11a. Miguel Etal. vs. Jct Group

8/18/2019 11a. Miguel Etal. vs. Jct Group

1/24

MIGUEL etal. Vs. JCT GROUP

2005 Mar 16; G.R. No. 157752

PANGANIBAN, J.:

Labor arbters are re!"re# to state t$e %a&t"al a'# le(al bases o% t$er#e&so's. T$e) t$ereb) &o'%or* to t$e re!"re*e't o% #"e +ro&ess a'# %ar+la), be&a"se +artes to t$e &o'tro-ers) are '%or*e# o% $) a'# $o s"&$#e&so's ere rea&$e#. /$e' 'o %a&t"al '#'(s s"++ort t$e &o'&l"so's*a#e ' a labor #e&so', a re*a'# o% t$e &ase %or %"rt$er +ro&ee#'(s *a)be&o*e 'e&essar).

T$e Case

e%ore "s s a Petto' %or Re-e o' Certorar13 "'#er R"le 45 o% t$e R"leso% Co"rt, &$alle'('( t$e O&tober 15, 2002 e&so'23 a'# t$e Mar&$ 21,200 Resol"to'3 o% t$e Co"rt o% ++eals 8C9 ' C:GR P No. 512243

T$e Mar&$ 21, 200 Resol"to' #e'e# re&o's#erato'.

T$e @a&ts

T$e %a&ts are 'arrate# b) t$e C as %ollos=

>@or se-eral )ears, Gloro"s "' Gar*e't Ma'"%a&t"r'( Co*+a') 8orAGloro"s "'A9 as a (ar*e't eB+orter "'tl t %ol#e# "+ ' O&tober 14. T$erea%ter, e olel s&353 ++arel Ma'"%a&t"r'( Cor+orato' or Ae


2/24

olelA3 a'# *er&a' I'ter:@as$o' Cor+orato' 8or AI@CA9 tooD o-er Gloro"s"'As *a'"%a&t"r'( +la't, %a&ltes a'# e!"+*e't a'# absorbe# tse*+lo)ees, '&l"#'( t$e +etto'ers3.

>@ollo'( t$e 1O' +rl 24, 1


3/24

>O' Ma) 26, 1, JCT a'# C"e-as B B B le# a *oto' to #s*ss %o"'#e# o'la&D o% "rs#&to' o-er t$e s"be&t *atter o% t$e a&to' be&a"se o% t$e

abse'&e o% a'3 e*+lo)er:e*+lo)ee relato's$+ betee' t$e* a'#+etto'ers3.

>/t$o"t resol-'( t$e *oto' to #s*ss, Labor rbter Vla#*r P.L.a*+a'( re'#ere# a #e&so' #ate# +rl 1


4/24

>T$e *o'etar) aar#, '&l"s-e o% attor'e)As %ees, a((re(ate#P41,1,04.< as +er &o*+"tato' o% t$e Resear&$ a'# I'%or*ato' U't.Co's#er'( t$e a*o"'t '-ol-e#, Res+o'#e'ts JCT a'# C"e-as3 a'#Gloro"s "' le# se+arate *oto's t$ t$e NLRC %or re#"&to' o% t$e a++ealbo'# ' or#er to a++eal t$e labor arbterAs #e&so'.

>I' a' or#er #ate# e+te*ber 20, 15, t$e NLRC re#"&e# t$e a*o"'t o% t$ea++eal bo'# to P5,000,000.00 $&$ res+o'#e'ts a'# Gloro"s "' ereea&$ re!"re# to s"b*t3. Res+o'#e'ts3 le# a *oto' %or re&o's#erato' o% sa# or#er b) a) o% %"rt$er re#"&to' o% t$e bo'# to P500,000.00. ?oe-er,t$e *oto' as #e'e# +er or#er #ate# +rl 15, 16. Res+o'#e'ts3ele-ate# t$e *atter to t$e "+re*e Co"rt -a a +etto' %or &ertorar 8G.R.No. 125749 b"t t as #e'e# +er resol"to' #ate# e+te*ber 2, 16.Res+o'#e'tsA +etto' as #e'e# t$ 'alt) ' a resol"to' #ate#No-e*ber 1, 16.633

>Mea'$le, o' Ma) 4, 15, Gloro"s "' a'# res+o'#e'ts3 a++eale# t$elabor arbterAs #e&so' to t$e NLRC. Petto'ers3 le# a *oto' to #s*ssbot$ a++eals o' t$e (ro"'# t$at t$e sa*e ere 'ot +er%e&te# %or %al"re to+ost a bo'# as re!"re# "'#er3 rt. 22 o% t$e Labor Co#e.

