2+ charge compensation occurs largely via cerium oxidation from Ce3+ to Ce4+ in oxidative atmospheres, whilst oxygen vacancies are generated under reductive atmospheres containing H2(g). The electrical properties of several compositions of Ce1-xSrxNbO (x=0.01 to x=0.4) under oxygen and proton containing atmospheres have been investigated; the results show significant enhancement when x>0.1. Variable pO2 and EMF transport number measurements will be presented. It is proposed that the compensation mechanism under oxidative conditions leads to an enhancement in the electronic domain and potential application as a mixed ionic electronic .

[1] Sold State Ionics, 117, (13-14), 1205-1 [2] Chem. Rec, 4, (6), 373-384, 2004 [3] Nat. Mater, 5, 193-196, 2006 [4] Solid State Ionics, 177, (11-12), 1015-1020, 2006



B0909

Assessment of full ceramic solid oxide fuel cells based on modified strontium titanates

Peter Holtappels (1), Tania Ramos (1), Bhaskar R. Sudireddy (1), Sune Veltzé (1), Luise Theil Kuhn (1), Peter Stanley Jørgensen (1), Wei Zhang (1), Qianli Ma (2),

Frank Tietz (2), Viacheslav Vasechko (2), Jürgen Malzbender (2), Boris Iwanschitz (3), Andreas Mai (3), Jeppe Rass-Hansen (4), Maarten C. Verbraeken (5), Elena

Stefan (5), John T.S. Irvine (5) (1) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage,

Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Tel.: +45 4677 5620 [email protected]

(2) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research, D-52428 Jülich, Germany

(3) Hexis AG, 8404 Winterthur, Switzerland (4)Topsoe Fuel Cells AS, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

(5) University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, St Andrews Scotland, United Kingdom

Abstract

-cermet anodes have been developed up to reasonable levels of performance and durability. However, especially for small combined heat and power supply systems, known failure mechanisms e.g. re-oxidation, sulfur tolerance and coking have stimulated the development for full ceramic anodes based on strontium titanates. Furthermore, the Ni-cermet is primarily a hydrogen oxidation electrode and efficiency losses might occur when operating on carbon containing fuels. In the European project SCOTAS-SOFC full ceramic cells comprising CGO/Ni infiltrated SrTiO3 anodes, and LSM/YSZ cathodes have been developed and tested as single 5 x 5 cm2 cells and up 100 cm2 circular cells. The initial performance exceeded 0.4 W/cm2 at 850 °C and redox tolerance has been proven. The cell concept provides flexibility with respect to the used electro-catalysts and various infiltrated metals including Ni and Ru have been studied. Stable power output has been observed for Ru and Ni-CGO as infiltrate. While redox tolerance is maintained, both types of cells degrade rapidly under exposure to sulfur. An initial assembly of a 60 cell stack in a one kW Hexis Galileo system indicates the necessity for further stack design adaptation in order to account for the lower electronic conductivity compared to Ni-cermet based cells.



B0910

Improvement of the tolerance against oxidation of an anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell using Atomic

Layer Deposition

Thomas Keuter, Norbert H. Menzler, Georg Mauer, Frank Vondahlen, Robert Vaßen, Hans Peter Buchkremer Forschungszentrum Jülich

Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße

D-52428 Jülich / Germany Tel.: +49-2461-61-9701 Fax: +49-2461-61-2455 [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper, the improvement of the tolerance against oxidation of an anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) will be presented. An anode-supported SOFC consists of a mechanically supporting, thick, and highly porous anode substrate, coated on top with the thin films of a fine-structured porous anode, a dense electrolyte, and a fine-structured cathode. The anode substrate, as well as the anode is made of a cermet of nickel and yttria-stabilizied zirconia (8YSZ). An increase of the oxygen partial pressure on the anode side will lead to an oxidation of the nickel and to structural changes of the microstructure. This results in a macroscopic expansion of the anode substrate and, due to cracking of the electrolyte, in a complete cell failure. The aim of this work is to retard the oxidation by coating the inner surface of the porous anode substrate with a protection layer. For the coating, the process of Atomic Layer Deposition is used. Atomic Layer Deposition is a technique to deposit thin films of a particular material with a precise thickness control at the level of less than one nanometer. ALD starts with two gaseous chemicals, so called precursors. The surface of the substrate is exposed to an alternating sequence of the precursors, divided by a purge step using an inert gas. The precursors react with the surface in a self-limiting manner. By repeating the cycle of exposition and purging, a thin film is deposited. Due to the self-limiting of the reactions, only a fraction of a monolayer is deposited in each cycle, resulting in a precise thickness control of the thin film. This allows to also coat inner surfaces of porous structures with a low risk of blocking pores. In this paper, inner surface coatings of the anode substrate, a model of the deposition process, combining diffusion and reaction kinetics, and results compared to the experimental findings will be presented. In addition, results of oxidation experiments will be shown, confirming the capability of the coating to protect the nickel against oxidation.



B0911

SOFC materials search by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition: A case study on La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-xCoxO

A. M. Saranya (1), A. Morata (1), M. Burriel (2), John A. Kilner (2), A. Tarancón (1) (1) Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC),

Department of Advanced Materials for Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1

08930 Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona / Spain Tel: +34 933 562 615

(2) Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London/UK [email protected]

Abstract

Screening of new materials and properties by fine tuning compositions is an essential but complex and time consuming task. Unfortunately, only discrete information on the synthesized compositions can be obtained and usually original raw optimizations remain for years. Recently, a combinatorial approach to material synthesis and characterization is opening a new avenue on the generation of entire compositional diagrams in a single experiment. In this work, a novel methodology for screening materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is presented. The methodology is based on a combinatorial deposition of thin films by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) on 4-inch silicon wafers. This technique allows generating full range binary and ternary diagrams of compositions even for very complex oxides. This can be obtained due to an excellent transfer of the stoichiometry. In order to be able to map functional properties of the synthesized diagrams, non-destructive and punctual characterization techniques were employed and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for evaluating micro-structure, while Isotope Exchange Depth Profiling combined with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (IEDP-SIMS) was carried out for evaluating mass transport properties. As a proof-of-concept, a binary diagram of La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-xCoxO3± covering the whole range of compositions from x=0 to x=1 was fabricated. After an accurate analysis of the map of compositions generated by combinatorial PLD, oxygen mass transport properties (self-diffusion and surface exchange coefficients, D* and k*, respectively) was studied at temperature 700ºC in the sample with Co content x=0.13. Obtained values of D* and k* is compared with the D*, k* values measured by De Souza et al. for discrete compositions in bulk form [1, 2]. These results validate the novel methodology proving it as an extremely powerful tool for addressing the search of new materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs).



B0912

Stability and performance of SOFC with LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3- )-GDC (Gd0.2Ce0.8O2) composite

anode

Byung Hyun Park and Gyeong Man Choi Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)

Fuel Cell Research Center / Department of Materials Science and Engineering San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea


Abstract

Conventional Ni-cermet anodes show problems for the stability due to carbon coking or Ni coarsening etc.. Perovskite oxides are good candidates as an alternative anode. It was recently shown that electro-catalytic nanoparticles such as Ni can be produced in oxide anodes that were exposed to reducing atmosphere. The degree of Ni ex-solution in LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3- ) was determined in our previous work. The electrochemical performances of electrolyte (ScSZ)-supported cells with LST (La0.2Sr0.8TiO3) and LSTN anodes were also compared at 800oC in H2 and CH4 fuels. Although catalytic activity is improved by Ni ex-solution, anode performance still needs to be improved. In this study, we have used LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3- )-GDC composite as an alternative anode. Impedance spectra and power measurement of the cell have shown the stable and improved performance of LSTN-GDC composite anode in hydrogen and methane fuels.



B0913

The Manufacture and Testing of Ni-10Sc1CeSZ Anode Supported SOFCs for Intermediate Temperature

Operation

Nikkia M. McDonald, James Watton, Aman Dhir, Robert Steinberger-Wilckens The University of Birmingham

Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Edgbaston, Birmingham UK B15 2TT

P: +44 121 414 47044 [email protected]

Abstract

Conventional Nickel-Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (Ni-YSZ) is the most developed and most commonly used anode because of its low cost and exceptional performance in H2 rich environments but under hydrocarbon operation, Ni-YSZ can deteriorate significantly due to low sulphur tolerances and carbon deposition. Developing SOFC systems that suppress coking and operate in lower temperature regimes improves system stability, lowers materials degradation and extends the current reach of SOFC commercialization, widening their scope of use in green energy markets. SOFCs based on Scandia-Stabilised Zirconia (ScSZ) are better suited than Yttria-Stablised Zirconia (YSZ) for use in low to intermediate temperature applications due to their higher conductivity values when compared against all of the suitable Zirconia dopants. The work presented here is part 1 of a 2 part study to develop and characterize intermediate temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFCs) based on a Ce-doped ScSZ structure for operation on dry methane. Part 1 of this study focused on materials characterization and cell development while part 2 will examine the influence of alloying other elements into the nickel anodes and assess the IT- -catalytic activity, efficiency to suppress coking and its tolerance for sulphur impurities. In this paper we show that Ni-YSZ anode supported cells can be successfully manufactured via die-pressing and screen printing yielding performance values comparable to those found in literature. Ni-YSZ anode functional layer and YSZ electrolyte thick films were screen-printed onto Ni-YSZ discs and co-sintered in air at 1400oC/4hr followed by separate firings of the screen-printed 50wt% La0.8Sr0.2MnO2 + 50wt% YSZ composite cathode and the La0.8Sr0.2MnO2 current collector at 1175oC/3h and 1125oC/3h respectively in air. With dry H2 as fuel and O2 from ambient air as the oxidant, OCV values upwards of 1.09V and maximum power density values of 180 mW/cm2 at 800oC were achieved. Cells containing Ni-10Sc1CeSZ anodes supporting 10Sc1CeSZ electrolytes were fabricated via the same means yielding performance results similar to the Ni-YSZ system at temperatures 50oC -100oC lower demonstrating the reliability of screen printing as a manufacturing technique and the effectiveness of ScSZ on lowering cell operating temperature.



B0914

Chemical stability of NiCrAl foam-based cermets for metal supported SOFC

Francesco Perrozzi (1,2), Sabrina Presto (1), Roberto Spotorno (2), Massimo Viviani (1), Paolo Piccardo (1,2)

(1) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per l´Energetica e le Interfasi Via De Marini, 6

I-16149 Genoa / Italy (2) Universitá degli Studi di Genova Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale

Via Dodecaneso, 31 I-16146 Genoa / Italy Tel.: +39-010-6475-703 Fax: +39-010-6475-700 [email protected]

Abstract

The FCH-JU EVOLVE project aims at developing metal supported SOFC with innovative current collector. The key feature of the EVOLVE current collector is to have different materials with a specific functionality; the support is made of a metal foam with composition (Ni-19.8Cr-9.8Al-70.4, NiCrAl) promoting the formation of a thin oxide layer of alumina (Al2O3). The metal foam provides a robust structural integrity of the cell, while the alumina scale enhances its chemical stability under cell fabrication and operating conditions. NiCrAl foams are then impregnated with conductive ceramics, i.e. Lanthanum-doped Strontium Titanate (La1-xSrxTiO3, LST), which leads to a percolating phase of electron

conductor. Gd-doped Ceria (Ce1-xGdxO2- , GDC) is also added to provide compatibility with the anode. In this work, thermal treatments were applied to composite current collectors in order to study interactions between the metal foam and the ceramic conductor material and clarify the growth behavior of the oxide scale on the surface of the foam. Moreover, conductivity tests were performed in order to understand the behavior of the cermet during operating conditions.




Elaboration and characterizations of oxide thin films to decrease SOFC Area Specific Resistance

M. Mascot a, K. Dumaisnil a, D. Fasquelle a, A. Rolle b, R.-N. Vannier b, J.-C. Carru a

a Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 50 rue Ferdinand Buisson, 62228 Calais Cedex, France

b Université Lille Nord de France, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, Equipe Chimie du Solide, Avenue Dimitri Mendeleïev, Bâtiment C7, ENSCL/UST Lille 1, BP

[email protected]

Abstract Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) have been widely studied for their achievements such as electricity production from hydrogen and oxygen, good efficiency and power density.

damages. Many studies have thus been carried out in order to decrease the working temperature to 600 0,6Sr0,4Co0,8Fe0,2O3) is considered as one of the best cathode material. Its excellent properties are mainly due to its mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (MIEC). Whereas the electrolyte must be a dense layer, the electrode is usually porous to allow the gas diffusion to the Triple Point Boundaries (TPB). The objective of this work was to study the effect of a MIEC dense thin layer [1] at the cathode-electrolyte interface. In this view, we compared two different half-cells: porous cathode/dense electrolyte and porous cathode/dense MIEC thin film/dense electrolyte. The thin film was deposited on the electrolyte by spin coating from a gel prepared by Pechini method to perform the simultaneous deposition and crystallisation at high temperature. In the first part of our works, we studied the effect of dense thin LSCF layers deposited at the electrode-electrolyte interface, comparing two different half-cells: porous LSCF/CGO (Ce0.9Gd0.1O2) electrolyte and porous LSCF/dense LSCF thin film/CGO electrolyte. The study confirmed a decrease of the Area Specific Resistance by 27 % at 750°C when the dense thin LSCF layer was added [2].

LSCF is a very good candidate for IT-SOFC cathode but it contains rare-earth element which could become a difficulty in future. In order to study another material without rare-

earth, we are currently conducting new works on Ca3Co4O9+ (CCO): a thermoelectric compound with very good electrochemical properties as potential cathode material [3]. Preliminary XRD has shown a pure CCO phase on powder and films. During the conference, we will present the different physical and electrical characterizations of the material and half-cells with CCO in place of porous and dense LSCF films. [1] N. Hildenbrand et al., Solid State Ionics 192 (2011) 12-15.

[2] K. Dumaisnil et al., to be published in Thin Solid Films.

[3] A. Rolle et al., J. of Power Sources 196 (2011) 7328-7332.



B0916

A simple route for the manufacture of composites for hydrogen separation membranes

Enrique Ruiz-Trejo, Yuning Zhou, and Nigel P. Brandon Department of Earth Science and Engineering

Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom


Abstract

In this work we report on the manufacture and characterization of silver-BaCe0.5Zr0.3Y0.16Zn0.04O3-d (BCZYZ) composites. We have prepared BCZYZ via a wet chemical route and studied the sintering properties by dilatometry. The powders were then coated with silver using Tollens reaction and sintered. The coated powders and sintered samples were analysed by XRD, SEM and the electrical properties were studied by impedance spectroscopy.




Multi Layered Anode Supports in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Using Hydrocarbon Fuel

Haekyoung Kim1 and Young Min Park2 1 School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University,

Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea 2 Fuel Cell Research Team, Research institute of Technology

Pohang, Republic of Korea Tel.: +82-53-810-2536 Fax: +82-53-810-4628

[email protected]

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer significant flexibility regarding the choice of fuel, e.g. methane, ethanol and hydrocarbon fuels, that may be converted directly on the anode. In this study, SOFCs with multi layered anode support consisting of Ni-Fe and Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) are fabricated and characterized for methane fuel applications. SOFCs with an additional Ni-Fe layer in the anode support exhibit improved performances

-2 at 0.8 V and 750 °C with methane, when compared with the value of 0.45 -2 from an SOFC without the additional layer. Furthermore, SOFCs with an additional

porous layer of Ni-Fe (HB Ni-Fe) exhibit current densities of 0.8 -2 -2 at 0.8 V with hydrogen and methane, respectively. From the impedance analyses, compared with an SOFC without an additional layer, SOFCs with a Ni-Fe additional layer exhibit lower charge transfer resistance, which may result from the improved catalytic activities of Ni-Fe under methane fuel. The multi layered anode support with a Ni-Fe layer is beneficial for obtaining higher fuel cell performance with methane fuel: however, the morphologies and process can be further improved.

Figure Fuel cell performances of SOFCs with methane




Development of Cu-based Anodes for BZCY72 Proton Ceramic Membrane Reactors

S. Robinson1, C. Kjølseth2, W.G. Coors2 and T. Norby1

1University of Oslo, SMN/FERMiO 2Protia AS

Gaustadalléen 21 NO-0349, Oslo

[email protected]

Abstract BZCY72 (BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3- ) electrolyte membranes have performed well as fuel cells [1] and as hydrogen pumps [2]. Additionally, BZCY72 is stable in atmospheres containing CO2 and H2S [3], and thus suitable for use with biogas fuels. However, development of suitable electrode materials remains the largest technological limitation. This work reports on the development of an electrode suitable for operation in biogas atmospheres. To increase the number of active triple phase boundary sites, a robust micro-porous skeletal BZCY53 backbone was fabricated (Figure 1a). The backbone was then infiltrated with aqueous solutions of Cu(NO3)2 to deposit an electronically conductive phase (Figure 1b) and with Ce(NO3)3 to deposit an electro-catalytically active phase. After calcination and reduction of the copper oxide, the resulting Cu-CeO2 network exhibits an in-plane point-to-point room temperature resistance of the order of 0.01 the coarsening of Cu-based networks at temperatures as low as 700 °C, Co was electrodeposited as a textural promoter to prevent Cu particle coarsening [4]. The electrochemical impedance of these novel electrodes was measured using AC impedance spectroscopy and will be discussed in detail. When fitted to a relevant sub-circuit model, the data provides insight into charge transfer and diffusion resistance of the porous infiltrated backbone.

Fig. 1: a) Micro-porous BZCY53 skeletal backbone microstructure. b) BZCY53 backbone

after copper nitrate infiltration and subsequent reduction.

[1] S. Robinson, A. Manerbino, G. Coors, N. Sullivan, Fuel Cells, 13, (2013)(4), 584-591 [2] S. Robinson, A. Manerbino, G. Coors, Journal of Membrane Science, 446, (2013), 99-105

[3] L. Yang, S. Wang, K. Blinn, M. Liu, Z. Liu, Z. Cheng, M. Liu, Science, 326, (2009), 126 - 129

[4] M. Gross, J. Vohs, R. Gorte, Electrochemica Acta, 52, (2007)(5), 1951 1957




5


30 June - 3 July 2015

12th




Mechanical modelling and reliability Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 1/14

Chapter 14 - Session B11 Mechanical modelling and reliability


B1101 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Accelerated creep of Ni-YSZ anodes during reduction 2

B1102 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Topology Optimization based homogenization technique for stack designs with complex geometry 3

B1103 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Thermo mechanical FEA of SOFC 4

B1104 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Unraveling microstructure effects in Ni-YSZ anodes by 3D-analysis, FE-simulation and experimental characterization 5

B1107 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Residual stresses in a co-sintered SOC half-cell during post-sintering cooling 6

B1109 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Micromechanical Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Supports based on Three-dimensional Reconstructions 7

B1110 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Simulation of Nickel Morphological and Crystal Structures Evolution in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Using Phase Field Method 8

B1111 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Three Dimensional Analysis of Ni-YSZ Anode 9

During Oxidation and Reduction Processes 9

B1112 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 10

Manufacturing and Characterization of Micro Tubular PCFC Fuel Cells & Cell Components 10

B1114 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 11

Determining Vibrational Properties of SOFC Anode Materials Through ab initio Calculations 11

B1115 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Nano-indentation and 3D microstructural characterisation of SOFC anodes 12

B1117 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 13

Computational Thermal and Fluid Dynamics of an SOFC Stack: Startup Operation 13

B1118 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14

Three-dimensional Modelling of Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFC) 14



B1101

Accelerated creep of Ni-YSZ anodes during reduction

Henrik Lund Frandsen*, Fabio Greco, De Wei Ni, Declan J. Curran, Peter Vang Hendriksen

Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399

4000 Roskilde/Denmark Tel.: +45-4677-5668 Fax: +45-4677-5858

[email protected]

Abstract To evaluate the reliability of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks during operation the stress field must be known at all times. This is influenced by external loads, the operating conditions, the particular design of the stack components and their mechanical properties and finally by the thermo-mechanical history of the stack (e.g. sintering temperature, time at temperature etc.). During operation the stress state will depend on time as stresses are relaxed by creep processes. Creep has mainly been studied at operating conditions, where the Ni-YSZ anode is in the reduced state and YSZ is the main load-carrying component. In this work we report on a new creep-reduction phenomenon observed to take place during the reduction process itself, where stresses are relaxed at a rate much faster (~×104) than during operation where the anode is in fully reduced state. Furthermore, samples exposed to a very small tensile stress (0.004 MPa) were observed to expand during reduction, which is in contrast with reports in literature [Ref].The

ess field in an operating SOFC stack. Creep experiments, where carried out on NiO-YSZ anode support structures loaded in three point bending or uniaxial tension and the deformations recorded during the reduction process. The fast creep is observed only during the reduction, but due to the extremely high rate this will effectively relax all the residual compressive stresses in the electrolyte at the reduction temperature. Therefore this phenomenon has to be considered both in the production of stacks and in the simulation of the stress field in an SOFC stack.

Picture of a 340 µm anode support exposed to 5 minutes of accelerated creep.



B1102

Topology Optimization based homogenization technique for stack designs with complex geometry

Yuriy Elesin, Mads Find Madsen and Thomas Karl Petersen Topsoe Fuel Cell. Nymoellevej 66

DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Tel.: +45-45-27-20-00 Fax: +45-45-27-29-99

[email protected]

Abstract

Numerical modelling of fuel cell stacks is a computationally expensive task involving coupling between multiple areas of physics. The difference in the scales of the involved processes and complex geometries of bipolar plates (interconnects) make the direct approach for stack simulations computationally infeasible. Homogenization techniques allow significant reduction in the complexity of the stack models. In the current work we present a homogenization technique based on topology optimization (TO) method. The technique can be applied for fluid flows, thermal diffusion, electrical currents and other physical fields relevant to stack simulation. The technique is particularly suited for stacks with complex geometry where the selection of representative volumes is difficult or not possible. The homogenization procedure consists of three steps. 1) Obtaining several fine-scale solutions on the periodic part of the stack in order to cover the relevant range of operating conditions. 2) Filtering the obtained solutions in order to get rid of the small-scale features intrinsic to the fine solutions. 3) Setting up a topology optimization procedure with an objective to minimize the difference between the solution of the homogenized system and the filtered solution. The choice of design variables for the topology optimization depends on the physical problem, but in all cases represents the material properties of the homogenized model, e.g. diffusivity, conductivity, permeability, etc. In this work we present the homogenization process and provide examples of its application to various physical processes taking place within the stack.



B1103

Thermo mechanical FEA of SOFC

Matej Smolnikar, Vincent Lawlor, Paul Siegfried Hassler, Mario Brunner, Hannes Hick, Kurt Salzgeber & Juergen Rechberger.

AVL LIST GMBH Hans-List-Platz 1

A-8020 Graz Tel.: +43-316-787-362 Fax: +43-316-787-1468

[email protected]

Abstract

In recent years demand for efficient, reliable and cost competitive green energy has increased. One of the most promising solutions for future electrical energy production is the SOFC technology. Due to high quality exhaust gas heat and high electrical efficiencies this technology is ideally suitable for combined heat (and/or cooling) and power applications and certain mobile applications. The optimal design of SOFC stacks resulting in low production cost while maintaining robustness and reliability will be a crucial hurdle for a widespread market introduction and penetration. In order to speed up SOFC product development new simulation tools are urgently required. AVL has adapted existing commercial engine development tools and developed new SOFC specific tools in order to accelerate and support SOFC development programs. Driven by a state of the art methodology originating from the automotive industry called

-balanced, cost optimized failure mode orientated validation test program can be developed. As thermo mechanical fatigue phenomena is one of the most critical damage mechanisms, an FEA work flow in order to predict the most critical mechanical stress conditions under heating up/cooling down cycles including normal operation is defined. This paper describes the complete process in detail, from failure identification, analyses and countermeasures. The potential for

methodologies will be shown.



B1104

Unraveling microstructure effects in Ni-YSZ anodes by 3D-analysis, FE-simulation and experimental

characterization

L. Holzer1, O. Pecho1,2, R. Flatt2, M. Prestat1, T. Hocker1, G. Gaiselmann3, M. Neumann3, V. Schmidt3, B. Iwanschitz4

1 Institute of Computational Physics (ICP), ZHAW Winterthur, Switzerland 2 ETH Zurich (IfB), 3 Ulm University (Inst. of Stochastics), 4 Hexis SA, Winterthur

Tel.: +41-58- 9347790 [email protected]

Abstract

Microstructure has an important influence on the performance of SOFC electrodes. In recent years considerable progress has been achieved in describing microstructure parameters (e.g. TPB, tortuosity, particle size distributions) on a quantitative level based on high-resolution tomography. However, the performance of fuel cell electrodes is based on a complex interplay of various transport and electrochemical processes. Hence, in order to unravel the influence of microstructure (and microstructure degradation) on the electrode performance, it is not sufficient to just quantify the critical microstructure parameters, but also to incorporate these parameters into models that allow simulation of electrode reaction mechanism including the complex interplay of various physico-chemical processes. In this study we first present the recent progress in the elaboration of the relationship between effective transport properties with the transport relevant parameters (i.e. percolating phase volume fraction, tortuosity, constrictivity, size distributions of particle bulges and bottlenecks). Furthermore a model was developed to simulate the complex reaction mechanism of Ni-YSZ anodes. This model is capable to incorporate all relevant microstructure parameters that influence charge transport (ionic, electric) and charge transfer (fuel oxidation). The model allows distinguishing between different components of the ASR, which are related either to limitations of charge transport (ionic, electric) or charge transfer (electrochemistry) within the anode. In literature the influence of active reaction sites (i.e. TPB) is strongly emphasized. In the present paper we also focus on limitations in charge transport due to microstructure effects. Examples are presented which highlight the effects of grain size on the effective electric and ionic conductivity and corresponding anode performance. The data are compared with experimental data from EIS. The presented methodology gives new insight on the effects of microstructure variation, because it links critical microstructure parameters with anode performance and with the associated ASR components from different rate limiting processes.



B1107

Residual stresses in a co-sintered SOC half-cell during post-sintering cooling

Benoit Charlas*, Christodoulos Chatzichristodoulou, Karen Brodersen, Kawai Kwok, Poul Norby, Ming Chen, Henrik Lund Frandsen

Technical University of Denmark Department of Energy Conversion and Storage

Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde


Abstract Due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the layers of a Solid Oxide Cell, residual stresses (thermal stresses) develop during the cooling after sintering. Residual stresses can induce cell curvature for asymmetric cells but more importantly they also result in more fragile cells. Depending on the loading conditions, the additional stress needed to break the cells can indeed be smaller due to the initial thermo-mechanical stress state. The residual stresses can for a bilayer cell be approximated by estimating the temperature at which elastic stresses start to build up during the cooling, i.e. the reference temperature (Tref) or the strain difference based on the curvature. This approximation gives good results for bilayers with a defined cooling temperature profile, where the curvature of the bilayer defines a unique balance between the two unknown residual stress states in the two layers. This methodology is however not valid for more layers, as several configurations of residual stresses in the layers can result in the same curvature. Therefore the development of residual stresses of co-sintered multilayer cells during the cooling after sintering is here studied by a finite element model simulation taking into account the elastic response and creep of each layer. The model is validated by measuring the curvature and residual stresses of multi-layer cells.



B1109

Micromechanical Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Supports based on Three-dimensional

Reconstructions

Kawai Kwok, Peter Stanley Jørgensen, and Henrik Lund Frandsen Technical University of Denmark

Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde / Denmark

Tel.: +45-2012-0785 Fax: +45-4677-5858

[email protected]

Abstract

The efficiency and lifetime of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is compromised by mechanical failure of cells in the system. Improving the mechanical reliability is a major step in ensuring feasibility of the technology. To quantify the stress in a cell, mechanical properties of the different layers need to be accurately known. Since the mechanical properties are heavily dependent on the microstructures of the materials, it is highly advantageous to understand the impact of microstructures and to be able to determine accurate effective mechanical properties for cell or stack scale analyses. The purpose of this work is to provide such a link. State-of-the-art SOFCs are supported by a porous layer of Ni-3YSZ which has a complex microstructure and a drastic difference in behaviors between their phases. This work investigates the microscopic stress distribution and macroscopic creep rate of porous Ni-3YSZ in the operating temperature through numerical micromechanical modeling. Three-dimensional microstructures of Ni-3YSZ anode supports are reconstructed from a two-dimensional image stack obtained via focused ion beam tomography. Time-dependent stress distributions in the microscopic scale are computed by the finite element method. The macroscopic creep response of the porous anode support is determined based on homogenization theory. It is shown that micromechanical modeling provides an effective tool to study the effect of microstructures on the macroscopic properties.



B1110

Simulation of Nickel Morphological and Crystal Structures Evolution in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode

Using Phase Field Method

Zhenjun Jiao and Naoki Shikazono Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo 4-6-1,

Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Tel.: +81-03-5452-6777 Fax: +81-03-5452-6777

[email protected]

Abstract

A phase field method was introduced to simulate the microstructural evolution of nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia composite anode of solid oxide fuel cell in high temperature sintering based on three-dimensional microstructures reconstructed by focused ion beam-scanning-electron-microscopy technique. Nickel phase morphology change and its crystal structure evolution were simulated simultaneously. In order to quantitatively study the correlation between anode microstructure change and the anode electrochemical performance degradation, the evolution of three-phase boundary density and nickel specific surface area were calculated. Degradation experiments have been conducted to compare with the simulation results. The experimental results showed good agreement to the simulation results.



B1111

Three Dimensional Analysis of Ni-YSZ Anode During Oxidation and Reduction Processes

Takaaki Shimura, Zhenjun Jiao and Naoki Shikazono Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo

Komaba4-6-1 Meguro-ku, Tokyo/Japan

Tel.: +81-3-5452-6777 Fax: +81-3-5452-6777

[email protected]

Abstract

To investigate precise mechanism during reduction and oxidation processes of Ni-YSZ anode, microstructure analysis by FIB-SEM is conducted. In this research, we will report further analysis of microstructural change during redox process including 5 nano-meter resolution FIB-SEM observation. Switching the SEM detectors, we succeeded to observe Ni, NiO, YSZ phases at the same time. In this observation, oxidation and reduction behavior was different from conventional theories. After redox treatment, Ni connectivity and Ni specific surface area increased. This is due to improvement of Ni/NiO network during oxidation and formation of isolated pores during reduction process.




Manufacturing and Characterization of Micro Tubular PCFC Fuel Cells & Cell Components

Osman Y. Akduman, Erdem F. Ipcizade, Ali M. Soydan, Ali Ata Gebze Institute of Technology

Kocaeli/Turkey


Abstract

Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFC), offering an effective alternative to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), is a trendy research topic. Compared to oxide ion conductive electrolytes, Proton conductive electrolytes exhibits lower activation energy and higher ionic conductivity, at low & intermediate temperatures. In this study specifically formulated compositions of BaZr0.8-xCexY0.2O3 (BZCY) (x=0.3 to 0.6) electrolyte, NiO-BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.2O3 anode and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (SSC)- (La0.60Sr0.40)0.995Co0.20Fe0.80O3- (LSCF) composite cathode powders were synthesized by glycine nitrate process (GNP) which provides enhanced manufacturing rate and relatively reduced costs. Optimum manufacturing parameters such as Ph & material compositions and their effects on Powder characteristics were examined by XRD, SEM, BET ( Specific Surface Area ) & DTA-TG analysis . Anode supported micro tubular cells with different electrolytes (NiO-BZCY/BZCY/SSC-LSCF) composed of extruded anode and dip coated Electrolyte & Cathode layers were also mechanically and electrochemically characterized.

Fig.1 SEM images of cross-section of the tube wall (a) and NiO-BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.2O3

synthesized by GNP (b) are shown.

a b




Determining Vibrational Properties of SOFC Anode Materials Through ab initio Calculations

Michael Parkes1, Keith Refson2 4, Greg Offer1, Nigel Brandon1 Nicholas Harrison3

1. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London 2. Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Didcot, Oxfordshire

3. Thomas Young Center, Imperial College London 4. Research Software Development Team, University College London

Tel.: 02075949980 [email protected]

Abstract The chemical processes that occur at the anode triple phase boundary (TPB) between Ni, YSZ and fuel molecules is essential in determining solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode performance. With a growing interest in vibrational spectroscopy for studying such processes, we aim to investigate the surface and vibrational properties of the materials Nickel (Ni) and Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) using first principles atomistic simulations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and potential models. Here, we report on our findings and the methodology used to study YSZ. Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) is a high temperature oxide ion conductor, yet despite extensive research, a simple set of chemical descriptors for its material properties have yet to be developed. Zirconia (ZrO2) is an oxide material and the major chemical interactions are expected to be governed by electrostatics, however the technologically relevant polymorphs of ZrO2 exhibit dynamic instabilities through soft vibrational (phonon) modes.

developed that describes YSZ as the interaction between electrostatics and soft phonon energetics.



B1115

Nano-indentation and 3D microstructural characterisation of SOFC anodes

Guansen Cui (1), Farid Tariq (1), Masashi Kishimoto (1), Zhangwei Chen (1) and Nigel Brandon (1)

(1) Imperial College London Prince Consort Road

London SW7 2AZ UK


Abstract State of the art anodes used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are based on porous Ni-ceramic composites, whose performance is largely dependent on microstructure. A better design of electrode microstructure offers the potential to enhance the performance and lifetime of cells during operation. In this study, we use 3D imaging techniques coupled with nano-indentation measurements to examine the effect of anode microstructure on the mechanical performance of the anode, to explore the impact of the anode composition and microstructure on its mechanical performance. This provides important insights to improve electrode design.




Computational Thermal and Fluid Dynamics of an SOFC Stack: Startup Operation

Arvin Mossadegh Pour, Amrit Chandan, John Geoffrey Maillard, and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells.



Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells operate at high temperatures with a variety of fuel distributions methods possible. In an attempt to optimize design and operation of the cell, various designs and conditions were integrated into a computational physics model with COMSOL® software. The focus of the model was to optimize thermal distribution in order to develop a homogenous temperature profile through the SOFC stack, as well as minimizing the pressure drop across the stack layers. Design variants included free flow, flow field and metal foam delivery mechanisms investigated for their effect on fluid flow and thermal distribution in the stack. Results show that the presence of a flow field significantly increases the pressure drop across the stack and the presence of a metal flow distributor improves the thermal distribution through the stack. Start-up time of the stack was calculated for each scenario and was found to be reduced for the metallic foam distributor.




