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Computers?Why (Use of Computers in Mgmt.)?

Types of Computers?Basic Computer Operations?History of Computers (Pres.)Net or!s?"unctiona# Units of Computers?$ata Processing %pp#ications?Computer %pp#ications?

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Computer is an ectronic $e'ice hichcan accept $ata an nstructions* +toresthem an process to gi'e resu#ts.

%n ectronic e'ice* $esigne to

accept $ata* performe prescri,emathematica# an #ogica# Operations athigh spee * an isp#ay the -esu#ts ofthese operations*

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Commonly O peratingMachine Particularly Usedfor Trade, Education &R esearch

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Computer Applications inManagementNowadays, computers have dominated

almost every domain of :- Technical (Prod.), Scienti c ( eather !orecastin"), #ndustrial ($utomated $utomo%ile), and

&usiness $ctivities (Trade ' ommerce). The nancial or"ani ations, such as %an*sare also usin" computers to mana"e theirdaily activities.

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n 'irtua##y e'ery Business* a Computeris an essentia# too# for /

-unning the ay/to/ ay Operations(Payro##* n'entory* +a#es)

&nhancing Pro ucti'ity (Managingn'entory) an

Communicating ith Customers(C-M)*

+upp#iers an the Pu,#ic (P.-.).

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Computer Applications inManagementInternet:- the usa"e of computers hasincreased manifold, as people can stayconnected anytime and anywhere.

omputers have %een involved in various

areas of mana"ement, such as :- !inancial, +r"ani ational, uman esource.

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Memory: ena,#es a computer to store* at #easttemporari#y* ata an programs.

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Memory:-% particu#ar type of -%M* static

random access memory (+-%M)* isuse primari#y for cache.

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Memory:-Volatility

Memory can ,e sp#it into t o maincategories 'o#ati#e an non'o#ati#e.2o#ati#e memory #oses any ata assoon as the system is turne o34 itre5uires constant po er to remain'ia,#e.

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Mass storage device: %##o s aComputer to permanent#y retain

#arge amounts of ata. Commonmass storage e'ices inc#u e $is!$ri'es an Tape $ri'es.

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Hardware :- Thecomputer e5uipment

nc#u es Printers*Monitors* $is! $ri'es*etc.

Software :- Programshich te## the computerhat to o &6amp#es / or

processing* Microsoft e6ce#*etc.

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Input: this is the process of entering ata anprograms into the computer system.Control Unit (CU : The process of input* output*processing an storage is performe un er the

super'ision of a unit ca##e 7Contro# Unit7. t eci eshen to start recei'ing ata* hen to stop it* here to

store ata* etc. t ta!es care of step /,y/stepprocessing of a## operations in si e the computer.Memory Unit: Computer is use to store ata aninstructions.Arit!metic "ogic Unit (A"U : The ma1or operationsperforme ,y the %8U are a ition* su,traction*mu#tip#ication* i'ision* #ogic an comparison.#utput: This is the process of pro ucing resu#ts fromthe ata for getting usefu# information

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Char#es Ba,,age / "ather of Computer

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Bui#t in ear#y 9:;;

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The &N %C =; tons* 9:*;;; 'acuum tu,es*ith the computing po er of #itt#e more th

the mo ern Ca#cu#ator>..

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The "irst eneration of Computers*characteri@e ,y 2acuum tu,es* startein 9A 9 ith the creation of U$IVAC

(Universal Automatic Computer The BM D ; as a "irst/ enerationComputer.

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VACUUM %U&'S ectronic Tu,es a,outthe si@e of 8ight Bu#,s.

They generate more Heat causingmany pro,#ems in Temperature-egu#ation an C#imate Contro#.

Tu,es ere su,1ect to fre5uent Burn/Out.

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The year 9A A mar!e the n'ention of Transistors* hich Characteri@e the+econ eneration of Computers.

The BM E;A; as a +econ / enerationComputer.

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% A$SIS%# as a three/#eggecomponent hich shrun! the si@e of theFrst generation computers. Occupie on#y9G9;; th of the space occupie ,y a 'acuumtu,e

More re#ia,#e* ha greater computationa#spee * re5uire no arm/up time anconsume far #ess e#ectricity.

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Thir generation computers arose in9AD ith the in'ention of +ma##erectronic Circuits ca##e ntegrateCircuits ( C

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I$%') A%'* CI CUI%S are s5uareSilicon C!ips containing circuitry thatcan perform the functions of hun re s oftransistors.