>I' a #e&so' #ate# e+te*ber 12, 16, t$e NLRC *o#e# t$e labor

arbterAs #e&so' b) absol-'( Gloro"s "' %ro* lablt) a'# #s*ss'(res+o'#e'tsA3 a++eal. B B B


5/24

>((re-e#, res+o'#e'ts3 'stt"te# a3 s+e&al &-l a&to' %or &ertorarbe%ore t$e "+re*e Co"rt. Co'%or*abl) t$ t$e +ro'o"'&e*e't ' t.Mart' @"'eral ?o*e -s. NLRC 825 CR 449, $oe-er, t$e +etto' asre%erre# to t$e C3 %or a++ro+rate a&to' a'# #s+osto'.>73

R"l'( o% t$e Co"rt o% ++eals

T$e C re-erse# t$e e&so' o% t$e NLRC a'# re*a'#e# t$e &ase tot$e labor arbter %or %"rt$er +ro&ee#'(s. T$e a++ellate &o"rt r"le# t$at t$e&r&"*sta'&es +rese'te# %a&t"al !"esto's $ose resol"to' $a# to +re&e#et$at o% t$e ss"e o% $et$er +r-ate res+o'#e'ts ere lable to +etto'ers. It%o"'# 'o %a&t"al bass %or t$e r"l'( t$at JCT $a# be&o*e t$e e*+lo)er o%+etto'ers a%ter t$e &essato' o% o+erato's o% Gloro"s "'. *larl), t$ee&so's o% t$e NLRC a'# t$e labor arbter %ale# to eB+la' t$e reaso' %or

$ol#'( C"e-as sol#arl) lable t$ I@, e olel a'# JCT.


6/24

>1. /$et$er or 'ot, t$e3 Co"rt o% ++eals &o**tte# (ra-e ab"se o%#s&reto' a*o"'t'( to la&D or B B B eB&ess o% "rs#&to' ' (-'( #"e&o"rse to B B B res+o'#e'tsA Petto' #es+te t$e sa# B B B res+o'#e'tsA%al"re3 to +er%e&t t$er a++eal t$ t$e Nato'al Labor Relato'sCo**sso'.

>2. /$et$er or 'ot, t$e3 Co"rt o% ++eals &o**tte# (ra-e ab"se o%#s&reto' a*o"'t'( to la&D or B B B eB&ess o% "rs#&to' ' (-'( #"e&o"rse to B B B res+o'#e'tsA Petto' $e'3 t$e labor arbter a'# t$eNato'al Labor Relato's Co**sso' ## 'ot &o**t (ra-e ab"se o%#s&reto' ' re'#er'( t$er res+e&t-e #e&so's.

>. /$et$er or 'ot, t$e3 Co"rt o% ++eals &o**tte# (ra-e ab"se o%#s&reto' a*o"'t'( to la&D or B B B eB&ess o% "rs#&to' ' (-'( #"e&o"rse to B B B res+o'#e'tsA Petto' #es+te t$e %a&t t$at3 B B B res+o'#e'ts%ale# to le a *oto' %or re&o's#erato' o%3 t$e e+te*ber 12, 16e&so' o% t$e Nato'al Labor Relato's Co**sso'.>103

T$e Co"rtAs R"l'(


7/24

T$e Petto' $as 'o *ert.

@rst Iss"e=

T$e NLRCAs Gra-e b"se o% s&reto'

s t$e se&o'# ss"e s 'tert'e# t$ t$e rst a'# t$e t$r# ss"es, tll be resol-e# rst. Petto'ers &o'te'# t$at t$e C s$o"l# 'ot $a-ere*a'#e# t$e &ase %or %"rt$er +ro&ee#'(s, be&a"se t$e labor arbter a'#t$e NLRC $a# &o**tte# 'o (ra-e ab"se o% #s&reto' ' t$er e&so's.113

/e #sa(ree.


