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N umeralsTelephone Prefix Calling Numbers/Services

0345 A shared tariff telephone prefix and serviceoffered by British Telecom to enable callers to paylocal call rates no matter where the physical loca-

tion of the number may be within the area coveredby the company offering the service, e.g., within theU.K. This can provide businesses with a way to giveinformation to callers responding to a marketingcampaign, for example, in such a way that the callerbears part of the cost and thus will probably not callout of idle curiosity alone. It is an alternative to a0800 number where the callee bears the full cost of the call.0500 A reverse charge telephone service introducedby Mercury in the U.K. in 1992 that is similar to theBritish Telecom (BT) 0800 service. See 0800.

0645 A shared tariff telephone service introducedby Mercury in the U.K. that is similar to the BritishTelecom (BT) 0345 service. See 0345.070 A European national telephone services provid-ing a subscriber (typically a business) with a portablenumber at which they can be reached from any call-ing location in the country. The caller pays for thecall, based upon National Call rates. This is espe-cially useful when a business moves, as directorylistings, stationery, and other business identifiersdont have to be changed to reflect a new number.0800 A European FreePhone service offered by

WorldCom, Global Carrier Services, and others,similar to North American 800 service, that makesit possible for callers to call the 0800-prefixed num-ber free of charge, with the company holding the0800 number bearing the cost. Its essentially a col-lect or reversed charge call that is put through di-rectly as a continuing service, without going throughoperators or authorization to accept the call. Golden0800 numbers are those that are inherently easy toremember (e.g., 0800 555 0000) or that correspondto a mnemonic (e.g., 0800 callnow). Most phonecompanies charge a premium for golden numbers butsometimes you get lucky. See 0345, 800.0990 A national pay telephone service number pre-fix and telephone service offered in the U.K. by Brit-ish Telecom (BT). It is similar to U.S. 900-prefixservices that are typically billed by the minute. 0990numbers are used for dating services, psychic-style

services, and sex services. Not all businesses usingthese numbers are ethical. They are required to playa recording to inform customers that they are beingbilled, but some neglect this requirement. Somekeep the caller on the line for a long time by askingpersonal questions or chatting, in order to increasethe call duration and hence the charges. It is possibleto make 0990 services accessible from Internet phonegateways (almost 1/3 of the call lines are accessedthis way in the U.K.) and, once again, the vendor isrequired to inform the caller that they are being billed0990 rates.Due to problems with enforcing ethical and legal0990 services, in 2000 Nippon Telephone and Tele-graph (NTT) reduced the maximum charges a ven-dor could accumulate for each 0990 call.155 In the U.K., the British Telecom (BT) code for

connecting with an international operator.555-1212 In the U.S., a dialing sequence for contact-ing the Directory Assistance service (formerly theInformation service) for obtaining long-distance pub-licly listed telephone numbers. It is useful for obtain-ing new numbers that may not yet be listed, or num-bers published elsewhere geographically. Prior to themid-1960s, the dialing code for Information was 113.Most North American telephone exchanges use thisnumber as a standard. See 555-1212.611 A telephone dialing code for contacting tele-phone maintenance and repair services to request

assistance with telephone services and equipment.Unlike services prior to the mid-1960s, 611 numberswere used through a transitional period during whichthe phone companys monopoly was challenged andsubscribers began to select their own telephoneequipment from third-party vendors and eventuallywere permitted to install or modify the line extend-ing from the phone companys line attachment pointinto the premises (depending upon the service andregion). Thus, repair services didnt just schedule therepair any more, they would query the 611 callerabout the nature of the problem and try to guesswhether it was being caused by the phone companysline or service or the subscribers line and equipment.If it was suspected that the problem was with sub-scriber equipment, the phone company would warnthe subscriber about minimum and hourly chargesand then confirm whether they still wanted to call in

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a repair person. This was more complicated than pre-vious procedures but not nearly as complicated aswhat happened a couple of decades later with fur-ther deregulation and burgeoning carriers and phoneservices.800 A service in which calls are billed to the receiver.800 numbers are widely used by businesses to en-courage potential buyers to contact the companythrough a toll-free 800 number (or 888 number) with-

out concern about long distances charges. These ser-vices are sometimes used internally, through an un-publicized 800 number for traveling employees tocontact their main office or branch. When 800 be-gan to be in short supply, 888 and 877 prefixes/ser-vices were added to extend the available numbers.See 0800.800 Service Management System (SMS/800)Functions A Federal Communications Commission(FCC) Tariff document published by the Bell Oper-ating Companies (BOCs) to describe the regulations,rates, and charges applicable to the provision of