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'"IA&I"I%+ , Unli e Vacuum%u.es/ silicon will not .readown easily . t is 'ery se# omthat you i## ha'e to rep#ace it.

"#0 C#S% +i#icon chips are

re#ati'e#y cheap ,ecause of theirsma## si@e an a'ai#a,i#ity in themar!et. t a#so consumes #esse#ectricity.

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Mar!e ,y the use of Microprocessor.

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MIC #1 #C'SS# is a si#icon chipthat contains theC1U part of the computer here a##processing ta!es p#ace..

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Computers using 2acuum Tu,es ere ca##e the "irst

eneration (3453 , 3456 4 Transistors an $io es* the+econ (3454 , 3478 4

ntegrate Circuits* the thir(3475 , 349 4

Microprocessors* as "ourth(3493 , present .

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;ift! )eneration Computers arein developmental stage w!ic! is

.ased on t!e Arti

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'>pert Systemso.ots

#nline and telep!one customerservice

automated onlineassistant providing customerservice on a we. a e=

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COMPUTER

DIGITAL ANALOG HYBRID

PURPOSE-WISE MEMORY, SIZE & PERFORMANCE WISE

SPECIALPURPOSE

GENERALPURPOSE

MAINFRAMECOMPUTER

SUPERCOMPUTER

MICROCOMPUTER

MINICOMPUTER

EMBEDDEDCOMPUTER

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The igita# Computers or! upon$iscontinuous $ata. They con'ert the ata into &inary *igits

and 3 an a## operations are carrie outon these igits at e6treme#y fast rates. They are much "aster than %na#og

Computers an far more %ccurate.They are Used for Business and

Scienti c Applications.

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(i Special-1urpose Computer : They are esigne to perform a speciFc tas!. The instructions to carry out the tas! arepermanent#y store in the machine.

The go'ernment may create specia# purposecomputers for speciFc go'ernment personne#/ for e6amp#e* the president of a countrymay !ave !is own/ !ig!-securityterminal t!at is designed to read !is!andprint/

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(ii )eneral-purpose Computer : They can or! on i3erent types of

programs input to it an can ,e usein count#ess app#ications. The programs are not permanent#ystore ,ut are input at the time ofe6ecution.

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i= 'm.edded Computerii= Micro Computeriii= Mini Computer

iv= Mainframe Computerv= Super Computer

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The +ma##est are em,e e ithin thecircuitry of app#iances* such as%elevisions/ 0as!ing Mac!ines and

0rist 0atc!es . These Computers are typically1reprogrammed for a speci

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Super Computer (Weather "orecasting*+cientiFc -esearch* Testing Nuc#earWeapons* Un erstan ing &arth5ua!es Param ;;;) *,iome ica# research*aircraft

esin*processing of genetic co e ata)

Most#y Use ,y o't. %gencies

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Mainframe (Business Processes #i!e %TM/ +er'er) These 'ery #arge an e6pensi'e computers ha'e

great .Process ata at se'era# mi##ion instruction per

secon .Processing +pee s an 'ery #arge +torage Capacityan memory as compare to minicomputers.

Used by Large Corporations LIC! for

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Mini Computer / %#so ca##e Mid-ange Servers are more po erfu#

computers than micro/computers in

terms of processing po er ancapa,i#ities.

Processing #arge 'o#umes of ata sed %y small and medium si e

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9. They can perform most tas!s* hicha mainframe computer performs.@=%!ey are c!eap/ fast and support

all !ig! level languages==. These are re#ati'e#y ine6pensi'e anconsume #ess po er.

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Micro Computer %#so ca##e 1ersonal

Computer (1C an $es!topComputer

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Micro Computer / t is a computer hose CPU is a

Microprocessor= % Microprocessor is a processorhose a## components are on a sing#e

Integrated-Circuit (IC Chip. BM PCs* %pp#e Mac are some popu#ar

computers of this range.

These are &ainly used in '(ces)*o&es) Schools) Stores) etc.

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a 1*As or 1rogramma.le

Computers. *es top Computersc 0or stations

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The +ma##est of these Computers can ,ehe# in one han are ca##e 1ersonal*igital Assistants (P$%s).

They are use as $otepads * +che u#ing+ystems* an % ress ,oo!s* if e5uippeith a ce##u#ar phone* they can connect toor# i e computer net or!s to e6change

information regar #ess of #ocation.