8/24

Gra-e ab"se o% #s&reto' *+les s"&$ &a+r&o"s a'# $*s&al eBer&se o% "#(*e't as to be e!"-ale't to la&D or eB&ess o% "rs#&to'. T$at s, +oers arbtrarl) or #es+ot&all) eBer&se# b) reaso' o% +asso', +re"#&e, or+erso'al $ostlt); a'# &a+r&e s so +ate't or so (ross as to a*o"'t to a'e-aso' o% a +ost-e #"t), or to a -rt"al re%"sal to +er%or* t$e #"t) e'o'e#or to a&t at all ' &o'te*+lato' o% la.123

No @'#'(s o% @a&t

I' t$e +rese't %a&t"al *le", t$e labor arbter a'# t$e NLRC (ra-el)ab"se# t$er #s&reto' $e' t$e) r"le# ' %a-or o% $ere' +etto'ers t$o"t#eter*''( t$e eBste'&e o% a' e*+lo)er:e*+lo)ee relato's$+ betee'

t$e* a'# res+o'#e'ts. T$e e&so's ere sle't o' $) JCT a'# C"e-asere $el# lable. T$e %ollo'( obser-ato's o% t$e a++ellate &o"rt are '+o't=

>I' '#'( %or +etto'ers3, t$e labor arbter &o's#ere# t$e*re("lar e*+lo)ees %or t$e reaso' t$at At$e) +er%or*e# #"tes, res+o'sbltes

a'# %"'&to's 'e&essar) a'# #esrable to t$e b"s'ess o% (ar*e'ts*a'"%a&t"r'( a'# eB+ortato' B B BA a'# A$a# bee' also orD'( B B B %or*ore t$a' o'e )ear at t$e t*e o% t$e &essato' o% b"s'ess o+erato'.A


9/24

>a-e %or $s &o'&l"so' t$at +etto'ers3 ere re("lare*+lo)ees, t$e labor arbter *a#e 'o #eter*'ato' $et$er t$ere ase*+lo)er:e*+lo)ee relato's$+ betee' res+o'#e'ts3 a'# +etto'ers3a'#, % so, $et$er res+o'#e'ts3 ass"*e# t$e obl(ato's o% +etto'ersA3+re-o"s e*+lo)ers. T$ere s 'o #s+"te t$at (-e' t$e 'at"re o% t$er

%"'&to's a'# le'(t$ o% ser-&es, +etto'ers3 ere re("lar e*+lo)ees. "tt$e !"esto' s= $o asere t$er e*+lo)ers

>B B B Moreo-er, t #oes 'ot a++ear %ro* t$e #e&so's o% t$eNLRC a'# t$e labor arbter t$at JCT B B B be&a*e t$e e*+lo)er o%+etto'ers3 b) -rt"e o% ts MO t$ e olel.

B B B B B B B B B

>T$e NLRC #e&so' s sle't o' t$e bass %or ts r"l'( t$at JCTbe&a*e t$e e*+lo)er o% +etto'ers3 a%ter Gloro"s "' &ease# o+erato's,sa-e %or ts &o'&l"so' t$at +etto'ers Aere absorbe# b), or t$er orD&o't'"e# "'#er B B B JCTA. *larl), t$e NLRC #e&so', "st lDe t$at o% t$elabor arbter, #oes 'ot state t$e reaso' %or t$e #e&ree# sol#ar) lablt) o%C"e-as B B B t$ JCT, e olel a'# I@.

>Moreo-er, t$e &o*+"tato' o%3 t$e *o'etar) aar# total'(P7,557,17.0< 8eB&l"s-e o% attor'e)As %ees9 &o-ers a +ero# start'( o'+etto'ersA3 'tal e*+lo)*e't 8t$ Gloro"s "'9, so*e #at'( ba&D to17


10/24

$a# ass"*e# t$e obl(ato's o% +etto'ersA +re-o"s e*+lo)ers, .e., Gloro"s"', I@ a'# e olel.

>G-e' t$e %a&t"al ba&D#ro+ o% t$e &ase, se-eral 'a(('( !"esto's $a-e 'otbee' resol-e#. *o'( t$e*= B B B /as t$ere a'3 e*+lo)er:e*+lo)eerelato's$+ betee' JCT a'# +etto'ers3 a'#, % so, $e' s$o"l# s"&$relato's$+ be re&Do'e# B B B /$) as C"e-as a#"#(e# sol#ar) lablet$ I@, e olel a'# JCT>13

T$e %a&ts a'# t$e la o' $&$ #e&so's are base# *"st be &learl) a'##st'&tl) eB+resse#.143 T$e %al"re o% t$e labor arbter a'# t$e NLRC toeB+ress t$e bass %or t$er e&so's as a' e-aso' o% t$er &o'stt"to'al#"t), a' e-aso' t$at &o'stt"te# (ra-e ab"se o% #s&reto'.