SMS/800 functions and support services through in-telligent telephone networks. See SMS/800.877/877/866/855/844/833/822 Toll-free calling ser-vice prefixes that were developed to extend the avail-ability of 800 numbers when 800 numbers assign-ments were nearing capacity. These numbers are se-quentially opened as needed. See 800.900/976 A set of numbers billed to the caller througha rate determined by the callee. 900 services are usedby information brokers, public opinion pollers, ad-vice counsellors, astrologers, other prognosticators,and by vendors offering phone sex. Charges for 900

calls usually range from $1.95 to $4.95 per minute.These calls are not only somewhat expensive, butsome of the less scrupulous 900 vendors will keepthe caller on the line longer by asking him or hermany personal questions at the beginning of the call.Its not unusual for the average call to be around $25and often they are much more. Because of the abuseor overuse of 900 numbers, subscribers demanded away to disable 900 calling and this is now providedby the phone companies. This is mainly to curtailcalls by children, 900-addicts, and 900 calls by un-authorized callers using a phone without permission.See 0900.911 calling A telephony service designed to expe-dite connections to emergency services such as medi-cal services, law enforcement, and fire departments.By dialing only three easy-to-remember digits, sub-scribers can more easily get help when needed. Thisconcept was first introduced in the 1970s. The callsare connected quickly to a Public Safety AnsweringPoint (PSAP) where a trained emergency dispatcherrecords the call, determines the origin and nature of the call, responds to the caller, and dispatches ser-vices as needed.1571 In the U.K., the British Telecom (BT) standardtelephone message retrieval number.1660 In the U.K., the British Telecom (BT) World-com access number.

Telephone Quick-Dial Numbers

112 In Europe, the British Telecom (BT) standardemergency telephone number. The number 17099 isan alternate emergency code. See 911.113 Historically, in the U.S., a telephone dialing se-quence for contacting Information Services, a ser-vice that aided subscribers in getting publicly listedphone numbers that were not in the current directory

(e.g., new numbers). In the mid-1960s, in NorthAmerica this code was changed to 411. There areother countries where the use of 113 has been re-tained. For example, in Copenhagen, it is used foroverseas directory inquiries. See 411.114 Historically, in the U.S., a telephone dialing se-quence for contacting telephone maintenance andrepair services. If you had trouble with your line, youcalled 114. Since most people had only one phonein those days, you usually went next door to dial fromyour neighbors phone while sitting down for a cupof coffee and a chat. The repair people would sched-ule a visit and repair the problem. It was a simplerprocess in those days. Not only was the telephonenetwork far more homogenous than now, but thephone company owned the line and the equipmentright up to the phone itself and thus could standard-ize hardware and procedures for making repairs. Inthe mid-1960s, the dial sequence was changed to 611and now local phone companies have a variety of numbers to dial for repair services. See 611.411 In telephony, a short dialing sequence for con-tacting the Directory Assistance service (formerly theInformation service) for obtaining publicly listedtelephone numbers that may not be listed in the lo-cal directory (or which the caller couldnt find in thelocal directory). It is useful for obtaining new num-bers that may not yet be listed, or numbers publishedelsewhere geographically. Prior to the mid-1960s, thedialing code for Information was 113. Historically,in some areas the service was free, but it became apay service charged by the call. More recently, somephone companies offer bundled services that permitup to a specified number of Directory Assistancecalls per time period (e.g., per week or month). MostNorth American telephone exchanges use this num-ber as a standard.

Until 2001, in most areas, a caller could request twonumbers for about $.40 but deregulation resulted inincreases of up to $1.99 for a single number, depend-ing upon the service provider. (Some carriers stillpermit two or three calls free per month per sub-scriber.) As charges rise, it is likely that people willmigrate to CD-ROM directories and Web-based di-rectory services such as InfoSpace and Switchboard.See 555-1212.