Three-dimensional Modelling of Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFC)

Ali Murat Soydan1*, Michaela Kendall2+, Ali Ata1 1. Nanotechnology Research Center, GYTE, Istanbul Str 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey

2. Adelan, 10 Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Birmingham, B17 9HD, UK * [email protected]

+ Tel: 00 44 121 427 8033

Abstract

Computational modelling is a very useful and increasingly important technique in the development of fuel cells and fuel cell systems, saving design/experimental time and therefore costs. In this study, the electrochemical and mechanical properties of a microtubular anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (mSOFC) were investigated in order to define the optimum cell dimensions and gas feeding system. A three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of anode, electrolyte, cathode and current collector layers under hydrogen and air flow was developed. The model combined CFD code in Fluent for mass and energy solutions, and Fluent SOFC module for electrical and electrochemical solutions. Distributions of temperature, current density, electrical potential, activation potential, pressure and gas (fuel and air) concentrations through the cell structure and electrolyte surface were investigated. Fuel cell variables such as materials selection (YSZ Ceria) and fuel flow rate and its effects on potential, current and temperature distribution over the cell and fuel utilization were calculated. Modeling results compared with experimental data showed reasonable matches to real-world mSOFC measurements, with results indicating uniform distributions of current density over the active cell area. The layer thickness, materials and dimensions of the cell however, can have substantial effects on overall cell performance.

Electrolyte Cathode

Air

Anode

Fuel

Current Collector MEsh


Diagnostic, characterisation and Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 1/46 electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Content Page B12/A13 - ..

B1201 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

From Cell Measurement to Stack Modeling 4

What can we learn from Small Area Cell Measurements? 4

B1202 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Microstructural and chemical characterization of chromium transport from interconnects in intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis (IT-SOE) 5

B1203 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 6

Advanced impedance modeling of solid oxide electrochemical cells 6

B1204 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Effect of microstructure and crystalline orientation on oxygen surface exchange and diffusion in Gd-doped ceria thin films 7

B1205 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

In situ Optical Studies of SOFCs Operating with Dry and Humidified Methane: Mechanisms of Coke Suppression 8

B1206 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Microstructural analysis of a metal-supported SOFC after redox-cycling 9

B1207 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Development of Modelling and testing for analysis of degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 10

B1209 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Impedance Spectra of Activating/Passivating Solid Oxide Electrodes 11

B1211 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Towards Understanding Heterogeneous Chemistry and Electrochemistry at La0.1Sr0.9TiO3- SOFC Anodes 12

B1212 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 13

Electrochemical Impedance Study of AgCu-Ca0.2Ce0.8O2+ Anode for SOFCs with Different Fuels 13

B1213 ................................................................................................................................... 14

Electrochemical Characterization of SOFC Cells Based on Pr2NiO and (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3- Cathodes with an Enhanced GDC Diffusion Barrier 14

B1214 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 15

Oxygen Isotope Exchange in Oxides with Double Perovskite-Type Structure 15

B1215 ................................................................................................................................... 16

A Model-Based Understanding of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells: From Hydrogen to Syngas Production 16

B1216 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 17

Low temperature electrical characterization of SOFC electrolyte layers 17

B1217 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 18

OXYGEN ISOTOPE EXCHANGE IN LSM-YSZ COMPOSITE MATERIALS 18

B1218 ................................................................................................................................... 19

Model reduction for solid oxide fuel cell thermal management 19

B1219 ................................................................................................................................... 20

Numerical Analysis of an SOFC single cell: A Multiphysics Approach 20

B1220 ................................................................................................................................... 21



Integrated Microstructural-Electrochemical Cell-level Modeling: the LSM-based Jülich cell 21

B1221 ................................................................................................................................... 22

Characterization of militubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for mobile applications 22

B1223 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 23

Synergetic integration of experimental techniques and computational modeling in SOFC single cells 23

B1224 ................................................................................................................................... 24

On Impedance Measurements Suitability of Electrolyte Supported SOFCs 24

A1301 ................................................................................................................................... 25

SOFC anode phase characterization and determination of charge transfer mechanisms 25

A1302 ................................................................................................................................... 26

Measurements of local chemistry and structure in NiO/YSZ composites during reduction using energy-filtered environmental TEM 26

A1303 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 27

Surface Compositional Changes in Mixed Conducting Fluorite-Perovskite Composite Electrode Materials 27

A1304 ................................................................................................................................... 28

3D Imaging and Characterisation of 28

Infiltrated Ni-GDC Electrodes 28

A1305 ................................................................................................................................... 29

In-Situ Surface analysis of SOFC cathode materials using Low Energy Ion Scattering 29

A1306 ................................................................................................................................... 30

Application of Multivariable Regression Model 30

for SOFC Stack Temperature Estimation in System Environment 30

A1307 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 31

Testing SOFCs at high Current Densities 31

A1308 ................................................................................................................................... 32

Combined experimental and modeling study of interaction between LSCF and CGO in SOFC cathodes 32

A1309 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 33

Local High Fuel Utilization diagnosis in SOFCs: 33

Design project approach 33

A1310 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 34

X-ray imaging microtubular fuel cells in operando 34

A1311 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 35

Impedance Study of (H2+H2O+Ar),Pt|La0.9Sr0.1ScO3- Interface 35

A1312 ................................................................................................................................... 36

Electrochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Anode-Supported Microtubular SOFCs Processed by Gel-casting 36

A1314 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 37

Electrochemical Behavior of Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Under Triode Operation 37

A1316 ................................................................................................................................... 39

Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Oxide Ion Conduction of La0.9A0.1InO2.95 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) Perovskite Oxides for SOFCs Electrolyte 39

A1317 ................................................................................................................................... 40

Coupled experimental and modeling study of Triode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 40

A1319 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 41

Characterization of Reversible SOFC by Impedance Spectroscopy 41



A1320 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 42

A One-dimensional Modelling Approach for 42

Planar Cylindrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 42

A1321 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 44

Development of an Open Source SOFC R&D Test Cell 44

A1322 ................................................................................................................................... 45

Assessing the effect of electrochemically driven non-uniformities of heat flux in a microtubular fuel cell on mSOFC temperature distribution 45

A1323 ................................................................................................................................... 46

SOCTESQA - Solid Oxide Cell and Stack Testing, Safety and Quality Assurance 46



B1201

From Cell Measurement to Stack Modeling What can we learn from Small Area Cell Measurements?

D. Klotz1, A. Weber1 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),

Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-47571 Fax: +49-721-608-48148

[email protected]

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of SOC cells can best be analyzed using small area cells (electrode area 1 cm²) with homogeneous operating conditions. We have developed (i) a reliable test setup for these cells monitoring all relevant operating conditions with high accuracy (temperature, voltage, current density, gas flows, gas compositions) and (ii) a physically motivated zero-dimensional model that describes the static and dynamic behavior of these cells with high precision for the whole range of technically relevant operating conditions. It is absolutely essential to have such a model for small area cells because only on this scale, losses can be attributed accurately to the different processes occurring at anode, cathode and electrolyte, respectively. This is necessary to evaluate the losses related to the different cell components as well as their degradation behavior. On the other hand, it is of utmost importance to know how the cells behave in an SOFC stack, namely when operated with high fuel utilization. Only in this setup, the operating parameters evolve along the gas channel. And this has to be taken into account for the determination of global characteristics such as electrochemical efficiency and expected overall power density. Hence, we have developed a model which discretizes the cell alongside the gas channel and considers fuel utilization in every discretization element. The only required model parameter is the static behavior of a 1 cm² cell, which can be obtained by measurements or the zero-dimensional model described above. For the experimental validation of the model we use our measurement setup for 16 cm² cells where we can realize a fuel utilization of 65% along the gas channel (from 80% H2 at the inlet to 28% H2 at the outlet at 800°C). A comparison of measurement and model result shows errors below 3% for various tests involving a variation of humidification (20% and 45%) and operating voltage (from open circuit voltage down to 750 mV). An example for SOEC operation will demonstrate the applicability of the model for electrolysis mode. With this achievement, we are confident that we are able to simulate the static behavior of any stack condition by our model and thereby predict electrochemical efficiency and expected overall power density of the stack plus determine the operating conditions at any point of the stack cell.



B1202

Microstructural and chemical characterization of chromium transport from interconnects in intermediate

temperature solid oxide electrolysis (IT-SOE)

Meike V. F. Schlupp (1), Ji Woo Kim (1), Aude Brevet (2), Cyril Rado (2), Karine Couturier (2), Ulrich F. Vogt (1,3), Florence Lefebvre-Joud (2), Andreas Züttel (1)

(1) Laboratory for Hydrogen and Energy, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (EMPA), CH-8600 Dübendorf

[email protected]

(2) CEA, LITEN, F-38054 Grenoble (3) Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Crystallography, Albert-

Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg

Abstract

Ferritic stainless steels (FSS) are known to form volatile chromium species at elevated temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres, thus leading to chromium poisoning of SOEC electrodes. We have studied chromium transport from FSS interconnects (ThyssenKrupp VDM Crofer® 22 APU, Aperam K41X) coated with (La0.8Sr0.2)(Mn0.5Co0.5)O3- (LSMC) or La(Ni0.6Fe0.4)O3- (LNF) electrode contact layers at a temperature of 700°C in pure oxygen. While the contact layers significantly decreased the emission of Cr vapors from the alloys, up to 4 atom% of Cr were detected throughout the contact coatings by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy after 3000h (Fig.1a). The emission of Cr from various combinations of interconnect materials and contact layers has also been analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The introduction of a dense (Co,Mn)3O4 coating on the steel surface prevented the diffusion of Cr into the contact layers (Fig 1b) and is expected to lead to extended lifetimes of interconnects and SOE cells by reducing Cr transport to the electrode by up to 75%. [*] Meike V. F. Schlupp, Ji Woo Kim, Aude Brevet, Cyril Rado, Karine Couturier, Ulrich Vogt, Florence Lefebvre-Joud, Andreas Züttel; Avoiding chromium transport from stainless steel interconnects into contact layers and oxygen electrodes in intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis stacks. Submitted to Journal of Power Sources, 2014.




Advanced impedance modeling of solid oxide electrochemical cells

Christopher Graves and Johan Hjelm Department of Energy Conversion and Storage

Technical University of Denmark Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399

DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark [email protected]

Abstract

Impedance spectroscopy is a powerful technique for detailed study of the electrochemical and transport processes that take place in fuel cells and electrolysis cells, including solid oxide cells (SOCs). Meaningful analysis of impedance measurements is nontrivial, however, because a large number of modeling parameters are fit to the many processes which often overlap in the same frequency ranges. Also, commonly used equivalent circuit (EC) models only provide zero-dimensional (0-D) approximations of the processes of the two electrodes, electrolyte and gas transport. Employing improved analytical techniques to provide good guesses for the modeling parameters, like transforming the impedance data to the distribution of relaxation times (DRT), together with experimental parameter sensitivity studies, is the state-of-the-art approach to achieve good EC model fits.

Here we present new impedance modeling methods which advantageously minimize the number of modeling parameters and the parameters used have direct physicochemical meaning. This is accomplished by (i) employing an improved cell model where the representative 0-D resistive-capacitive type EC elements are replaced by analytical 1-D porous electrode and 2-D gas transport models which have fewer unknown parameters for the same number of processes, (ii) use of a new model fitting algorithm, "multi-fitting", in which multiple impedance spectra are fit simultaneously with parameters linked based on the variation of measurement conditions, (iii) constraining the parameter values during fitting to ranges of physically reasonable values.

Using these methods, the number of fitting parameters for three impedance spectra measured with isolated changes to the fuel and oxidant gas compositions, has been reduced from 48 to 17. The obtained results include structural parameters like porosity and tortuosity; or if those characteristics are known, use of even fewer fitting parameters is possible. The methods have been implemented in a software package written by one of the authors, which also implements many previously used impedance analysis methods and integrates the analysis process in a modular workflow data validation (Kramers-Kronig), clean-up, visualization (DRT and others), modeling (nonlinear least-squares fitting), and final plotting for publication. The software is free, open-source and written in Python, which makes it possible to modify or add model components, to have fine control and understanding of the algorithms, and the methods are available to all researchers without investing considerable time in programming complex mathematical algorithms.

We present a comparison of different models and modeling methods for SOC impedance spectra using this software tool, and demonstrate calculation of overpotentials from impedance measured under load by processing of the results using the same tool.



B1204

Effect of microstructure and crystalline orientation on oxygen surface exchange and diffusion

in Gd-doped ceria thin films

Katherine Develos-Bagarinao, Haruo Kishimoto, Mina Nishi, Fangfang Wang Do-Hyung Cho, and Katsuhiko Yamaji Energy Technology Research Institute

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Tel.: +81-29-861-5721 Fax: +81-29-861-4540

[email protected]

Abstract In this study, we investigated the effect of microstructure and crystalline orientation of GDC to elucidate its role on oxygen surface exchange and diffusion in ideal heterostructures.

Epitaxial GDC (10 mol% Gd) films up to 1 m in thickness were prepared using pulsed laser deposition on different surfaces of YSZ single crystal substrates, viz. (100), (110), and (111). Microstructural characterization revealed uniformly dense columnar nanostructures for the as-grown GDC films; however, significant reconstruction of the

entire GDC layer occurred after high-temperature annealing (1000-1300 C in air). 18O isotope exchange depth profiling with dynamic SIMS was employed to evaluate the

oxygen surface exchange coefficient k* and the diffusion coefficient D* at T = 600 C. For the case of (100) GDC, the as-grown film shows approximately 10 times higher k* than the annealed film in the initial results. The strong differences in oxygen reduction kinetics are correlated to the observed film properties including surface microstructure and cerium oxidation state.



B1205

In situ Optical Studies of SOFCs Operating with Dry and Humidified Methane: Mechanisms of Coke Suppression

Melissa D. McIntyre, Jessica R. Wambeke and Robert A. Walker Montana State University

Chemistry & Biochemistry Department 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building

Bozeman / Montana Tel.: +1-406-994-6739 Fax: +1-406-994-5407

[email protected]

Abstract

In situ vibrational spectroscopy was used to examine the carbon tolerance of electrolyte supported SOFCs operating with Vibrational Raman spectra show that while carbon accumulates rapidly on the top surface of Ni-YSZ cermet anodes, adding steam to methane effectively suppresses carbon accumulation under OCV conditions. (Figure 1, left) Voltammetry data indicate that initially, a functional interlayer keeps carbon from accumulating near the electrode/electrolyte interface (Figure 1, right), but repeated cycles of carbon accumulation/oxidation diminish the protective ability of the functional layer and anode surface chemistry becomes dominated by C(s)/CO2(g) equilibrium. Under wet fuel conditions, anode surface chemistry is controlled by the CO/CO2 equilibrium, as indicated by an OCV of 1.06V. (Figure 1, right) Conclusions drawn from in operando measurements are supported by ex situ field emission microscopy (FEM) images of anodes that have been exposed to either dry or humidified methane.

Figure 1. (a) Raman spectra of graphite on nickel yttria-stabilized-zirconia cermet (Ni-YSZ)

anode exposed to dry and wet methane at OCV and 700 C. The spectra have been offset on the y-axis for clarity. (b) Plot of the cell potential (line) and the graphitic G peak intensity at 1561 cm-1 (markers) versus time with dry and humidified methane introduced at *.



B1206

Microstructural analysis of a metal-supported SOFC after redox-cycling

D. Roehrensa, O. Büchlera, D. Sebolda, W. Schafbauerb, M. Haydnb, Th. Francob, N.H. Menzlera, and H.P. Buchkremera

a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany

Tel.: +49 2461 61 2877 Fax: +49 2461 61 9120

[email protected]

b Plansee SE, Innovation Services, 6600 Reutte, Austria

Abstract

A metal-supported SOFC (MSC) has been developed with the aim of an application in an auxiliary power unit (APU) for mobile systems. This cell design is expected to be more robust towards thermo-, mechanical- and chemical stresses that arise during operation of the SOFC-system when compared to the state-of-the-art anode supported cells (ASC). One of the most important cell degradation pathways is the (partial) oxidation of the anode, due to oxygen diffusion into the fuel side of the stack during system shutdown. The oxidation of the nickel catalyst leads to an expansion of the anode and strain is induced within the cell, which might result in microstructural degradation if a critical degree of oxidation is exceeded. MSC-halfcells were exposed to cyclic oxidation conditions by introducing air to the fuel side electrode followed by subsequent reduction in Ar/H2 (4%). A detailed microstructural analysis of the samples is presented. Due to the novel MSC-concept, a higher critical degree of oxidation of nickel is tolerated before irreversible damage and cell failure are observed.

Figure 1: SEM picture of a cross section of a metal supported SOFC half-cell without cathode as prepared by Plansee SE.



B1207

Development of Modelling and testing for analysis of degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

John Geoffrey Maillard1*, Robert Steinberger-Wilckens1 1Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells.



Abstract The ability to predict the lifetime performance of an SOFC can give guidelines for where improvements and alterations can be made in terms of production, operating parameters and cell design. Multiple attempts have been made to implement models which can respond to all the varying parameters to give their characteristic performances over longer operational lifetimes than is feasible to physically test. This study focuses on continuous degradation mechanisms and the impact they have on the components of a single repeating unit level, i.e. the anode, cathode, electrolyte, metal interconnect and sealants. Currently the model being developed deals specifically with anode and electrolyte degradation. Depending on operating conditions, SOFC cells suffer from Ni particle agglomeration, coarsening, and volatilisation which lead to increased overpotential in the anode. A loss in the ionic conductivity in the electrolyte is also observed. Using models derived for these degradation mechanisms combined with percolation models, Matlab® coding has been developed to outline the loss of performance in a single repeating unit for a given set of operating parameters. These equations will be tested against real life data to establish their validity and, where necessary, adjusted for accuracy. Further progress will allow for accelerated testing of components and cells to determine the long term performance of a given material alteration or design change.



B1209

Impedance Spectra of Activating/Passivating Solid Oxide Electrodes

Mogens Bjerg Mogensen, Xiufu Sun, Søren Koch, Christopher Graves, Karin Vels Hansen

Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Tel.: +45-46775726

[email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to show that the inductive arcs seen in electrochemical impedance spectra of solid oxide cells (SOCs) are real electrochemical features that in several cases can be qualitatively explained by passivation/activation processes. Several degradation processes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and Electrolyser Cells (SOEC) exist. Not all of them are irreversible, especially not over short periods. A reversible degradation is then activationprocesses may exhibit themselves in the Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) as inductive arcs at low frequencies, often below 1 Hz. The phenomenon has been observed and reported in the literature far back in time, for a large variety of electrodes and in many different circumstances. Examples of such EIS of SOC electrodes are shown and discussed. EIS of both technological and model electrodes are presented. The inductive arcs in the EIS of the porous technological electrode are usually less pronounced compared to model electrodes. Inductive arcs in EIS of both H2 and O2 electrodes in SOCs are treated here and for both cases the inductive arcs are explained by i-V curves that are not reflecting really stable electrode performance. This is in line with frequent observations of oscillating current density at electrode potentials in the vicinity of the ranges in which the inductive arcs are observed.



B1211

Towards Understanding Heterogeneous Chemistry and Electrochemistry at La0.1Sr0.9TiO3- SOFC Anodes

Vitaliy Yurkiv (1,2), Guillaume Constantin (3,4), Aitor Hornes (1), Angela Gondolini (5), Elisa Mercadelli (5), Alessandra Sanson (5), Laurent Dessemond (3,4), Rémi

Costa (1) (1) German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics,

Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany (2) Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW), Universität Stuttgart,

Pfaffenwaldring 6, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany

(3) Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d Electrochimie et de Physico-Chimie des

Matériaux et des Interfaces, F-38000 Grenoble, France

(4) CNRS, Laboratoire d Electrochimie et de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des

Interfaces, F-38000 Grenoble, France (5) Materials and Processing for Energetics, CNR - Institute of Science and Technology

for Ceramics, Via Granarolo, 64 I-48018 Faenza (RA), Italy Tel.: +49-711-6862-8044 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected]

Abstract In the present contribution we combine modeling and experimental study of electrochemical hydrogen oxidation at an alternative perovskite type mixed-conducting SOFC anode. Composite electrodes were produced by conventional wet ceramic processing (screen printing spraying) and sintering on YSZ electrolytes (La0.1Sr0.9TiO3- -Ce1-xGdxO2- | YSZ) with different thicknesses and porosity and were characterized using symmetrical button-cells configuration. Electrochemical impedance spectra were recorded for H2/N2 atmosphere in a temperature range 924 K 1125 K at open circuit voltage. The developed kinetic model incorporates elementary heterogeneous chemistry and electrochemical charge-transfer processes at two different electrochemical double layers (surface and interfacial), transport in the porous composite electrode (ionic and electronic conduction, multi-component porous diffusion and convection) as well as gas supply. Heterogeneous chemistry over LST electrode surface was evaluated based upon temperature programed desorption and reduction (TPD/TPR) measurements. The kinetics and thermodynamics of electrochemical charge-transfer processes were assessed by performing numerical impedance simulations over a whole range of operating conditions. This allows for a mechanistic interpretation of the origin of the three observed impedance features: (i) low frequency: transport in the gas supply (gas conversion) and/or hydrogen adsorption, (ii) intermediate frequency: charge transfer and surface double layer at the electrode/gas interface, (iii) high frequency: charge transfer and electrical double layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface.




Electrochemical Impedance Study of AgCu-

Ca0.2Ce0.8O2+ Anode for SOFCs with Different Fuels

Araceli Fuerte, Rita X. Valenzuela, María José Escudero Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain Tel: +34 91 346 6622 Fax: +34 91 346 6269

[email protected]

Abstract

In recent years, researches on SOFC technology have been focused on lowering the operating temperature, primarily driven by the cost and durability of components. Unfortunately operation at lower temperature creates problems associated with the increase in the electrolyte resistance and the electrode polarisation as well as decrease in the rate of electrocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, the direct use of alternative fuels to hydrogen, such as gas natural or biogas, are still limited due to the catalyst deactivation by coking or fuel impurity poisoning. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously search for novel anode materials having superior electrocatalytic activity in the intermediate temperature range and less-prone to deactivation. In previous works we have demonstrated the ability of nanocrystalline Cu-ceria based anodes to operate with CH4 and H2S-containing hydrogen. The incorporation of a transition metal, such as silver, in an optimised anode formulation has improved its electrocatalytic properties for the complete CH4 oxidation, whereas it shows excellent thermal and chemical compatibility with the electrolyte materials. Thus, this new material can be considered a promising anode for SOFC directly fuelled with biogas at intermediate temperature. In this work, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in symmetric cell configuration with LSGM-electrolyte, has been employed to measure the interface

resistance of the deposited anode, Ag-Cu formulation combined with Ca0.2Ce0.8O2+ (AgCu-CaCe), in comparison with analogous Cu-doped ceria material (Cu-CaCe), at various temperatures (550-750 ºC) and different fuels (H2, CH4 and three simulated biogas mixtures) to quantitatively deduce the role of electrode microstructure on electrochemical activity. Impedance data were fitted to equivalent circuits using Z-View software.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-Z

'' (

·cm

2)

Z' ( ·cm2)

Cu-CaCe

AgCu-CaCe H2

CH4

50bio

60bio

70bio

simulated biogas mixtures (bio): 50bio (50CH4:45CO

2:5H

2); 60bio (60CH

4:35CO

2:5H

2); 70bio (70CH

4:25CO

2:5H

2)

Results revealed a strong dependence of the kinetics and mechanism involved in the electro-oxidation of the different fuels with the final anode formulation.



B1213

Electrochemical Characterization of SOFC Cells Based on Pr2NiO and (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3- Cathodes with an

Enhanced GDC Diffusion Barrier

Carlos Boigues-Muñoz1,2, Davide Pumiglia2,3, Stephen McPhail2, Claudia Paoletti2, Dario Montinaro4, Fabio Polonara1

1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Polo Montedago, 60131 Ancona, Italy

2 ENEA C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy 3 Dafne, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S. Camilo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo,

Italy 4 SOFCpower S.r.l, V.le Trento 115/117, Mezzolombardo, Italy


Abstract

In the present work, the electrochemical performances of two 2cm2 single cells manufactured by SOFCpower have been compared, the first comprises an (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3- (hereafter LSCF) cathode and the second a Pr2NiO (hereafter PRN) cathode. PRN is a Ruddlesen-Popper structure with high ionic and electronic conductivity not containing strontium thus making the cathode less prone to diffusion and segregation phenomena which are believed to be the major cause of performance degradation in state-of-the-art solid oxide fuel cells. Both types of cells have incorporated an enhanced GDC

of ENEA C.R. Casaccia which has previously demonstrated to reduce the degradation rate and increase the performance at low temperatures and high current densities. Implementation of the distributed relaxation times (DRT) methodology and electrical circuit modeling (ECM) to the EIS measurements of the single cells has facilitated the identification and individualization of the different physicochemical processes taking place in them. The application of this methodology during endurance testing under pre-determined conditions (i.e. FCTESQA Project protocols) will enable an in-depth study of the degradation mechanisms affecting both types of cells and how these vary with time.




Oxygen Isotope Exchange in Oxides with Double Perovskite-Type Structure

Vadim Eremin (1), Maxim Ananyev (1, 2), Natalia Porotnikova (1), Andrey Farlenkov (1, 2) and Edkhem Kurumchin (1)

(1) Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS, Akademicheskaya 20 (2) Ural Federal University, Mira 19

Yekaterinburg city / Russia Tel.: +7-343-362-34-84 Fax: +7-343-374-59-92

[email protected]

Abstract

The oxides with double perovskite structure LnBaCo2O6 where Ln rare earth metal are promising materials for cathodes in IT-SOFC due to their high electronic and oxygen ionic conductivities and high catalytic activity to oxygen reduction. Oxygen exchange processes between oxide materials and the gas phase have a decisive impact on the operation of intermediate temperature electrochemical devices. The oxides LnBaCo2 xFexO6 (Ln = Gd, Pr; x = 0, 0.2) were synthesized by citric-nitrate method. X-rays powder diffraction analysis was done on D/MAX-2200V diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) in CuK -radiation at room temperature in air. Chemical composition was tested by X-ray fluorescence method on XRF-1800 spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan).The kinetics of the interaction of oxygen between LnBaCo2 xFexO6 oxides and the gas phase has been studied by two methods: i pressure relaxation and ii 16O 18O oxygen isotope exchange with the gas phase analysis (T = 600 800 °C, Po2 = 10 3 10 1.5 atm), for details of the experimental setup see [1]. The equilibration rate, the interphase exchange rate, fractions of three exchange types [2] and the oxygen diffusion coefficient have been calculated from the experimental data. Values of the apparent activation energies of the oxygen exchange and diffusion have been calculated. A correlation between chemical and tracer exchange constants is considered with respect to the oxygen nonstoichiometry dependences on temperature and oxygen pressure. The dependences of the equilibration rate and the interphase exchange rate on oxygen pressure have a power-law form. In this work, the mechanism of oxygen exchange is discussed for two cases: pressure relaxation and isotope exchange with gas phase analysis. References [1] M.V. Ananyev. ISBN: 978-3-8484-3040-6. (2012) 194. [2] G.P. Boreskov etc. Russ. Chem. Rev. 37(8) (1968) 613. Acknowledgements This work is partly financially supported by the grant of RFBS # 13-03-00519 and the Federal Target Program # 2012-1.5-14-000-2019-002-8888. The authors express thanks to Dr. Dmitriy Tsvetkov for samples supplying.



B1215

A Model-Based Understanding of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells: From Hydrogen to Syngas

Production

Vikram Menon1,2, Qingxi Fu3, Olaf Deutschmann1,4 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry

2Helmholtz Research School Energy-Related Catalysis 4Institute for Catalysis Research and Technology

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 3European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER), Emmy-Noether-Str 11, 76131

Karlsruhe, Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-42399 Fax: +49-721-608-44805 [email protected]

Abstract

High temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 offers a promising means for syngas production via efficient use of heat and electricity [1, 2]. Some of the considerable advantages to this technology include high reaction kinetics, reduced cell resistance, lowered probability of carbon formation, possibility of coupling with Fischer-Tropsch process for conversion of syngas to liquid fuel/hydrocarbons, effective utilization of heat from exothermic water-gas shift reaction and less complexity at the systems level due to the lack of need for a separate water-gas shift reactor. In this analysis, we report an in-house model to describe the complex fundamental and functional interactions between various internal physico-chemical phenomena of a SOEC. Electrochemistry at the three-phase boundary is modeled using a modified Butler-Volmer (B-V) approach that considers H2 and CO, individually, as electrochemically active species. Also, a 42-step elementary heterogeneous reaction mechanism for the thermo-catalytic H2 electrode chemistry, dusty gas model to account for multi-component diffusion through porous media, and plug flow model for flow through the channels are used. The model is geometry independent. Results pertaining to detailed chemical processes within the cathode, electrochemical behavior and losses during SOEC operation are demonstrated. Reaction flow analysis is performed to study methane production characteristics during co-electrolysis. Simulations are carried out for configurations ranging from simple 1D electrochemical cells to quasi-2D unit cells, to elucidate the effectiveness of the tool for performance and design optimization. The article pertaining to this study is/will be published elsewhere [3].




Low temperature electrical characterization of SOFC electrolyte layers

Eui-Chol Shin1, Jianjun Ma1, Ho-Sung Noh2, Jae-Yeon Hwang2, Ji-Won Son2, Jong-Ho Lee2, and Jong-Sook Lee1

1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea

2High-temperature Energy Materials Research Center,Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea


Abstract

The electrolyte contribution is generally difficult to distinguish unambiguously in the working temperature of SOFCs from the other ohmic contributions and polarization resistances due to the high frequency stray effects and low absolute resistance of the status-quo thin film electrolytes. We thus characterized the SOFC layers on cermet

supports with an array of top Ti/Au microelectrodes of 150~200 m which are sufficiently small to avoid short-circuit even for submicron thickness electrolyte layers for micro-SOFCs. Those nanostructured electrolyte layers have been often investigated in the parallel transport mode, not in the fuel cell operation mode. Ultrathin bilayer GDC/YSZ

electrolytes (200nm/1 m, 1 m /200nm) as well YSZ (200nm, 1 m) and GDC (1 m) single layers prepared by PLD on the reduced Ni-YSZ anode substrate were characterized

between room temperature and 300 C. Thicker YSZ layer (8 m) prepared by screen

printing and GDC electrolytes of various thickness (3.4 m, 6.6 m, 12 m, 15.3 m) by slurry coating on Ni-GDC cermets were similarly investigated. The impedance response of GDC electrolytes suggests Hebb-Wagner electrochemical polarization by Ti/Au ion blocking electrodes. It can be modeled by a transmission line model for mixed conductors generalized by constant phase elements, JMLL (Jamnik-Maier-Lai-Lee) model, which is also recently implemented in Zview program. The chemical and double layer capacitance values and diffusivities are derived from the calculation of deconvoluted parameters. The CK1 model suggested by Macdonald allows a better description of bulk response of the respective electrolyte films.




OXYGEN ISOTOPE EXCHANGE IN LSM-YSZ COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Natalia Porotnikova (1), Maxim Ananyev (1, 2), Vadim Eremin (1), Andrey Farlenkov (1, 2) and Edkhem Kurumchin (1)

(1) Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS, Akademicheskaya 20 (2) Ural Federal University, Mira 19

Yekaterinburg city / Russia Tel.: +7-343-362-34-84 Fax: +7-343-374-59-92 [email protected]

Abstract Creating stable fuel cell cathode is a priority for research in the field of SOFC. A promising class of cathode materials is composite materials based on mixed electronic and ionic

conductor and oxygen ion electrolyte, such as La1-xSrxMnO3± Zr1-yYyO2-y/2 (LSM YSZ). Since exchange processes between LSM YSZ and oxygen gas phase have a decisive influence on the work of the electrodes in electrochemical devices, the study of the oxygen exchange kinetics is of great interest for electrode materials. The oxygen exchange kinetics of the composites (1 y)La0.6Sr0.4MnO yZr0.82Y0.12O1.91 has been studied by the isotopic exchange method with the gas phase analysis in the T = 600 850°C at Po2 = 6.6·10 3 atm and Po2 = 2·10 3 1.5·10 2 atm at 700°C. The oxygen exchange rate and diffusion coefficient have been calculated according to the model [1] as a function of T, Po2 and YSZ volume fraction. Stability in time up to 1000 h of the composite 40vol.%La0.6Sr0.4MnO 60vol.%Zr0.82Y0.18O1.91 is studied at T = 800°C, Po2 = 10 2 atm. The triple phase boundary (TPB) length has been evaluated from the image analysis. TPB is a geometrical parameter representing the length of the contact perimeter between mixed oxygen ion and electron conductor / unipolar oxygen ion electrolyte / gas phase, referred to the volume of the material. Oxygen pressure dependence of H has power function type, H~pn(O2). The index of power (n) and apparent activation energies for the oxygen exchange rate and diffusion coefficient have been calculated. The mechanism of oxygen exchange in LSM YSZ is discussed. Process of particle coarsening for both LSM and YSZ phases during long-term tests of the composite material accompanied by decrease in the porosity of about ~ 12 % and 12% decrease in TPB length, while maintaining the linear dimensions of the sample. The oxygen exchange rate is reduced by ~ 10% during exposure of the composite in the working conditions. This change is comparable with the amount the decreased TPB length, showing an important role of the oxygen reduction on TPBs as rate determining stage in the oxygen exchange process on LSM YSZ materials. References [1] Klier K. and Kucera E. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 1966. V. 27. P. 1087. This work is partly supported by the Federal Target Program 2012-1.31-12-000-2006-004,

-03-31847\12



B1218

Model reduction for solid oxide fuel cell thermal management

Periasamy Vijay and Moses O. Tade Center for Process Systems Computations

Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, WA 6845, Australia Tel.: +61-08-9266-9890

[email protected]

Abstract

The planar design of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is capable of providing high current density output at a cheaper price. However, it suffers from long term and thermo-cycling stability issues that affect its durability. Process monitoring and control have an important role in achieving better load following anthe cell via control of the thermal gradients in the cell has a direct impact on cell durability. A poor thermal management will best lead to poor performance and at worst cause fuel cell damage. Accurate non-linear models are required to design operational and control strategies for better thermal management. These mechanistic models must be able to capture the temperature profiles under various operating conditions. However, such models are usually of a high order resulting in difficulties in observer and controller design and implementation, thereby necessitating order reduction. In this work, we investigate linear and nonlinear model reduction methods mainly based on balancing algorithms for a lumped parameter potentiostatic model of the SOFC. Application of balanced truncation to the linearised model (originally with 88 states) resulted in a reduced model with 29 states. Balanced truncation of the original nonlinear model using empirical covariance matrices could not effectively yield a reduced order model capturing essential dynamics. Subsequently, the electrochemical sub-model was simplified using some standard assumptions. This simplified model could be reduced to 25 states using the covariance matrix based nonlinear balancing. However, this simplified model needs further refinement as it not very accurate. An alternative formulation would be a galvanostatic model that is a more natural representation of the current controlled SOFC. Further scope and possibilities of the work are recommended. This study illustrates the difficulty in obtaining a reduced control relevant model of the SOFC that can capture the spatial distributions.