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8aptop Computers usua##y ha'e simi#arhar are an soft are as PCs* ,ut they aremore Compact and !ave ;lat/lig!tweig!t "C*s/ instead of Video*isplay monitors=

Note,oo! Computers can ,e carrie in,riefcases.

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Wor!stations aresimi#ar to PCtensivemat!ematical

a.ilities * an theyare connecte to otheror!stations or

persona# computers to

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They are typically found in Scienti c,#ndustrial and &usiness 0nvironments that

re1uire hi"h levels of omputational $%ilities.

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Computations are carrie out ith

physica# 5uantities such as Voltage/"engt!/ Current/ %emperature/ etc=

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The e'ices that measure such 5uantitiesare ana#og e'ices e.g. 'o#tameter*ammeter* etc.

The main a 'antage of ana#og computersis that a## ca#cu#ations ta!e p#ace in para##e#an hence these are faster.But their accuracy is poor as compare to

igita# computers.

Analog co&puters are &ostly used inengineering and scienti c

applications.

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Hy,ri Computers uti#i@e the ,est5ua#ities of ,oth the igita# an ana#ogcomputers.

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They are ,est used in Hospital here ana#og part is responsi,#e for

measurement of patient2s !eart

.eat/ .lood pressure/temperature and ot!er vitalsignals an then the operation is

carrie out in igita# fashion tomonitor 'ita# signs.Hy,ri Computers are a#so use in0eat!er ;orecasting=

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% Computer $etwor * or simp#y a$etwor * is a Co##ection of Computersan other Har are Componentsinterconnecte ,y CommunicationChanne#s that a##o sharing of -esourcesan nformation.

+imp#y* more than one Computernterconnecte through a Communicationme ium for nformation nterchange isca##e a Computer Net or!.

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Net or!ing is a system* using hich*computers an other e'ices #i!e printerscan ,e connecte to each other through

some transmission me ia.

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When computers are 1oine in anet or!* peop#e can share F#es anperiphera#s such as mo ems*printers*tape ,ac!up ri'es*or C$/-OM ri'es.

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%t #east t o computers +er'er orC#ient or!station.Net or!ing nterface Car 7s (N C)

% connection me ium* usua##y a ireor ca,#e* a#though ire#esscommunication ,et een net or!ecomputers an periphera#s is a#sopossi,#e.Net or! Operating system soft are*such as Microsoft Win o s NT or

;;;* No'e## NetWare* Uni6 an 8inu6.

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% #oca# area net or! (8%N) is a net or!that connects computers an e'ices in a#imite geographica# area such as +choo#*

Computer #a,oratory* OKce ,ui# ing*Uni'ersity Campus or c#ose#y positionegroup of ,ui# ings. Usua##y #ess than 9; 0m.

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Hu, is an e#ectronic e'ice to hichmu#tip#e computers are attache .Hubs provide the signal amplification required tobe extended a greater distance.A hub takes any incoming signal and repeats it

out all ports.

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% MA$ (metropo#itan area net or!) is a#arger net or! that usua##y spans se'era#,ui# ings in the same city or to n.8an co'ering #arger istance(9;/9;;!m)8oa of $ata Transfer is much #arger+pee is faster than 8%N

t uses i3erent 8%Ns on#y to share ortransfer ata.

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% 0A$ ( i e area net or!)* incomparison to a M%N* is not restricte to ageographica# #ocation* a#though it might

,e conFne ithin the ,oun s of a state orcountry. % W%N connects se'era# 8%Ns* an may,e #imite to an enterprise (a corporationor an organi@ation) or accessi,#e to thepu,#ic. The techno#ogy is high spee anre#ati'e#y e6pensi'e. The nternet is an

e6amp#e of a or# i e pu,#ic W%N.

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W%N norma##y uses a communicationschanne# that com,ines many types ofme ia such as te#ephone #ines* ca,#es*

an air a'es. % W%N often uses transmission faci#itiespro'i e ,y common carriers* such aste#ephone companies.Business an go'ernment entities uti#i@eW%Ns to re#ay ata among emp#oyees*c#ients* ,uyers* an supp#iers from

'arious geographica# #ocations

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nternet is net or! of Computers hichis open for a##.

nternet itse#f contains a #arge num,er ofintranets.

Un#imite num,er of users. 2isitors traKc is un#imite . Contains un#imite source of information. Co##ection of 'arious 8%Ns* W%Ns an

M%Ns.