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Network Technologies

4B/5B Fiber transmissions cable that is commonlyused in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and Fi-ber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) networks. This4-byte/5-byte multifiber cable can support transmis-sion speeds up to about 100 Mbps.6bone An IETF-supported international collabora-tion testbed providing policies and procedures for the

evolution of Internet Protocol (IP). The name 6boneis derived from backbone a major artery of the In-ternet, IP version 6 . 6bone is designed to be used inthe development, deployment, and evolution of theInternet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) which is intendedto succeed the current Internet protocol IPv4.This testbed and transition project is essential in thatthe Internet is not one machine and one agency run-ning it, but a global collaboration of computing de-vices managed and owned by many different per-sonal, commercial, and governmental entities. The6bone provides not only a means to test the manyfeatures and concepts of the new systems, but also ameans for developing and deploying a transition in-frastructure.The 6bone is a virtual network that is layered on por-tions of the current physical structure of the IPv4-based Internet. IPv4 routers are not designed to ac-commodate IPv6 packets. By layering IPv6 on theexisting structure, the routing of IPv6 packets canbe accomplished prior to the implementation of en-hanced physical structures, particularly routers de-signed to take advantage of the features of IPv6.To understand the 6bone virtual structure, imaginevarious workstation-class computers, such as thosecommonly used as servers in various communitiesand institutions. Provide these machines with oper-ating system support for IPv6 so that they have di-rect support for the IPv6 packets. Now provide ameans through the Internet for these machines to in-terconnect and communicate with one anotherthrough virtual point-to-point links called tunnels ,thus managing the links on behalf of physical rout-ers until IPv6 support is more widespread. Eventu-ally, as the Internet is upgraded to IPv6, this interimsystem will be replaced by agreement with directphysical and virtual IPv6 support.The 6bone Web site is sponsored by the Berkeley LabNetworking & Telecommunications Department.See IPv4, IPv6, MBone, X-Bone.http://www.6bone.net8B/10B The designation for a fiber transmissionscable that is appropriate for high speed networks.This 8-byte/10-byte multifiber cable can supporttransmission speeds up to about 149.76 Mbps.10Base- After ratification of Ethernet as a standard(IEEE 802.3), a number of variations were definedto support twisted pair and fiber optics physical me-dia and data formats transmitting at rates of 10 MBps.

10Base-2 10 Mbps baseband thin Ethernet 50-ohm coaxial cable as a network physical transmis-sions medium. Up to 30 stations can be supportedper cable segment. This format is popular for

small local area networks connecting personalcomputers.10Base-5 10Base-5 is essentially Ethernet deliv-ered over a standard or thick Ethernet 50-ohmcable at data rates of 10 Mbps.10Base-FL 10-Mbps baseband fiber optic net-work links supporting transmission segments of up to two kilometers, with a maximum of twodevices per segment (station and hub). Multiplestations may be connected through a hub in a startopology. There are commercial media convert-ers available for connecting twisted pair (10Base-T) cables to 10Base-FL Ethernet-based networksto extend twisted pair cable lengths with opticalconnections. Converters may or may not be usedin conjunction with regenerating repeaters.10Base-T A physical transmissions medium thatsupports up to 10 Mbps of baseband transmissionsover twisted pair (T) that is commonly intercon-nected with RJ-45 cables (the ones that have con-nectors that look like fat RJ-11 phone connectors).Three or more stations can be interconnected in astar topology through a hub (and stars can be in-terconnected through a bus topology). Its a con-venient method of connection since the loss of astation in the star doesnt bring down the rest of the network as in a ring topology. The Manches-ter scheme of binary coding is typically used with10Base-T.10Broad36 A multiple-channel network basebandsignaling system that can be implemented oversingle or dual coaxial cables. The bandwidth issubdivided into two or more channels for the si-multaneous transmission of different types of sig-nals as might be found with multimedia commu-nications. Segments can support transmission dis-tances of up to 3600 meters per segment.