Rele-a't to t$e +rese't &ase s aballa -. Nato'al Labor Relato'sCo**sso',153 $&$ eB+la'e# $o t$e #e&so' o% a' a#*'strat-e bo#)*"st be #ra'=


11/24

>T$s Co"rt $as +re-o"sl) $el# t$at "#(es a'# arbters s$o"l# #ra"+ t$er #e&so's a'# resol"to's t$ #"e &are, a'# *aDe &erta' t$at t$e)tr"l) a'# a&&"ratel) reKe&t t$er &o'&l"so's a'# t$er 'al #s+osto's. B BB. T$e sa*e t$'( (oes %or t$e '#'(s o% %a&t *a#e b) t$e NLRC, as t s asettle# r"le t$at s"&$ '#'(s are e'ttle# to (reat res+e&t a'# e-e' 'alt)$e' s"++orte# b) s"bsta'tal e-#e'&e; ot$erse, t$e) s$all be str"&D#o' %or be'( $*s&al a'# &a+r&o"s a'# arr-e# at t$ (ra-e ab"se o%#s&reto'. It s a re!"re*e't o% #"e +ro&ess a'# %ar +la) t$at t$e +artes toa lt(ato' be '%or*e# o% $o t as #e&#e#, t$ a' eB+la'ato' o% t$e%a&t"al a'# le(al reaso's t$at le# to t$e &o'&l"so's o% t$e &o"rt. #e&so't$at #oes 'ot &learl) a'# #st'&tl) state t$e %a&ts a'# t$e la o' $&$ t sbase# lea-es t$e +artes ' t$e #arD as to $o t as rea&$e# a'# ses+e&all) +re"#&al to t$e los'( +art), $o s "'able to +'+o't t$e+ossble errors o% t$e &o"rt %or re-e b) a $($er trb"'al.>163

Re*a'# %or

@"rt$er Pro&ee#'(s

/$ere a "#(*e't %als to *aDe '#'(s o% %a&t, t$e &ase *a) be re*a'#e#to t$e loer trb"'al to e'able t to #eter*'e t$e*.173 It s 'e&essar) tore*a'# t$e +rese't &ase %or %"rt$er +ro&ee#'(s, be&a"se t$e labor arbtera'# t$e NLRC %ale# to *aDe t$e %a&t"al '#'(s 'ee#e# to resol-e t$e&o'tro-ers).


12/24

T$e #e%e'se o% res+o'#e'ts s a'&$ore# o' a' alle(e# la&D o%e*+lo)er:e*+lo)ee relato's$+ t$ +etto'ers as st+"late# ' t$e %or*erAs

MO t$ e olel.1 s t$e *ost *+orta't.213 I' resol-'( t$e stat"so% a' MO, t$e test %or #eter*''( a' e*+lo)er:e*+lo)ee relato's$+ $asto be a++le#.223

I'#ee#, t$e o'l) a) to '# o"t $et$er Res+o'#e'ts JCT a'# C"e-as arelable to +etto'ers s b) re*a'#'( t$e &ase to t$e loer &o"rt. To "+$ol#t$e e&so's o% t$e labor arbter a'# t$e NLRC at t$s

sta(e o"l# a*o"'t to #e+r-'( res+o'#e'ts o% +ro+ert) t$o"t #"e+ro&ess. I' s"*, t$e C ## 'ot &o**t re-ersble error ' '#'( (ra-e

ab"se o% #s&reto' o' t$e +art o% t$e NLRC a'# t$e labor arbter %or t$er%al"re to state t$e %a&ts "+o' $&$ t$er &o'&l"so's $a# bee' base#.