B1219

Numerical Analysis of an SOFC single cell: A Multiphysics Approach

Amrit Chandan, Arvin Mossadegh Pour, Nikkia McDonald, John Geoffrey Maillard and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells.



Abstract

SOFCs have high potential to be used in combined heat and power systems due to their high power density, ability to convert a wide range of fuels and high efficiency/low emissions. However, the complexity of mechanisms taking place within the cell has prevented a more complete understanding of its performance. In order to simplify this, a better understanding of the processes within the SOFC is required to improve on cell design and stack design. One such method is the use of multiphysics simulation. To date there has not been a comprehensive multiphysics SOFC model which incorporates the various phenomena that are observed within the cell, for example a direct coupling between the gas flow, the electrochemical reactions, the production of water and the heat generated from the fuel cell reactions. A 2D model has been produced that couples these physical effects. Results have shown good correlation with experimental data. The model has been used to predict cell behaviour as a function of cell operating conditions and has shown good agreement with experimental data.



B1220

Integrated Microstructural-Electrochemical Cell-level Modeling: the LSM-based Jülich cell

Antonio Bertei (1), Josef Mertens (2), Cristiano Nicolella (1)

(1) University of Pisa, Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, I-56126 Pisa / Italy

(2) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Ostring O10, D-52425 Jülich/Germany

Tel.: +39-50-221-7814 Fax: +39-50-221-7866

[email protected]

Abstract

The typical weak point of existing SOFC cell-level models is the evaluation of the electrode effective properties, performed by using simple percolation models or by fitting the microstructural parameters on the polarization curves. In this study we present an integrated approach which incorporates a detailed microstructural modeling into the cell-level model. The three-dimensional microstructure of each porous layer is numerically reconstructed with packing algorithms for an accurate prediction of the effective properties. The predicted effective properties are used in a two-dimensional electrochemical model, based on conservation equations written in continuum approach, which describes transport and reaction phenomena within the cell. The integrated approach allows the prediction of the polarization behavior from the knowledge of operating conditions and powder characteristics, eliminating the need for empirical correlations and adjusted parameters. The simulation of a short stack of anode-supported cells, developed and tested by Forschungszentrum Jülich, shows that a quantitative agreement with experimental data can be obtained without fitting any parameter. The proposed integrated model can be an attractive predictive tool for assisting the SOFC development.

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Current density [A cm

-2]

Ce

ll p

ote

ntia

l [V

] anode

electrolyte

cathode

Anode-supported Jülich cell with LSM-based cathode (F-design)

H2-air operation, counter-flow configuration

T = 800°C

y H2O,IN = 3.5%

F fuel = 4Nl min-1

F air

16Nl min-1

10Nl min-1

5Nl min-1

Sim. Exp.



B1221

Characterization of militubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for mobile applications

A. Morata1, A. Meadowcroft2, M. Torrell1, K. Kendall2, M. Kendall2, A. Tarancón1,* 1 Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) Jardins de les Dones de Negre, 1,

08930-Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain; *[email protected]

2 Adelan, 10 Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Birmingham, B17 9HD, UK

Abstract Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are now increasingly recognized as scalable within a

broad range of power densities; from a few watts (e.g. small portable applications) to

several hundred of Kilowatts (stationary applications). There is an increasing interest in

militubular SOFCs in mobile and portable application because of their numerous

advantages such as higher mechanical-thermal stability, simpler seals, higher power

densities per unit volume and shorter start-up/shut-down times compared with other

designs [1].

This work presents the cell performance and degradation of single mSOFCs fabricated by

high shear extrusion in the intermediate range of temperatures (T<700ºC) and dip coating.

These mSOFCs are used in the FCH JU funded SAPIENS project which aims to develop a

100W portable system for a recreational vehicle [2]. The performance of a 20cm2-SOFC at

700ºC was measured. OCV values of 1.1V, close to the theoretical value, confirm fully

dense electrolytes and good sealing between the tubes and the test rig. Power of ca. 4W

and above was achieved under pure H2 and air atmospheres (power density of

200mW/cm2) at operation condition. According to the measurements, a total current of 15

A at 0.4V providing 7W by a single cell with a fuel utilization of 30 %. A galvanostatic long-

term degradation tests was carried out in this work at 6A and 200ml/min of pure H2 , which

results in a fuel utilization values around 30%, showing stable and almost constant

voltages for 250 hrs. The performance shown by the mSOFCs, together with the excellent

thermo-mechanical properties opens a new avenue for the realization of SOFCs in

portable applications, unachievable up-to-now.




Synergetic integration of experimental techniques and computational modeling in SOFC single cells

Carlos Boigues Muñoz, Stephen McPhail, Dario Montinaro, Gabriele Comodi ENEA C.R. Casaccia Via Anguillarese 301

00123 Rome/Italy Tel.: +39-063-048-4869 [email protected]

Abstract

Advanced diagnostic tools, improved experimental techniques and potent modeling capabilities have enhanced in the last decades significant performance ameliorations of SOFC single cells and stacks by shedding light on some of the micro-, meso- and macro-scale processes governing solid oxide fuel cell technology. Nevertheless, the

each other. The present work outlines the roadmap Laboratory, which merges experimentation activities on SOFC button cells with advanced diagnostic tool implementation EIS, SEM and XRD and macro-scale computational modeling, validating in this way alternative and potentially better performing materials. An extensive campaign has been carried out testing novel cathode and diffusion barrier materials, obtaining experimentally intrinsic material and electrochemical parameters which are then introduced into the computational model and validated afterwards by means of further experimental analysis. The scope is to rely on the validated single cell models to create a more precise upscaled model for single repeating units (SRUs) and short stacks which will be further validated by laboratory tests on these. The final goal is to model full systems integrating some of the balance of plant (BOP) elements such as catalytic reactors and heat exchangers.



B1224

On Impedance Measurements Suitability of Electrolyte Supported SOFCs

M. P. Carpanese (1), S. Congiu (1), D. Clematis (1), A. Bertei (2), C. Nicolella (2), A. Sanson (3), E. Mercadelli (3), A. Gondolini (3), M. Panizza (1), A. Barbucci (1)

(1) DICCA, University of Genoa, P. le J. F. Kennedy 1, I-16129 Genoa (2) DICCISM, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, I-56126 Pisa

(3) CNR-ISTEC, Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza Tel.: +39-010-353-6020 Fax: +39-010-353-6028

[email protected]

Abstract

The suitability of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements (EIS) in SOFCs is an important concern, especially in case of measuring separately the behaviour of one of the electrode when an overvoltage is applied. In this case a thin electrolyte-supported cell with the RE coplanar with the WE is experimentally convenient, but many authors highlighted that incorrect results can be obtained if an inappropriate geometric configuration is used. In this work LSM cathodes were investigated in a YSZ electrolyte-supported cell, using an electrolyte 3 mm thick. Two types of cells were prepared: the first (CellA) according to the geometric requirements suggested in literature: little WE (diameter 3 mm) aligned to the CE and with equal Rpol and time constant; RE co-planar around the WE and placed at a distance greater than three-electrolyte thicknesses from the WE; the second one, CellB, equal to CellA but with a bigger WE (diameter 8 mm). Impedance measurements were carried out both in two- and three-electrode configuration, at OCV and under applied cathodic overpotentials (OCV to 400 mV). A preliminary comparison between the results extracted from CellB at two- and three- electrodes confirms that a thick electrolyte allows extracting suitable three-electrode impedance results in case of OCV and small overpotentials (up to 150 mV). On the other side, when an overpotential over 150 mV is applied, a comparison between CellA and CellB gives quite different results. This study considers also an experimental approach useful for the comprehension of the main phenomena governing the kinetic of the oxygen reduction process at an LSM electrode, in view of a mechanistic model under study for the simulation of impedance spectra from a mathematically reconstructed electrode.



A1301

SOFC anode phase characterization and determination of charge transfer mechanisms

Selma A. Venâncio, Bernardo J. M. Sarruf and Paulo Emílio V. de Miranda The Hydrogen Laboratory-Coppe Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68505 - 21942-971 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Tel.: + 55-21-2562-8791 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

An electrocatalyst based on CeO2 Al2O3 used in the composition of a multifunctional anode was prepared by the amorphous citrate method. The powder was treated at 600 and 900 °C to be characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Upon treatment in air, at 600 °C, the formation of CeAlO3 was favored. A phase transformation to crystalline CeO2 and amorphous Al2O3 was observed when the calcination temperature was increased to 900 °C in air. However this phase transformation was reversible when calcining the material under hydrogen atmosphere. It was shown that different valences of cerium were formed depending on the temperature and on the calcination atmosphere used.

To produce the ceramic suspension for the SOFC anode the electrocatalyst treated at 900 °C in air was mixed with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia - YSZ, pore-former agent and terpineol vehicle. The anode was screen printed onto YSZ electrolyte buttons and sintered at 1500 °C in air. X-ray diffraction analysis and dual beam FIB/SEM technique were performed so as to determine all phases present and microstructure morphology.

It was concluded that a ceramic solid solution based on Zirconia and Ceria was formed presenting high oxygen storage capacity and ionic conductivity. Alumina was kept as an isolated phase and the formation of CeAlO3 was prevented by dispersed Zr. Under operation with hydrogen or ethanol as fuels the mechanism of charge transfer within the SOFC anode bulk was controlled by the oxi-redox reaction producing alternatively Ce3+ or Ce4+ into the electrocatalyst material while it stored and released oxygen.



A1302

Measurements of local chemistry and structure in NiO/YSZ composites during reduction using energy-

filtered environmental TEM

Q. Jeangros1*, T.W. Hansen2, J.B. Wagner2, R.E. Dunin-Borkowski3, C. Hébert1, J. Van herle4, A. Hessler-Wyser1

1 Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne 2 Center for Electron Nanoscopy, DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby

3 Ernst Ruska-Centre, Jülich Research Centre, D-52425 Jülich 4 Fuelmat Group, STI, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne

*[email protected]

Abstract

The activation of a solid oxide fuel cell anode, a process that involves the reduction of the as-sintered nickel oxide (NiO)/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite to the electrochemically active Ni/YSZ state, is assessed using energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy images acquired in an H2 atmosphere in an environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). Quantitative measurements of both reaction kinetics (using oxygen K edge elemental and jump-ratio images) and evolution of thickness (using total inelastic mean free path images) are obtained during NiO/YSZ reduction to Ni/YSZ in 1.3 mbar of H2 up to 600 °C. Measurements of the relative changes in thickness highlight the formation of voids within Ni grains to compensate the volume loss induced by the removal of oxygen. Measurements of volume shrinkage induced by NiO reduction to Ni agree with the theoretical prediction of -41%. The sequences of oxygen K edge elemental and jump-ratio maps allow the extraction of reaction kinetics localized on the pixel/nm scale and demonstrate the initiation of the reaction at grain boundaries with the YSZ phase. Previous density functional theory calculations suggest that this process results from oxygen ion transfer from NiO to YSZ at these grain boundaries, which creates oxygen vacancies in the NiO phase and in turn triggers the reduction reaction of the NiO grain at the interface with YSZ. Energy-filtered imaging in a gas atmosphere at elevated temperature has the ability to provide quantitative new insight into the activation of SOFC anodes with a spatial resolution in the nm range. Differences in reaction rate as a result of local features can be investigated in detail using the present methodology, paving the way for the development of detailed reaction/activation models.




Surface Compositional Changes in Mixed Conducting Fluorite-Perovskite Composite Electrode Materials

John Druce (1), Helena Tellez (1), Tatsumi Ishihara (1) and John Kilner (1,2) (1) International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (wpi-I2CNER), Kyushu

University, Fukuoka, JAPAN, 819-0395 (2) Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK, SW7 2BP

Tel.: +81-92-802-6738 Fax: +81-92-802-6738

[email protected]

Abstract

Dual phase ceramic composites comprised of fluorite and perovskite structured oxides combine the ionic conductivity of the former constituent with the electronic (or mixed in some cases) conductivity of the perovskite component, to produce a macroscopically mixed conducting electrode with competitive electrochemical performance. Oxygen isotope exchange studies of the two most common systems in this family of materials (namely (Zr,Y)O2-d (La,Sr)MnO3-d (YSZ-LSM) and (Ce,Gd)O2-d (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-d (CGO-LSCF)) suggest that the oxygen surface exchange properties of the composites do not vary as a straightforward relationship with composition. In fact, YSZ-LSM composites show a compositional maximum in the effective macroscopic tracer surface exchange coefficient, k*. Microscopic studies of the role of the two constituent phases reveals that in both YSZ-LSM and CGO-LSCF, the apparent surface exchange coefficients of the fluorite phase in the composite are higher than in the single phase fluorite end member. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain this enhancement, by spillover of activated species across triple phase boundaries, activation of the fluorite surface by the in-diffusion of transition metals from the perovs

surface into the perovskite phase. However, it is not yet apparent which of these mechanisms is responsible for the observed enhancement. In order to gain more insight into the active mechanisms for surface exchange in these composites, we apply the surface analysis technique of Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS), which is capable of quantifying the elemental composition of the very outer atomic surface of a material. Comparison of the surface composition of composite samples with those of the pure end members, allows us to differentiate between the various changes that occur, and infer which of the mechanisms mentioned above is responsible for the observed enhancement.



A1304

3D Imaging and Characterisation of Infiltrated Ni-GDC Electrodes

Masashi Kishimoto, Marina Lomberg, Enrique Ruiz-Trejo and Nigel Brandon Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London

London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom Tel.: +44-(0)7534884226

[email protected]

Abstract

Wet infiltration techniques are considered to be an effective alternative fabrication method to develop high performance electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) because they have the potential to significantly increase the triple-phase boundary (TPB) density in the electrodes. In this study, porous Ni-GDC electrodes are fabricated by infiltrating nickel nano-particles into porous gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) scaffolds, and their microstructure is imaged using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) with 10 nm voxel size. Microstructural parameters such as TPB density, particle/pore sizes and surface area are evaluated for the quantitative analysis of these microstructures. These microstructural parameters reveal that the infiltrated electrodes have ten times larger TPB density than conventional electrodes fabricated by powder mixing and sintering methods. One-dimensional numerical simulation based on the real electrode microstructure is also performed to analyze the overpotential characteristics of the electrodes. The optimization strategy to fabricate high performance electrodes will be discussed through the microstructural and numerical analysis.



A1305

In-Situ Surface analysis of SOFC cathode materials using Low Energy Ion Scattering

Mathew Niania, Richard J. Chater, Stephen J. Skinner and John A. Kilner Department of Materials Imperial College London Royal School of Mines

Exhibition Road London, SW7 2AZ - UK

[email protected]

Abstract Many common perovskite structured Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cathode materials exhibit surface passivation through 'A-site' segregation at common operating temperatures (~500-600 oC) [1]. These processes have a severely negative effect upon the oxygen reduction rates and therefore overall cell performance. Quantifying the true extent of these segregation effects has not been fully explored, however, it is clear that the properties of the surface are essential. Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) enables compositional analysis of a single atomic layer on the outer surface of materials and as such is an essential tool in understanding cathode degradation. Of primary concern is the surface exchange of oxygen which is commonly measured using the Isotopic Exchange Depth Profiling (IEDP) method measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). Exchange equipment is, in the vast majority of cases, independent from analysis instruments and as such sample surfaces tend to be contaminated and even altered during sample transfer. In this work we have developed oxygen exchange capabilities between 300 and 600 oC in the preparation chamber of a LEIS instrument. This has allowed common SOFC cathode materials to be annealed, exchanged and transferred directly into the LEIS instrument without entering an atmosphere with pressures higher than 10-6 mbar, therefore minimising surface adhesion of any contaminants and removing the necessity for post-exchange cleaning steps. This avoids issues related to the commonly used oxygen plasma clean and its effect on oxygen isotope ratios on the surface monolayer which prove an obstacle in obtaining accurate surface exchange quantification. The LEIS instrument in use is also adjoined to a SIMS instrument allowing sample transfer under vacuum. This has enabled the direct comparison of surface composition and surface exchange coefficient to be obtained by the two complementary techniques. This novel experimental technique, combining highly surface sensitive LEIS and in-situ surface catalysis quantification, allows a previously unobtainable accuracy in the determination of oxygen surface exchange measurements.



A1306

Application of Multivariable Regression Model for SOFC Stack Temperature Estimation in System

Environment

Matias Halinen, Antti Pohjoranta, Jari Pennanen and Jari Kiviaho Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Fuel cells


Tel.: +358-20-722-6590 Fax: +358-20-722-7048

[email protected]

Abstract

The applicability of multivariable linear regression (MLR) models to estimate the maximum temperature inside a SOFC stack is investigated experimentally. The experiments were carried out with a complete 10 kW SOFC system using an 80-cell stack by Versa Power Systems. The behavior of the maximum temperature measured inside a SOFC stack with respect to four independent input variables (stack current, air flow, air inlet temperature and fuel flow) is examined following the design of experiments methodology, and MLR models are created based on the retrieved data. The practical feasibility of the MLR estimate is investigated experimentally with the 10 kW system by evaluating the accuracy of the estimate in two test cases: (i) a system load change where the stack temperature is regulated by a closed-loop controller using the MLR estimate (Figure 1) and (ii) during operator-imposed disturbances in the fuel system (a variation in the methane conversion in the fuel pre-reformer). Finally, the performance of the MLR estimate is evaluated with another, 64-cell stack operated at higher current density. This work continues previous research reported in [1-2].

1540 1560 1580 1600145

150

155

160

165

Time / h

I / A

a)

1540 1560 1580 1600765

770

775

780

785

Time / h

Tm

ax /

°C

b)

meas.

MLR est.

Setpoint

Figure 1 Closed loop-control of stack temperature during a load change a) stack current and b)

measured, estimated and setpoint value for Tmax.




Testing SOFCs at high Current Densities

André Weber and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT),

Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-47572 Fax: +49-721-608-47492

[email protected]

Abstract

The performance of solid oxide fuel cells as well as solid oxide electrolyzer cells is usually evaluated by means of current/voltage- (CV-) characteristics. Despite of the fact that a CV-measurement is simple compared to impedance spectroscopy, the resulting performance curve strongly depends on the test setup and the chosen operating conditions.

In this contribution the impact of different parameters on the measured cell performance will be discussed.

- Size of the active electrode

- Design of cathode and anode current collector

- Contact pressure applied onto the active electrodes

- Oxidant and fuel gas flow rates and utilization

- Fuel composition (hydrogen, humidification, dilution by N2, reformates)

- Cell temperature measurement

- Temperature increase due to self heating

- SOFC and SOEC operation

- CV-characteristic parameters (slew rate, holding time, number of datapoints)

A special emphasis will be laid on testing at high current densities considerably exceeding 1 A/cm². Herein, test results are strongly affected by the above mentioned parameters, however, they provide useful information about different cell types.



A1308

Combined experimental and modeling study of interaction between LSCF and CGO in SOFC cathodes

Rémi Costa (1), Roberto Spotorno (1), Claudia Repetto (1), Zeynep Ilhan (1,2) and Vitaliy Yurkiv (1,2)

(1) German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

(2) Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 6, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany

Tel.: +49-711 6862-733 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected]

Abstract

The development of a high-performance oxygen electrode for SOFCs in order to achieve high power density at a stack level is still challenging. It is important to emphasize the factors controlling the efficiency of the cathode. Over the intrinsic electro-catalytic activity of the cathode material itself toward the oxygen reduction, the microstructural parameters such as the porosity, the tortuosity or the particle size are of major importance in the definition of the electrochemical active surface area. In this paper we focus on the behavior of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- (LSCF)-Ce1-xGdxO2- (CGO) composite cathodes with different development and characterization of composite cathodes produced by suspension spraying and sintering, with or without further surface modification by infiltration either LSCF or CGO nano-particles. Different symmetrical cells were produced by varying the LSCF/CGO ratio with an active surface area of about 12.57 cm2. Cells were contacted with a fine platinum mesh without any contacting paste and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were recorded in static ambient air in the frequency range 10 mHz 100 kHz between 500 °C and 800 °C. The serial resistance (Rs) and the total polarization resistance (Rp) were both quantified. The developed kinetic model of oxygen reduction at LSCF/CGO cathode, which incorporates elementary heterogeneous chemistry and electrochemical charge-transfer processes at two different electrochemical double layers, transport in the porous composite electrode, as well as gas supply, is used to explain the non-intuitive interaction between LSCF and CGO phases. This allows a mechanistic interpretation of the origin of different chemical, electrochemical and transport phenomena occurring in composite cathodes.

NOTE: AUTHORS WISH TO PUBLISH ELSEWHERE For more details see:

V.

Soc. 2014 161(4): F480-F492; doi: 10.1149/2.070404jes




Local High Fuel Utilization diagnosis in SOFCs: Design project approach

B. Morel, L. Tallobre, F. Lefebvre-Joud French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission CEA-LITEN

17, rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 9


Abstract Local high Fuel Utilization (FU) in a SOFC stack is considered as a rather common operation dysfunction that can hardly be detected. However, as it is liable to cause the re-oxidation of Ni within the anode, it can start a degradation process that may turn to be irreversible. Indeed, the re-oxidation is connected to a loss of nickel surface where the hydrogen oxidation reaction takes place. In the frame of the EU Design project, a dedicated experimental approach has been defined to emphasize this high FU dysfunction in order to identify its characteristic signature and then detect it upon operation. The experimental protocol for simulating and controlling the high FU fault is based on either an increase of the current density maintaining gas flows constant or a decrease of the gas flows maintaining the current density constant. These FU excursions are progressive in their severity with a systematic return to nominal operation conditions between each step. At single cell level, the two ways for increasing FU have been tested successively (Fig 1) under pure hydrogen and synthetic reformate composition with FU up to 0.9. Both ways result in similar reversible electrochemical answers that are essentially an increase of concentration polarization, the appearance of a limiting current density which value decreases when increasing FU. These effects are clearly correlated with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy diagram evolution in the low frequencies domain. Further increase of the severity of the test protocol or coupling high FU fault with other type of fault such as leakage is found to be necessary to induce detectable damage and to highlight an electrochemical signature.

Figure 1: Cell voltage as a function of time varying the FU condition (reported on the curve) at T=750°C, first by increasing

current density and second by decreasing fuel flow rate, performed under dry H2 (left), synthetic reformate (right).



Figure 1. Reconstructed 2D slice of microtubular cell

acquired by X-ray microtomography


X-ray imaging microtubular fuel cells in operando

Samuel J. Cooper, Tao Li, Farid Tariq, Vladimir Yufit, Nick Corps, Robert S. Bradley, Paul R. Shearing, Nigel P. Brandon, John Kilner

Imperial College London Prince Consort Road

South Kensington/London Tel.: +44-7887-500-807

[email protected]

Abstract

The electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) electrodes is strongly influenced by their microstructure [1]. Non-destructive X-ray tomography is a key technique for studying fuel cell electrodes as two dimensional imaging does not capture the full complexity of the microstructures involved [2]. Previously, SOFCs have been difficult to study in operando due to the geometry of the devices, as well as the temperature and gas sealing requirements. In this work we present a novel experimental design that allows both X-ray tomography and diffraction to be performed on an operating microtubular fuel cell. When coupled with electrochemical techniques, this approach allows for the relationship between operating conditions and microstructural evolution to be better understood. The tomography data can also then be used to inform targeted X-ray diffraction scans, which allows the stoichiometry of the external electrode to be investigated as a function of distance from the electrolyte. The fuel cells in this study were found to have an engineered hierarchical pore structure on the anode side. The tortuosity factors of this material were quantified using a simulated diffusion approach [3], which had to be modified for the tubular cell geometry considered. The calculated tortuosity factors were found to be very sensitive to the control volume analysed. This parameter, along with several others, including the specific surface area, could potentially be used in an Adler, Lane and Steele [4] type model, enabling the performance of the cell to be predicted and compared with the experimental electrochemical data. [1] C. Peters, Grain-Size Effects in Nanoscaled Electrolyte and Cathode Thin Films for

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), KIT Scientific Publishing, 2009. [2] J. Joos, M. Ender, T. Carraro, A. Weber, E. Ivers-Tiffee, Electrochim Acta, 82 (2012)

268-276. [3] S.J. Cooper, D.S. Eastwood, J. Gelb, G. Damblanc, D.J.L. Brett, R.S. Bradley, P.J.

Withers, P.D. Lee, A.J. Marquis, N.P. Brandon, P.R. Shearing, J Power Sources, (2013).

[4] S.B. Adler, J.A. Lane, B.C.H. Steele, J Electrochem Soc, 143 (1996) 3554.




Impedance Study of (H2+H2O+Ar),Pt|La0.9Sr0.1ScO3- Interface

Ekaterina Antonova and Dimitry Bronin Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS

Akademicheskaya 20 Yekaterinburg/ Russia

Tel.: +7-343-362-31-94 Fax: +7-343-374-59-92

[email protected]

Abstract

High temperature proton conducting oxides are promising materials for electrochemical applications. However unlike electrolytic properties of the high temperature protonic conductors, there is almost no data on electrode kinetics in electrochemical cells with those solid electrolytes. La1-xSrxScO3- (LSS) is one of the promising ceramic proton conductors [1]. The purpose of this work was studying polarization resistance behavior of Pt electrodes in contact with La0.9Sr0.1ScO3- as a function of temperature and composition of the H2+H2O+Ar gas mixture by means of impedance spectroscopy.

1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35-1,2

-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

lg

[S

/cm

2]

1000/T [K-1]

sample No 1

sample No 2

Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of polarization conductivity of Pt/LSS interface in the mixture of 97%H2-3%H2O.

Information on the apparent magnitude of activation energy of the polarization conductivity in the temperature range 500-700°C in the mixture of 97%H2-3%H2O (72±3 kJ/mol) (Fig. 1) and functional relationships between polarization resistance and partial pressure of hydrogen/water at a constancy of water/hydrogen partial pressure made possible to suppose the most probable electrode reaction mechanism at Pt in contact with LSS proton conducting electrolyte in hydrogen - water gas mixtures.

References [1] Stroeva A.Yu., Gorelov V.P., Kuz'min A.V., Antonova E.P., Plaksin S.V. // Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2012. V. 48. No. 5. P. 509-517. Acknowledgments This work is partly supported by the Program No. 3 of the Presidium of RAS (project 12-P-23-2006) and joint project financed by Presidium of Ural Branch of RAS 12-C-3-1016.



A1312

Electrochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Anode-Supported Microtubular SOFCs Processed by

Gel-casting

M. Morales1,2,*, M.A. Laguna-Bercero3, A. Larrea3, V.M. Orera3, F. Espiell1, M. Segarra1

Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès1

08028 Barcelona, Spain. (2) DIOPMA, S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixach, 10, Edifici Clúster -

08028 Barcelona, Spain. (3) Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, ICMA, CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza,

Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Tel.: +34-93-4021316 Fax: +34-93-4035438

[email protected]

Abstract

In the present work, anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (mT-SOFCs) using samaria-doped ceria (SDC) as electrolyte have been fabricated and characterized. The microtubular anode supports, with different outer diameters (2.5 and 4.5 mm), were shaped by the aqueous gel-casting method. The aqueous slurry formulation of the NiO-SDC substrate was optimized using agarose as a gelling agent. The anode functional layer (AFL) with 50:50 wt.% NiO-SDC, the electrolyte (SDC) and the cathode (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- SDC) were deposited by the spray-coating method. Pre-sintering conditions of anode supports was systematically studied in order to obtain, after the co-sintering process, a dense electrolyte. Afterwards, the electrochemical performance of single cells was tested under humidified hydrogen (97% H2 / 3% H2O) as fuel in the anodic compartment and stagnant air in the cathodic chamber. Finally, the mechanical characterization of the cells was studied by three-point bending and instrumented indentation technique. The results of both the electrical performance and the mechanical behavior of the cells are promising for further development of anode-supported mT-SOFCs.




Electrochemical Behavior of Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Under Triode Operation

Dario Montinaro, Alessandro Dellai, Camille De Souza SOFCpower SpA, 115/117 viale Trento, I-38017 Mezzolombardo, Italy

Tel.: +39 338 7265895 Fax: +39 0461 1755050

[email protected]

Abstract

The Triode design, consists of a cell with three-electrodes: anode, cathode and auxiliary circuit (Fig. 1). While the anode and the cathode work in conventional SOFC-mode, the auxiliary circuit can be operated in electrolytic mode. In this way the anode or cathode of the cell can be forced to operate at controlled potential differences that are inaccessible under standard operation. Triode operation is especially advantageous when a significant anodic overpotential is present, as is expected to be the case with natural gas and gasoline fuelled SOFCs. The present work is focused on the correlation between the electrochemical behaviors of the two circuits. It was observed that when the two circuit are tested independently, they display exactly the same performances. However, the open circuit voltage of each circuit changes significantly when the second circuit is polarized. Moreover, the application of a SOE conditions on the auxiliary circuit significantly affect the activation loss of the primary circuit running in SOFC-mode. This behavior was observed to be strictly related to the resistances associated to the two circuits and to the change of gas partial pressures induced by the triode operation.



electrolyte

auxCat. Cat.

Anode

Ni-mesh

gold-

mesh

gold-

mesh

gold-

mesh

Power

supply 2

Power

supply 1

To EIS

To EIS

Circuit 1

Circuit 2 (aux)

To EIS

To EIS

Fig. 1. Electrochemical setup for triode measurements including the cathode (circuit 1)

and Auxiliary electrode (circuit 2).



A1316

Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Oxide Ion Conduction of La0.9A0.1InO2.95 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) Perovskite

Oxides for SOFCs Electrolyte

Mi Young Yoon1, Kuk Jin Hwang1,2, Seong Min Jeong2 and Hae Jin Hwang1,* 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu,

Incheon 402-751, Korea 2Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 77 Digital-ro 10-Gil,

Guemcheon-gu, Seoul 153-801, Korea Tel.: +82-32-860-7521 Fax: +82-32-862-4482 [email protected]

Abstract ABO3 perovskite oxides have oxide ion or proton conducting property by substitution of various elements in A or/and B-site. In particular, it has been confirmed that divalent cation doped La-based oxides have oxide ion conducting property through many researches. Oxide ion conducting materials can be used as an electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), oxygen sensor and oxygen pump etc. La-based materials such as LaGaO3, LaCoO3 and LaMnO3 have widely studied, but conduction characteristics of LaInO3-based oxides have not been well-known. The LaInO3 is orthorhombic and its structure varies from orthorhombic to cubic with types or amounts of dopant substituted in A-site. Our previous study reported that the Ba-doped LaInO3 oxide is oxide ion conductor and the effects of Ba dopant amount and distribution on oxide ion conductivity were examined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. From the results of previous studies, it was confirmed that the oxide ion conductivity of Ba-doped LaInO3 is still low for use as electrolyte of SOFCs. Therefore, divalent cations such as Ca or Sr were substituted in A-site instead of Ba dopant to improve the oxide ion conductivity of LaInO3-based oxides. In this study, we calculated the oxide ion conductivities of La0.9A0.1InO2.95 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) perovskite oxides using MD simulation and analyzed the effects of dopant types on oxide ion conduction behavior. Interactions between ions were described using Born Mayer potential. The orthorhombic simulation cell consisting of 200 unit cells and total atoms of 3960 were generated with periodic boundary conditions. The calculations were run using a time step of 1 fs and an NPT ensemble under the 1atm in the temperature range of 1073-1473K. After initial equilibration for 0.4ns, main simulation such as mean square displacement and radial distribution function was carried out for 1.6ns to investigate the oxide ion diffusion behavior.



A1317

Coupled experimental and modeling study of Triode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Priscilla Caliandro, Stefan Diethelm, Arata Nakajo, Jan Van herle FUELMAT, École Polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne

1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Tel.: +41-21-693-3549 Fax: +41-21-692-3502

[email protected]

Abstract A Triode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is a new cell design that introduces a third electrode creating an auxiliary circuit which is run in electrolysis mode. Applied on anode supported cells, the cathode is doubled while the anode acts simultaneously as the working electrode of the auxiliary circuit (Figure 1). This arrangement allows to work at anode cathode potential differences not reachable in normal operation. Previous tests on electrolyte supported SOFC and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) have shown that under such conditions the power output increases significantly [1]. The novelty of the present study is to test the Triode concept on anode supported SOFC. The goals are to test the actual power output improvement achievable and to develop a mathematical model to explain the experimental results. Operating conditions to be tested were determined varying the anode gas composition (H2/H2O/N2) and the current density in the auxiliary circuit. A two-dimensional isothermal cell model based on composite electrodes has been developed to analyze the experimental results. It solves mass, momentum and charge transport along with electrochemical reactions. It provides the distribution of current, potential and gas-phase composition in the three electrodes. Keywords Triode fuel cell; SOFC-anode supported; Modelling; Design of experiments.




Characterization of Reversible SOFC by Impedance Spectroscopy

Eui-Chol Shin,1 Pyung-An Ahn, 1 Sun-Dong Kim,2 Sang-Kuk Woo, 2 Ji-Haeng Yu, 2 and Jong-Sook Lee 2

1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea

2Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-701, Korea Tel.: +82-62-530-1701 Fax: +82-62-530-1699 [email protected]

Abstract

The electrolysis/load current, and humidity dependence of polarization in archetypal Ni-YSZ/YSZ/LSM solid oxide cells were investigated by impedance spectroscopy. The electrode polarization of the full cell can be separated into diffusion-reaction impedance and gas concentration impedance of both Ni-YSZ and LSM electrodes as well as ohmic contribution. Although strongly overlapped, different polarizations can be distinguished by the characteristic frequency range determined by the kinetic parameters which depend on humidity and electrolysis/load currents. The stray impedance should be properly modeled in the equivalent circuit for the full cell analysis. Gas electrode reaction impedance is modeled by a transmission line model and the surface diffusion coefficients, the reaction constants and utilization length can be obtained. In the SOFC mode, the LSM diffusion-reaction impedance remains constant while the gas concentration impedance of Ni-YSZ cermet decreases with load current. Substantial contribution of the ohmic contribution would not allow the deconvolution of the different polarizations from the I-V characteristics. In the SOE mode, on the other hand, the reaction impedance of LSM decreases with higher electrolysis, which can be attributed to the high oxygen activity generated by the electrolysis. LSM electrode is suggested to be stable and high performance electrode for reversible SOFC. The gas concentration impedance of Ni-YSZ increases strongly with the electrolysis current. For the high humidity as 70% and 90% the gas concentration impedance remains similar in SOFC and SOE modes.