10 Gbit Ethernet 10GbE. A telecommunicationstechnology developed within the IEEE 802.3aeworking committee (a subcommittee of the IEEE802.3 Ethernet Working Group), based upon the evo-lution of Ethernet/Fast Ethernet technologies. Theproject began in spring 1999 to extend and updatethe capabilities of Ethernet and was approved by

ballot in March 2001, a milestone toward standardsratification that is expected in 2002.10GbE differs from earlier versions in a couple of physical interface aspects. It includes a long-hauloptical transceiver capable of 40 kilometers or more,or physical medium-dependent (PMD) interface forsingle-mode fiber. This can be used with either aLAN or WAN physical layer to support metropoli-tan area networks (MANs). Secondly, 10GbE in-cludes an optional WAN physical (PHY), enabling10GbE to be transported transparently over SONETOC-192c or SDH VC-464c infrastructures.In general, 10GbE multimode fiber connections areexpected to transmit 65 or 300 meters or more and9-micron diameter single-mode fiber connections areexpected to transmit 10,000 to 40,000 meters ormore. Initial implementations are expected to include

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high-speed local backbones in large-capacity instal-lations (campuses, ISPs, etc.).10 Gbit Ethernet Alliance A nonprofit trade alliancepromoting standards-based 10 Gigabit Ethernet tech-nology development, distribution, and utilization.The founding members include 3Com, Cisco Sys-tems, Extreme Networks, Intel, Nortel Networks,Sun Microsystems, and World Wide Packets.http://www.10gea.org/ 100Base-T A baseband signaling networking stan-dard supporting Fast Ethernet with data transfer ratesup to 100 Mbps. 100Base-T is intended to provide afaster option to Ethernet networks based originallyupon 10Base-T carrier sense multiple access sys-tems. 100Base-T is described in IEEE 802.3u.100Base-T specifications can be supported over avariety of physical media configurations.

Type Phys. Medium Notes

100Base-TX data-quality twisted pair Requires at least Cat 5cable. As in 10Base-T, thedata is not split and may beused in full-duplex transmis-sion modes.

100Base-T4 4 pairs of regular twisted pair Requires at least Cat 3cable. The data stream isdivided into three 33-Mbpsstreams with the 4th twistedpair used for error mecha-nisms. Half-duplex trans-mission.

100Base-FX dual-stranded fiber opticsSegments may be up to 412meters.

100BaseVG-AnyLAN A commercial LAN fromHewlett-Packard that was later refined and standard-ized by the IEEE 802.12 committee and ratified in1995 as 802.2. Like 100Base-T (Fast Ethernet), itprovides data rates of 100 Mbps. It is similar to FastEthernet, and capable of carrying Ethernet and To-ken-Ring transmissions simultaneously. A VG net-work consists of nodes connected to hub ports in astar topology. Hubs are interconnected through a treetopology. This technology has not found the samewidespread commercial acceptance as 100Base-T.See High Speed Token-Ring.1000Base-T An IEEE standard approved in 1997,developed by the P802.3ab study group. This stan-dard defines a full duplex Gigabit Ethernet signal-ing system for category 5 (Cat 5) network systems.Unlike 100Base-TX transceivers, which use onlytwo pairs of wires, one in each direction, 1000Base-

T transmits on all four pairs simultaneously fromboth directions of each pair. This creates a more com-plex system and a greater potential for crosstalk. Seefar end crosstalk, near end crosstalk.802.3z A Gigabit Ethernet technology.

4004 An early 4-bit central processing unit (CPU)from Intel as part of the MCS-4 chipset released in1969. See Intel, MCS-4.68000, MC68000 A 32-bit central processing unitcommonly used in Amiga, Macintosh, and othercomputers, the first in a series by Motorola. SeeMotorola.8008 A historic 8-bit central processing unit (CPU)from Intel, released as a successor to the 4004 as partof the MCS-8 chipset in 1972. The historic Altaircomputer was based on this processor. See Altair,Intel.8080 An 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) releasedby Intel in 1974. RAM addressing was limited to 64kilobytes. It was incorporated into a number of earlymicrocomputers including the first model releasedby International Business Machines (IBM) in 1980.8086 A successor to the 8080, the 8086 was an Intel16-bit central processing unit (CPU). It could address1 Mbyte of RAM. This chip was quickly incorpo-rated into new versions of the IBM computers andwas also used by manufacturers licensing IBM tech-nology in competition with IBM. See Intel andMotorola for charts of other numbered microproces-sors.