13/24

Re*a'# ' Re&o('to' o% t$e

Pol&) @a-or'( E*+lo)ees

To re+eat, a #e&so' t$ 'ot$'( to s"++ort t s a +ate't '"llt).23 Its$o"l# be str"&D #o' a'# set as#e as -o#.243 &t'( t$ "t*ost re(ar#

%or t$e r($ts o% +etto'ers, $oe-er, t$e C ## 'ot o"tr($tl) set as#e t$ee&so's o% t$e NLRC a'# t$e labor arbter. I'stea#, t$e C re*a'#e# t$e&ase %or %"rt$er +ro&ee#'(s to allo +etto'ers to +ro-e t$er &la* o% lle(al#s*ssal. T$e re*a'# o% t$e &ase, 'stea# o% t$e #s*ssal o% t$e Co*+la't,as be'e&al to +etto'ers a'# as *a#e ' &o's#erato' o% t$e +ol&) to+rote&t a'# +ro*ote t$e (e'eral el%are o% e*+lo)ees.

e&o'# Iss"e=

lle(e# Pro&e#"ral I'r*tes

T$e rst a'# t$e t$r# ss"es rase# b) +etto'ers re%er to alle(e#+ro&e#"ral 'r*tes. T$e) ar("e t$at be&a"se res+o'#e'ts alle(e#l) %ale#to +ost t$e a++eal bo'#, t$e latter %ale# to +er%e&t t$er a++eal to t$e NLRC.253 Petto'ers also ar("e t$at be&a"se res+o'#e'ts also %ale# to le a*oto' %or re&o's#erato' o% t$e NLRCAs e&so',263 t$e latterAs Petto' %orCertorar le# t$ t$e C s$o"l# $a-e bee' #e'e# o"tr($t.


14/24

Post'( o% a'

++eal o'#

rt&le 22 o% t$e Labor Co#e re("lates t$e +ost'( o% a' a++eal bo'#. T$e +ert'e't +orto' states as %ollos=

I' &ase o% a "#(*e't '-ol-'( a *o'etar) aar#, a' a++eal b) t$ee*+lo)er *a) be +er%e&te# o'l) "+o' t$e +ost'( o% a &as$ or s"ret) bo'#ss"e# b) a re+"table bo'#'( &o*+a') #"l) a&&re#te# b) t$e Co**sso',' t$e a*o"'t e!"-ale't to t$e *o'etar) aar# ' t$e "#(*e't a++eale#%ro*.

T$s re!"re*e't s 'te'#e# to #s&o"ra(e e*+lo)ers %ro* "s'( a'a++eal to #ela) or e-e' e-a#e t$er obl(ato' to sats%) t$er e*+lo)eesA "sta'# la%"l &la*s.273 "&$ a re!"re*e't $as bee' relaBe# ' se-eral


15/24

&ases, $oe-er, %ollo'( t$e r"le t$at s"bsta'tal "st&e s better ser-e# b)allo'( a++eals o' t$e *erts.2


16/24

TaDe' to(et$er, t$e &r&"*sta'&es o% t$e +rese't &o'tro-ers) +la&e t$e &aset$' t$e eB&e+to's to t$e r"le re!"r'( a *oto' %or re&o's#erato'. st$e Co"rt $as #e&lare# abo-e, t$e NLRC e&so' s a +ate't '"llt) a'#o"l#, % s"sta'e#, -olate res+o'#e'tsA r($t to #"e +ro&ess.

@'al Obser-ato'

T$e Co"rt obser-es t$at t$e C *a#e a '#'( t$at t$e e&so's o%t$e labor arbter a'# t$e NLRC $a# '&l"#e# a *o'etar) aar# %or '#-#"als$o ere 'ot s('atores to t$e Co*+la't.3 T$ose '#-#"als are 'ot+artes to t$e &ase a'# *"st t$"s be #ro++e# t$ere%ro*.

T$e rbtrato' ra'&$ o% t$e Nato'al Labor Relato's Co**sso' *"st#eter*'e $et$er t$ere as a' e*+lo)er:e*+lo)ee relato's$+ betee't$e JCT Gro"+, I'&., a'# V&e'te C"e-as o' t$e o'e $a'# a'#, o' t$e ot$er,+etto'ers $o $a# s('e# t$e Co*+la't; a'#, % t$ere as, $e'res+o'#e'tsA lablt) s$o"l# &o**e'&e a'# $e' t s$o"l# e'#.

/?ERE@ORE, t$e Petto' s ENIE a'# t$e assale# e&so' @@IRME.Costs a(a'st +etto'ers.

O ORERE.


17/24

RTEMIO V. PNGNIN

sso&ate J"st&e

C$ar*a', T$r# -so'

/ E C O N C U R =

NGELIN NOVL:GUTIERRE

sso&ate J"st&e

RENTO C. CORON

sso&ate J"st&e

CONC?IT CRPIO MORLE

sso&ate J"st&e

CNCIO C. GRCI

sso&ate J"st&e

TTETTION


18/24

I attest t$at t$e &o'&l"so's ' t$e abo-e e&so' $a# bee' rea&$e# '&o's"ltato' be%ore t$e &ase as ass('e# to t$e rter o% t$e o+'o' o% t$eCo"rtAs -so'.