A One-dimensional Modelling Approach for Planar Cylindrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Dario Marra, Marco Sorrentino, Cesare Pianese, Antonio Mennella Department of Industrial Engineering

University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (SA)

Tel.: +39-089964081 Fax: +39-089964037

[dmarra, msorrentino, pianese]@unisa.it

Abstract

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells have gathered a large attention, mainly for the potential applications as stationary power generation and APUs for transportation use (ground, marine, air). The big challenges to promote the diffusion of SOFC-based energy conversion systems are mainly associated to production cost and durability. The production costs of FC stacks depend on technology, materials and design that, in turn, have an impact on the durability as well. On the other hand, on field performance and reliability of the FC systems (i.e. stack and BoP) depend also on the control and diagnosis strategies adopted. According to the most advanced methodologies, both control and diagnostic algorithms must be designed with large recourse to simulation models. It is worth noting that two different modelling approaches may be used: models with complete physical description of the SOFC cell/stack are suitable for the design phases; whereas approaches with less physical description are useful for real-time, control and diagnosis applications. In this paper a 1-D steady-state model of a planar cylindrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is described. The one-dimensional model allows achieving a satisfactory compromise between the conflicting needs of high model precision and affordable computational burden. The knowledge of the spatial distributions of current, temperature and concentrations of chemical species in the flow direction allows for accurate prediction of cell performance. Moreover, the high physical content guaranteed by a 1-D approach provides considerable flexibility to account for different cell geometries, materials and fuel compositions. On the other hand, the integration of the governing equations in one dimension only results in a significant reduction of computational time. Therefore, the recourse to a 1-D model is particularly suited for those problems where computational time may be a constraint, such as optimal cell sizing or control and diagnosis strategies design. T no evidence of the adoption of a 1-D modelling approach for cylindrical cell configuration. Such originality further strengthens the positive validation outcomes achieved via comparison with more complex and time-consuming multi-dimensional models The SOFC 1-D model developed has been applied for both co-flow and counter-flow configurations, fed with either hydrogen or reformate methane. The computational domain selected is a symmetrical single cell slice with an angle of twenty degrees (i.e. one eighteen of the entire cell). The cell has been divided into computational units in the radial



direction, for each of them energy, mass and electrochemical conservation equations have been solved. The cell is considered non-adiabatic with heat conduction inside the solid material and convective-radiative heat transfer mechanism between the outer section and the surrounding gases. Moreover, at the cell outlet the residual fuel mixes with the surrounding gases and is completely burnt (afterburning). The 1-D model has been validated making use of literature data generated from 3-D model of a planar cylindrical SOFC. The results obtained confirmed the good performance of the proposed model and its applicability in a computational framework for the development of either control or diagnosis algorithm. A great opportunity given by the 1-D model is to limit the recourse to long and expensive experimental campaigns. On the other hand, the model can simulate critical cell operations, which may be difficult to reproduce on an experimental bench or may lead to rapid cell degradation.




Development of an Open Source SOFC R&D Test Cell

Ross Bailey Greenlight Innovation Corp.

104A 3430 Brighton Ave., Burnaby BC Canada

Tel.: +1 604 676 4012 Fax: +1-604 676 4111

[email protected]

Abstract

An open source SOFC R&D test cell was developed to aid labs in the development of SOFC technology and for demonstration. The cell/stack was developed with an open architecture concept such that it can be disassembled and modified as required by researchers. This allows labs not to have to invest in a cell/stack architecture unless it is part of their research program. The planer cell design is based on the IEA model architecture with a 100 cm2 active area. The cell/stack was modified to improve performance and functionality. The project was led by Greenlight Innovation in conjunction with the National Research Center (NRC) in Vancouver Canada. The cell compliments an existing line of PEM, SOFC button cell and flow battery R&D test hardware. Project scope included: Design repeating interconnect, Specify materials and coating, design of end plates, fabricate single cell, test and refine as required, expand to 5 cell stack, assemble stack, test stack. Initial testing of the single cell yielded and OCV from 1.07V to 1.09 V from beginning to the end of the test. Fuel utilisation reached ~35%. Peak current reached only 144 mA/cm² @ 800°C and 110 mA/cm² @ 750°C. Further a 6% degradation was observed during our 100 hour hold at 0.7 V. In comparing these results with our expectations the OCV value was above our target of 1V and close to optimum value (1.1V), fuel utilisation is reasonable but low. We expected 50 to 75% and attributed the difference to leaks. Performance is generally lower than targeted most likely due to contact resistance. Following an investigation, design changes were made to the cell and single cell testing was repeated. Once the single cell test results met target expectations, the cell was built as a 5 cell stack. Testing of the stack has yet to be completed but results will be presented and compared to design targets. The presentation describes the project from initial conception through design, testing and iterative changes. Test data is presented along with design models and photographs.



A1322

Assessing the effect of electrochemically driven non-uniformities of heat flux in a microtubular fuel cell on

mSOFC temperature distribution

Paulina Pianko- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering

Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin

al. Piastów 42 71-065 Szczecin/Poland

Tel.: +48-91-449-4731 Fax: +48-91-449-4642

[email protected]

Abstract

The general objective of our research was to develop a comprehensive model for the numerical modelling of a microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (mSOFC) stack based on an electrochemical fuel cell model coupled with a stack model via thermal boundary conditions. The heat flux obtained from the electrochemical model of a single mSOFC was implemented into the mSOFC stack model to take into account electrochemically-driven non-uniformities of the stack temperature. In this way, a spectrum of interactions was covered such as an impact of the neighbouring fuel cells of the stack on the air flow and temperature distributions. The cathode gas volume formed the computational domain at the stack level. To evaluate the mSOFC heat flux profiles the Membrane-Electrode Assembly (MEA) approach model was used at the single fuel cell level. Electrochemistry and charge transfer in the porous electrodes were taken into account by the standard ANSYS Fluent approach assuming electrochemical reactions to take place at the electrode-electrolyte interface.



A1323

SOCTESQA - Solid Oxide Cell and Stack Testing, Safety and Quality Assurance

C. Auer1, M. Lang1, K. Couturier2, E.R. Nielsen3, S.J. McPhail4, G. Tsotridis5, Q. Fu6 1German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics

Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 D-70569 Stuttgart/Germany

Tel.: +49-711-6862-605 Fax: +49-711-6862-747

[email protected] 2CEA (France); 3DTU (Denmark); 4ENEA (Italy); 5JRC (Belgium); 6EIFER (Germany)

Abstract

Many research facilities and industrial companies worldwide are engaged in the development and the improvement of solid oxide fuel cells/stacks (SOFC) and also of solid oxide electrolysis cells/stacks (SOEC). However, the successful application of fuel and electrolysis cells/stacks in real world conditions requires reliable assessment, testing and prediction of performance and durability. Therefore the EU- has started at the beginning of May 2014 with the aim to develop uniform and industry wide test procedures and protocols for SOC cell/stack assembly. The paper presents the main objectives, the consortium, the structure, the work packages and the workflow plan of the project. The project builds on experiences gained in the FCTESTNET , FCTESQA series of projects taking up the methodology developed there. It will address new application fields which are based on the operation of the SOFC cell/stack assembly in the fuel cell and in the electrolysis mode, e.g. stationary SOFC µ-CHP, mobile SOFC APU and SOFC/SOEC power to gas systems. The test procedures will include current-voltage curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and long term tests both under steady state and dynamic operating conditions. The project partners are from different countries in Europe: German Aerospace Center (DLR), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Joint Research Centre European Commission (JRC) from Belgium and European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER) from Germany. All of them have long-term experience in the development, testing and harmonization of solid oxide cells/stacks. The project will have a clear structure based on an initial definition and specification phase, the development of generic test modules, the corresponding experimental validation phases, the review of the test procedures and finally the definition of the corresponding test protocols. Moreover, the project will address safety aspects, liaise with standards developing organizations (SDO) and establish contact with industrial practice. This collaborative project will essentially help to accelerate the development and the market penetration of hydrogen and fuel cell (H2&FC) energy systems in Europe.


SOE cells and stacks Chapter 16 - Session B13 - 1/20

Chapter 16 - Session B13 SOE cells and stacks


B1301 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Performance characterization of solid oxide cells under high pressure 2

B1302 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Long-Term Operation of Electrolyte Supported Solid-Oxide Cells in the Steam Electrolyser Mode 3

B1303 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Experimental evaluation of controlled gas leakages effects in SOFC and SOE modes 4

B1304 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Electrochemical performances of a Single Repeat unit (SRU) in steady-state and transient electrolysis operation at intermediate temperature 5

B1305 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Durable solid oxide electrolysis cells for hydrogen production 6

Operational Robustness Studies of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stacks 7

B1307 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

SOE stack activities at CEA 8

B1308 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Transient Operation of a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Stack 9

B1309 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 10

High temperature Metal/ metal oxide battery 10

B1310 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Control strategies for an 1 kW SOFC-System for power generation from biogas 12

B1312 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Numerical Study of Solid Oxide Redox Flow Battery Geometric Effects on Charge/Discharge Operation 13

B1313 ................................................................................................................................... 14

CO2-H2O reduction in tubular solid oxide electrolysers 14

B1314 ................................................................................................................................... 15

Fabrication and characterization of microtubular SOEC in coelectrolysis mode 15

B1315 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 16

Thermal and Electrical Load Cycling Test of SOEC Stack for Hydrogen Production in TMSR 16

B1316 ................................................................................................................................... 17

Development and Characterisation of Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cells (SOEC) 17

B1317 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 18

Development of Tubular Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells 18

B1318 ................................................................................................................................... 19

Non-Pt Catalysts for Intermediate Temperature Water Electrolysis 19

B1319 ................................................................................................................................... 20

Influence of ceria buffer layer on redox anode supported cell performance tested with LSC-based cathodes 20



B1301

Performance characterization of solid oxide cells under high pressure

Xiufu Sun, Alfredo Damiano Bonaccorso, Christopher Graves, Sune Dalgaard Ebbesen, Søren Højgaard Jensen, Anke Hagen, Peter Holtappels, Peter Vang

Hendriksen, Mogens Bjerg Mogensen Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark


Tel.: +45 4677-5630 Fax: +45 4677-5858

[email protected]

Abstract

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) offer a great potential for large scale conversion of renewable electrical energy into chemical energy via electrolysis of H2O and CO2 to produce syngas (H2 + CO). The produced syngas can be further catalytically converted into various gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon fuels, which is normally performed at high pressure to achieve a high yield. Operation of SOECs at elevated pressure will therefore facilitate integration with the downstream fuel synthesis and is furthermore advantageous as it increases the cell performance. In this work, recent pressurised test results of a planar Ni-YSZ (YSZ: Yttria stabilized Zirconia) supported solid oxide cell are presented.

The test was performed at 800 C at pressures up to 15 bar. A comparison of the electrochemical performance of the cell at 1 and 3 bar shows a significant and equal performance gain at higher pressure in both fuel cell mode and electrolysis mode. In electrolysis mode at low current density, the performance improvement was counteracted by the increase in open circuit voltage, but it has to be born in mind that the pressurised gas contains higher molar free energy. Operating at high current density is in particular more beneficial when operating the SOEC at increased pressure.



B1302

Long-Term Operation of Electrolyte Supported Solid-Oxide Cells in the Steam Electrolyser Mode

Annabelle Brisse a, Josef Schefold a, Andreas Glauche b a European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER)

Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany, b Kerafol Keramische Folien GmbH,

Koppe-Platz 1, D-92676 Eschenbach/Germany Tel.: +49-721-6105-1320 Fax: +49-721-6105-1332 [email protected]

Abstract

Steam-electrolysis over 8000 h with an electrolyte supported solid oxide cell (SOC) is reported. The large area cell (45 cm2) consists of a scandia/ceria doped zirconia electrolyte (6Sc1CeSZ), CGO diffusion-barrier/adhesion layers, a lanthanum strontium cobaltite ferrite (LSCF) oxygen electrode, and a nickel steam/hydrogen electrode. Initial short term operation was done under current densities of j = -0.5 and -0.7 Acm-2 during 1000 and 1500 h, respectively. Thereafter, the current density magnitude was increased to |j| = 0.9 Acm-2, a high value for long-term SOC testing in general, independent of the operation mode, fuel cell or electrolyser cell. A steam conversion rate of 51 % for j = -0.9 Acm-2 led to an initial cell voltage of 1.2 V for 847°C cell temperature. The cell is operated so far during more than 5500 h at that current density (running experiment) with an about linear voltage degradation of 0.5 %/1000 h (7 mV/1000 h). Cell degradation is below the lowest available values for (H2) electrode supported cells measured under similar current density and similar or lower steam conversion. An operation time of several years, sufficient for practical electrolyser demonstration, is extrapolated with improved reliability due to the long testing time. The initial cell voltage of the electrolyte supported cell is ~0.2 V above the one of typical (H2) electrode supported cells; however, the difference diminishes during long-term operation as consequence of lower degradation. Moreover, the rather stable cell voltage close to the thermal neutral voltage (Uth ~1.3 V) will facilitate the thermal management in the cell-stack environment. Impedance spectroscopy was applied in-situ (i.e. without interrupting the steady-state DC current) for degradation analysis. In the available measurement frequency range (up to ~10 kHz) degradation was found to be only caused by an increasing ohmic resistance attributable mainly (if not completely) to a decrease of ionic conduction in the electrolyte. No indication for (non-ohmic) electrode degradation could be detected (for j = -0.9 Acm-2).



B1303

Experimental evaluation of controlled gas leakages effects in SOFC and SOE modes

B. Morel, A. Moutte, M. Reytier French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission CEA-LITEN

17, rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 9


Abstract Gas leakages in a SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) or SOE (Solid Oxide Electrolysis) stacks are considered as one of the major events that leads to degradation of long term performances. In SOFC mode it can induce local anode oxidation, current limitations (voltage drop) and an increase of the local temperature. Even if it can easily be detected by a decrease of OCV under pure H2, there are few strategies to recover gas tightness and performances. In SOE mode gas leakages can also be responsible for local cathode oxidation, decrease of H2 production, and increase of the local temperature. However it is not easy to detect it by OCV changes because of the large amount of steam. These degradations caused by gas leakages are considered as irreversible. A dedicated experimental setup with a circular geometry is developed to implement controlled gas leakages and evaluate their impact on cell performances. In a glass-sealed H2/H2O chamber, four capillary tubes are implemented along the diameter of the cell in order to introduce by purpose a localised O2/N2 mixture. The flow rate of O2/N2 is controlled and localised on the surface of the cermet, allowing qualifying and quantifying its impact on OCV and performances of the cell in SOFC and SOE modes. It appears that OCV is more impacted in SOFC mode than in SOE mode due to the use of pure H2 in SOFC. In the two modes gas leakages near the inlet induce a more pronounced decrease of the OCV. When I-V curves are plotted in SOFC mode it is shown that cell performance is decreased by a decrease of the limit current and it is more impacted when the gas leakage is generated near the inlet. In SOE mode I-V curves are artificially improved by adding a small amount of O2/N2 that generates additional steam and especially near the inlet. This result emphasizes the need of carefully measuring H2 production at the outlet when tests are performed in SOE mode.



TNV

OCV

TNV

OCV

1.5V

OCV

1.5V

OCV

TNV

OCV

TNV

OCV

1.5V

OCV

1.5V

OCV

B1304

Electrochemical performances of a Single Repeat unit (SRU) in steady-state and transient electrolysis

operation at intermediate temperature

Karine Couturier, André Chatroux, Thomas Donnier-Maréchal, Stéphane Di Iorio,

Aude Brevet and Florence Lefebvre-Joud CEA-LITEN, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 / France

Tel.: +33-4-38-78-91-41 Fax: +33-4-38-78-41-39 [email protected]

Abstract

In the ADEL European project, Intermediate Temperature Steam Electrolyser concept (ITSE) has been developed based on solid oxide electrolysis technology. By decreasing operating temperature, optimization of the electrolyser lifetime is expected while maintaining satisfactory performance level and high energy efficiency at the complete system level. In this context, the relevance of ITSE was assessed from the cell to the stack level via a SRU step based on performance and durability testing. When coupled with renewable energy sources, the electrolyser is operated in transient conditions depending on the electricity demand and storage. This study presents SRU electrochemical results under ITSE steady-state but also load cycling operation at 700°C. This SRU included an optimized electrode supported cell, thick interconnects made of Crofer® 22 APU coated by efficient protective and contact layers. Various load cycling between Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) and ThermoNeutral (TNV) or exothermal Voltage have been applied with various speeds of current change (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Load cycling profiles applied in ITSE operation at 700°C.

High initial performances have been achieved: current density and steam conversion rate as high as -1.15 A/cm² and 74% respectively were measured at thermoneutral voltage. Then, steady-state operation, carried out at -1 A/cm² (e.g. near thermoneutral voltage) and 64% of steam conversion over 1000 hours, led to voltage degradation rate of 6-7%/kh. Finally, it appears that the ddegradation for the tested conditions, which validates the transient operation.



B1305

Durable solid oxide electrolysis cells for hydrogen production

Xiufu Sun, Ming Chen, Peter Vang Hendriksen and Mogens Bjerg Mogensen Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark


Tel.: +45 4677-5630 Fax: +45 4677-5858

[email protected]

Abstract

Solid oxide cell (SOC) for electrolysis application has attracted great interest in recent years due to its high power-to-gas efficiency and capability of co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 for syngas (H2 + CO) production. The demonstration of durable solid oxide electrolysis cell operation for fuel production is required for promoting commercialization of the SOEC technology. In this work, we report a recent 4400 hours test of a state-of-the-art Ni-YSZ electrode supported SOEC cell. The cell consists of a Ni-YSZ (YSZ: yttria stabilized zirconia) support and active fuel electrode, an YSZ electrolyte layer, a CGO (Gd doped ceria) inter-diffusion barrier layer and a LSCF-CGO (LSCF: lanthanum ferrite doped with strontium and cobalt) oxygen electrode layer. The electrolysis test was carried out at 800 °C under 1 A/cm2 with 90 % H2O + 10 % H2 supplied to Ni-YSZ electrode compartment. The results show that except for the first 250 hours fast initial degradation, for the rest of the testing period, the cell showed rather stable performance with an moderate degradation rate of around 25 mV/1000 h. The electrochemical impedance spectra show that both serial resistance and polarization resistance of the cell increased during the durability test. Further analyses of the cell impedance show that both the LSCF-CGO electrode and Ni-YSZ electrode degraded and the degradation was dominated by that of the Ni-YSZ electrode. Post-mortem analysis on the Ni-YSZ electrode revealed loss of percolation between Ni-Ni grains and changing of porosity inside the active layer. The degree of these microstructural changes becomes less and less severe along the hydrogen-steam flow path. The present test results show that this type of cell can be used for early demonstration electrolysis at 1A/cm2. Future work should be focus on reducing the high initial degradation rate and improving the long term durability.



B1306

Operational Robustness Studies of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stacks

Karen Wonsylda, Lone Bechb, Jens Ulrik Nielsena, Claus Friis Pedersenb

a Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S / b Haldor Topsoe A/S Nymøllevej 66

Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Tel.: +45-41964561 [email protected]

Abstract

Stacks of solid oxide cells which can be run as both electrolysers and fuel cells have been tested for robustness towards simulations of stress conditions which are likely to occur during operation of solid oxide electrolysis systems, for which the energy supply comes from renewable sources, such as wind mills and solar cells. Such conditions are thermo mechanical stress conditions as well as loss of fuel and air supply. The cells have Ni/YSZ fuel electrodes, YSZ electrolytes, and LSCF oxygen electrodes with a CGO barrier layer. In the stacks the cells are separated by chromium rich steel interconnects. The robustness tests of stacks are one step in the development of a SOECCore; the core component in a SOEC system, including one or more SOEC stacks, heaters, heat exchangers, insulation, and feed troughs.



B1307

SOE stack activities at CEA

Stéphane Di Iorio, Marie Petitjean, Julien Petit, André Chatroux, Georges Gousseau, Jérôme Aicart, Myriam De Saint Jean, Jérôme Laurencin,

Magali Reytier, Julie Mougin Univ. Grenoble Alpes

CEA, LITEN 17 rue des Martyrs

F-38054 Grenoble, France Tel.: +33-4-3878-5745 Fax: +33-4-3878-5891 [email protected]

Abstract

High Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE), based on solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) is a very promising way to produce massively hydrogen with high efficiencies. This technology also allows producing (H2 + CO) by electrolyzing a mix of steam and CO2. This syngas constitutes the basic unit to obtain further synthetic fuels as storage of renewable energies. But if the main HTSE challenges are still to increase performances and durability to decrease the cost, the co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide has also to manage the output ratio H2 versus CO according to the targeted fuel. With these purposes, a thin stack is proposed, including advanced cells with LSCo anode and also new sealing solutions. This stack design leads to high level of performances up to -1.8 A/cm² at the thermoneutral voltage at 800°C for a 100 cm² active surface. Despite significant pressure drops, this sealing configuration, based on mica and ceramic glass, allows collecting 100% of the gas production. Moreover, this stack design is able to run without any anodic gas sweep. The performances of this design are presented both in steam electrolysis mode and in co-electrolysis mode at 25-cells stack level. A focus is realized on this stack design that produces 1.7 Nm3/h of hydrogen at 800°C below 1.3V for all the cells and a steam conversion of 50%. Finally, for several co-electrolysis conditions, the output compositions are analyzed and discussed, by comparing with simulations.



B1308

Transient Operation of a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Stack

Qingxi Fu (1), Jakob Bomhard (1), Annabelle Brisse (1), Dario Montinaro (2) and Niels Christiansen (3)

(1) European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER), Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

(2) SOFCpower SpA, V.le Trento, 115/117, 38017 Mezzolombardo, Trento, Italy (3) Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Nymøllevej 66, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

Tel.: +49-721-6105-1459 Fax: +49-721-6105-1332

[email protected]

Abstract

Hydrogen production through water electrolysis can be used to store surplus renewable electricity in fuels in a large scale and for a long period of time, which is considered necessary to increase significantly the grid penetration of wind or solar power. Coupling electrolysis directly with intermittent renewable electricity dictates the operation of electrolyzers under transient conditions. In comparison to alkaline and PEM electrolyzers, high temperature electrolyzers based on solid oxide cells can offer a higher energy conversion efficiency. However, the capability of transient operation of solid oxide electrolyzers remains to be approved. In the present work an electrolyzer stack containing five solid oxide cells has been operated under current cycling conditions (totally 6 blocks of cycling for an accumulated duration of over 720 h) after a static operation phase of 1000 h. Two cycling speeds have been applied simulating either an ON/OFF operation mode or a slowly changing power input. Three cycling depths with different maximum current densities have been used to evaluate the thermal effect. Results indicate that the stack can tolerate well the first 4 blocks of cycling operation where the maximum current density was -0.6 A cm-2. The last 2 blocks of cycling between 0 and -0.84 A cm-2 led to most probably unstable electrical contacts of two repeating units in the stack, which could be caused by the strong temperature oscillation induced by the high operating voltage at the maximum current density. Since such kind of extremely exothermal conditions can be avoided by operating the stack close to the thermoneutral mode, the present work has shown preliminarily the feasibility to operate solid oxide electrolyzers under transient conditions.




High temperature Metal/ metal oxide battery

Isabelle Keller and L.G.J de Haart Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH

Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung 9 (IEK-9) Wilhelm-Jonen-Straße

52428 Jülich Tel.: +49-2461-61-8841 Fax: +49-2461-61-9550

[email protected]

Abstract

In future there will be a strong demand of a large capacity rechargeable battery to store electrical energy for long-term stationary applications (e.g. from renewable power sources) [1]. A high temperature metal/metal oxide battery is a combination of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology with a metal/metal oxide storage system [2]. Such a type of battery promises charging and discharging capacities of more than 250 W/cm2 [3]. The solid oxide cell (SOC) must be able to run in a fuel cell and electrolysis mode. The cell performance and behavior at operating conditions should be well known for obtaining a long and stable cycle lifetime of such a battery system. The cell behavior at fuel cell and electrolysis mode was investigated at 800 °C as function of humidities. Current-voltage measurements at different humidity show that high electrical-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiencies are achieved. For example in single cell tests current densities around -1.8 A/cm2 at cell voltage of 1.4 V and 800 °C for the electrolysis mode were reached. In addition the cells show stable current-voltage curves during cycling between fuel cell and electrolysis mode at short cycling times between 2.5 h and 5 h. The results also show that the amount of steam content is the limiting factor for the electrolysis mode. At least a strong efficiency loss below 50 % steam content can be observed. In future current-voltage measurement will be coupled with impedance spectroscopy, in order to identify the different loss terms in cell behavior during the fuel cell and electrolysis mode. [1] A. Brisse, J. Schefold, M. Zahid, Int J Hydrogen Energ 33 (2008) (20) 5375. [2] A. Inoishi, S. Ida, S. Uratani, T. Okano, T. Ishihara, Rsc Adv 3 (2013) (9) 3024. [3] W.W. Drenckhahn, H. Greiner, M. Kühne, H. Landes, A. Leonide, K. Litzinger, C.

Lu, C. Schuh, J. Shull, T. Soller, ECS Transactions 50 (2013) (45) 125.



Fig.1: Cycling experiments of two different single cells a) III 0715-3 and b) II 0099-2 for 10 cycles at 50 % steam content and 800 °C.



B1310

Control strategies for an 1 kW SOFC-System for power generation from biogas

Jana Oelze, Andreas Lindermeir, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich Clausthaler Umwelttechnik-Institut GmbH

Leibnizstrasse 21+23 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld

Tel.: +49(0)5323 / 933-159 Fax: 49(0)5323 / 933-100

[email protected]

Abstract

Electrical power generation from biogas is a constantly growing market in Germany but suffers from low electrical efficiency below 40 % in the power range less than 100 kWe [1]. Fluctuating quality and/or low CH4 content reduce operation hours and economical and ecological benefit. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems provide electrical efficiencies above 50 % even for small-scale units or low-calorific biogas. In collaboration with The Fuel Cell Research Center ZBT GmbH, Duisburg, CUTEC has developed a biogas fed SOFC-system with an electrical power output between 850 and 1,000 We and demonstrated electrical gross efficiencies between 48 and 59 %, depending on the CH4 content. Reformate gas was generated by a combined steam and dry-reforming process of CH4, using the intrinsic CO2 of the biogas and supplemental water, added from external sources. Stable operation was confirmed during a 500 h test with synthetic biogas. The control strategy has to handle the existing fluctuations in the biogas composition. Different approaches have been evaluated for the given SOFC system concept. To determine their influence on power output and system efficiency four options were experimentally tested for synthetic biogas mixtures containing between 50 and 80 Vol.-% CH4:

a) Constant flow rates of biogas and water b) Constant flow rate of biogas and control of water flow rate for a constant

O/CRef c) Control of biogas flow rate for constant chemical power input and constant

water flow rate d) Control of biogas flow rate for constant chemical power input and control of

water flow rate for a constant O/CRef Each control mode demands for specific measurement and testing technologies, thus influencing system complexity and costs. The presentation will compare the electrical power output and system efficiency for the different control strategies. In addition, economical implications of power generation with SOFC-systems compared with common CHP units will be discussed.



B1312

Numerical Study of Solid Oxide Redox Flow Battery Geometric Effects on Charge/Discharge Operation

Hiroko Ohmoria,b and Hiroshi Iwaib a Corporate R&D Headquarters, Konica Minolta, Inc.,

1-2, Sakura-Machi, Takatsuki city, Osaka/Japan Tel.: +81 72-685-6140 Fax: +81 72-685-3762

[email protected] b Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University,

Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto/Japan

Abstract A time-dependent 2-D numerical simulation was performed on a solid oxide redox flow battery (SORFB), a kind of metal-air batteries, in order to reveal the fundamental characteristics of this new system. SORFB is a rechargeable battery consisting of a solid oxide electrochemical cell (SOEC) and packed iron particles as redox metal. The simulation considers heat and mass transfer in the system taking both electrochemical and redox reactions into account. The numerical results clearly showed the spatial and temporal changes of temperature field associated with the change of the current density distribution. They were obtained as results of combined effects of heat generation/absorption by the electrochemical and redox reactions and heat release by air convection. Another important factor is the distribution of gas species concentration. As the capacity of the battery is proportional to the amount of iron, an increase of the battery capacity inevitably increase the thickness of the iron part. The gas diffusion through this porous iron part becomes more limited. Since the gas concentration directly affects the hydrogen generation rate by iron redox reaction, this geometric change of the porous iron part has an impact on performance of the SOEC. It was also found that the active reaction region in redox metal evolutes with time



B1313

CO2-H2O reduction in tubular solid oxide electrolysers

Lisa Kleiminger, Tao Li, Kang Li and Geoff Kelsall Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, UK


Abstract

(Micro-)tubular solid oxide electrolysers (MT-SOE) with YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) or ScSZ (scandia-stabilized zirconia) electrolytes have been used for co-electrolysis of steam and CO2 to produce syngas:

Ni-YSZ Cathode: 2

2 2CO e CO O and 2

2 22H O e H O (1)

Electrolyte: electrolyte2 21 cathode anodeO O (2)

La(1-x)SrxMnO3 YSZ Anode: 2

2

14 2

2O e O (3)

Overall: 2 2 2 2

1

2CO H O CO H O (4)

Electrical energy consumption (we) depends linearly on cell potential difference (U):

-1

2 6

2 1 / kW h mol CO

3.6 10

eFU

w H (5)

e and to decrease capital costs by developing novel electrolyser fabrication processes for MT-SOEs. This involved a phase inversion process (Fig. 1) to co-extrude NiO-YSZ|YSZ hollow fibre substrates, prior to co-sintering, anode deposition and infiltration of cathode catalyst(s). Performance data for these MT-SOEs (Fig. 2) will be presented.

Fig. 1: Phase inversion process for fabrication of cathode-supported MT-SOE precursors.

Fig. 2: Ni-YSZ|YSZ|LSM-YSZ|LSM hollow fibre electrolyser.



B1314

Fabrication and characterization of microtubular SOEC in coelectrolysis mode

H. Monzón, M.A. Laguna-Bercero, V. M. Orera Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza)

C/ Maria de Luna 3 Zaragoza (Spain) Tel.: +34 876 555223

[email protected]

Abstract

Simultaneous H2O and CO2 electrolysis, namely coelectrolysis, has been attracting attention lately as it offers the possibility of producing syngas from CO2 waste and steam. High temperature electrolysis offers lower electricity consumption compared to conventional low temperature electrolysis. This technology is particularly advantageous when coupled with another process able to provide waste heat, as the higher the electrolysis temperature the higher the heat-to-electric energy ratio required for the process. Solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOEC) are basically solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) operating in regenerative mode. We have fabricated a series of electrode supported microtubular cells based on optimized design from previous studies and characterized them in coelectrolysis mode. The cell used in present experiments was an electrode supported microtubular SOFC. Nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) tubes were shaped by plastic extrusion molding. Thin YSZ electrolyte and LSM-YSZ (lanthanum-strontium doped manganite) cathode were added by successive dip coating and sintering steps at 1500°C and 1150°C, respectively.

Cells were electrically contacted using platinum wire and paste and sealed to alumina tubes for gas input and output. Coelectrolysis was tested on a small tubular furnace at

850°C, feeding the cell with different gas flows containing steam, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

and hydrogen in different fractions. Current density voltage and electrochemical impedance spectra measurements were recorded using a VSP Potentiostat/Galvanostat and output gas was analyzed using a gas chromatograph. Area specific resistance was calculated from recorded data as a function of inlet gas composition, yielding values

2 when steam and CO2 2 for the diluted

composition. The hydrogen and carbon monoxide content in the output gas is in a good agreement with the gas shift reaction equilibrium. Faraday efficiency was close to 100% on the studied conditions, meaning that little or no conduction takes place through the electrolyte. Additionally the electrolyte conduction threshold was found close to 1.7V in the diluted feeding conditions.




Thermal and Electrical Load Cycling Test of SOEC Stack for Hydrogen Production in TMSR

Cheng-Zhi Guan, Guo-Ping Xiao, Xin-Bing Chen, Jian-Qiang Wang Center for Thorium Molten Salt Reactor System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,

Chinese Academy of Sciences 2019 Jia Luo Road, Jiading district, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China

Tel.: +86-21-3919-4510 Fax: +86-21-3919-4148

[email protected]

Abstract

Hydrogen production from nuclear heat is an effective technology to convert nuclear energy to flexible chemical energy. As one of the key issues in the Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR) Nuclear Energy System project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, High Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE) research is carried out in Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP) for hydrogen production. A 30-cell hydrogen electrode-supported planar Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell (SOEC, Ni-YSZ|YSZ|LSM-YSZ) stack was tested under galvanostatic electrolysis mode [800 oC, -0.25 A/cm2, p(H2O)/p(H2)=0.8/0.2] for more than 250 hours, including a thermal cycle and a electrical load cycle. A significant passivation occurred in the first few hours and a relaxation during the thermal cycle was observed. Before the cycling test, several factors which had important effects on the performance of the SOEC stack were investigated. And post-montem tests of the cells, including XRD, SEM and EDS characterizations, were taken to analyze the possible reasons leading to the severe degradation. Cracks of the cells mainly existed in the cross section of the steam inlet and air outlet, owing to the nonuniform distribution of the temperature in this area.

Fig.1 Durability test of a 30-cell SOEC stack



B1316

Development and Characterisation of Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cells (SOEC)

Michael P. Hoerlein (1), Günter Schiller (1), Frank Tietz (2) (1) German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics

Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany (2) Forschungszentrum Jülich (JÜLICH), D-52425 Jülich, Germany


Abstract

High temperature electrolysis has a great potential for the efficient production of hydrogen or syngas. For a further development of this promising technology, development work on materials and cells as well as extensive operational experience is still needed. A main objective is to develop highly efficient and long-term stable cells and stacks using novel electrode materials and to improve the degradation behaviour by elucidating the relevant degradation mechanisms. To this aim, German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Forschungszentrum Jülich (JÜLICH) who have both long experience in the development of SOFC/SOEC technology started a

storage and conversion. A new test bench has been installed which allows measuring polarisation curves of 4 cells simultaneously under relevant SOFC and SOEC conditions as well as performing long-term durability measurements. The experimental setup for electrochemical cell characterisation is described and results of electrochemical measurements performed at different operational conditions, such as different steam content and operating temperature, are presented. Additionally long-term degradation experiments were conducted and the behaviour of the cells within the first few hundred hours is displayed.