Microprocessors

1 A processor used in AT&T electronic switchingsystems, developed by Western Electric in the 1960s.See 1A.1A A processor used in AT&T electronic switchingsystems (ESSs), developed by Western Electric in the1970s. In ESS1A (a.k.a. No.1AESS), a commonly

used electronic switching system, the 1A processor,provides maintenance and administrative support andinterfaces with the central control. For readouts of operating and maintenance data, the 1A also can beinterfaced with operator terminals for receiving in-structions and outputting status information. Controlpanels may be further used for 1A input/output.The No.4ESS digital toll switch also uses this pro-cessor.1BL abbrev. 1. single bottom line. 2. one businessline.1EAX A GTE variant of Western Electric/AT&Ts

ESS1A telephone switching system. See 1A, Elec-tronic Switching System 1.See also listings under Intel and Motorola.

General

214 License A Section 214 license is issued by theFederal Communications Commission (FCC) toqualifying applicants pursuant to the Communica-tions Act. It charges the FCC with the responsibilityof determining whether applicants have demon-strated that their proposal will serve the public in-terest and need. Thus, activities such as corporateexpansions and mergers require prior Section 214FCC approval. In the mid-1990s, the FCC stream-lined the applications process such that it is automati-cally granted if no one objects during a period setaside for public comment.

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2D Two-dimensional. Existing or described in twospatial dimensions or in terms of two selected realmsof data. A Cartesian coordinate system is a graphi-cal representation of data in two dimensions. The di-mensions need not be spatial, they may be quanti-ties, time, or other types of information that may beplotted. Two-dimensional systems representing spa-tial concepts commonly tend to be flat in the sensethat they represent width and breadth but not depth.

In call accounting, 2D representations may illustrateprofits over time or calls over time. In network sys-tems logs, connections over time or downtime overtime are commonly represented as 2D graphs.3D Three-dimensional. Existing or described in threespatial dimensions or in terms of three selectedrealms of data or time. A Cartesian coordinate sys-tem can graphically represent three dimensions butoften does so in two-dimensional spatial conventionsthat use an illusion of stretching into space in the Z(third) dimension. A photograph is a representationof spatial relationships in two dimensions whereas

a sculpture is a representation of spatial relationshipsin three dimensions. In graphical representations andstatistical reports, time is often one of three dimen-sions represented. For example, an accounting logmay track new versus established employees salesover a period of three months. Thus, employee sta-tus is treated as one dimension, the number of salesas the second, and time as the third.In telecommunications, one of the most significantdevelopments is in the representation of three-dimen-sional space through graphical rendering or ray-traciing or through NCR-type controller systems thatcan translate three-dimensional data into physicalstructures. This opens up a whole new world of com-munications. It becomes feasible, given enoughspeed and resources, to model a sculpture remotely.One artist may supply the coordinates (or a model)in one location and another may render the sculp-ture with, for example, a milling machine, in anotherlocation, perhaps thousands of miles away. Thus, ametalworking shop in the U.S. could conceivablycraft a new tool in a remotely controlled milling ma-chine in a rural region in Africa. A physician inCanada could remotely carry out a liver operationon a patient in Germany. An engineer could remotelycontrol a repair robot on a space station or spaceprobe, without leaving Earth. Once the 3D world canbe represented by data that can be instantly transmit-ted over great distances, a whole new world of tele-communications applications becomes possible.3G Wireless Third generation wireless systems fortelecommunications services through radio technolo-gies as described by global telecommunications tradeassociations and standards bodies, and the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC). This categoryencompasses a wide variety of mobile systems thatmay be linked into terrestrial or satellite-based com-munications relays and implies a general overallcompatibility with existing and emerging systems.For FCC administrative purposes these systems areconsidered to be capable of supporting high bit-ratecircuit and packet data transmissions with GPS and

roaming capabilities with a reasonable degree of interoperability and standardization.In an October 2000 U.S. Presidential Memorandumthe Secretary of Commerce was directed to work with the FCC to develop a plan for the administra-tion of radio spectrum frequencies for third genera-tion wireless systems so that spectrum frequenciescould be allocated in 2001 with licenses auctionedby 2002. The 2500- to 2690- and 1755- to 2690-MHzfrequency bands were pinpointed for feasibility stud-ies. Regulations arising from these studies can im-pact existing services (cell phones, PCS, etc.) if re-allocation of bandwidth is recommended. Final re-ports of discussions between the FCC and the NTIAcame online in spring 2001. http://www.fcc.gov/3G/

Telegraph and Radio

1 A short telegraphic shortcut numeric code to ex-press Wait a moment, Give me a second, orHold on. See 73 for the background to numericcodes.