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$o n#oa programs an F#es &/Mai# 2oice an 2i eo Conferencing &/Commerce "i#e +haring nformation ,ro sing +earch the e, a resses for access

through search engine Chatting an many more

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%n intranet is a pri'ate / interna# /,usiness net or! that ena,#esemp#oyees to share information*co##a,orate* an impro'etheir communications.

t uses internet techno#ogies* ,ut is

insu#ate from the g#o,a# internet.%ccesse on#y ,y authori@e persons*especia##y mem,ers or emp#oyees ofthe organi@ation

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ntranets typica##y start ,y pu,#ishinge, pages a,out

company e'entshea#th an safety po#icies*an sta3 ne s#etters.

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,usiness7 eKciency can ,e impro'e,y using intranet forpu.lis!ing / e#i'ering informationan ,usiness ne s as irectories an

e, ocumentsdocument management / 'ie ing*

printing an or!ing co##a,orati'e#yon oKce ocuments such assprea sheets

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training / accessing an e#i'ering'arious types of e/#earning to the

user7s es!topwor Bow / automating a range ofa ministrati'e processesemail / integrating intranet content

ith emai# ser'ices so thatinformation can ,e istri,utee3ecti'e#y

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"or e6amp#e* consi er an oKce ith a fe PCsan a fe printers a## net or!e together. Thenet or! ou# not ,e connecte to the outsi e

or# . On one of the ri'es of one of the PCs

there ou# ,e a irectory of e, pages thatcomprise the ntranet. Other PCs on thenet or! cou# access this ntranet ,y pointingtheir ,ro ser (Netscape or nternet &6p#orer) to

this irectory / for e6amp#eU LinetLin e6.htm."rom then on ar s theyou# na'igate aroun the ntranet in the sameay as they ou# get aroun the nternet.

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+haring of company po#iciesGru#es regu#ations %ccess emp#oyee ata,ase $istri,ution of circu#arsGOKce Or ers %ccess pro uct customer ata +haring of information of common interest 8aunching of persona#G epartmenta# home

pages +u,mission of reports

Corporate te#ephone irectoriesforms to rec#aim e6pensesor re5uest ho#i ays.

%## these he#p e#iminate paper or! an spee upor! o s.

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%n &6tranet is actua##y an ntranet that is

partia##y accessi,#e to authoriseoutsi ers. The actua# ser'er (the computer thatser'es up the e, pages) i## resi e

,ehin a Fre a##. The Fre a## he#ps to contro# access,et een the ntranet an nternetpermitting access to the ntranet on#y topeop#e ho are suita,#y authorise .

The #e'e# of access can ,e set to i3erent#e'e#s for in i'i ua#s or groups of outsi eusers. The access can ,e ,ase on ausername an ass or

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&6tranet is an ntranet for outsi eauthori@e users using same internettechno#ogy.

nter/organi@ationa# informationsystem.ena,#e outsi ers to or! together ithcompany

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$ea#ersG istri,utors ha'e access topro uct F#es such as /

9. pro uct speciFcation*. pictures*

=. images* etc.to ans er the 5ueries of the

customer.

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system use ,y a centra# ,an! togather information from commercia#,an!s a net or! of car ea#ers sponsore,y the manufacturer.

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+upp#y/chain management Customer communications $istri,utor promotions On#ine continuing e ucationGtraining Customer ser'ice Or er status in5uiry n'entory in5uiry %ccount status in5uiry On#ine iscussion forums

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ecrease in'entories an cyc#e times* hi#eimpro'ing on/time e#i'ery.

increase customer satisfaction an * at thesame time* more e3ecti'e#y manage thesupp#y chain.

impro'e sa#es channe# performance ,ypro'i ing ea#ers an istri,utors ith pro uctan promotiona# information on#ine* hi#e it

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mpro'e 5ua#ity. #o er tra'e# costs. #o er a ministrati'e other o'erhea

costs. re uction in paper or!. e#i'ery of accurate information on

time. impro'e customer ser'ice. ,etter communication. o'era## impro'ement in ,usiness

e3ecti'eness.

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%n e6tranet pro'i es a win-win for,oth suppliers and .uyers=

t can impro'e an stream#ineco##a,oration ,et een purchasingorganisations an their supp#iers*

hi#e rastica##y ecreasing

procurement an in'entory costsan ma6imising the 'a#ue ofre#ationships on ,oth si es.