Development of Tubular Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

Tohru Kato, Yohei Tanaka, Sho Nakamura, Susumu Nagata, Akihiko Momma, Takeo Honda and Akira.Negishi

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Central 2 1-1-1, Umezono Tsukuba / Ibaraki/Japan

Tel.: +81-29-861-5800 Fax: +81-29-861-5805

[email protected]

Abstract Possibility of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) to produce hydrogen and methane with high efficiency is investigated. Slurry coating method for fabricating tubular solid oxide electrolysis cells operated at 700~800oC is developed. To improve cell performance at the low temperature, the thickness of the electrolyte layer is tried controlling about 10µm. By using this process, the SOEC stack whose input power is about 100 W is fabricated and its performance is measured. From the measurement, it is clarified that the hydrogen production rate at 750oC goes up to 678 sccm (3.08 sccm/cm2) at the thermoneutral voltage and steam utilization of 75 %. Furthermore, cell performance of methane production from steam and carbon dioxide is to be measured. From the result these experiments numerical model is created and improving way of cell performance is

discussed.

Figure 1. fabricated 3 x 3

tubular SOEC Stack.

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

Sta

ck

volt

age

/V

403020100

Stack current / A

750 oC700

oC650

oC

32.3A, 3.9V, 75%

24A, 3.9V, 70%

16.5A, 3.9V, 64.2%

S = 220 cm2

Figure 2. Electrolytic performance of SOEC stack.



B1318

Non-Pt Catalysts for Intermediate Temperature Water Electrolysis

Irina Petrushina1, Aleksey Nikiforov1, Klaus Köhler2, Simon Meyer2, Erik Christensen1 and Niels Bjerrum1

(1) Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

(2) Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany

Abstract

The medium temperature electrolysis of water offers an increased possibility of replacing the expensive Pt cathode catalyst which is one of the limiting factors for broad hydrogen production by renewable energy. By introducing a new setup which makes use of molten KH2PO4 as electrolyte, a model system for solid acid membrane electrolyser cells is presented. The use of coated wires as electrodes allowed the measurement of the intrinsic catalytic properties of different transition metal carbides and Pt at 260 °C. It is shown that under these conditions, the activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) follows the

2C > NbC > TaC. Under anodic potentials, all carbides are oxidised, accompanied by a loss in HER activity.



B1319

Influence of ceria buffer layer on redox anode supported cell performance tested with LSC-based

cathodes

Pierre Coquoza, Raphaël Obrista, Issam El Bakkalia, Carolina Grizea, Jesus Ruiza Pascal Brioisb, Alain Billardb and Raphaël Ihringera

aFiaxell Sàrl EPFL Science Parc, PSE A,

1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Tel.: +41-21-647-4838

[email protected] bIRTES-LERMPS, UTBM, EA7274 and FR FCLab, CNRS 3539, Belfort, France

Abstract

Fiaxell Sàrl has developed an anode supported half-cell, the 2R-robustness and reliability upon multiple thermo- and redox-cycles. A 1800 hours test has been carried out on a 2R- of Technology (EPFL). The cell supported 4 redox cycles and 2 thermal cycles, after 1 redox cycle the voltage drop is 4.6%, then 0.8% per cycle. The OCV remained constant during the whole test. Measurements of 2R-order to use LSC-based cathodes, a layer of GDC (ceria layer) is used as buffer layer to protect the YSZ electrolyte. Significant differences in power density are observed between post-sintered and PVD deposited ceria layer. For instance at 0.8V and 780°C, 690 and 800 mW/cm2 are measured respectively, which represents an improvement factor of 1.2. The anode and cathode potentials are also studied separately by measurement of the potential from a reference electrode 2 mm apart from the cathode. Different deposition methods of the ceria layer (co-sintered, post-sintered and other deposition techniques) are discussed in regards of the electrochemical results. The corresponding electrochemical results are presented. SEM images of the ceria layer are included showing the quality of the thin layer and the interface.

www.efcf.com

Chapter 17 - Session B14 SOE systems


B1401 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Synthetic Natural Gas Production via Co-Electrolysis 2

B1402 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Coupling of a Three-Phase Methanation Reactor and a High Temperature Electrolyser using MATLAB Simulink 3

B1403 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Solar Heat and Power for a SOE process 4

B1404 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Modeling and experimental study of the pressure effect on SOEC performances 5

B1405 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Performance and Lifetime of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells and Stacks 6

B1406 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Dynamic reversible SOC applications: Performance and Durability with simulated load/demand profiles 7

B1407 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol via high-temperature co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide: process design and plant energy performance 8

B1408 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Coupling of SOEC in Co-Electrolysis mode and Dimethyl Ether Synthesis 9

B1410 ................................................................................................................................... 10

Theoretical Study on Pressurized Operation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells 10

B1411 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Hydrogen production via nuclear co-generation at Research Center Rez 11

B1412 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Intermittent operation of a high temperature electrolyzer 12


SOE systems Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 2/12

B1401

Synthetic Natural Gas Production via Co-Electrolysis

G. Botta (1), M. Solimeo (1), P. Leone (2), P.V. Aravind (1) (1) P&E, Technische Universiteit Delft, TuDelft,

Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, Netherlands

(2) DENERG, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italia

Tel.: +31619086320 [email protected]

Abstract

One of the solutions offered for energy storage is to convert the excess of electricity coming from intermittent renewable energy sources into syngas, based on the co-electrolysis of water and carbon dioxide. Further processes make possible to produce a wide range of synthetic hydrocarbons. The aim of this work is to investigate the idea of producing synthetic methane to be fed into the natural gas grid. This study is focused on the development of a system model which simulates the high temperature co-electrolysis in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) and the following Methanation processing section until to the final product (synthetic Methane). The plant was designed with the Aspen PlusTM software and thermodynamic and exergetic analysis have been performed. The SOEC system optimization has been achieved considering the best syngas composition feeding the Methanation process; the parameter considered for the analysis is the ratio [(H2-CO2)/(CO+CO2)], and the highest conversion in methane has been reached for a value around 3. For the Methanation section efficiency improvements that can be achieved by changing the configuration and the cooling method of the reactors (when compared to conventional processes) are discussed. The effects of temperature, pressure and other parameters on the overall system efficiency have been investigated through sensitivity analysis. Since Methanation process is strongly exothermic, a thermal integration with the SOEC for the waste heat recovery is possible, and a heat exchanger network has been developed. The percentage of CH4 in the final product obtained with the optimized configuration is higher than 98%.



B1402

Coupling of a Three-Phase Methanation Reactor and a High Temperature Electrolyser using MATLAB Simulink

Régis Anghilante (1), Jonathan Lefebvre (2) (1) EIFER, Emmy-Noether Straße 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe

Tel.: +49-721-6105-1415 Fax: +49-721-6105-1332

[email protected]

(2) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engler-Bunte-Institut I (EBI) Fuel Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1-7 D-76131 Karlsruhe

Tel.: +49 721 608-42568 Fax: +49 721 606-172

Abstract

The increasing part of intermittent electricity produced by the renewables in Germany requires the development of alternative long term storage solutions. In this context, the storage round trip efficiency of Power-to-Gas could be improved using high temperature electrolysis (HTEL), since it shows better theoretical efficiency than the other electrolysis technologies when combined to an external heat source. A static Simulink model of the coupling of a HTEL with a three-phase methanation reactor (3MPR) was developed. The main hypothesis of the static model and the choices of the key parameters such as the working pressures and temperatures were analyzed and discussed. The implemented Power-to-Gas plant for the injection of synthetic methane in the gas grid showed a significantly improved overall efficiency of 68 % LHV. This result is sensibly higher than the values usually found in the literature for similar plants using other electrolysis technologies (44 61 % LHV).



B1403

Solar Heat and Power for a SOE process

Martin Roeb, Anis Houaijia, Nathalie Monnerie, Dennis Thomey Stefan Breuer, Jan Säck and Christian Sattler

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) Institute of Solar Research

Linder Hoehe D-51147 Koeln/Germany

Tel.: +49-2203-601-2673 Fax: +49-2203-601-4141

[email protected]

Abstract

High temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) in a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer (SOE) involves the splitting of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. The primary advantage of HTE over conventional low temperature electrolysis is that considerably higher hydrogen production efficiencies can be achieved. Performing the electrolysis process at high temperatures and high pressure results in more favorable thermodynamics for electrolysis, more efficient production of electricity, and allows direct use of process heat to generate steam. This paper related to the EU-JCH projects ADEL and SOPHIA presents the results of process analyses performed to evaluate the hydrogen production efficiencies of an HTSE plant coupled to a Solar Tower working with steam as heat transfer fluid that supplies both the electricity and process heat needed to drive the process. Running the process with direct steam has the benefit of using a heat transfer fluid well suited to generate electricity in a Rankine cycle as well as feed steam for the HTE. Moreover, this process scheme permits the use of steam as sweep gas for the anode in order to maintain reducing conditions. The power conversion unit will be a Rankine steam cycle with a power conversion of 35%.The electrolyser operates at 700°C and 15 bar and utilizes steam as sweep fluid to remove the excess oxygen that is evolved on the anode side. The sweeping steam can be easily separated at the outlet of the electrolyzer by condensation, which offers the benefit of producing oxygen as a valuable byproduct. The Flowsheet of the process has been created and analyzed in addition to the development of a solar test receiver for steam generation accompanied by modeling of this receiver. tube-type test receiver was developed and tested lux solar simulator in Cologne.



B1404

Modeling and experimental study of the pressure effect on SOEC performances

Quentin Cacciuttolo1,2, Julien Vulliet2, Virginie Lair1, Michel Cassir1, Armelle Ringuedé1

1 LECIME, UMR 7575, Chimie ParisTech 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France

2CEA DAM Le Ripault 37260 Monts BP 16 France Tel.: Téléphone LECIME

Fax : 0144276750 [email protected]

Abstract

In order to improve the industrial attractiveness of high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE), the increase in the operating pressure is one of the most promising solutions. In this context, this study is dedicated to the analysis of the pressure influence on the electrochemical reactions occurring in HTSE. Different effects are expected on both sides of the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). For example, a negative thermodynamic effect on water splitting reaction and a large benefit concerning losses due to the difficulty for steam to reach the electrochemical sites are expected. In this study, model and experimental results dealing with the effect of the pressure increase are presented. A model using COMSOL multiphysics® commercial software was developed. Half-cells made of YSZ dense electrolyte and Ni/YSZ cathode or LSCF anode, were considered. This simulation is divided into an elec -Volmer equation) and a mass balance part (Stokes-Brinkman equations, Dusty gas model). Concerning the cathode side, the limiting current density due to the lack of steam is shifted towards higher steam conversion rates by increasing the operating pressure. Regarding the anode side, a negative thermodynamic effect is observed at low current density but no negative effect appears at high current density. Furthermore, the overpressure at the oxygen electrode decreases with the operating pressure (and so the risk of delamination is reduced). At the same time, experimental studies on symmetrical cells with LSM electrodes under pressure were developed. First tests on homemade LSCF electrodes until 20 bars have been carried out a positive effect of the pressure on the oxygen side performances is observed. A parametric study was carried out on this cell to understand which elementary mechanism is affected by pressure. Up to now, some differences were observed between the simulation and the first experimental results. Some parameters, in particularly the elementary reaction mechanisms, have to be refined in the model, in order to adjust the prediction and to fit better the experimental curves.



B1405

Performance and Lifetime of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells and Stacks

Annabelle Brisse, Josef Schefold, Gaël Corre, Qingxi Fu European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER)

Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Tel.: +49-721-6105-1317 Fax: +49-721-6105-1332

[email protected]

Abstract Hydrogen production through water electrolysis is a key process for the conversion of electricity to fuels, which could offer a large scale solution for both energy storage and carbon neutral fuel production. Carbon free hydrogen produced via electrolysis can be used as a fuel for hydrogen powered applications, for grid injection, or as a reactant in downstream processes producing synthetic fuels such as SNG, diesel, or methanol.

High temperature electrolysis can offer significantly higher electrical-to-chemical conversion efficiency as compared to alkaline and PEM electrolyzers, with values in excess of 100%, if thermal energy for evaporation and/or preheating is supplied to the system. High temperature solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOECs) represent, in essence, reversely operated solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Hence, the development of SOECs can benefit from the intensive research carried out for the development of SOFCs in the past decades. Several industrial developers are confident that commercial readiness is achievable within the next 5 years. Nonetheless, efforts are still required to improve and to demonstrate the durability of SOEC systems in both laboratory and field test environments. Obviously the lifetime of high temperature electrolyzer systems will largely be determined by the degradation of the SOEC stack.

EIFER is evaluating various electrolysis technologies and hydrogen utilization pathways with particular attention to high temperature electrolyzers allowing the production of either hydrogen or syngas (CO + H2) to be used for the production of synthetic fuels. Long term tests have so far been performed on cells and stacks up to about 3 kWe power and up to about 9000 hours, aiming to ultimately operate a high temperature electrolyzer system.



B1406

Dynamic reversible SOC applications: Performance and Durability with simulated load/demand profiles

Domenico Ferrero, Andrea Lanzini, Pierluigi Leone, Massimo Santarelli Politecnico di Torino Energy Department (DENERG)

Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino/Italy


Abstract

The study of the dynamic response of reversible systems capable of storing electricity in chemical form and producing electricity from stored fuels is relevant in the perspective of an increase of the demand for balancing in energy networks with high share of renewable electricity sources. Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) may represent a significant technology for the mitigation of the mismatch between electricity generation and consumption by providing a high-efficient and potentially fast-responding energy reserve system. In this work, a three-dimensional model for the prediction of the temperature distribution in the dynamic operation of an electrolyte-supported planar SOC was developed. The model represents a repeating cell unit in a cross-flow stack design and simulates the thermal transient when a current load is applied to the cell. The dynamic behavior of the cell has been investigated by applying different time-dependent current load profiles in both electrolysis (SOEC) and fuel cell (SOFC) modes with variable current gradients. Load ramp gradients between 10 and 75 mA cm-2 min-1 and instantaneous 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 A cm-2 current steps have been simulated. The aim of the simulations is to identify the load ramps that can produce detrimental temperature gradients in the cell. Finally, in order to assess the performance degradation of a SOC under a cyclic load, long-term tests in dynamic conditions were performed on a commercial SOC in electrolysis mode. A constant degradation rate of 0,1 mV/h has been identified in 500 hrs of dynamic load cycling at 0-40% reactant utilization in electrolysis mode with a projected degradation of 9% over 1000 hrs. The aim of the simulations is to identify the load ramps that can produce detrimental temperature gradients in the cell.



B1407

Synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol via high-temperature co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide: process design and plant energy performance

F. Salvatia,b, A. S. Pedersena, P. Leoneb, A. Lanzinib, M. B. Mogensena a Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark,

Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark b Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino,

Italy. Tel.: +39-011-090-4422 [email protected]

Abstract

Long-term storage of fluctuating renewable electricity from wind and solar power may be efficiently achieved by production of hydrocarbons or so-called oxygenates. The production of synthetic fuels recycling back CO2 to the productive energy cycle is an ambitious project to curb our dependence on finite fossil resources. If the energy to split H2O and CO2 comes from affordable renewable energy sources, an economic realistic sustainable pathway is achieved. Especially, wind and solar could enter the transportation sector using the existing infrastructure and transport vehicles. Dimethyl ether, (CH3)2O (DME), which is a volatile diesel type fuel, is particularly suitable as fuel for trucks, ships and airplanes. DME has properties similar to LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) and can use the same infrastructure. DME is not poisonous and it burns without any soot formation. In this work we designed and investigated the energy performance of integrated Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells DME synthesis plants, which are able to produce syngas from high-temperature electrolysis followed by conversion to DME and MeOH in a dedicated catalytic reactor. DME synthesis is carried out in single-step dual-catalyst reactor (Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 -Al2O3) able to exploit the thermodynamic synergy of MeOH de-hydration within the same reactor where methanol is produced. The reactor is operated at approximately 250 °C and high pressure (50 bar) and is fed with syngas available from high-temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2. A Langmuir Hinshelwood kinetic model was used to describe the reactions occurring within the reactor according to studies from [1] and [2]. The impact of SOEC pressurization and temperature on overall plant performance (electricity-to-fuel conversion), as well as the effect of syngas feeding ratio (H2/CO) to DME reactor and recycle of unconverted syngas, were evaluated. Limiting factors (e.g., maximum reactant utilization within the stack to avoid carbon deposition) and optimal design configurations (syngas recycle, thermal integration between SOEC and syngas upgrading unit) were finally identified. Power-to-liquids conversion efficiencies up to 70% (LHV of liquid produced relative to input of electricity) were calculated thus showing the potential of such integrated plants to store efficiently large amounts of renewable energy.



B1408

Coupling of SOEC in Co-Electrolysis mode and Dimethyl Ether Synthesis

M. Solimeo (1), G. Botta (1), P. Leone (2), P.V. Aravind (1) (1) P&E, Technische Universiteit Delft, TuDelft,

Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, Netherlands

(2) DENERG, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italia

Tel.: +39 3290212535 [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

The effort to develop an efficient and smart energy storage pathway becomes fundamental for a further growth of renewable energy sources. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) may represent a promising solution to store into large scale excess renewable energy synthetic fuels. Thanks to an external electrical source, the co-electrolysis of water and carbon dioxide to H2 and CO at high temperatures can be achieved with SOEC devices. The resulting syngas can be then upgraded into a valuable gaseous or liquid fuel. This work aims to build a thermodynamic model able to describe the electrochemical production of syngas by means of an SOEC and a catalytic process for the upgrade of the syngas into DME. The whole system has been optimized after thermodynamic and exergetic analysis. The composition of the syngas is strongly affecting the SOEC design: operating conditions have been chosen in order to reach a H2/CO ratio around 1. Corrections must be taken into accounts for high amounts of CH4. The syngas is then pre-treated and DME is synthesized in a one-step reactor in which both methanol synthesis and dehydration occur. Two different configurations of the overall system have been developed, one with the SOEC at ambient pressure and one with a pressurized stack. The system layout and different operating parameters have been varied in order to find the highest purity of the final DME, trying not to affect the overall efficiency and yield. The global heat demand has been reduced with a waste heat recovery method. From the comparison of the two configurations, we obtained an improvement in the DME content of the final product, reaching a value above 99.6% in mass, which would allow to use this fuel for transportation applications.



B1410

Theoretical Study on Pressurized Operation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, K. Andreas Friedrich, Josef Kallo German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40

70569 Stuttgart Germany


Abstract

With increasing electricity generation from renewable resources, adjusting supply and demand of electrical energy becomes more challenging. One option to use and store excess electrical energy is via water or steam electrolysis. Produced hydrogen is likely to be stored or further processed at elevated pressure. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) promise high electrical efficiency due to their high operating temperature. Previous studies have shown that the performance of solid oxide fuel cells can be significantly improved if operating pressure is increased. Similar effects will also influence the cell if operated in electrolysis mode. If compression of produced hydrogen is necessary anyway (e.g. for storage) it would be reasonable to operate a pressurized SOEC if it improves its performance or is advantageous for system integration. A multi-scale model is used in order to investigate pressure effects on SOEC performance. Electrochemistry is modeled using an elementary kinetic software on cell level. Single cell models are thermally coupled to account for temperature distribution inside a stack. The model was validated in SOFC mode at various operating conditions including operating pressures up to 0.8 MPa. The presentation will show simulation results at different operating pressures. It is analyzed how pressure influences an SOEC on electrochemically active surface, electrode, cell and stack level. Results show that the influence of pressure on SOEC performance is small as different effects exist which compensate for each other.



B1411

Hydrogen production via nuclear co-generation at Research Center Rez

Karin Stehlík1 and Doucek2 1Research Center Rez and 2HYTEP

Hlavní 130 CZ-1543 Husinec-Rez


Abstract The Research Center Rez CVR, close to Prague, is well known in the field of material research for nuclear applications. Within the European infrastructure programme SUSEN a laboratory for testing and manufacturing of high-temperature electrolysis cells will be built up until 2015. The first objective is hydrogen production using coupling to a high-temperature process, e.g. generation IV gas-cooled nuclear reactor. The Research Center Rez is a member of HYTEP, Czech Hydrogen Technical Platform, which brings together all stakeholder interested in hydrogen technologies in the Czech Republic. HYTEP also represents the Czech Republic in other European hydrogen associations. As hydrogen technologies are not a main priority in the Czech Republic it was the responsibility of HYTEP to prepare a national research agenda and an implementation plan for these technologies.



B1412

Intermittent operation of a high temperature electrolyzer

Floriane Petipas, Annabelle Brisse and Chakib Bouallou European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER)

Emmy-Noether Str. 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Tel.: +49-721-6105-1716 Fax: +49-721-6105-1330

[email protected]

Abstract

The conversion of electrical energy into hydrogen is done electrochemically via water electrolysis, which can be performed below 100°C with liquid water using an Alkaline Electrolyzer (AEL) or a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer (PEMEL), or above 500°C with steam using a High Temperature Electrolyzer (HTEL). In the Power-to-Gas context, electrolyzers should be both affordable and able to operate intermittently over a large power range to enable a direct coupling with renewable power. This is presently not the case of AEL and PEMEL, which are however implemented in numerous Power-to-Gas demonstration projects due to their maturity. The HTEL is at the R&D stage, but has attractive potential due to high efficiency and foreseen lower investment cost than low temperature (LT) electrolyzers. HTEL is based on ceramic Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC), which are particularly sensitive to mechanical stresses caused by temperature variations. Yet, the cells temperature is only constant at one specific nominal load, decreases at lower loads and increases at higher loads. Until 2010, research projects focused on the SOEC behavior under steady state conditions: Experiments were carried out at constant load to evaluate the technology performance, whereas modeling works at the system level focused on optimizing the system efficiency through a specific heat recovery system design. With the growing need for storing renewable power and the associated interest towards SOEC, it has become crucial to study the behavior of SOECs when operated outside the nominal operating domain, hence when significant temperature variations occur in the cells. Major challenges have been tackled, leading to the conclusions that an SOEC can be operated over a load range of 1-100% with control strategies. Moreover even by considering external stage of hydrogen compression from 1 bar to 30 bars and electric steam production, the system efficiency reaches 92% vs. HHV, which is higher than for LT electrolyzers. By considering additionally an external heat source for the steam production the system efficiency can reach 110% vs. HHV; thermal control of the SOEC is manageable and has negligible impact on the system efficiency, even in an SOEC system operated intermittently. Thus high temperature electrolysis could be technically used to store renewable electricity. Demonstration projects are now required to validate these results.


Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 1/15

Chapter 18 - Session B15 Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning


B1501 ..................................................................................................................................... 2

SOFC fed with European standard road diesel by an adiabatic pre-reforming fuel processor 2

B1502 ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Fuel and air side subsystems development for SOFC power plant 3

B1503 ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Development of a SOFC-Inverter-System for µCHP and mobile applications with integrated degradation monitoring 4

B1504 ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Micro-reformer for hydrogen-rich gas generation for a portable micro-SOFC system 5

B1505 ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Experimental Investigation of Peripheral Components in a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant 6

B1506 ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Integrated Air Preheater and Anode Off-gas Oxidizer 7

B1507 ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Experimental study on development of a coupled reactor with a catalytic combustor and steam reformer for a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system 8

B1508 ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Nickel based nano-oxyhydride catalysts for hydrogen production from ethanol at room temperature 9

B1509 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 10

Catalytic investigation of Ni-Cu/CGO catalysts in the ATR reaction of methane 10

B1510 ................................................................................................................................... 11

Catalytic bioethanol reforming for SOFC applications 11

B1511 ................................................................................................................................... 12

Stability of the Ni-silica core@shell catalyst for methane tri-reforming 12

B1512 ................................................................................................................................... 13

Application of Macro-Porous Al2O3 as Support Materials in Diesel Reformer for SOFC 13

B1513 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14

Performance and degradation analysis of bio-syngas fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14

B1514 ................................................................................................................................... 15

A new designed plate heat exchanger for cathode air preheating in a 300 W SOFC-System 15



B1501

SOFC fed with European standard road diesel by an adiabatic pre-reforming fuel processor

Nils Kleinohl (1), John Bøgild Hansen (2), Pedro Nehter (3), Hassan Modarresi (2), Ansgar Bauschulte(1), Jörg vom Schloß(1), Klaus Lucka(1)

(1) OWI OEL-WAERME-INSTITUT GmbH, Affiliated Institute RWTH Aachen, Kaiserstrasse 100

D-52134 Herzogenrath (2) HALDOR TOPSØE A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Lyngby

(3) ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems AG / Operating Unit HDW, Werftstr. 112/114, D-24143 Kiel


Abstract In near future ships need more efficient power generation technologies for auxiliary power than used currently. In the project SchIBZ a fuel cell system will be developed as auxiliary power unit (APU). As fuel cell technology solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) will be linked with a fuel processor feed with standard European diesel fuel. The process of adiabatic pre-reforming was chosen because of the advantages in efficiency, simple reactor design and easy control. Overall efficiency of such an APU system will be in the range between 55 % and 60 %. In previous publications it was successfully demonstrated that with a commercial catalyst from Haldor Topsøe A/S standard European diesel fuel could be processed for more than 3000 hours with the process of adiabatic pre-reforming. For combination of such a fuel processor and a SOFC two independent test rigs were built. The first experiments were run without connection of the test-rigs and showed correct operation of the fuel processor. After this both test-rigs were linked and the SOFC modules were fed with product gas from the fuel processor which was fed with standard European diesel fuel.



B1502

Fuel and air side subsystems development for SOFC power plant

Jari Kiviaho Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Fuel cells


Tel.: +358-20-722-5290 Fax: +358-20-722-7048

[email protected]

Ludger Blum (FZJ), Tero Hottinen (Wärtsilä), Marko Pönitz (EBZ), Tuomas Hakala (Wärtsilä), Olivier Bucheli (HTc), Stephan Pofahl (HTc), Roland Denzler (Hexis), Thomas Zählinger (Hexis), Suvi Karvonen (VTT), Yves De Vos (Bosal), Søren Bay (TOFC), Kim Åström (Convion), Martin Hauth (AVL), JÜrgen Rechberger (AVL), and Carlo Strazza (UNIGE)

Abstract

While much effort and resources are devoted to cell and stack issues, less attention has been paid to the balance of plant (BoP), the components and sub-systems required for an operational SOFC power system. Fuel processing, thermal management, humidification, fluid supply, and power electronics are as fundamental to the successful commercialization of fuel cell systems as the cell and stack. This paper presents the main results of the two FCH JU projects called ASSENT and CATION, which were devoted to the development of the fuel and air side subsystems for an SOFC power plant. The ASSENT project focused on finding optimal fuel side subsystem concepts and validating these for small-scale and large-scale SOFC systems for stationary applications. For this purpose conceptual analysis and evaluation of the feasibility of different anode gas recycling solutions was carried out. In addition, sensing techniques were tested, evaluated, and also developed, where the currently available techniques were not sufficient. The CATION project sought to evaluate different process alternatives and to find optimal process and mechanical solutions for the cathode and stack subsystems, with the aim of producing commercially feasible and technologically optimized subsystem solutions for future large-scale atmospheric SOFC systems. Several aspects were considered, namely, electrical efficiency, controllability, reliability, mass production aspects and costs effectiveness of the developed subsystems and individual components. A dedicated cost analysis (DtC) was conducted within both projects to support the understanding of overall commercial feasibility of different process approaches. Consequently, a good understanding on the economies of scale was achieved and it could be concluded that with certain additional stack related development steps a commercially feasible system with an achieved.



B1503

Development of a SOFC-Inverter-System for µCHP and mobile applications with integrated degradation

monitoring

Falk Schröter NOVUM engineerING GmbH

Schnorrstrasse 70 D-01069 Dresden

[email protected]

Abstract

In contrast to a solar-inverter or an inverter for uninterruptible power supplies, a DC-AC-converter for a µCHP or mobile SOFC system is a specialized system component. It has to be adapted according to the stack restriction, stack operating conditions and actual stack life cycle. The common used maximum peak point tracking (MPP) for photovoltaic applications is typically not applicable for SOFC stacks. Therefore there is a need for optimized DC-AC-converters which enable the system designer to adjust the inverter behavior to the requirements of the stack. In detail this incorporates a ramping of the current or voltage and electrical power as well as determining the systems impedance at defined frequencies and operating points. Due to cost reduction needs the number of sensors within the stack and its BOP components will be further reduced. As more than the integration level of systems is increased the accessibility and maintenance of core components will be more and more difficult and costly. At least these two reasons will speed up the development of in-situ analysis for stacks and BOP components. A new inverter system faces these challenges by a modularized structure which allows to design a custom fitting power electronic solution including full flexibility in matching the inverter to the SOFC system. Due to the used circuit topology an extremely reduced ripple current can be guaranteed that is completely controlled by smart self-adaptable digital control algorithms. An integrated impedance spectroscopy enables an online-measurement to determine the state-of-health of the installed stack. This information can be used to derive operation strategies and maintenance cycles. Flexible interface solutions, e.g. Ethernet and serial communication, are used to control the system via the systems main control unit. The most challenging task in multi-stack systems is the equal power distribution within the stacks. For that reason the power system is able to balance 1kW sub-stack units to bring each unit to its optimal operating point and to sum their individual power to deliver it to the external AC or DC load. It is planned to use this system up to 5 kW.



B1504

Micro-reformer for hydrogen-rich gas generation for a

portable micro-SOFC system

D. Pla1, M. Salleras2, I. Garbayo2, A. Morata1, N. Sabaté2, N. J. Divins3, J. Llorca3 and A. Tarancón1

1. Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy

Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor 08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona/Spain

[email protected]

2. IMB-CNM (CSIC), Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, National Center of Microelectronics, CSIC, Campus UAB,

08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona/ Spain 3. INTE, Institut de Tècniques Energètiques,

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Ed. ETSEIB 08028 Barcelona/Spain

Abstract This work reports the design, manufacturing and experimental results of a novel silicon-based micro-reactor for hydrogen generation from various fuels: alcohols or hydrocarbons. The micro-reactor is fabricated with well-established microfabrication technologies ensuring a cost-effective, high reproducibility and reliability. The design of the micro-reactor is based on an array of more than 4x104 vertical micro-channels perfectly aligned crossing a 500- substrate and through which the fuel flows. The projected area of the micro-reactor is 15x15 mm2, while the reactive area (considering the micro-channels walls) is more than 36 cm2. This means a huge active surface per projected area of ~16 cm2/cm2. The micro-channels are coated with the catalytic system by infiltration. The high surface-to-volume ratio of the micro-channels array, i.e. 8x104 m2/m3, leads to high performances of fuel reforming reaction by achieving large specific contact area and short diffusion length. The proposed silicon-based micro-reactor design also includes an integrated micro-heater for heating the system up to the operation temperature autonomously. Ethanol and methane are currently considered as some of the most feasible candidates for hydrogen generation, in order to fuel a micro-SOFC system [1]. Hydrogen formation from ethanol is based on steam reforming, whereas from methane hydrogen can be obtained by dry reforming or partial oxidation. In this work, a catalytic system based on Rh-Pd nanoparticles supported on CeO2 is presented. The micro-reformer has been tested with both ethanol and methane at the optimal temperature for a micro-SOFC system operation. Results demonstrate that the micro-reformer can operate with both fuels, providing acceptable hydrogen production rates to supply a micro-SOFC system. This novel functional converter is the basis for a complete gas processing unit as a subsystem of an entire micro-SOFC system.



B1505

Experimental Investigation of Peripheral Components in a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant

Mike Steilen, Christian Schnegelberger, Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, Josef Kallo, K. Andreas Friedrich

German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany


Abstract

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and gas turbines (GT) can be directly coupled to form efficient hybrid power plants providing electricity based on various fuels. The operation of such a hybrid power plant theoretically allows for electrical efficiencies in the range of 70 %. To ensure stable and efficient system operation the different operating characteristics of the major components SOFC and gas turbine as well as other factors like fuel type etc. require careful consideration of component design and operating strategy. The DLR undertakes efforts to erect and operate a pilot hybrid power plant in the range of 30 kW of electrical power. Technical feasibility is to be demonstrated and the operating and design parameters for proper system operation are to be determined. The SOFC temperature management and the system pressure management are considered most important from SOFC perspective. The temperature management can be supported by anode gas recirculation and, if hydrocarbons are utilized as fuel, by the mainly endothermic reforming reactions. A test rig was set up at the DLR to analyze the effects of pressure and flow speed on reforming reactions prior to the SOFC. A second test rig is used to characterize commercially available ejectors at high entrainment rates to potentially enlarge the operating range of the hybrid power plant. This paper will be focusing on the differential pressure test since so far only limited information has been available on maximum differential pressures between SOFC anode and cathode. Therefore, a differential pressure test rig was set up at the DLR to determine the capabilities of the stacks to be used in the pilot power plant. The experimental results are summarized in an overview to be discussed during the presentation.



B1506

Integrated Air Preheater and Anode Off-gas Oxidizer

Yves De Vos and Jean-Paul Janssens Bosal ECS NV 20 Dellestraat

B-3560 Lummen / Belgium Tel.: +32-13-530-811 Fax: +32-13-531-411

[email protected]

Abstract

The performance of a cathode air preheater with internal off-gas oxidation is presented. This component is a plate heat exchanger, handling both injection and oxidation of depleted anode gas in the hot cathode flow. The gas mixture oxidizes in the heat exchanger, and the reaction heat is used to preheat cathode air. An initial integration effort using two separate components is reported. The system consists of close coupled injector and a downstream plate heat exchanger, which was catalytically coated. The performance was constrained by reaction kinetics: the off-gas and cathode mixture typically ignites within 5 10 ms at mixture temperatures above 750°C. CFD on this system show that part of the mixture takes more than 15 ms before reaching the inlet port of the heat exchanger, leading to early ignition. Both CFD and SEM analysis showed that the walls of the heat exchanger overheat to 1000 1100 °C. The SEM analysis reveal the effect of this overheating on scale growth and evaporation of Cr VI in the heat exchanger, and its subsequent condensation on the cool, catalytically coated walls. The integrated HEX and oxidizer consists of an internal injector, which delivers the anode gas to each cathode flow path between pairs of heat exchanging plates. The injection occurs adjacent to a catalytically coated zone in the heat exchanger. The CFD effort covers the combined effects of injection, mixing, generation of reaction heat and heat exchange. The results show that the injection and subsequent mixing is uniform. The mixture reaches the cooled sections of the heat exchanger within 3 ms, and thus below the auto ignition time. These calculations are in line with experimental performance data on the integrated component.

Fig. 1 Flow lines of the injected anode off-gas, colored by elapsed time since injection.



