11g memory
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Transcript of 11g memory
Memory
Paul Broca : From Phrenology to Localization
Paul Broca 1861
Association Cortices
Three association areas—the prefrontal, parietal temporal occipital, and limbic—are involved in cognitive behavior planning, thinking, feeling, perception, speech, learning, memory, emotion, and skilled movements.
Cortical mapping of the language areas in the left cerebral cortex during neurosurgery
Penfield on one occasion electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes produced what he called an experiential response —a coherent recollection of an earlier experienceBut all of the patients Penfield studied had epileptic seizure foci in the temporal lobe, and the sites most effective in eliciting experiential responses were near those foci
The medial temporal lobe and memory storage
More convincing evidence that the temporal lobes are important in memory emerged in the mid 1950s from the study of patients who had undergone bilateral removal of the hippocampus and neighboring regions in the temporal lobe as treatment for epilepsy (Brenda Milner)
The Distinction Between Explicit and Implicit Memory
Priming
Multi-store (Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model 1968)
Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
The Percentage of Information Maintained in the Short-Term Store Over 18 Seconds (Fernald, 1997, p. 237).
The working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch 1974)
Working Memory Is a Short-Term Memory Required for Both the Encoding and Recall of Explicit Knowledge
Consolidation of Memory
Rehearsal Enhances the Transference of Short-Term Memory into Long-Term Memory
New Memories Are Codified During Consolidation
Similar types of information are pulled from the memory
storage bins and used to help process the new information.
The new and old are compared for similarities and
differences, and part of the storage process is to store the
information about these similarities and differences, rather
than to store the new information unprocessed.
Thus, during consolidation, the new memories are not
stored randomly in the brain but are stored in direct
association with other memories of the same type.
This is necessary if one is to be able to “search” the
memory store at a later date to find the required information.
How Much Information Can We Remember?
Structural Changes Occur in Synapses During the Development of Long-Term Memory
1. Increase in vesicle release sites
for secretion of transmitter
substance.
2. Increase in number of transmitter
vesicles released.
3. Increase in number of
presynaptic terminals.
4. Changes in structures of the
dendritic spines that permit
transmission of stronger signals.
Long Term Memory
Characteristics of Long-Term Memory
Hippocampus is the seat of Consolidation
The anatomical organization of the hippocampal formation.
The role of the hippocampus in memory
The Long-Term Storage of Information
Explicit Memory Is Stored in Association Cortices
Semantic (Factual) Knowledge Is Stored in a Distributed Fashion in the Neocortex
Episodic (Autobiographical) Knowledge About Time and Place Seems to Involve the Prefrontal Cortex
Source amnesia. : the ability to associate a piece of information with the time and place it was acquired is at the core of how accurately we remember the individual episodes of our lives, a deficit in source information interferes dramatically with the accuracy of recall of episodic knowledge
Implicit Memory Is Stored in Perceptual, Motor, and Emotional Circuits
Certain Forms of Implicit Memory Involve the Cerebellum
Emotional Memory stored in Amygdale
Memory Aging and Brain Size
Forgetting
Thank you