10-4 radio signal codes Numeric codes used bypolice departments to describe a situation in short-hand. For example, 11 might mean a burglary, while34 could signal a suicide. These codes are regionaland specific to their industries. In California, for ex-ample, a 10-4 patrol code indicates message re-ceived, while 10-15 signals a prisoner in custody, and10-33 is an alarm or indication of an officer needinghelp.Radio codes are also used by the rail industry forcross-country trains and subway trains. For example,in the New York City Transit system radio code sig-nal system, 12-6 signals a derailment and 12-12 in-dicates disorderly passengers.Codes are usually used for brevity and consistency,but may also be used to provide a small amount of security. See Code 3 radio communications codes.13 A shortcut telegraphic numeric code for I dontunderstand. See 73.30 A short telegraphic shortcut numeric code to ex-press the end of a communication, thus Done, Fin-ished. See 73.73 A number in a telegraph numeric shortcut codedating back to at least the mid-1800s. The number73 was an abbreviated means of representing vari-ous sentimental, amorous, and fraternal greetings,depending upon the time, place, and operator. It wassimilar to the greeting at the end of a letter writtenby someone familiar with or fond of the addressee.There is a reference in an 1857 issue of the NationalTelegraphic Review and Operators Guide that lists73 as a numeric shortkey code. Apparently, a com-mittee was established at a convention in 1859 toassign meanings to the numbers from 1 to 92, so thismay have been the original impetus for more broaduse of standardized numeric codes.Some have attributed the origin of 73 and other nu-meric shortcuts to Phillips shortcode, but Walter Polk Phillips didnt publish his code until 1879 and thePhillips code emphasized alphabetic rather than nu-meric relationships. Thus, while his contribution wassubstantial and influential, especially in the news

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industry, Phillips didnt create an entirely new code;his contribution was to expand, consolidate, and re-vise existing code practices. So, it appears 73 waslikely in use before the Phillips code was developed.Whatever their origin, certain of the numericshortcodes became widely used and still retain theiroriginal meanings, while many have fallen into dis-use and some have mutated in meaning. The railroadstill uses some of the code numbers for train-related

orders. See Q signal, Z code.73 key A somewhat unique-looking, historic, palm-sized telegraph key intended to be portable and thuscovered with a squarish metal housing with the userparts protruding from two sides. The number 73 wasprinted on the top of the covers, probably a tongue-in-cheek reference to the number 73 shortcode usedin telegraphy to convey greetings or intimate bestwishes. The key was distributed and labeled by theUltimate Transmitter Company, Los Angeles.73 Magazine A magazine of interest to telegraphersand amateur radio operators originated by Wayne

Green and associates in 1960. Topics ranged fromhobby projects, to in-depth looks at telegraph keys,to amateur radio enthusiasms, to the history of sub-marine cable communications, and there were evensome parody issues. Probably not coincidentally,

early issues sold for 37 cents each.In the mid-1970s, controversy over the content of themagazine provoked Pacific Telephone & TelegraphCo. to file suit against 73, Inc., due to their concernsthat the information provided might make it easy forreaders to find ways to avoid phone charges. Giventhat this was right around the time that blue box-ing was beginning to spread, the concerns may havebeen based on actual phone service thefts. WayneGreen went on to found other magazines, notably 80 Microcomputing , which attracted much of the sameaudience that had been interested in amateur radioand telegraphy prior to the development of personalcomputers.Code 3 radio communication codes A systemof numeric codes used by police departments as ashorthand for describing a situation to dispatchersand other officers within radio contact. For example,Code 3 might indicate emergency lights and sirens.In Dallas, Code 5 is shorthand for officer en route toa scene while in California, it signifies a stakeout.

In the Dallas Police Department, Code 10X is short-hand for a stolen vehicle. These are usually prefacedwith the word Code to distinguish them from simi-lar numeric radio signal codes. See 10-4 radio sig-nal codes.

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