B1507

Experimental study on development of a coupled reactor with a catalytic combustor and steam reformer

for a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system

Sang Gyu Kang, Kanghun Lee, Kook-Young Ahnl Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials

Jangdong 171, Yuseong Deajeon / Republic of Korea


Abstract

The methane (CH4) conversion rate of a steam reformer can be increased by thermal integration with a catalytic combustor, called a coupled reactor. In the present study, a 5 kW coupled reactor has been developed based on a 1 kW coupled reactor in previous work. The geometric parameters of the space velocity, diameter and length of the coupled reactor selected from the 1 kW coupled reactor are tuned and applied to the design of the 5 kW coupled reactor. To confirm the scale-up strategy, the performance of 5 kW coupled reactor is experimentally investigated with variations of operating parameters such as the fuel utilization in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack, the inlet temperature of the catalytic combustor, the excess air ratio of the catalytic combustor, and the steam to carbon ratio (SCR) in the steam reformer. The temperature distributions of coupled reactors are measured along the gas flow direction. The gas composition at the steam reformer outlet is measured to find the CH4 conversion rate of the coupled reactor. The maximum value of the CH4 conversion rate is approximately 93.4 %, which means the proposed scale-up strategy can be utilized to develop a large-scale coupled reactor.



B1508

Nickel based nano-oxyhydride catalysts for hydrogen production from ethanol at room temperature

Louise Jalowiecki-Duhamel1,2, Wenhao Fang1,2, Cyril Pirez1,2, Sébastien Paul2,3, Mickaël Capron1,2, Hervé Jobic4, Franck Dumeignil1,2,5

1Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France 2CNRS UMR8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, UCCS, 59655 Villeneuve

3

4

Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France 5Institut Universitaire de France, Maison des Universités, 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel,

75005 Paris, France Tel : 33(0) 3 20 33 77 35 Fax : 33(0) 3 20 43 65 61

[email protected]

Abstract

CeNiXHZOY nano-oxyhydride catalysts are developed for the highly efficient and sustainable H2 production from ethanol and water in the presence of oxygen. Once in situ treated in H2 in the temperature range of 200-300 °C, the cerium-nickel mixed oxides become oxyhydrides, with the presence of hydrogen species of hydride nature in the anionic vacancies of the mixed oxides. By taking advantage of the chemical energy released from the reaction between CeNiXHZOY nano-oxyhydride catalysts and O2, continuous complete conversion of ethanol specifically at 60 °C (oven temperature), with simultaneously production of H2, can be obtained. The catalyst exhibits remarkable stability after at least 75 h of reaction, even if filamentous carbon deposition is found after the reaction.




Catalytic investigation of Ni-Cu/CGO catalysts in the ATR reaction of methane

M. Lo Faroa, P. Fronterab, C. Busaccab, L. Scarpinob, P.L. Antonuccib, and A. S. Aricòa

aCNR-ITAE, via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy

bDepartment of Civil Engineering, Energy, Environment and Materials, University Reggio Calabria, Italy;

Tel.: +39-090-624270 Fax: +39-090-624247

[email protected]

Abstract

This study deals with an investigation of the catalytic performance of a bimetallic system based on Ni and Cu prepared by two different methods. The catalytic tests are carried out at 800°C in ATR conditions (O/C=0.5 and S/C=2.5). The oxalate method permits to obtain crystallites with lower dimension compared to the sol-gel method. After treatment in the presence of diluted H2 at 800 °C, the powders prepared by both methods do not exhibit significant structural differences. However, the catalytic behavior of the two samples was different. The Ni-Cu prepared by oxalate method showed a stable behavior during 120 h reaction in autothermal reforming (ATR) of methane, with a conversion of about 80 mol. % of the fuel.

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Results of the catalytic reaction carried out under ATR conditions at 800 °C for 10 h for the as-calcined catalyst Ni-Cu mixed with CGO (50:50). (a) methane conversion and (b) yield of the main products for the catalyst prepared by oxalate method; (c) methane conversion and (d) yield of the main products for the catalyst prepared by sol-gel method.

Acknowledgements The present work was carried out within an Agreement between the Italian Ministry of Economic Development (MSE) and National Research Council (CNR) in the framework of a Research Program for the Electric System (sub-activity: Development of materials and components, design, demonstration and optimization of FC systems for co-generative applications).



B1510

Catalytic bioethanol reforming for SOFC applications

Heike Ehrich (1), Elka Kraleva (1), Matthias Boltze (2) (1) Leibniz Institute for Catalysis

Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock / Germany Tel.: +49-381-1281-270


(2) new enerday GmbH Lindenstr. 45, D-17033 Neubrandenburg/Germany

Abstract

Hydrogen can be directly obtained from ethanol by steam reforming and partial oxidation reactions. The exothermic partial oxidation process can be realized without external heat sources and water addition. These characteristics make the process attractive for application in the high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell, where power and heat are generated directly from the fuel. For an economically feasible process, it is necessary to identify effective, long-time stable and low-cost catalysts.

Co and Ni catalysts supported on AlZn mixed oxide were examined for the generation of a H2 and CO rich fuel gas by ethanol partial oxidation. The ternary catalysts were prepared by modified sol-gel methods providing a higher thermal and mechanical stability compared to conventional method as well as higher homogeneity. The resultant powders have been characterized by several techniques such as TEM analysis, XRD or TPR analyses to examine the effect of the phase composition on reducibility, and structural and morphological properties. It was found that strong metal-support interactions decrease the reducibility of metallic particles, but produce higher values of exposed surface metallic active sites, and thus increase the catalytic performance.

The Co/AlZn and Ni/AlZn catalysts were tested in ethanol partial oxidation ( = 0.25) at a temperature range between 300-750 °C. The Ni/AlZn catalyst showed the highest hydrogen productivity with around 90 % H2 selectivity at 750 °C and 90 % selectivity to CO, and minor amounts of CO2, methane and ethylene. The Ni/AlZn catalyst provided high stability over 150 h. This highly effective catalyst was deposited onto a ceramic monolith, which makes them suitable for application in a SOFC system of new enerday GmbH. A fuel gas of 25 % H2, 19 % CO, 5 % CO2, 2 % CH4 and 8 % H2O was obtained.

[1] Elka Kraleva, Sergey Sokolov, Matthias Schneider, Heike Ehrich, Support effects on the properties of Co and Ni catalysts for the hydrogen production from bio-ethanol partial oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 4380-4388.

[2] Elka Kraleva, Sergey Sokolov, Giorgio Nasillo, Ursula Bentrup, Heike Ehrich, Catalytic performance of CoAlZn and NiAlZn mixed oxides in hydrogen production by bio-ethanol partial oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 209-220.

[3] Elka Kraleva, Heike Ehrich, AlZn based Co and Ni catalysts for the partial oxidation of bioethanol influence of different synthesis procedures. Chem. Eur. J. Chem. 2014, accepted.



B1511

Stability of the Ni-silica core@shell catalyst for methane tri-reforming

Artur J. Majewski and Joseph Wood School of Chemical Engineering

University of Birmingham B15 2TT Birmingham, UK

Tel.: + 44-121-414-5081 [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

The methane tri-reforming process combines the three generally used methane reforming processes: steam reforming, partial oxidation and CO2 reforming into one. The fact that it is not necessary to separate CO2 from CH4 reduces the cost of reforming. For Soli Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) application tri-reforming similar to steam reforming can be applied for internal or external reforming process. A nickel-silica core@shell catalyst (11%Ni@SiO2) was applied as a catalyst for methane tri-reforming. The stability of the 11%Ni@SiO2 catalyst in a longer-term experiment (58 h) was investigated to check the thermal stability of the catalyst. At the initial reaction stage, the CH4 conversion was ~67%, CO2 conversion reached ~97% and H2/CO ratio was ~2.0. After around 5 hours the CO2 conversion decreased to ~81% and simultaneously decreased the H2/CO factor to ~1.5. CH4 conversion was stable. Despite of the stable catalyst performance (~70% of CH4 conversion at 750oC for 58 h) it was noticed that the surface area of the catalyst decreased after the reduction and reaction by ~60%. That change in the catalyst surface area could not be explained by simple coke deposition. Samples of the spent catalyst were analysed using N2 adsorption, thermogravimetry and H2 pulse chemisorptions techniques. The Ni dispersion and the catalyst surface area decreased with increasing reaction temperature and with increasing the amount of O2 added to reaction. It has been pointed out that both coke deposition and Ni re-oxidation were not the main reasons for decrease in catalyst surface area. The most probable cause of the reduction in catalyst porosity was the sintering of Ni particles due to the high temperature. Keywords: methane, nickel, silica, sintering, tri-reforming



B1512

Application of Macro-Porous Al2O3 as Support Materials in Diesel Reformer for SOFC

Yeon Baek Seong, No-Kuk Park and Tae Jin Lee School of Chemical Engineering, yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk/South Korea

Tel.: +82-53-810-2519 Fax: +82-53-810-4631

[email protected]

Abstract

Macro porous alumina over a micro-channel plate was synthesized using polystyrene colloidal spherical nano-beads as a template for the formation of macro pores. A 0.1 M aluminum nitrate solution as the precursor for the synthesis of alumina was mixed with a polystyrene colloidal solution at a volumetric ratio of 1:1. In this study, the SUS-316 material was used as a micro-channel plate and the buffer layer was deposited over the micro-channel plate for the formation of a homogeneous coating layer. A thin alumina layer was coated over the micro-channel plate as a buffer layer using the CFR method. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the synthesis of high quality ordered macro porous alumina over the micro channels with the application of a buffer layer, as shown in Fig. 1. To use the ordered macro porous alumina as the catalytic support, the precursor of the active components, such as Ni or Ru, was added to a mixed solution of the aluminum precursor and polystyrene colloid. The heat exchange reactor of channel type was suggested for the fuel reformer of SOFC in this study. The out-side channel was used as the reactor for auto-thermal reforming and the inner-side channel was used as the combustor for a combustion of stack exhaust gas. The macro-porous catalytic metal-Al2O3 based catalyst coated over the micro-channel plate was inserted in the out-side channel. It could be confirmed in this study that the efficiency of heat exchange was enhanced with the micro-channel plate and the metal foam and the catalytic activity of nickel based catalyst for reforming of dodecane was improved with the macro-porous alumina support.




Performance and degradation analysis of bio-syngas fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Carlos Boigues Muñoz, Stephen McPhail, Domenico Borello Jian Pu, Fabio Polonara

ENEA C.R. Casaccia Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome / Italy Tel.: +39-063-048-4869 [email protected]

Abstract

Performance and degradation rate of planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) manufactured in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China) have

-syngas obtained from steam-enriched air gasification of biomass. The compositions have been obtained from tests in a fluidized bed bench scale gasifier after catalytic steam reforming of the syngas carried out to remove tar. Polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are carried out under controlled bio-syngas fuel compositions to determine the response of the single cell 81 cm2 active area as compared to reference conditions. The single cell is then operated under galvanostatic conditions with a fuel utilization of 65% on a long run. Polarization curves and EIS are carried out every 250 hours to determine the performance degradation. The distributed relaxation time method (DRT) has been applied to the EIS data to individualize the characteristic parameters and degradation rates of the different cell components, which facilitates the set-



B1514

A new designed plate heat exchanger for cathode air preheating in a 300 W SOFC-System

Sebastian Stenger, Shaofei Chen and Reinhard Leithner Institute for Energy and Process Systems Engineering

Technische Universität Braunschweig Franz-Liszt-Str. 35

D-38106 Braunschweig Tel.: +49-0531 391 3035 Fax: +49-0531 391 5932

[email protected]

Abstract

The following paper deals with the development of a plate heat exchanger for a small scale propane driven SOFC-system using a commercial 700 W SOFC-stack manufactured by Staxera GmbH, Germany. This stack requires a cathode inlet temperature of at least 650 °C. For the preheating of the cathode air a flue gas of 900 °C is supplied by an afterburner, which is fired with the cathode exhaust gas (depleted air) and a part of the anode exhaust gas, the other part being recycled to the reformer. Additional fuel (hydrogen or propane) is supplied to the afterburner for test operations. The main challenges in the development of the heat exchanger lie in the high operating temperatures and the big temperature gradients. The high temperature gradients lead to a high axial heat flux in the solid plate that can cause not negligible efficiency losses, if the heat conduction coefficient is not low. To reduce this negative effect the heat exchanger was separated into two serially connected heat exchangers. In addition such an arrangement allows easily using different materials sustaining very different temperatures, being different costly and machinable (see figure 1). The whole heat exchanger was calculated with a 1D-Model in Matlab/Simulink and gas distribution was optimized by 3D CFD numerical flow simulations. A prototype heat exchanger was built and tested in the system using hydrogen as fuel. The most important result was that an air outlet temperature of 750 °C was reached, which is clearly more than the required 650 °C. The whole system is described in a parallel paper [1], while this paper focuses on the design of the heat exchanger itself.

Figure 1: Alumina plate (left) and steel plate (right)




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30 June - 3 July 2015

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www.EFCF.com II - 1

List of Authors 11th

EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Related with submitted Extended Abstracts by 16 June 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland Abe Hiroya - B0521

Adams Craig - A0802

Addo Paul - B0312, B0804

Aguadero A. - B0802

Ahmed R. - A1119

Ahn Kook-Young - B1507

Ahn Pyung-An - A1319

Aicart Jerome - B1307

Akduman Osman Y. - B1112

Akkurt Sedat - B0812

Albrecht T. - A1224

Alkattan Dalya - B0503

Almar L. - A1511, B0311

Al-Masri Ali - A0903

Al-Musa A. - B0815

Alonso J. A. - B0802

Al-Saleh M. - B0815

Alvarez Mario A. - A1515

Amezawa Koji - B0807

Ananyev Maxim - B0622, B1214, B1217

Andersson Martin - B0314

Andresen Bjørg - A1208

Andreu T. - B0311

Anelli Simone - A1416

Anghilante Régis - B1402

Ansar Asif - B0510

Ansart Florence - B0503

Antonetti Y. - A0901

Antonova Ekaterina - A1311

Antonucci P.L. - B1509

Arai Manami - A1111, B0521

Aravind P. V. - A1202, A1218, B1401, B1408

Aricò A. S. - B0515, B1509

Arriortua M. I. - A1109, A1411

Ata Ali - A1513, B1112, B1118

Atanasiu Mirela - A0201

Athanasiou M. - B0616

Atkinson Alan - B0513

Auer Corinna - B0618, A1323

Babaei Alireza - A0107

Bae Joongmyeon - A1217, B0619

Bae Minseok - A1217, B0619

Bailey Ross - A1321

Bakkali Issam El - B1319

Baldinelli Arianna - B0617

Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. - A1209

Barabasz Robin - A0802

Barbucci A. - B1224

Barfod R. - A0902

Barnard Paul - A0507

Barnett Scott A - B0602

Barthel Markus - A1210

Batocchi P. - B0520

Bauschulte Ansgar - A0603, B1501

Bech Lone - B1306

Beetschen C. - A0901

Bellusci Mariangela - B1213

Belyaev Vladimir - B0303

Bentaleb Abdelhamid - A1503

Berger Robert - A1401

Bertei Antonio - B1220

Bertoldi Massimo - A0504, A0901, B0810, B0903

Bessler Wolfgang G. - B0609

Billard Alain - B0315, B1319

Birss Viola - B0312, B0613, B0804

Bjerrum Niels - B1318

Blum Ludger - A0301, A0903, A0906, A1203, A1206

Bobrenok Oleg - B0303

Bogdanovich Nina - A1120

Bogolowski Nicky - B0501

Boldrin Paul - B0307, B0513, A1110

11th

EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 II - 2

Boltze Matthias - A0803, B1510

Bomhard Jakob - B1308

Bonaccorso Alfredo D. - B1301

Bone Adam - A0605, A0911

Bongiorno Valeria - A1416

Bonneau Lionel - A1515

Boréave Antoinette - B0623

Borglum Brian - A0801

Bossel Ulf - A0607, A1704

Botta G. - B1401, B1408

Bouallou Chakib - B1412

Bradley Robert S. - A1310

Brandon Nigel P. - A1110, A1304, A1310, B0307, B0513, B0916, B1114, B1115

Breuer Stefan - B1403

Brevet Aude - A1406, A1515, B0810, B1202, B1304

Briois Pascal - B0315, B1319

Brisse Annabelle - B1302, B1308, B1405, B1412

Brodersen Karen - B0612

Bronin Dimitry - A1311

Brouwer Jan Peter - A1223

Brus Grzegorz - A0912

Bucheli Olivier - A0101, A0504, A0901, A1702, A1704, A1705

Bucher Edith - B0610

Buchkremer Hans Peter - B0910, B1206

Büchler O. - B1206

Burnat Dariusz - B0615

Burriel M. - B0518, B0911

Busacca C. - B1509

Buyukaksoy Aligul - B0613

Cacciuttolo Quentin - B1404

Caliandro Priscilla - A1317, A1509

Call Ann - B0602

Cao Zhiqun - B0809

Capron Mickaël - B1508

Carlström Elis - A1115

Carpanese M. P. - B1224

Carru J.-C. - B0915

Cassidy Mark - A0905, A1102, B0905

Cassir Michel - B1404

Cavallaro Andrea - B0901

Ceschini S. - A0901

Chan Siew Hwa - A1122

Chandan Amrit - B1117, B1219

Chang Chia-Ming - B0808

Chang Horng-Yi - B0808

Charlas Benoit - B1107

Chater Richard J. - A1305

Chatroux André - B1304, B1307

Chatzichristodoulou Christodoulos - B1107

Chebbah Bouzid - A0914

Chen Chun-Da - A1225

Chen Min - B0312, B0804

Chen Ming - B0308, B0612, B1305

Chen Shaofei - A1201, B1514

Chen Xin-Bing - B1315

Chen Youpeng - A1227

Cheng Yung-Neng - A0302

Chiodo V. - A1204

Cho Do-Hyung - B1204

Cho Dong-Chun - B0502

Choe Yeong Ju - B0313

Choi Gyeong Man - A1508, B0912

Choi Indae - B1222

Choi Jong-Jin - A1502

Choi Joon-Hwan - A1502

Christiansen Niels - A0102, A1701, B1308

Chyrkin Anton - A1410

Cinti Giovanni - B0617

Cirera A. - A1114

Clare Andrew - A0605

Coltrini Claudia - A1112

Colvenaer Bert de - A0201

Comodi Gabriele - B1223

Concettoni Enrico - A1515

Congiu S. - B1224

Constantin Guillaume - B1211

Cooper Samuel J. - A1310

Coors W.G. - B0918

Coquoz Pierre - B0315, B1319

Cornu T. - A0901, A1509

Corps Nick - A1310

Corre Gaël - B1405

Costa Rémi - A1308, A1506, B0510, B0514, B0620, B0914, B1211

Couturier Karine - A1323, B1202, B1304

www.EFCF.com II - 3

Cristensen Erik - B1318

Cui Guansen - B1115

Dalvit Anna - A1112

Daoudi Salim - A0914

Darr Jawwad - B0513

de Mello-Castanho Sonia R. H. - A1418

de Miranda Paulo Emílio V. - A1301

Deichmann Richard - A1211

Deja Robert - A1206

Dellai Alessandro - A1314

Delplancke Jean-Luc - A0201

Denonville C. - A1406

Denzler Roland - A0501

Desideri Umberto - B0617

Dessemond Laurent - B1211

Deutschmann Olaf - B1215

Develos-Bagarinao Katherine - B1204

Dhir Aman - A1219, A1223, A1226, A1507, B0303, B0913, B1207

Diarra David - A1216

Diethelm Stefan - A1317

Dietrich Ralph-Uwe - A1211, B1310

Dillig Marius - A1504

Domanski Tomasz - A0507

Domenicantonio Giulia Di - B0315

Donnier-Maréchal Thomas - B1304

Dörrer Lars - A1211, A1503

Dosch Christian - A1210

Doucek Aleš - B1411

Dozio Simone - A0507

Drillet Jean-Francois - B0501

Druce John - A1303, B0603

Du Shangfeng - A1226, A1512

Dumaisnil K. - B0915

Dumeignil Franck - B1508

Dunin-Borkowski R.E. - A1302

Dutton Emma - A0802

Ebbesen Sune Dalgaard - B0607, B1301

Egger Andreas - B0509

Ehrich Heike - B1510

Eichel Rüdiger.-A. - B0606

Elesin Yuriy - B1102

Elias Daniel Ricco - B0517

Ender Moses - B0814

Endler-Schuck Cornelia - B0601, B0614

Eremeev Nikita - B0303

Eremin Vadim - B0622, B1214, B1217

Escudero María José - B1212

Espiell F. - A1312

Esposito Vincenzo - A1510

Evans Chris - A0507

Fähsing Diana - A1412

Faisal N. H. - A1119

Fang Qingping - A0906, A1410

Fang Wenhao - B1508

Fantozzi Francesco - B0617

Farlenkov Andrey - B0622, B1214, B1217

Faro M. Lo - B0515, B1509

Farrusseng David - A1514

Fasquelle D. - B0915

Feng Han - B0914

Fernandes Álvaro - A1218

Fernández-González R. - A1123

Ferrero Domenico - B1406

Fisher John G. - B0502

Flatt Robert J. - A1104, B1104

Flura A. - B0810

Föger Karl - A0503

Fonseca Luis - A1510

Fourcade S. - B0810, B0903

Franco Thomas - A0502, B1206

Frandsen Henrik Lund - B1101, B1107, B1109

Friedrich K. Andreas - A1212, A1215, A1403, B1410, B1505

Froitzheim Jan - A1405, B0508, B0511

Frontera P. - B1509

Fu Qingxi - A1323, B1215, B1308, B1405

Fuerte Araceli - B1212

Fujishiro Yoshinobu - A1505

Funahashi Takahiro - B0516

Gadea G. - A1511

Gaiselmann G. - B1104

Galetz Mathias C. - A1412

Gandiglio M. - A1207

Gao Zhan - B0602

Garbayo Iñigo - A1220, A1510, B1504

Geipel Christian - A0804, A1410

11th


Geisler H. - A0904

Gerdes Kirk - B0801

Giuliano A. - B1224

Glauche Andreas - B1302

Gondolini Angela - B1211

Gonoi Yuki - B0807

Goosen M. F. A. - A1119

Gousseau Georges - B1307

Graule Thomas - B0615

Graves Christopher - B1203, B1301

Greco Fabio - A1417, B1101

Greisen Christoffer Graae - A1203

Grenier Jean-Claude - A1515, B0810, B0903

Greß C. - A1224

Grize Carolina - B1319

Grolig J.G. - B0508

Gruar Robert I. - B0513

Grüner Daniel - A1410

Gspan Christian - B0610

Guan Cheng-Zhi - B1315

Guan Wanbing - A0913

GUO Youmin - A1514

Haart Bert de - A0301, B0606

Hagen Anke - A0303, B1301

Hagerskans Jonas - A1203

Halinen Matias - A0907, A1306

Hamamoto Koichi - A1505

Hamje Jens - A1211, A1503

hamnabard Zohreh - A1117

Han Feng - A1506, B0514

Han Minfang - A0106

Hansen John Bogild - A0102, A1701, B1501

Hansen T.W. - A1302

Hara Shotaro - A1124

Hardman Scott - A0208

Hari Bostjan - A1223

Harrington George F. - B0901

Harris Cassandra - B0907

Harrison Nicholas - B1114

Hartleif Peter-Kalle - A1212

Hashimoto Shin-ichi - B0807, B0904

Hassler Paul Siegfried - B1103

Hattendorf Heike - A1402

Hauch Anne - B0612

Hauler Felix - B0618

Hauth Martin - A1205

Hayd Jan - B0301, B0304, B0507

Haydn Markus - A0502, B1206

Hébert C. - A1302

Heddrich M. P. - A1224

Heel Andre - B0615

Hendriksen Peter Vang - B0308, A0902, B1101, B1305

Henke Moritz - A1212, A1215, B0618, B1410, B1505

herle Jan Van - A1302, A1317, A1417, A1509, B0604

Herrmann S. - A1204

Herzog Alexander - A0803

Hessler-Wyser A. - A1302

Heydari Fateme - A1117

Hill Stephen - A0605

Hjelm Johan - A0902, B1203

Hocker Thomas - A1104, A1403, B1104

Hoerlein M. - B1316

Hofer Ferdinand - B0610

Holstermann Gregor - A0803

Holtappels Peter - B0909, B1301

Holzer Lorenz - A1104, A1403, B0615, B1104

Honda Kuniaki - A1222

Honda Takeo - B1317

Hong Jongsup - B0504, B0803

Horiguchi Kazuya - B0521, B0811

Horiuchi Kenji - A0104

Hornes Aitor - B0620, B1211

Houaijia Anis - B1403

Hoven Ingo - A1206

Howe K.S. - A1507

Hsu Ning-Yih - A0302

Huang Cheng-Nan - A1225

Hughes Gareth - B0602

Hung Wen-Tang - A0302, A1225

Hung Ying-Chang - B0808

Hwang Chang-Sing - A0302

Hwang Hae Jin - A1316, B0313

Hwang Jae-Yeon - B1216

Hwang Jun Young - B0519

www.EFCF.com II - 5

Hwang Kuk Jin - A1316

Ihringer Raphael - A0915, B0315, B1319

Ilea Crina S. - A0915

Ilhan Zeynep - A1308

Immisch Christoph - A1503

Iorio Stéphane Di - B1304, B1307

Ipcizade Erdem F. - B1112

Irvine John T.S. - A0905, A1102, B0302, B0902, B0905

Ishchenko Arkady - B0303

Ishihara Tatsumi - A1303, B0603

Ishimoto Takayoshi - A1222, B0621

Isomoto Tetsushi - A0912

Ivanov Vyacheslav - B0303

Ivers-Tiffée Ellen - A0904, A1101, A1307, B0301, B0304, B0507, B0614, B0601, B0814, B1201