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"e er phone an fa6 en5uiries8ess mismatching of or ers an in'oices%ccurate information on supp#ier a,i#ity

-e uce ris! of supp#y an e#aysmpro'e or er F## rates

-e uce in'entory #e'e#s-e uce o ntime an o'ertime8o ere procurementGin'entory costs

mpro'e asset uti#isation

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"aster or er/to/cash cyc#e"e er phone an fa6 en5uiriesBetter capacity uti#isation

ncrease in'entory turnsncrease or er F## ratesncrease re'enue

8o ere costsmpro'e asset uti#isation

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%n ntranet is o ne ,y a sing#e grouphi#e an &6tranet e6ten s to usersoutsi e the group.

ntranet users ha'e more access to

resources than &6tranet users.ntranets o not usua##y go through thenternet hi#e typica# &6tranets o.ntranets are easier to secure than

&6tranets

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$ata Processing / % series of operationson ata ,y a computer in or er to retrie'eor transform or c#assify information.

$ata processing in ,usiness refers to a##the acti'ities re#ate to the co##ection ofata re5uire ,y a ,usiness* storing anana#y@ing this ata* an supp#ying the

ata in form of usefu# informationre5uire for operating an managementof the ,usiness.

&6/ %na#ysis of "ootfa## n -etai# +tore* toncrease +a#es.

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&nsuring that goo 5ua#ity informationis a'ai#a,#e to support a## the acti'itiesof the ,usiness.

The 5ua#ity of information is eFne interms possessing attri,utes such as-e#e'ance*%ccuracy*

-e#ia,i#ity* Time#iness* an&ase of Un erstan ing.

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Pro'i ing ana#ysis of i3erent typesto ai in management p#anning*

ecision ma!ing an contro#. "aci#itate communication an

co##a,oration ,et een i3erentpeop#e in the organi@ation.

-e uce the tota# cost of ataprocessing.

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B B% %-

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Panta#oons-ai# ay%ir#ines&mp#oyee ata,ase in Organisations$ata/Warehosing$ata/Mining

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a )rap!ics

. Voice

c %e>t

d computer-usa.le data or

information

e All of t!e a.oveALL OF THE ABOVE

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a &laise 1ascal

. C!arles &a..age

c osep! acDuard

d *r= Herman Hollerit!

e $one of t!e a.ove

a) Charles Babbage

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a *ata

. &it

c Half .yte

d $i..le

e $one of t!e a.ove

Nibble

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a A1"

. ;# %H

c "IS1

d C# A"

e $one of t!e a.ove

LISP

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a Motorola

. I&M

c Intel

d AM*

e Cyri>

INTEL

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a $etwor

. Communication c!annel

c Modem

d &us

e $one of t!e a.ove

COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

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a 1rinter

. V*U

c %V

d "ig!t pen

e $one of t!e a.ove

Light Pen

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a Slow and ine>pensive

. ;ast and ine>pensive

c ;ast and e>pensive

d Slow and e>pensive

e $one of t!e a.ove

Fast & ex ensi!e

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a A device w!ic! is not connected to

C1U

. A device w!ic! is connected to C1U

c A direct access storage device

d An IE# device

e $one of t!e a.ove

A "e!i#e $hi#h is n%t #%nne#te" t% CPU

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a Hyperte>t

. Hypermedia

c HyperCard

d 0ildcard

e $one of t!e a.ove

H er'e"ia

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a *ASI

. ASSH

c ASCII

d &ASCII

e '1 #M

ASCII

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a "ocal area networ

. 0ide area networ

c Modulator-*emodulator

d All of t!e a.ove

e $one of t!e a.ove

(i"e area net$%r

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a *is Stac

. emova.le dis

c ;le>i.le dis

d All of t!e a.ove

e $one of t!e a.ove

*is Sta#

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a Computer literacy

. 1ower supply

c Applications software

d Connectivity

e $one of t!e a.ove

C%nne#ti!it

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a) s e6pensi'e

,) -e5uires a #arge amount of e#ectricity to

or!

c) Pro uces har copy or softcopy

) Can Ft on a es!top

e) None of the a,o'e

r%"+#es har"#% %r s%,t#%

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a $onvolatile

. 1ermanent

c control unit

d %emporary

e $one of t!e a.ove

Te' %rar

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a 8 .its

. 6 .its

c 7 .its

d 37 .its

e $one of t!e a.ove

- bits

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a) +tatic -%M

,) $ynamic -%M

c) &P-OM) -OM

e) None of the a,o'e

* na'i# .AM

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a) Chip

,) Memory

c) Output e'ice) Program

e) None of the a,o'e

Pr%gra'

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