RTEMIO V. PNGNIN

sso&ate J"st&e

C$ar*a', T$r# -so'

CERTI@ICTION

P"rs"a't to e&to' 1, rt&le VIII o% t$e Co'stt"to', a'# t$eC$ar*a'As ttestato', t s $ereb) &erte# t$at t$e &o'&l"so's ' t$eabo-e e&so' $a# bee' rea&$e# ' &o's"ltato' be%ore t$e &ase asass('e# to t$e rter o% t$e o+'o' o% t$e Co"rtAs -so'.

?ILRIO G. VIE, JR.

C$e% J"st&e


19/24

s'&e t$er +ro+ertes o"l# be #e+r-e# %or 'o %a&t"al a'# le(al bass.*larl), % t$s Co"rt #s*sses t$e &o*+la't, t o"l# be a(a'st+etto'ersA r($ts be&a"se t as 'ot t$er %a"lt t$at t$e labor arbter a'# t$eNLRC %ale# to +ro+erl) resol-e t$e &o'tro-ers).

T$ere o"l# $a-e bee' a' "'"st e'r&$*e't ' %a-or o% +etto'ers a'# a-olato' o% #"e +ro&ess a(a'st +r-ate res+o'#e'ts $a# t$e C 'ot resol-e#t$e &o'tro-ers) o' s"bsta't-e (ro"'#s.

It s also +ert'e't t$at +r-ate res+o'#e'tsA a++eal to t$e NLRC as le# o'Ma) 4, 15, at t$e t*e $e' t$ere as stll a +e'#'( '&#e't t$ re(ar#sto t$e a*o"'t o% bo'#. T$e NLRC #e&so' t$at #s*sse# +r-ateres+o'#e'tsA a++eal as +ro*"l(ate# o' e+te*ber 12, 16.

T$e a*o"'t o% bo'# as 'ot )et settle# bot$ at t$e t*e +r-ate

res+o'#e'ts le# t$er a++eal a'# $e' t$e NLRC +ro*"l(ate# ts #e&so'.It o"l# be "'reaso'able to str&tl) a++l) t$e bo'# re!"re*e't $e' tsa*o"'t as stll s"be&t %or #elberato' at t$e t*e o% a++eal a'# "#(*e't. T$e C &orre&tl) $el# t$at, at t$e -er) least, t$e NLRC s$o"l# $a-e (-e'+r-ate res+o'#e'ts a*+le t*e to +ost t$e a++eal bo'# $e' t$s Co"rtss"e# t$e e+te*ber 2, 16 resol"to' t$at #e'e# +r-ate res+o'#e'tsA+etto' to re#"&e t$e a*o"'t o% bo'#.43


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T$e Petto' *+lea#e# t$e Co"rt o% ++eals as a res+o'#e't.?oe-er, "'#er 4, R"le 45 o% t$e R"les o% Co"rt, t$e C s$o"l# 'o lo'(er be*a#e a res+o'#e't ' a +etto' %or re-e o' &ertorar. @or t$s reaso', t$e JCT Gro"+, I'&., a'# V&e'te C"e-as ll $e'&e%ort$ be re%erre# to as>res+o'#e'ts,> 'ot >+r-ate res+o'#e'ts.>

13 Rollo, ++. 10:7.

23 I#., ++. :51. T$rtee't$ -so'. Pe''e# b) J"st&e E#(ar#o P.Cr", t$ t$e &o'&"rre'&e o% J"st&es Osal#o . (&aol 8-so'&$ar*a'9 a'# *elta G. Tole't'o.

3 I#., +.


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103 Petto'ersA Me*ora'#"*, +. re-ersble error,> so t$at to"l# be a++ro+rate %or a +etto' %or re-e o' &ertorar "'#er R"le 45 o%t$e R"les o% Co"rt.

113 I#., ++. 11 172.

123 Ma#r(al Tra's+ort, I'&. -. La+a'#a) ?ol#'(s Cor+orato', GR No.

156067, "("st 11, 2004; C"so' -. Co"rt o% ++eals, 51 P$l. 10


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1


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263 I#., ++. 12 17.

273 Coral Po't e-elo+*e't Cor+orato',


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11a. Miguel Etal. vs. Jct Group

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