Iwai Hiroshi - A0912, B1312

Iwanschitz Boris - A0501, A0905, A1403, B1104

Jahn M. - A1224

Jalowiecki-Duhamel Louise - B1508

Jamil Zadariana - A1110

Janssens Jean-Paul - B1506

Jaworski Zdzisław - A1322

Je Hae-June - A1414, B0504, B0803

Jeangros Q. - A1302

Jensen Søren H. - B1301

Jeong Seong Min - A1316

Jevulski J. - A1204

Jiao Zhenjun - A1124, B1110, B1111

Jiménez N. - B1504

Jin Le - A0913

Jobic Hervé - B1508

Joos Jochen - B0614, B0814

Jørgensen Peter Stanley - B1109

Ju Young-Wan - B0603

Kaklidis Ν. - B0815

Kallo Josef - A1212, A1215, B1410, B1505

Kammampata Sanoop P. - B0613

Kang Kyungtae - B0519

Kang Sang Gyu - B1507

Karas Filip - B0612

Karl Jürgen - A1504

Kasilova Ekaterina - A1322

Katikaneni Sai P. - A1119, A1217

Kato Tohru - B1317

Kaupert Andreas - A1203

Kawada Tatsuya - B0807, B0904

Keller Isabelle - B1309

Kelsall Geoff - B1313

Kendall Kevin - A0606, B1221

Kendall M. - B1221

Kendall Michaela - A0606, B1118

Kennouche David - B0602

Keuter Thomas - B0910

Kiebach Wolff-Ragnar - B0308

Kikuchi Yasunori - A1222

Kilner John A. - A1303, A1305, A1310, B0518, B0603, B0802, B0901, B0911

Kim Byung-Kook - A1414, B0502, B0504, B0803

Kim Gye-Rok - B0502

Kim Haekyoung - B0917

Kim Hae-Ryung - B0504

Kim Hyo-Jin - A1414

Kim Hyoungchul - B0504, B0803

Kim Ji Woo - B1202

Kim Jung-Sik - B1222

Kim Kun Joong - A1508

Kim Sun Jae - A1508

Kim Sun-Dong - A1319

Kim Young-Hun - B0502

Kishimoto Haruo - B1204

Kishimoto Masashi - A1304, B1115

Kiviaho Jari - A0907, A1204, A1306, B1502

Kjølseth C. - B0918

Kleiminger Lisa - B1313

Kleinohl Nils - A0603, B1501

Klemm Denis - A0804

Klotz Dino - A1101, B0304, B0507, B1201

Köhler Klaus - B1318

Komatsu Yosuke - A0912

Koyama Michihisa - A1222, B0621

Kraleva Elka - B1510

Krieger Tamara - B0303

Kröll Léonard - B0606

11th


Kromp Alexander - A0904, B0601

Kunkis Markus - A0604

Küpper Stefan - A1206

Kurumchin Edkhem - B0622, B1217, B1214

Kusnezoff Mihails - A1205, A1404, A1409

Kwok Kawai - B1107, B1109

Kyriakou V. - B0815

Laguna-Bercero M. A. - A1109, A1312, A1411, B0813, B1314

Lair Virginie - B1404

Lang Michael - A1323, B0618

Lankin Mike - A0605

Lanzini Andrea - A1207, A1214, B0608, B1406, B1407

Larrañaga A. - A1109, A1411

Larrea A. - A1312, B0813

Larring Y. - A1406

Larsson Per‑ Olof - A1406, A1515

Laucournet Richard - A1515

Laurencin Jerome - B1307

Lawlor Vincent - B1103

Leah Robert - A0605, A0911

Lee Hae-Weon - B0504

Lee Hae-Won - A1414

Lee Jong-Ho - A1414, B0502, B0504, B0803, B1216

Lee Jong-Sook - A1319, B0502, B1216

Lee Kanghun - B1507

Lee Kyoung Jin - B0313

Lee Maw-Chwain - A0302

Lee Ruey-yi - A0302, A1225

Lee Sangho - A1217

Lee Shiwoo - B0801

Lee Tae Jin - B1512

Lefebvre Jonathan - B1402

Lefebvre-Joud Florence - A1309, B1304, B1202

Leites Keno - A0603

Leithner Reinhard - A1201, A1211, B1514

Lenormand Pascal - B0503

Leone Pierluigi - B1401, B1406, B1407, B1408

Li C - B0512

Li Kang - A1103, B1313

Li Meiling - A1116

Li Tao - A1103, A1310, B1313

Lim Tak-Hyoung - A1228

Lim Ye Sol - B0313

Lin Chia-Hsin - B0808

Lin Ching-Han - A1225

Lin Guangyong - A0802

Lin Hsun-Yu - A1225

Lin Li-Fu - A0302

Linder Markus - A1403

Lindermeir Andreas - A1211, A1503, B1310

Liu Qinglin - A1122

Liu Xingbo - B0801

Llorca J. - B1504

Lo Shih-Kun - A1225

Lomberg Marina - A1304

López-Robledo M. J. - B0813

Lu Lanying - B0905

Lucka Klaus - B1501

Ludwig Christian - B0604

Lundberg Mats W - A1401

Lv Zhe - B0809

Ma Jianjun - B1216

MacHado Marina - A1102

Madi Hossein - B0604

Madsen Mads Find - B1102

Maghsoudipour Amir - A1117

Maheshwari Arpit - B0618

Mai Andreas - A0501, A0905, A1403

Maillard John Geoffrey - B1117, B1207, B1219

Majewski Artur J - B1511

Makradi A. - A1123

Malzbender Jürgen - A0301, A1413

Marnellos G.E. - B0815

Marra Dario - A1320

Martinelli Sibylla - A0209

Martynczuk Julia - A1104

Maschio Roberto Dal - A1112

Mascot M. - B0915

Matthews Carl - A0605

Mauer Georg - B0910

Mauvy F. - B0520

Mayer Simon - B1318

www.EFCF.com II - 7

McComb David W. - B0901

McDonalds Nikkia - B0303, B0913, B1219

McIntyre Melissa D. - B1205

McNichol Alexander - A0507, A0911

McPhail Stephen - A1323, B1213, B1223, B1513

Meadowcroft Antony - A1223, A1507, B1221

Medley-Hallam John - B0513

Megel Stefan - A1205, A1210

Mellander Bengt-Erik - A1115

Mello-Castanho Sonia - B0522

Mennella Antonio - A1320

Menon Vikram - B1215

Menzler Norbert H. - A0301, A1101, B0507, B0910, B1206

Mercadelli Elisa - B1211, B1224

Mertens Josef - B0303, B1220

Messner Andreas - B0814

Meucci L. - A1204

Miao Jipeng - B0809

Michaelis Alexander - A0602, A1404, A1409

Mieda Hiroyuki - B0516

Miller Elizabeth - B0602

Mineshige Atsushi - B0516

Misso Agatha Matos - B0517

Modarresi Hassan - B1501

Modena Stefano - A0901, A1214

Mogensen Mogens Bjerg - B0607, B1209, B1301, B1305, B1407

Mohanram Aravind - A0802

Molero-Sanchez Beatriz - B0312, B0804

Molin Malgorzata - B1101

Molina T. - A1123

Momma Akihiko - B1317

Monnerie Nathalie - B1403

Montero Xabier - A1412

Montinaro Dario - A0901, A1112, A1314, A1501, B1213, B1223, B1308, A1515

Monzón H. - B0813, B1314

Morales M. - A1114, A1312

Morán-Ruiz A. - A1109, A1411

Morata Alex - A1220, A1510, A1511, B0311, B0518, B0911, B1221, B1504

Morel B. - B1303, A1309

Mori Ryohei - B0516

Mosbæk R. R. - A0902

Mougin Julie - A1406, A1515, B0810, B1307

Moutte A. - B1303

Mukerjee Subhasish - A0605, A0911

Muñoz Carlos Boigues - B1213, B1223, B1513

Nagata Susumu - B1317

Nagato Keisuke - B0304

Nairn Julie - A1102

Nakajo Arata - A1317, A1417, A1509

Nakamura Sho - B1317

Nakamura Takashi - B0807

Nakao Masayuki - B0304

Näke R. - A1224

Narendar Yeshwanth - A0802

Navarrete Laura - B0309

Navasa Maria - B0625

Neagu Dragos - B0902

Negishi Akira - B1317

Nehter Pedro - A0603, B1501

Neidhardt Jonathan P. - B0609

Neofytidis C. - B0623

Neophytides S. G. - B0616

Nerlich Volker - A0501

Neumann M. - B1104

Nguyen Dieu - B0502

Ni Chengsheng - A1102, B0905

Ni De Wei - B1101

Ni Meng - A1116

Niakolas Dimitris - B0616, B0623

Niania Mathew - A1305

Nicholls Don - A0507

Nicolella Cristiano - B1220

Nicollet C. - B0810

Nielsen E. R. - A1323

Nielsen Jens Ulrik - B1306

Niewolak Leszek - A1402

Nikiforov Aleksey - B1318

Nishi Mina - B1204

Niubó M. - A1114

11th


Noh Ho-Sung - B1216

Noponen Matti - A0807

Norby T. - B0918

Norheim Arnstein - A1208

Nowak Remigiusz - A0912

Núñez P. - A1123

Nur Taufiq Bin - A1222

Oberholzer Stefan - A0103

Oberland Alexander - A1211

Oelze Jana - B1310

Offer Greg - B1114

Ohi Akihiro - A1124

Ohlupin Yurii - B0303

Ohmori Hiroko - B1312

Orera V. M. - A1312, B0813, B1314

Ortigoza Gustavo - B0608

Osinkin Denis - A1120

Pacek Andrzej - A1213

Padilla J.A. - A1114

Panizza M. - B1224

Papurello Davide - A1214, B0608

Parco M. - B0520

Park Byung Hyun - B0912

Park Dong-Soo - A1502

Park No-Kuk - B1512

Park Young Min - B0917

Parkes Michael - B1114

Patterson Zachary - A0802

Paul Sébastien - B1508

Paulson Scott - B0312, B0804

Payne Richard - A0503

Pećanac Goran - A1413

Pecho Omar - A1104, B1104

Pedersen A. - B1407

Pedersen Claus Flemming Friis - B1306

Peksen Murat - A0903

Pelipenko Vladimir - B0303

Peng Suping - A0106

Pennanen Jari - A0907, A1306

Pérez-Coll D. - B0802

Perrozzi Francesco - A1415, A1416, B0514, B0914

Pers P. - B0520

Perz Martin - B0610

Peterhans Stefan - A1221

Peters Roland - A0903, A0906, A1206

Petersen Thomas Karl - B1102

Petipas Floriane - B1412

Petit Julien - B1307

Petitjean Marie - B1307

Petrushina Irina - B1318

Pfeifer Thomas - A1210

Pianese Cesare - A1320

Pianko-Oprych Paulina - A1322

Piccardo Paolo - B0514, B0914, A1415, A1416

Pierce Robin - A0605

Pietras John - A0802

Pinasco P. - B1224

Pirez Cyril - B1508

Pla Dolors - A1220, A1510, A1511, B1504

Pohjoranta Antti - A0907, A1306

Poizeau Sophie - A0802

Polonara Fabio - B1213, B1513

Pönicke Andreas - A0602, A1409

Porotnikova Natalia - B0622, B1214, B1217

Porras-Vázquez J. M. - A1109

Porras-Vazquez J.M. - A1411

Posdziech Oliver - A0604

Poulsen Jonas Lundsted - A0601

Pour Arvin Mossadegh - A1219, B1117, B1219

Pramana S - B0512

Prestat Michel - A1104

Presto Sabrina - A1416, B0514, B0914

Pruggmayer Michael - A0604

Pu Domenico Borello Jian - B1513

Qi Chunming - A0802

Quadakkers Willem Joseph - A1402, A1410

R. Moreno - A1123

Rado Cyril - B1202

Railsback Justin - B0602

Ramirez Y. A. - B1224

Randall Julian - A0209

Rastler Dan - A1601

Ravagni Alberto V. - A0504

www.EFCF.com II - 9

Rechberger Jürgen - A1203, A1205, B1103

Rees Lee - A0605, A0911

Refson Keith - B1114

Reichelt E. - A1224

Reis R. M. - B0515

Reis Signo Tadeu dos - A1418, A1419, B0522

Remmel Josef - A0301

Repetto Claudia - A1308

Retailleau-Mevel Laurence - B0623

Reuber Sebastian - A0602

Reytier Magali - B1303, B1307

Ringuedé Armelle - B1404

Robinson S. - B0918

Rocabado David Samuel Rivera - B0621

Rodrigues Vanessa Galvao - B0517

Rodriguez-Martinez Lide M. - A1515

Roeb Martin - B1403

Roehrens D. - B1206

Rogov Vladimir - B0303

Rolle A. - B0915

Rost Axel - A1404

Rougier Aline - B0810, B0903

Rozier Patrick - B0503

Ruiz Jesus - B1319

Ruiz-Trejo Enrique - A1110, A1304, B0307, B0513, B0916

Sabaté Neus - A1220, A1510, B1504

Sachitanand Rakshith - B0511

Sadovskaya Ekaterina - B0303

Sadykov Vladislav - B0303

Saglietti G. G. A. - B0515

Saito Motohiro - A0912

Salanov Aleksei - B0303

Salleras M. - A1220, B1504

Salvati F. - B1407

Sanna Simone - A1510

Sanson Alessandra - B1211, B1224

Santarelli Massimo - A1204, A1207, A1214, B0608, B1406

Sapountzi Foteini - B0623

Saranya A.M. - B0518, B0911

Sarikaya Ayhan - A0802

Sarruf Bernardo J. M. - A1301

Sasaki Kazunari - A0304

Satardekar Pradnyesh - A1501

Sato Hiroki - B0807

Sato Kazuyoshi - A1111, B0521, B0811

Sattler Jan Säck Christian - B1403

Scarpino L. - B1509

Schafbauer Wolfgang - A0502, B1206

Schefold Josef - B1302, B1405

Schiller Guenter - B1316

Schilm Jochen - A1404, A1409

Schimanke Danilo - A0804

Schloß Jörg vom - B1501

Schlupp Meike V. F. - B0615, B1202

Schmidt Martin - A0507

Schmitz Rolf - A0103

Schnegelberger Christian - A1212, A1215, B1505

Scholz Matthias - A1210

Schröter Falk - B1503

Schuhmann Wolfgang - A1209

Schuler Alexander - A0501

Schuler J. Andreas - A0501, A1403

Schütze Michael - A1412

Schwartz Matthieu - A1419

Sebold D. - B1206

Segarra M. - A1114, A1312

Selby Mark - A0507, A0605, A0911

Selcuk Ahmet - A0605

Semerad Robert - A1506

Seong Yeon Baek - B1512

Serra Jose M. - B0309

Sglavo Vincenzo M. - A1501

Shearing Paul R. - A1310

Shemet Vladimir - A1410

Shen Geoffrey Q.P. - A1116

Sheu Ching-Iuan - B0808

Shimura Takaaki - A1124, B1111

Shin Eui-Chol - A1319, B0502, B1216

Shindo Taiki - B0904

Shmakov Aleksandr - B0303

Sigl L.S. - A0502

Silva Fernando Santos - B0517

Silva J. - B0813

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Silva Maviael Jose - A1418, B0522

Silvestri Silvia - A1214

Sindiraç Can - B0812

Singh Rahul - A1204, B0608

Sitte Werner - B0509, B0610

Skinner Stephen J. - A1305, B0512, B0802, B0901, B0907

Slater P. R. - A1109, A1411

Smolnikar Matej - B1103

Solimeo M. - B1401, B1408

Solís Cecilia - B0309

Sommerfeld Arne - A0803

Son Ji-Won - A1414, B0504, B1216

Sorrentino Marco - A1320

Souentie S. - A1119

Souza Camille De - A1314

Soydan Ali Murat - A1513, B1112, B1118

Spirig Michael - A0101, A1702, A1704, A1705

Spotorno Roberto - A1308, A1415, A1416, B0514, B0914

Stange Marit - A1406, A1515

Stefan Elena - A0905, B0302

Stehlík Karin - B1411

Steilen Mike - A1212, A1215, B1505

Steinberger-Wilckens Robert - A1213, A1219, A1223, A1226, A1507, A1512, B0303, B0913, B1117, B1207, B1219

Steinmann Walter - A0103

Stenger Sebastian - A1211, B1514

Stiernstedt Johanna - A1115

Stolten Detlef - A0903, A0906, A1206

Strohbach Thomas - A0804

Su Wenhui - B0809

Suffner Jens - A1404

Sui Yu - B0809

Sumi Hirofumi - A1505

Sun Xiufu - B1301, B1305

Sundén Bengt - B0314, B0625

Suzuki Toshio - A1505

Svensson Jan-Erik - A1405, B0508, B0511

Syvertsen-Wiig Guttorm - B0620

Szász J. - A1101, B0507, B0601

Szepanski Christian - A1211, A1503

Szmyd Janusz S. - A0912

Tade Moses O. - B1218

Taillades G. - B0520

Tallobre L. - A1309

Tamenori Yusuke - B0807

Tan Hsueh-I - A1225

Tanaka Yohei - B1317

Tao Youkun - B0607

Tarancón Albert - A1220, A1510, A1511, B0311, B0518, B0911, B1221, B1504

Tariq Farid - A1310, B1115

Tellez Helena - A1303, B0603

Thattai Aditya Thallam - A1202

Thomey Dennis - B1403

Ticianelli E. A. - B0515

Tiedemann Wilfried - A1206

Tietz F. - B1316

Tighe Chris - B0513

Tognana Lorenzo - A1214

Torchietto Martina - B0620

Torrell M. - B0311, B1221

Tsai Tsang-I - A1226, A1512

Tsotridis G. - A1323

Tsou Ying - A1225

Tymoczko Jakub - A1209

Ulikhin Artem - B0303

Ulleberg Øystein - A1208

Uvarov Nikolai - B0303

Valente Simone - A1415

Valenzuela Rita X. - B1212

Valmalette Jean-Christophe - A1111

Vannier R.-N. - B0915

Vaßen Robert - B0910

Vega L. - A1204

Venâncio Selma A. - A1301

Venkataraman Vikrant - A1213

Venskutonis Andreas - A0502

Verbraeken Maarten C. - A0905

Vernoux Philippe - B0623

Vibhu Vaibhav - B0810, B0903

Vidal K. - A1109, A1411

Vijay Periasamy - B1218

"Vik

Arild - A1208"

Vinke Ico - B0606

www.EFCF.com II - 11

Vinke Izaak C. - B0303

Vinokurov Zakhar - B0303

Viviani Massimo - A1415, A1416, B0514, B0914

Vogt Ulrich - B0615, B1202

Vondahlen Frank - B0910

Vos Yves De - B1506

Vulliet Julien - B1404

Wachsman Eric D. - A0701

Wærnhus Ivar - A0915, A1208

Wagner J.B. - A1302

Waldhäusl Jörg - B0610

Walker Robert A. - B1205

Wang Chun-Hsiu - A1225

Wang Fangfang - B1204

Wang Jian-Qiang - B1315

Wang Wei Guo - A0913

Wang Yao-Ming - B0808

Wang Zhongliang Zhan Shaorong - A1227

Watanabe Satoshi - B0904

Watton James - B0303, B0913

Weber André - A0904, A1307, B0601, B0614, B0814, B1201

Wei Jianping - A1413

Weineisen Henrik - A0601

Weissen Ueli - A0905

Wessel Egbert - A1402

Westlinder Jörgen - A1401

White Briggs M. - A0105, B0801

Willich Caroline - A1212, A1215, B1410, B1505

Windisch Hannes Falk - A1405

Wonsyld Karen - B1306

Woo Sang-Kuk - A1319

Wood Joseph - B1511

Woudstra Theo - A1202, A1218

Wu Wei - A0913

Wu Zhentao - A1103

Wuillemin Z. - A0901

Wunderlich Christian - A0602, A1210

Xiao Guo-Ping - B1315

Xuriguera E. - A1114

Yaji Sumant Gopal - A1216

Yakal-Kremski Kyle - B0602

Yamagata Chieko - B0517

Yamaguchi Toshiaki - A1505

Yamaji Katsuhiko - B1204

Yang Chenghao - B0906

Yáng Zhèn - A1104

Yashiro Keiji - B0807, B0904

Yazawa Tetsuo - B0516

Ye Xiaofeng - A1227

Yokokawa Harumi - B0605, B0624

Yoon Kyung-Joong - A1414, B0504, B0803

Yoon Mi Young - A1316

Yoshida Hideo - A0912

Yoshioka Hideki - B0516

Yu Ji-Haeng - A1319, B0502

Yu Jingwen - B0513

Yu Jun Ho - B0519

Yuan Jinliang - B0625

Yufit Vladimir - A1310

Yurkiv Vitaliy - A1308, B0609, B1211

Zandi Morteza - A0802

Zhai Huijuan - A0913

Zhang Weiwei - B0308

Zhou Juan - A1122

Zhou Yuning - B0916

Zhu Bin - A1512

Zhuravlev Viktor - A1120

Zietak Adam - B0618

Züttel Andreas - B1202

Become again an Author: 5

th European PEFC and H2 Forum 2015 30 June - 3 July

12th

European SOFC and SOE Forum 2016 5 July - 8 July

www.EFCF.com

11th


List of Participants 11th


Registered until 16 June 2014 1 - 4 July 2013 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Addo Paul Chemistry University of Calgary 403 Jackson Place NW T3B 2V3 Calgary

CANADA +14039905308 [email protected]

Akira Nagatomi DOWA HD Europe GmbH Ostendstrasse 196 90482 Nürnberg

GERMANY [email protected]

Alberani Marco SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/122 338017 Mezzolombardo

ITALY .+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

Alexander Headley University of Texas at Austin 1616 Hueco Mountain Trl 78664 Round Rock, TX

UNITED STATES [email protected]

Al-kattan Dalya Dr. CIRIMAT 118, Route de Narbonne 31062 cedex 09 Toulouse

FRANCE [email protected]

Alvarino David HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

SWITZERLAND +41 24 426 10 85 [email protected]

Andersson Martin Dr. Dept. Energy Sciences Lund University P.O. Box 118 22100 Lund

SWEDEN +46709681880 [email protected]

Anghilante Régis EIFER Emmy Noether Straße 11 76131 Kalrsruhe

GERMANY +4972161051415 [email protected]

Arai Manami Dr. Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho 3768515 Kiryu

JAPAN [email protected]

Assi Amin Dr. Power Business Development Medintrade Inc. Embassies Street, Mattar 707 Bldg. 2831-4407 Beirut

LEBANON +9613399900 [email protected]

Atanasiu Mirela Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Avenue de la Toison d'Or 56-60 1060 Brussels

BELGIUM [email protected]

Atkinson Alan Prof. Imperial College London Department of Materials SW7 2AZ London

UNITED KINGDOM [email protected]

Au Siu Fai HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains


Auer Corinna ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

GERMANY +49 711/6862 481 [email protected]

Bae Minseok

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering KAIST 212 Byul-dong, ME bldg. KAIST, Yuseong-gu 305701 Daejeon

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF +82 42 350 3085 [email protected]

Bagarinao Katherine Dr. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi 305-8565 Tsukuba

JAPAN +81 29 861 5721 [email protected]

Baldinelli Arianna

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Duranti 93 06125 Perugia

ITALY +393203079629 [email protected]

Barnett Scott Prof.

Northwestern University Materials Science Department 60208 Evanston


Batawi Emad Dr. Materials Engineering Bloomenergy 1299 Orleans Drive 94089 Sunnyvale

UNITED STATES +16505750553 [email protected]

Bemelmans Christel Hazen Research, Inc 4601 Indiana Street 80403 Golden

UNITED STATES +1 303 2794501 [email protected]


Beretta Davide Dr. Edison Spa Foro Bonaparte 31 20121 Milan

ITALY [email protected]

Bertei Antonio Dr. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale Università di Pisa Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2 56126 Pisa


Bertoldi Massimo SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/117 338017 Mezzolombardo


Betz Thomas CeramTec GmbH CeramTec-Weg 1 95615 Marktredwitz


Bianco Manuel Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

Bienert Christian Dipl.-Ing. Plansee SE Metallwerk Plansee Str. 71 6600 Reutte

AUSTRIA [email protected]

Bin Nur Taufiq Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku 819-0395 Fukuoka city

JAPAN +81928026969 [email protected]

Bini Ruggero SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/120 338017 Mezzolombardo


Birss Viola University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW T2N 1N4 Calgary

CANADA [email protected]

Blum Ludger Prof. IEK-3 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen Straße 52428 Jülich


Boigues Muñoz Carlos Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche, Polo Montedago 60131 Ancona


Boltze Matthias Dr. new enerday GmbH Lindenstraße 45 17033 Neubrandenburg


Bone Adam Cell & Stack Development Ceres Power Viking House RH13 5PX Horsham

UNITED KINGDOM +44 1403 273463 [email protected]

Bongiorno Valeria

Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Genova via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genoa


Borglum Brian Dr. Versa Power Systems Ltd. 4852 - 52 Street SE T2B 3R2 Calgary


Bosch Timo Advanced Engineering Electrochemical Systems Robert Bosch GmbH Postfach 30 02 40 70049 Stuttgart


Bossel Ulf Dr. Almus AG Morgenacherstrasse 2F 5453 Oberrohrdorf


Botta Giulia Process&Energy TUDELFT leeghwaterstraat 44 2628 AC Delft

NETHERLANDS +31619086320 [email protected]

Brandenberg Jörg Dr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm Johnen Str. 52425 Jülich


Brandner Marco Dr. Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte

AUSTRIA +43 5672 600 2959 [email protected]

Brandon Nigel Prof.

Imperial College London Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London

UNITED KINGDOM +442075945704 [email protected]

Breuers Frank Fernuniversität Hagen Luisenstr. 53 40125 Düsseldorf


Brisse Annabelle Dr. EIFER Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11 76131 Karlsruhe


Brus Grzegorz Dr. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8540 Kyoto


11th


Bucheli Olivier European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

SWITZERLAND +41 44 586 5644 [email protected]

Bucher Edith Dr. Chair of Physical Chemistry Montanuniversität Leoben Franz-Josef-Straße 18 8700 Leoben


Burnat Dariusz Dr. Hydrogen and Energy EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf

SWITZERLAND +41587656173 [email protected]

Buyukaksoy Aligul

University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW T2N 1N4 Calgary


Cacciuttolo Quentin CNRS-IRCP 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris

FRANCE +33671183747 [email protected]

Caliandro Priscilla Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND +41 21 6933517 [email protected]

Carpanese M. Paola Dr. DICCA University of Genoa Piazzale J. F. Kennedy 1 16129 Genoa


Cassidy Mark Dr

School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews


Chandan Amrit

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Chang Horng-Yi Prof.

Department of Marine Engineering National Taiwan Ocean University 2 Pei-Ning Road 20224 Keelung

TAIWAN +886 2 24622192 [email protected]

Charlas Benoit Dr.

Energy conversion and storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

DENMARK +45 21179547 [email protected]

Chen Ming Dr. Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde


Chen Shaofei TLK Thermo GmbH Hans-Sommer-Str. 5 38106 Braunschweig


Chen Shuoshuo Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Sanhuan Industrial District, Fengtang, Chaozhou, Guangdong 515646 Chaozhou

CHINA +86 768 6859252 [email protected]

Choi Gyeong Man Prof.

Materials Science & Engineering POSTECH 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu 790-784 Pohang

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF [email protected]

Christiansen Niels Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

DENMARK [email protected]

Chun Sonya Europe Office C & I Tech Untermosenstrasse 52 8820 Waedenswil


Cirjak Larry Catacel Corp. 785 North Freedom St. OH 44266 Ravenna


Cooley Nathan fuelcellmaterials.com/ A Division of NexTech Materials 404 Enterprise Drive OH 43035 Lewis Center


Cornu Thierry Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Costa Rémi Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Crina Silvia Ilea Dr.

Prototech AS Fantoftveien 38 5072 Bergen

NORWAY [email protected]

Dalvit Anna SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/123 338017 Mezzolombardo


Danø Sune Dr. R&D Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymøllevej 66 2800 Kgs. Lyngby

DENMARK +45 2223 8117 [email protected]


Daoudi Salim Dr. University Ain Tassera - BBA- 34037 Ain Tassera

ALGERIA [email protected]

de Haart L.G.J. Dr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm Johnen Str 52425 Jülich


de Vos Yves Bosal Netherlands Kamerlingh Onnesweg 5 4131 PK Vianen

NETHERLANDS [email protected]

Dhir Aman Dr. School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Diethelm Stefan HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains


Dillig Marius Insitute of Energy Process Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Fürther Strasse 244f 90429 Nürnberg


Disch Clemens Werner Mathis AG Rütisbergstrasse 3 8156 Oberhasli


Drillet Jean-Francois Dr. DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main


Duhn Jakob Dragsbæk New Business, R&D Haldor Topsøe A/S Nymøllevej 55 2800 Kgs. Lyngby


Ebbesen Sune Dr.

Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark RISØ campus 4000 Roskilde


Egger Andreas Dr.

Chair of Physical Chemistry Montanuniversität Leoben Franz-Josef-Strasse 18 8700 Leoben

AUSTRIA +4338424024814 [email protected]

Ehrich Heike Dr. Micro Process Engineering Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock


Ekdahl Ron Praxair Specialty Ceramics 16130 Wood Red Road WA 98072 Woodinville


Elesin Yuriy Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Endler-Schuck Cornelia Dr.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY +49 721 608-48148 [email protected]

Ernst Johannes Dr.

CeramTec GmbH CeramTec-Weg 1 95615 Marktredwitz


Faisal Nadimul Dr. Robert Gordon University School of Engineering AB10 6PX Aberdeen


Falk Windisch Hannes Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg

SWEDEN [email protected]

Fang Qingping Dr. IEK-3 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

GERMANY +49 2461 611573 [email protected]

Fernandez Gonzalez Ricardo

AMS CRP Henri Tudor 29 avenue John F. Kennedy 1855 Luxembourg

LUXEMBOURG +3524259911 [email protected]

Flejszar Aneta

Auer Lighting GmbH Hildesheimer Str. 35 37581 Bad Gandersheim


Föger Karl Dr. Ceramic Fuel Cells Group Boos Fremery Strasse 62 52525 Heinsberg


Fontell Erkko Convion Tekniikantie 12 02150 Espoo

FINLAND +358407544389 [email protected]

Forrer Kora European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil


11th


Fovanna Thibault Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Frandsen Henrik Lund Dr. Department of Energy Storage and Conversion Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

DENMARK +4522902837 [email protected]

Friede Wolfgang Dr. TT-WB/PJ-FCS1 Bosch Thermotechnik GmbH Junkersstr. 20-24 73249 Wernau


Fritsche Martin FuelCon AG Steinfeldstr. 1 39179 Magdeburg-Barleben


Froitzheim Jan Dr. Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg


Frömmel Andreas FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


Fu Qingxi Dr. EIFER Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11 76131 Karlsruhe


Fuchs Franz-Martin KERAFOL GmbH Stegenthumbach 4-6 92676 Eschenbach i.d.Opf.


Geisler Helge Dipl.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe


Geisser-Spirig Gabriela

European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil


Ghosh Dave Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. 145 Karolan 243001 Bareilly

INDIA

Ghyselen Bruno Dr. R&D corporate SOITEC parc technologique des fontaines 38190 Bernin

FRANCE +33 6 75 60 64 79 [email protected]

Girardon Pauline Dr. Stainless APERAM Rue Roger Salengro 62330 Isbergues

FRANCE +33 3 21 63 57 48 [email protected]

Glauche Andreas

KERAFOL GmbH Stegenthumbach 4-6 92676 Eschenbach i.d.Opf.


Greco Fabio Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Grolig Jan Gustav Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg


Guansen Cui Imperial College London exhibition road SW7 2AZ London


Guerrero Cervera Tamara Abengoa Hidrógeno c/ Energía Solar nº 1 41014 Sevilla

SPAIN [email protected]

Gutzon Larsen Jorgen Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Hagen Anke Prof. DTU Energy Conversion Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde


Halinen Matias VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland PO Box 1000 02044 VTT Espoo

FINLAND +358 20 7226590 [email protected]

Han Feng Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Han Min Fang Prof.

China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing Ding 11, Xueyuan Road 100083 Beijing

CHINA [email protected]

Hansen Hakon Juel Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymoellevej 66 2800 Kgs. Lyngby



Hardman Scott Fuel Cells DTC University of Birmingham University of Birmingham B15 2TT Edgbaston


Hari Bostjan Dr. School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Hauch Anne Dr. Dept. of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde


Hayd Jan Dr.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe


Hazen Nick Hazen Research, Inc. 4601 Indiana Street 80403 Golden

UNITED STATES +1303 2794501 [email protected]

Heddrich Marc Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Heinke Hartmut Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten


Henke Moritz ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Herzhof Werner

IEK-1 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich


Hibino Tomohiko FCO Power Inc. 2-22-8 Chikusa Chikusa-ku 464-0858 Nagoya


Holtappels Peter Prof. DTU Energy Conversion Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde


Holzer Lorenz Dr. Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW ICP Institute of Computational Physics 8400 Winterthur


Hong Jongsup Dr. High temperature energy materials research center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, L7136 136-791 Seoul


Hoppstock Klaus Forschungszentrum Jülich Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, Jülich 52428 Jülich

GERMANY 0049-2461/61-3296 [email protected]

Horiguchi Kazuya Dr. Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho 3768515 Kiryu


Horiuchi Kenji New Energy Dept. NEDO 18F Muza Kawasaki 212-8554 Kawasaki


Hörlein Michael

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Hornes Martinez Aitor Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Houaijia Anis Institute of Solar Research German Aerospace Center (DLR) Linder Hoehe 1 51147 Koeln

GERMANY +49 2203 601 3999 [email protected]

Hoyes John

FLEXITALLIC Scandinavia Mill, Hunsworth Lane BD19 4LN Cleckheaton


Hwang Hae Jin Prof. Division of Materials Science and Engineering Inha University 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu 402-751 Incheon


Ihringer Raphael

Fiaxell Sàrl Avenue Aloys Fauquez 31 1018 Lausanne


Ikeda Hiroya DOWA HD Europe GmbH Ostendstrasse 196 90482 Nürnberg


Ikponwonsa Ose Marketing Benitol Expectant Rising Ent Suite 200 0234 Lagos

NIGERIA +2347040045026 [email protected]

11th


Irvine John Prof. School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews


Ivers-Tiffée Ellen Prof. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY +49-721-608-47491 [email protected]

Jain Anubhav Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. 145 Karolan 243001 Bareilly

INDIA [email protected]

Jalowiecki-Duhamel Louise Dr. UCCS, UMR 8181, Université Lille CNRS Bât C3, Cité Scientifique, Université Lille1 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq


Jamil Zadariana Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ London


Janssens Jean Paul Dr. Bosal Netherlands Kamerlingh Onnesweg 5 4131 PK Vianen


Jaworski Zdzislaw Prof. Chemical Engineering Faculty West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Aleja Piastow 42 71-065 Szczecin

POLAND +48 91 449 4020 [email protected]

Je Hae-June Dr. High Materials Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu 136-791 Seoul


Jean Claude

CEA-LITEN 17, rue des Martyrs 38058 Grenoble


Jeangros Quentin CIME, EPFL EPFL SB CIME MXC 135, Station 12 1015 Lausanne


Jensen Jacob Dr. Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Jiao Zhenjun Dr. The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Komaba, 4-6-1-Dw205 153-8505 Tokyo


John Druce Dr. wpi-I2CNER, Kyushu University 744 Motooka 819-0395 Fukuoka


Joos Jochen Dipl.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY +49 721 608- 4 74 94 [email protected]

Kang Kyung Tae Dr.

KITECH 143 Hanggaul-ro, Sangrok-gu 426-910 Ansan-si


Kato Toru Dr. Advanced industrial science and technoogy Central2 1-1-1 Umezono 305-8568 Tsukuba


Keller Isabelle Dr. Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung 9 - Grundlagen der Elektrochemie Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich


Keuter Thomas Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

GERMANY +49 2461619701 [email protected]

Kishimoto Masashi Dr. Imperial College London Prince Consort Road SW7 2BP London


Kiviaho Jari Dr. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Biologinkuja 5 02044 Espoo


Kleiminger Lisa Chemical Engineering Department Imperial College London South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ London


Kleinohl Nils OWI Oel-Waerme-Institut GmbH Kaiserstr. 100 52134 Herzogenrath


Klemens Hansen Karsten Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Kloo Josef HPI Promat GmbH Scheifenkamp 16 40878 Ratingen



Klotz Dino Dr.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe


Koit André Elcogen AS Saeveski 10a 11214 Tallinn

ESTLAND [email protected]

Konstandin Alexander Dr. CR/PJ-TFC Robert Bosch GmbH C/AOA1-Sh BUKR 4000 39006 Magdeburg


Kotake Hirokazu TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION 8 Chaya, Kyowa-cho 474-8601 Obu-shi, Aichi


Kroemer Joachim Dr. Borit NV Lammerdries 18d 2440 Geel

BELGIUM +4981713650039 [email protected]

Kröll Léonard Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Ostring O10 52425 Jülich


Kühn Sascha Dr. eZelleron GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


Küngas Rainer Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Kusnezoff Mihails Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


Kwok Kawai Dr. Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde


Laguna-Bercero Miguel Dr. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón c/ Maria de Luna 3 50018 Zaragoza


Lang Michael Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Larrea Angel Dr. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón C/ María de Luna 3 50010 Zaragoza


Lee Jong-Ho Dr. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Hwarangno 14-gil 5 136-791 Seoul


Lee Jong-Sook Prof. Materials Science and Engineering Chonnam National University Yongbongro 77 500-757 Gwangju

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF +82 62 5301701 [email protected]

Lee Ruey-yi Dr.

Physics Division Institute of Nuclear Energy Research No. 1000, Wenhua Rd., 32546 Longtan Township

TAIWAN [email protected]

Lee Sangho Dept. of Mechanical Engineering KAIST 212 Byul-dong, ME bldg. KAIST, Yuseong-gu 305701 Daejeon


Lefebrve-Joud Florence Dr. CEA-LITEN 17, rue des Martyrs 38058 Grenoble


Lensner Don Catacel Corp. 785 North Freedom St. OH 44266 Ravenna


Li Tao Imperial College London Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London


Linder Markus Institute of Computational Physics Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW Technikumstrasse 9 8401 Winterthur


Lindermeir Andreas Dr.

Chemical Power Systems CUTEC Institut GmbH Leibnizstr. 21 + 23 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld


Liu Zhien Dr.

Cell/Stack LG Fuel Cell Systems Inc. 6065 Strip Ave NW 44720 North Canton


Lu Lanying University of St Andrews School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews KY16 9ST St Andrews


11th


Lucero Martínez Cristina Abengoa Hidrógeno c/ Energía Solar nº1 41014 Sevilla


Lundberg Mats W Dr. Surface Technology AB Sandvik Materials Technology Åsgatan 1 81181 Sandviken


Luthi Pierre Praxair Specialty Ceramics 16130 Wood Red Road WA 98072 Woodinville


Madi Hossein Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Mai Andreas R & D Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur


Maillard John Geoffrey School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Majewski Artur Dr. School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Malfait Brecht Topsoe Fuell Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Malle Madeleine Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten


Malzbender Jürgen Dr. IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo-Brandt-Strasse 52425 Jülich


Manser Albert Werner Mathis AG Rütisbergstrasse 3 8156 Oberhasli


Margaritis Nikolaos ZEA-1: Engineering and Technology Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH ZEA-1 52425 Juelich


Martiny Lars Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Mascot Manuel Dr. UDSMM 50 Rue Ferdinand Buisson 62228 Calais


Matian Mardit HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains


Matte Eric C/AOA1-Sh BUKR 4000 Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH 39006 Magdeburg


Mattner Katja

FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


McDonald Nikkia School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research B15 2TT Edgbaston


McIntyre Melissa Chemistry & Biochemistry Department Montana State University 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building 59717 Bozeman

UNITED STATES +001 406 994 6739 [email protected]

Meadowcroft Tony

University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Mermelstein Joshua Dr. Boeing 5301 Bolsa Ave 92647 Huntington Beach


Messner Andreas Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY

Minh Nguyen Dr. University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0417 92093-0417 La Jolla


Modena Stefano SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/119 338017 Mezzolombardo



Mogensen Mogens B. Prof. Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde


Molero Sanchez Beatriz Chemistry University of Calgary 3419 Exshaw Rd NW T2N4G3 Calgary


Montero Larrauri Xabier Dr. DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main


Montinaro Dario SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/118 338017 Mezzolombardo


Moon Gijong Chemical Engineering POSTECH Environmental Science & Engineering Building 320 790-784 Pohang. Gyeongbuk.


Morán Aroa University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa


Morata Alex Dr. Nanoionics and Fuel Cells Institut de Recerca Energia Catalunya Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2º 08930 Sant Adria de Besos


Morel Bertrand Dr. CEA Grenoble 17 rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble


Mori Ryohei Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd 2-23-2 Obana 666-0015 Kawanishi-city, Hyogo Pref.


Mosbæk Rasmus Rode DTU Energy Conversion Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde


Mossadegh Pour Arvin School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Mukerjee Subhasish Dr. Cell & Stack Development Ceres Power Viking House RH13 5PX Horsham

UNITED KINGDOM +44 1403 273463 [email protected]

Mummert Uta Marketing & Public Relations European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil


Nagato Keisuke Dr.

Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 71C2, 2nd Bldg -Eng. 113-8656 Tokyo


Nakajo Arata Dr.

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Navarrete Laura Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (UPV-CSIC) Avda/ Dels Tarongers s/n 46022 Valencia


Navasa Maria Energy sciences Lund University Ole Römers väg 1, M-huset 22100 Lund


Neagu Dragos Dr School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews


Nehter Pedro Dr. ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Werftstraße 112-114 24143 Kiel


Niakolas Dimitrios Dr. FORTH/ICE-HT Stadiou str., Platani-Rion 26504 Patras

GREECE +302610965240 [email protected]

Niania Mathew Imperial College London Exhibition Rd SW7 2AZ London


Nielsen Eva Ravn Dr. DTU Energy Conversion Technical University of Denmark DTU Risø Campus 4000 Roskilde


Niewolak Leszek Dr.

IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo Brandtsrasse 2428 Jülich


Noponen Matti Elcogen AS Saeveski 10a 11214 Tallinn

ESTLAND [email protected]

11th


Ohi Akihiro The University of Tokyo Komaba4-6-1, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo


Ohla Klaus Dr. HAYNES International 1020 West Park Avenue IN 46901 Kokomo


Ohmer Martin FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


Ohmori Hiroko Konica Minolta, Inc. 1-2, Sakura-Machi 569-8503 Takatsuki


Oostra Hendrikus Haiku Tech Europe BV Spoorweglaan 16 6221 BS Maastricht


Orzessek Peter IEK-1: Materials Synthesis and Processing Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich


Parco Maria Dr. Industry and Transport Division TECNALIA Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián

SPAIN +34 667119601 [email protected]

Park Byung Hyun

POSTECH 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu. Pohang. Gyeongbuk. Korea 790-784 Pohang


Park No-Kuk Dr. School of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam University Daehakro 280 712-749 Gyeongsan


Payne Richard Ceramic Fuel Cells Group Boos Fremery Strasse 62 52525 Heinsberg


Pecho Omar Zurich University of Applied Sciences/ETH Zurich Wildbachstrasse 21 8401 Winterthur


Peksen Murat Dr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH In der Helmholtzgemeinschaft 52425 Jülich


Penchini Daniele SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/121 338017 Mezzolombardo


Perrozzi Francesco CNR - IENI Via De Marini 6 16149 Genova


Peterhans Stefan FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


Peters Roland Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo-Brandt-Strasse 52428 Jülich


Petersen Thomas Karl Topsoe Fuell Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Peyer David Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG Nenzlingerweg 5 4153 Reinach

SWiTZERLAND [email protected]

Pfeifer Thomas Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstr. 29 01277 Dresden


Pfeifer Thomas Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


Philippe Liebaert Dr. DCX Chrome Groupe Delachaux 68 rue Jean Jaures 59770 Marly

FRANCE +33 03 27200786 [email protected]

Pianko-Oprych Paulina Dr. Chemical Engineerg West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Al. Piastów 17 70-310 Szczecin

POLAND +48914494731 [email protected]

Piccardo Paolo Prof. Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Genova via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genoa

ITALY +39 320 798 26 51 [email protected]

Pietras John Dr. SOFC Saint-Gobain 9 Goddard Rd 01590 Northborough



Pohjoranta Antti Fuel Cells VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland P.O.Box 1000 02044 Espoo


Poitel Stéphane Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Poizeau Sophie Dr. Saint-Gobain 9 Goddard Rd 01532 Northboro, MA


Pönicke Andreas Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstr. 28 01277 Dresden


Posdziech Oliver Dr. Sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstr. 2 01237 Dresden

GERMANY

Prenninger Peter Dr. Research Department AVL List GmbH Hans-List-Platz 1 8020 Graz


Primdahl Søren Dr. R&D, Cell and Materials Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Rachau Mathias FuelCon AG Steinfeldstr. 1 39179 Magdeburg-Barleben


Randall Julian Dr. Euresearch Effingerstrasse 19 3008 Bern


Rastler Dan Dr. Energy Utilization Electric Power Research Institute 3420 Hillview Ave 94304 Palo Alto


Rechberger Juergen

Fuel Cell AVL List GmbH Hans List Platz 1 8020 Graz


Reytier Magali CEA-LITEN 17, rue des Martyrs 38058 Grenoble


Richter Andreas Benedikt Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymoellevej 66 2800 Kgs. Lyngby


Ringuede Armelle Dr. CNRS-IRCP 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris

FRANCE +33 1 55421235 [email protected]

Rivera Rocabado David Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan 819-0395 Fukuoka


Robinson Shay Chemistry University of Oslo Gaustadalléen 21 0349 Oslo

NORWAY +47 40 51 28 55 [email protected]

Roehrens Daniel Dr.

IEK-1 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 1 52425 Jülich


Rost Axel Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstr. 28 01277 Dresden


Ruhland Sandro Dr.-Ing. EBZ GmbH Marschnerstr. 26 01307 Dresden


Ruiz-Trejo Enrique Dr. Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London Exhibition Road SW7 2AZ London


Sachitanand Rakshith Nugehalli Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg


Sadykov Vladislav Prof. Boreskov Institute of catalysis pr. Akad. Lavrentieva, 5 630090 Novosibirsk

RUSSIAN FEDERATION [email protected]

Santin Maria European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil


Sarruf Bernardo Dr. Hydrogen Laboratory Rua Moniz de Aragão, s/n - Cid. Universitaria - Ilha do Fundao - CT - sala I-146 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro

BRAZIL +55 21 39388791 [email protected]

11th


Sasaki Kazunari Prof. Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku 8190395 Fukuoka


Satet Raphaelle Dr. Corporate Research Robert Bosch GmbH Postfach 106050 70049 Stuttgart


Sato Kazuyoshi Dr. Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho 3768515 Kiryu


Sato Kimihiko CAP Co., Ltd. 3415-42 Shinyoshidacho, Kohoku-ku 223-0056 Yokohama-city, Kanagawa-pref.


Schafbauer Wolfgang Dr. Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte


Scharrer Michael Dr. CeramTec GmbH CeramTec-Weg 1 95615 Marktredwitz


Schefold Josef Dr. EIFER Emmy-Noether Str. 11 76131 Karlsruhe


Scherer Günther G. Dr. Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Talackerstr. 9B 5607 Hägglingen


Schiller Günter Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Schimanke Danilo

sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstr. 2 01237 Dresden


Schindler Bernhard system development Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur


Schipke Mandy NOVUM engineerING GmbH Schnorrstrasse 70 01069 Dresden


Schlupp Meike Dr. Laboratory for Hydrogen and Energy EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf


Schmuckat Michael

KNF FLODOS Wassermatte 2 6210 Sursee


Schnegelberger Christian ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Schönbauer Stefan Dr.

Robert Bosch GmbH Robert-Bosch-Platz 1 70839 Gerlingen


Schröter Falk NOVUM engineerING GmbH Schnorrstrasse 70 01069 Dresden


Schuler Alexander Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur


Schuler Andreas stack and materials development Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur


Schwaderlapp Sven

Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten


Schwartz Matthieu Applieed Mineralogy Saint-Gobain Recherche 39 Quai Lucien Lefranc 93303 Aubervilliers


Shangfeng Du Dr.

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Sharma Atin Dr. Materials R&D Sulzer Metco (US) Inc. 1101 Propspect Ave 11590 Westbury

UNITED STATES +001 516 3382527 [email protected]

Shimada Shu Dr. FCO Power Inc. 2-22-8 Chikusa, Chikusa-ku 4640858 Aichi-ken



Shimura Takaaki Shikazono laboratory Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo


Shin Eui-Chol Chonnam National University 211, Engineering building. No.6 500-757 Gwnag-ju


Shindo Taiki Graduate Schoo of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku 980-8579 Sendai


Sigl Lorenz Prof. Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte


Singh Vaibhav Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Sitte Werner Prof. Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Montanuniversität Leoben Franz-Josef-Straße 18 8700 Leoben


Skiera Erik Dr. IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich


Skrabs Stefan Dipl.-Ing.

Plansee SE Metallwerk Plansee Str. 71 6600 Reutte


Smolnikar Matej Mechanical Simulation AVL List GmbH Hans List Platz 1 8020 Graz


Solheim Arve

CerPoTech AS Kvenildmyra 7072 Heimdal


Spirig Leandra European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil


Spirig Michael Dr. European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil


Spotorno Roberto Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Genova via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genoa

ITALY +39 333 736 83 19 [email protected]

Stange Marit Dr.

SINTEF Materials and Chemistry SINTEF Box 124, Blindern 0314 Oslo

NORWAY +4799024433 [email protected]

Stefan Elena Dr

School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews


Stehlík Karin Dr.

CVR Hlavní 130 25068 Husinec-Rez

CZECH REPUBLIC [email protected]

Steilen Mike ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Steinberger-Wilckens Robert Prof. School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Stenger Sebastian Institut für Energie- und Systemverfahrenstechnik TU Braunschweig Franz-Liszt Str. 35 38106 Braunschweig


Stiernstedt Johanna Dr. Swerea IVF PO Box 104 431 22 Molndal


Stoynov Zdravko HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

SWITZERLAND

Suffner Jens Dr. Electronic Packaging Schott AG Christoph-Dorner-Str. 29 84028 Landshut


Sumi Hirofumi Dr.

Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 2266-98, Anagahora, Simo-shidami, Moriyama-ku 463-8560 Nagoya


Sun Xiufu Dr. Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 49 4000 Roskilde


11th


Svensson Jan-Erik Prof. Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg


Syvertsen Guttorm CerPoTech AS Kvenildmyra 7072 Heimdal


Szász Julian Dipl.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe


Szepanski Christian Chemical Power Systems CUTEC Institut GmbH Leibnizstr. 21 + 23 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld

GERMANY +49 5323933249 [email protected]

Szmyd Janusz Prof. Dept. of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering AGH-University of Science and Technology 30 Mickiewicza Ave. 30-059 Krakow

POLAND +48126172694 [email protected]

Takahide Mine

DJK Europe GmbH Mergenthalerallee 79-81 65760 Eschborn


Takashi Oto R&D Division Panasonic Corp. 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi 570-8501 Moriguchi,Osaka


Tamaru Kojiro

TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION 8 Chaya, Kyowa-cho 474-8601 Obu-shi, Aichi


Tanaka Yohei Dr. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Umezono 1-1-1 AIST Central 2 305-8568 Tsukuba


Téllez Helena Dr. Hydrogen Production Division International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku 819-0395 Fukuoka


Thallam Thattai Aditya

Delft University of Technology Leeghwaterstraat 39 2628CB Delft

NETHERLANDS +31 611761500 [email protected]

Thoben Birgit Dr. CR/ARC Robert Bosch GmbH Robert-Bosch-Platz 1 70839 Gerlingen


Thomann Olivier VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland PO 1000 02044 VTT

FINLAND [email protected]

Thurner Lars SE Tylose GmbH & Co. KG Rheingaustr. 190-196 65203 Wiesbaden


Tregambe Carlo Dr. ICI_LAB ICI Caldaie SPA via G.Pascoli, 38 37059 Zevio (VR)


Treyer Karin Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) OHSA D22 5232 Villigen PSI


Tsai Tsang-I School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Ultes Jan Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten


Vakili Vahid University of Tehran No. 20, Negar St, Valiasr St, Vanak Sq 1969813791 Tehran

IRAN (ISLAMIC REP. OF) [email protected]

van Dorst Robert Bosal Nederland B.V. Kamerling Onnesweg 5 4131 PK Vianen

NETHERLANDS +31 347 362911 [email protected]

Van Herle Jan Dr. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne


Venkataraman Vikrant School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham B15 2TT Birmingham


Venskutonis Andreas Dr. Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte


Verbraeken Maarten Dr School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews



Vibhu Vaibhav University of Bordeaux ICMCB-CNRS 87, Avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer 33608 Pessac

FRANCE +33 54 00 06 266 [email protected]

Vidal Karmele Dr. University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) B. Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa


Vijay Periasamy Dr. Curtin University GPO Box U1987 6845 Perth

AUSTRALIA [email protected]

Vladikova Daria HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

SWITZERLAND

Vogt Uli Dr. Hydrogen & Energy EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 8600 Duebendorf

SWITZERLAND +41 58765 4160 [email protected]

Vulliet Julien

CEA Le Ripault BP16 37260 Monts


Wachsman Eric Prof. Energy Research Center University of Maryland Rm. 1206, Engineering Lab Bldg. 20742 College Park


Walker Robert Prof.

Chemistry and Biochemistry Montana State University PO Box 173400, CBB 59715-1734 Bozeman, Montana


Walsh Greig

Greenlight Innovation 104A-3430 Brighton Avenue V5A 3H4 Burnaby, BC


Walter Christian Dr. sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstr. 2 01237 Dresden


Wang Xiaochen Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Sanhuan Industrial District, Fengtang, Chaozhou,Guangdong 515646 Chaozhou


Watton James School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham


Weber André Dr.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY +49 721 608-4-7572 [email protected]

Wei Jianping

IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich


Weichel Steen Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Weineisen Henrik Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby


Wenk Beda KNF FLODOS Wassermatte 2 6210 Sursee


Westlinder Jörgen Research and Development AB Sandvik Materials Technology 4371 81181 Sandviken


Wonsyld Karen Haldor Topsøe A/S Nymøllevej 55 2800 Kgs. Lyngby


Wu Wei Dr. Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Science 1219 Zhuangshi Road, Ningbo 315201 Ningbo

CHINA [email protected]

Wuillemin Zacharie HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains


Wunderlich Christian Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden


Xie Shuomin Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Sanhuan Industrial District,Fengtang,Chaozhou,Guangdong 515646 Chaozhou


Yashiro Keiji Prof. Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku 9808579 Sendai


11th


Yokokawa Harumi Prof. Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo


Yoon Mi Young Division of Materials Science and Engineering Inha University 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu 402-751 Incheon


Yu Jun Ho KITECH 143 hanggal-ro, Sangnik-gu 426-910 Ansan-si


Yurkiv Vitaliy Dr. CEC DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart


Zhu Zhonghua Prof. School of Chemical Engineering The University of Quensland School of Chemical Engineering 4072 Brisbane

AUSTRALIA +6173365 3528 [email protected]


List of Institutions 11th


Related to Participants Registered until 16 June 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Abengoa Hidrógeno Sevilla/SPAIN

AGH-University of Science and Technology Krakow/POLAND

Almus AG Oberrohrdorf/SWITZERLAND

APERAM Isbergues/FRANCE

Auer Lighting GmbH Bad Gandersheim/GERMANY

AVL List GmbH Graz/AUSTRIA

Benitol Expectant Rising Ent Lagos/NIGERIA

Bloomenergy Sunnyvale/UNITED STATES

Boeing Huntington Beach/UNITED STATES

Boreskov Institute of catalysis Novosibirsk/RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Borit NV Geel/BELGIUM

Bosal Nederland B.V. Vianen/NETHERLANDS

Bosch Thermotechnik GmbH Wernau/GERMANY

Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG Reinach/SWiTZERLAND

C & I Tech Waedenswil/SWITZERLAND

CAP Co., Ltd. Yokohama-city, Kanagawa-pref./JAPAN

Catacel Corp. Ravenna/UNITED STATES

CEA Le Ripault Monts/FRANCE

CEA-LITEN Grenoble/FRANCE

Ceramic Fuel Cells Group Heinsberg/GERMANY

CeramTec GmbH Marktredwitz/GERMANY

Ceres Power Horsham/UNITED KINGDOM

CerPoTech AS Heimdal/NORWAY

Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg/SWEDEN

Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Chaozhou/CHINA

China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing Beijing/CHINA

Chonnam National University Gwangju/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

CIRIMAT Toulouse/FRANCE

CNR - IENI Genoa/ITALY

CNRS Villeneuve d'Ascq/FRANCE

CNRS-IRCP Paris/FRANCE

Convion Espoo/FINLAND

CRP Henri Tudor Luxembourg/LUXEMBOURG

Curtin University Perth/AUSTRALIA

CUTEC Institut GmbH Clausthal-Zellerfeld/GERMANY

CVR Husinec-Rez/CZECH REPUBLIC

DCX Chrome Groupe Delachaux Marly/FRANCE

DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut Frankfurt am Main/GERMANY

Delft University of Technology Delft/NETHERLANDS

11th


DJK Europe GmbH Eschborn/GERMANY

DLR Stuttgart/GERMANY

DOWA HD Europe GmbH Nürnberg/GERMANY

EBZ GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne/SWITZERLAND

Edison Spa Milan/ITALY

EIFER Karlsruhe/GERMANY

Elcogen AS Tallinn/ESTLAND

Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto/UNITED STATES

EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Dübendorf/SWITZERLAND

Euresearch Bern/SWITZERLAND

European Fuel Cell Forum Luzern-Adligenswil/SWITZERLAND

eZelleron GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

FCO Power Inc. Aichi-ken/JAPAN

Fernuniversität Hagen Düsseldorf/GERMANY

Fiaxell Sàrl Lausanne/SWITZERLAND

FLEXITALLIC Cleckheaton/UNITED KINGDOM

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich/GERMANY

FORTH/ICE-HT Patras/GREECE

Fraunhofer IKTS Dresden/GERMANY

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nürnberg/GERMANY

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Brussels/BELGIUM

FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

fuelcellmaterials.com/ A Division of NexTech Materials Lewis Center/UNITED STATES

FuelCon AG Magdeburg-Barleben/GERMANY

Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd Kawanishi-city, Hyogo Pref./JAPAN

German Aerospace Center (DLR) Koeln/GERMANY

Greenlight Innovation Burnaby, BC/CANADA

Gunma University Kiryu/JAPAN

Haiku Tech Europe BV BS Maastricht/NETHERLANDS

Haldor Topsøe A/S Kgs. Lyngby/DENMARK

HAYNES International Kokomo/UNITED STATES

Hazen Research, Inc. Golden/UNITED STATES

Hexis Winterthur/SWITZERLAND

HTceramix-SOFCpower Yverdon-les-Bains/SWITZERLAND

Hydrogen Laboratory Rio de Janeiro/BRAZIL

ICI Caldaie SPA Zevio (VR)/ITALY

ICMCB-CNRS Pessac/FRANCE

Imperial College London London/UNITED KINGDOM

Inha University Incheon/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Institut de Recerca Energia Catalunya Sant Adria de Besos/SPAIN

Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo/JAPAN

Institute of Nuclear Energy Research Longtan Township/TAIWAN

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón Zaragoza/SPAIN

Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (UPV-CSIC) Valencia/SPAIN

International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research Fukuoka/JAPAN

KAIST Daejeon/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe/GERMANY


KERAFOL GmbH Eschenbach i.d.Opf./GERMANY

KITECH Ansan-si/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

KNF FLODOS Sursee/SWITZERLAND

Konica Minolta, Inc. Takatsuki/JAPAN

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Kyoto University Kyoto/JAPAN

Kyushu University Fukuoka city/JAPAN

Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Rostock/GERMANY

LG Fuel Cell Systems Inc. North Canton/UNITED STATES

Lund University Lund/SWEDEN

Medintrade Inc. Beirut/LEBANON

Montana State University Bozeman, Montana/UNITED STATES

Montanuniversität Leoben Leoben/AUSTRIA

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba/JAPAN

National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung/TAIWAN

NEDO Kawasaki/JAPAN

new enerday GmbH Neubrandenburg/GERMANY

Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Science Ningbo/CHINA

Northwestern University Evanston/UNITED STATES

NOVUM engineerING GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

OWI Oel-Waerme-Institut GmbH Herzogenrath/GERMANY

Panasonic Corp. Moriguchi,Osaka/JAPAN

Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Villigen PSI/SWITZERLAND

Plansee SE Reutte/AUSTRIA

Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Kempten/GERMANY

POSTECH Pohang/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Praxair Specialty Ceramics Woodinville/UNITED STATES

Promat GmbH Ratingen/GERMANY

Prototech AS Bergen/NORWAY

Robert Bosch GmbH Gerlingen/GERMANY

Robert Gordon University Aberdeen/UNITED KINGDOM

Saint-Gobain Northboro, MA/UNITED STATES

Saint-Gobain Recherche Aubervilliers/FRANCE

Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. Bareilly/INDIA

Schott AG Landshut/GERMANY

SE Tylose GmbH & Co. KG Wiesbaden/GERMANY

SINTEF Oslo/NORWAY

SOFCpower Mezzolombardo/ITALY

SOITEC Bernin/FRANCE

Sulzer Metco (US) Inc. Westbury/UNITED STATES

sunfire GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

Swerea IVF Molndal/SWEDEN

Technical University of Denmark Roskilde/DENMARK

TECNALIA Donostia-San Sebastián/SPAIN

The University of Quensland Brisbane/AUSTRALIA

ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Kiel/GERMANY

TLK Thermo GmbH Braunschweig/GERMANY

Tohoku University Sendai/JAPAN

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Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Kgs. Lyngby/DENMARK

TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION Obu-shi, Aichi/JAPAN

TU Braunschweig Braunschweig/GERMANY

UDSMM Calais/FRANCE

Università degli Studi di Genova Genoa/ITALY

Università degli Studi di Perugia Perugia/ITALY

Università di Pisa Pisa/ITALY

Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona/ITALY

University Ain Tassera/ALGERIA

University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa/SPAIN

University of Birmingham Birmingham/UNITED KINGDOM

University of Calgary Calgary/CANADA

University of California, San Diego La Jolla/UNITED STATES

University of Genoa Genoa/ITALY

University of Maryland College Park/UNITED STATES

University of Oslo Oslo/NORWAY

University of St Andrews St Andrews/UNITED KINGDOM

University of Tehran Tehran/IRAN (ISLAMIC REP. OF)

University of Texas at Austin Round Rock, TX/UNITED STATES

Versa Power Systems Ltd. Calgary/CANADA

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Espoo/FINLAND

Werner Mathis AG Oberhasli/SWITZERLAND

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin/POLAND

wpi-I2CNER, Kyushu University Fukuoka/JAPAN

Yeungnam University Gyeongsan/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW Winterthur/SWITZERLAND


List of Exhibitors 11th


Registered by 16 June 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 KKL Lucerne/Switzerland

Booth A12

ALMUS AG

Morgenacherstrasse 2F

CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf

Switzerland

www.almus-ag.ch

Exhibits: UBOCELL SOFC Module, SOFC Demonstration Kit

Booth A05

BOSAL Netherlands

Kamerlingh Onnesweg 5

4131 PK Vianen

The Netherlands

www.bosal.com

Exhibits: ERM – Energy Recycling Modules

Booth B10

Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG

Nenzlingerweg 5

4153 Reinach

Switzerland

www.bronkhorst.ch

Exhibits: Massflowmeters - Controllers, Pressuremeters – Controllers

Booth A06

Catacel Corporation

785 North Freedom St.

Ravenna, OH 44266

USA

www.catacel.com

Exhibits: Structured Catalysts and Compact Reactors

Booth A11

CAP Co., Ltd.

3415-42 Shinyoshidacho, Kohoku-ku

Yokohama-city, Kanagawa-pref.223-0056

Japan

www.cap-co.jp/indexE.html

Exhibits: Anode Gas Recycle Blower for SOFC

Booth A03

CEA-LITEN

17, rue des Martyrs

38054 Grenoble Cedex 9

France

www-liten.cea.fr

Exhibits: R&D for SOFC and SOE

Booth B11

CeramTec GmbH

CeramTec-Weg 1

95615 Marktredwitz

Germany

www.ceramtec.de

Exhibits: Ceramic SOFC Components

Booth B12

CerPoTech AS

Kvenildmyra

7072 Heimdal

Norway

www.cerpotech.com

Exhibits: Ceramic Powders

Booth A15

DOWA HD Europe GmbH

Ostendstrasse 196

90482 Nürnberg

Germany

www.dowa.co.jp/index_e.html

Exhibits: Perovskite Type Oxide Powder for SOFC and SOEC Electrode

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Booth A14

DJK Europe GmbH

Mergenthalerallee 79-81

65760 Eschborn

Germany

www.djkeurope.com

Exhibits: Roller Hearth Kiln for SOFC

Booth B06

EBZ GmbH

Marschnerstrasse 26

01307 Dresden

Germany

www.ebz-dresden.de

Exhibits: SOFC test rigs and BoP components

Booth B18

Elcogen AS

Saeveski 10a

11214 Tallinn

Estland

www.elcogen.com

Exhibits: Perovskite Type Oxide

Booth B04

Energy Saxony e.V.

c/o Fraunhofer IKTS

Winterbergstraße 28

01277 Dresden

Germany

www.energy-saxony.net

Exhibits: Network Organisation

Booth B03

eZelleron GmbH


01277 Dresden

Germany

www.ezelleron.de

Exhibits: Low-emission energy sources for mobile power supplies

Booth A07

FLEXITALLIC

Scandinavia Mill, Hunsworth Lane

Cleckheaton

BD19 4LN

United Kingdom

www.flexitallicsofc.com

Exhibits: Sealing Products

Booth B20

Fiaxell Sàrl

Avenue Aloys Fauquez 31

1018 Lausanne

Switzerland

www.fiaxell.com

Exhibits: SOFC Test Set-up, SOFC cells, SOFC interconnection systems

Booth B07 – B08

Forschungszentrum Jülich

Wilhelm-Johnen-Str.

52428 Jülich

Germany

www.fz-juelich.de

Exhibits: R&D

Booth B04

FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH


01277 Dresden

Germany

www.fces.de

Exhibits: MCFC Fuel Cells

Booth B19

FuelCon AG

Steinfeldstr. 1

39179 Magdeburg-Barleben

Germany

www.fuelcon.com

Exhibits: Test Systems for Fuel Cells and Electrolysers

Booth B04

Fraunhofer IKTS


01277 Dresden

Germany

www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/

Exhibits: Fuel Cell System Eneramic®

Booth B09

fuelcellmaterials.com

A Division of NexTech Materials

404 Enterprise Drive

Lewis Center, OH 43035

USA

www.fuelcellmaterials.com

Exhibits: SOFC materials, Components, Testing

http://www.elcogen.com/

http://www.energy-saxony.net/


Booth A08

Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd

2-23-2 Obana

Kawanishi-city

Hyogo Pref. 666-0015

Japan

www.fuji-pigment.co.jp

Exhibits: Electrode, Solid Electrolyte Materials (Powder, Paste) for SOFC

Booth A04

Haiku Tech Europe BV

Spoorweglaan 16

6221 BS Maastricht

The Netherlands

www.haikutech.com

Exhibits: SOFC Manufacturing Equipment

Booth A09

HAYNES International

1020 West Park Avenue

Kokomo, IN 46901

USA

www.haynes.ch

Exhibits: High-temperature Alloys

Booth B17

HTceramix SA

26 Avenue des Sports

1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

Switzerland

www.htceramix.ch

Exhibits: SOFC Stack and Systems

Booth B05

KERAFOL GmbH

Stegenthumbach 4-6

92676 Eschenbach i.d.Opf.

Germany

www.kerafol.com

Exhibits: Electrolytes, Electrolyte Supported Cells

Booth A10

KNF FLODOS

Wassermatte 2

6210 Sursee

Switzerland

www.knf-flodos.ch

Exhibits: Pumps

Booth B13

Plansee SE

Metallwerk Plansee Str. 71

6600 Reutte

Austria

www.plansee.com

Exhibits: SOFC Stack Components

Booth A13

Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH

Heisinger Strasse 8/10

87437 Kempten

Germany

www.porextherm.de

Exhibits: Microporous thermal insulation

Booth A02

Praxair Specialty Ceramics

16130 Wood Red Road

Woodinville, WA 98072

USA

www.praxair.com

Exhibits: Manufacturer of multi-component oxide powders and shapes specializing in cathode, anode, interconnects, and electrolytes for SOFC and SOE applications

Booth B01

Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd.

145 Karolan

243001 Bareilly

India

http://samics.com

Exhibits: Ceramic Powders and Targets Booth B04

Sunfire GmbH

Gasanstaltstr. 2

01237 Dresden

Germany

www.sunfire.de

Exhibits: SOFC integrated Stack Module

Booth B17

SOFCpower SpA

Viale Trento, 115/117

c/o BIC

38017 Mezzolombardo (TN)

Italy

www.sofcpower.com

Exhibits: SOFC Stack and Systems

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Booths B14 – B16

Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S

Nymoellevej 66

2800 Kgs. Lyngby

Denmark

www.topsoefuelcell.com

Exhibits: SOFC Stack Modules

Booth A01

Werner Mathis AG

Rütisbergstrasse 3

8156 Oberhasli

Switzerland

www.mathisag.com

Exhibits: Machines for various coating processes, hydrolization, drying, sintering etc. that are used for production of the MEAs of polyphosphoric acid.


List of Booths 11th


Registered by 16 June 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 KKL Lucerne/Switzerland

Booth Exhibitor Country Website

A01 Werner Mathis AG Switzerland www.mathisag.com

A02 Praxair Specialty Ceramics USA www.praxair.com

A03 CEA LITEN France www-liten.cea.fr

A04 Haiku Tech Europe BV The Netherlands www.haikutech.com

A05 BOSAL Netherlands The Netherlands www.bosal.com

A06 Catacel Corp USA www.catacel.com

A07 FLEXITALLIC United Kingdom www.flexitallicsofc.com

A08 Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd Japan http://www.fuji-pigment.co.jp/

A09 HAYNES International USA www.haynes.ch

A10 KNF FLODOS Switzerland www.knf-flodos.ch

A11 CAP Co., Ltd. Japan www.cap-co.jp/indexE.html

A12 ALMUS AG Switzerland www.almus-ag.ch

A13 Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Germany www.porextherm.de

A14 DJK Europe GmbH Germany www.djkeurope.com

A15 DOWA HD Europe GmbH Germany www.dowa.co.jp/index_e.html

http://www.mathisag.com/

http://www.praxair.com/

http://www.haikutech.com/

http://www.bosal.com/

http://www.catacel.com/

http://www.flexitallicsofc.com/

http://www.fuji-pigment.co.jp/

http://www.haynes.ch/

http://www.knf-flodos.ch/

http://www.cap-co.jp/indexE.html

http://www.almus-ag.ch/

http://www.porextherm.de/

http://www.djkeurope.com/

http://www.dowa.co.jp/index_e.html

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B01 Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. India www.samics.com

B02 Exhibitors Service Point Switzerland www.efcf.com

B03 eZelleron GmbH Germany www.ezelleron.de

B04

Energy Saxony e.V. Germany www.energy-saxony.net

FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH Germany www.fces.de

Fraunhofer IKTS Germany www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/

Sunfire GmbH Germany www.sunfire.de

B05 KERAFOL GmbH Germany www.kerafol.com

B06 EBZ GmbH Germany www.ebz-dresden.de

B07 – B08 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Germany www.fz-juelich.de

B09 fuelcellmaterials.com - A Division of NexTech Materials USA www.fuelcellmaterials.com

B10 Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG Switzerland www.bronkhorst.com

B11 CeramTec GmbH Germany www.ceramtec.de

B12 CerPoTech AS Norway www.cerpotech.com

B13 Plansee SE Austria www.plansee.com

B14 – B16 Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Denmark www.topsoefuelcell.com

B17 HTceramix SA Switzerland www.htceramix.ch

SOFCpower SpA Italy www.sofcpower.com

B18 Elcogen AS Estland www.elcogen.com

B19 FuelCon AG Germany www.fuelcon.com

B20 Fiaxell Sàrl Switzerland www.fiaxell.com

http://www.samics.com/

http://www.efcf.com/

http://www.ezelleron.de/

http://www.energy-saxony.net/

http://www.fces.de/

http://www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/

http://www.sunfire.de/

http://www.kerafol.com/

http://www.ebz-dresden.de/

http://www.fz-juelich.de/

http://www.fuelcellmaterials.com/

http://www.bronkhorst.com/

http://www.ceramtec.de/

http://www.cerpotech.com/

http://www.plansee.com/

http://www.topsoefuelcell.com/

http://www.htceramix.ch/

http://www.sofcpower.com/

http://www.elcogen.com/

http://www.fuelcon.com/

http://www.fiaxell.com/


Outlook 2015 In this moment of preparation, we are excited to see all the valuable contributions and efforts of so many authors, scientific committee and advisors, exhibitors and staff materialising in the 11th EUROPEAN SOEFC & SOE FORUM 2014. However, looking a bit beyond these intensive days, we see another important event emerging at a not too far horizon in 2015:

The

5th

European PEFC & H2 Forum 30 June to 3 July 2015, in the KKL of Lucerne, Switzerland Science, Technology and Application of

Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Hydrogen

The 5th European PEFC & H2 Forum will be a major European gathering place for low temperature fuel cell and hydrogen scientists, experts, engineers, and also increasingly business developers and managers. Responding to the wishes of many stakeholders, the event will be exclusively focussing on all low temperature fuel cell, electrolyser and hydrogen technologies.

Already now, many people have expressed their strong interest to participate and contribute to this event as scientists, engineers or exhibitors. All kind of low temperature fuel cells as well as hydrogen production, storage and distribution technologies will be presented to the participants. On the one hand, the technical focus lies on specific engineering and design approaches and solutions for materials, processes and components. On the other hand, increasingly broad demonstration projects and first in series produced applications and products are presented and the announced FCV launch of the car manufactures will be an important subject.

The forum comprises a scientific conference, an exhibition and a tutorial. The Scientific Conference will address issues of science, engineering, materials, systems and applications as well as markets for all types of low temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysers. Beside this a more public and political Green-Moblity-Demo is planned again. Contributions are very welcome.

In its traditional manner, the meeting aims at a fruitful dialogue between researchers, engineers and manufacturers, hardware developers and users, academia and industry. Business opportunities will be identified for manufacturers, commerce, consultants, public authorities and investors. Although a Europe-bound event, participation is invited from all continents. About 500 participants and 30 exhibitors are expected from more than 30 nations.

For 2015, the EFCF’s International Board of Advisors has elected

Prof. Dr. Frano Barbir as Conference Chairman.

Prof. Dr. Frano Barbir is Professor and Chair of Thermodynamics at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Croatia. He has been actively involved in fuel cell technology R&D, engineering and applications since 1989, working in the U.S. as a researcher and R&D manager in both industry and at universities. A new Scientific Advisory Committee has been formed to structure the technical programme in an independent and neutral manner and will exercise full scientific independence in all technical matters.

11th


For everybody interested in low temperature Fuel Cells and Hydrogen, please take note in your agenda of the next opportunity to enjoy Lucerne as a scientific and technical exchange platform. The 5th EUROPEAN PEFC & H2 FORUM will take place from 30 June to 3 July 2015, in the KKL of Lucerne, Switzerland.

We look forward to welcoming you again in Lucerne.

The organisers Olivier Bucheli & Michael Spirig

Outlook 2016

12th

European SOFC & SOE Forum

5 -8 July 2016

The elected Chair will be announced. Call for Paper is in Sept 2015.

www.EFCF.com/2016

[email protected]

Integrated IT-tool & services for technology status evaluation - Applied for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

11th


11th


Depart for

Swiss Surprise

Dinner on the Lake

KKL

RR- Station

www.EFCF.com

International Conference on SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL and ELECTROLYSER

11th

EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 1 - 4 July 2014


Schedule of Events

Tuesday – 1 July 2014 11:00 - 16:00 Exhibition set-up

09:30 - 10:00 Tutorial Registration 10:00 - 16:30 Tutorial held by Dr. Günther G. Scherer & Dr. Jan Van herle 16:00 - 18:00 Poster pin-up / Official opening of the exhibition 16:00 - 18:00 On-site Registration is open, to be continued on the following days 18:00 - 19:00 Welcome gathering on the terrace of the KKL above the registration area from 19:00 Thank-You Dinner with special invitation only

Wednesday – 2 July 2014 08:00 - 16:00 On-site Registration is open, to be continued on the following days 08:00 - 09:00 Speakers’ Breakfast in the Auditorium Foyer on the 1

st floor of the KKL above sector A of the exhibition

09:00 - 18:00 Conference Sessions 1–6 including plenary presentations on «International Overviews» from Japan, USA, China and Europe, extended poster presentation by authors, networking and exhibition

09:00 - 18:00 Access to poster area and exhibition are open, to be continued on the following days 12:30 Press Conference (by invitation only) 13:00 - 18:00 «Strom und Wärme Rondo» for Swiss Energy Stakeholders (in German) 18:30 - 23:00 Swiss Surprise Event (optional, separate registration)

Thursday – 3 July 2014 08:00 - 09:00 Speakers’ Breakfast in the Auditorium Foyer on the 1st floor of the KKL above sector A of the exhibition

09:00 - 18:00 Conference sessions 7–12 key notes on «the Role of SOFC in a Balanced Energy Strategy», extended poster presentation by authors, networking & exhibition

19:30 - 23:30 Great Dinner on the Lake

Friday – 4 July 2014 08:00 - 09:00 Speakers’ Breakfast in the Auditorium Foyer on the 1st floor of the KKL above sector A of the exhibition

09:00 - 15:30 Conference sessions 13–17 including key notes on «SOFC for Distributed Power Generation», poster presentation, networking and exhibition

09:00 - 12:00 Access to poster area and exhibition are open (12:00-14:00 Poster removal) 15:30 - 16:30 Closing and Award Ceremony: Christian Friedrich Schönbein & Hermann Göhr 16:30 - 17:00 Goodbye coffee and travel refreshment in front of the Luzerner Saal

Motto 2014 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers: Key enabling technologies for sustainable energy scenarios.

11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014 I - 1

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Transcript of 11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014 I - 1