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    Sentence Correction Notes TOC

    Guide to English Grammar .............................................................................................10

    This site is very usefull for those who want to learn enlgish Grammar in a short amount of time.It also has JAVA enabled tests that help one ahieve his or her goal. The topi on phrases isvery useful and is most important to solve modifier !uestions. The Grammar follows The

    Amerian "eritage #oo$ %f English &sage. ......................................................................10'earn about Grammar Traps at ......................................................................................10Great lin$ ( http())www.agriulture.purdue.edu)agomm)traps.html ...................................101. Just as ....* so ..........................................................................................................10This is a idiom. Just remember it. ...................................................................................10+. in that vs beause , in that is used to tal$ about some aspets* and beause is used to tal$

    about all aspets ..........................................................................................................10E-ample ( ....................................................................................................................10Going to Ivy league ollege is very stressful beause it inludes huge e-penses. ..................10means .........................................................................................................................10

    Going to Ivy league ollege is very stressful in all aspets ..................................................10Going to Ivy league ollege is very stressful in that it inludes huge e-penses. .....................10means .........................................................................................................................10Going to Ivy league ollege is very stressful from eonomi point of view. ...........................10. ...............................................................................................................................10so / adetive)adverb)noun / that / sentene ................................................................10E-ample , o hard that .................................................................................................10so / adetive)adverb)noun / as / infinitive ...................................................................10E-ample , o hard as to ................................................................................................10E-ample ( ....................................................................................................................11&sage , omething is so beautiful that... is preferred over so beautiful is soemthing that... .. .112. Although all the shows teleast were not live , It means none of the shows were teleast live

    ...................................................................................................................................11Although not all the shows were teleast live , It means some of them were teleast live. .....113. suh as , 4eans for e-ample ......................................................................................115. in order to do , short form is to do ..............................................................................116. I hate him* for he is a hristian , the word for means beause ........................................117. Greater numbers is preferrable to more numbers ..........................................................118. usage of so as to and so that .....................................................................................119irst* you should $now that suh / noun / as to is muh less ommon than so / ad)adv / as

    to. ..............................................................................................................................11:ow* for the differene between these two. I thin$ these are best illustrated with e-amples( . 11;ue 4ei spo$e in suh a way as to alm us down. .............................................................11

    The sales materials are presented in suh a way as to enourage attendees to purhase theproduts on the spot. ....................................................................................................11

    These usages fous on doing an ation and paying to that ation while you are doing it so thatthe ation reates .........................................................................................................11a result. To simplify a bit* these usages answer the !uestion* ompare these similar sentenes( ..................................................................................1+;ue 4ei spo$e so that we would stop as$ing her !uestions. ...............................................1+

    The sales materials are presented at the end of the meetings so that the partiipants won?treali@e the meeting .......................................................................................................1+is atually a sales presentation. ......................................................................................1+The part that omes after so... that... answers the !uestion

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    10. e!ually well vs as well .............................................................................................1+as well , means also .....................................................................................................1+e!ually well , is used for omparision. .............................................................................1+11. beause is preferrable to ine is preferrable to being .................................................1+

    1+. Bather than is CusuallyD a onuntion* :%T a preposition instead of is a preposition* :%T aonuntion. .................................................................................................................1+1. Absolute phrase e-ample .........................................................................................1+

    I hose A* whih is the right answer* but I don?t really understand why. Is A an absolutephrase= .......................................................................................................................1+9or several deades after 170* Faterson was among the fastest growing ities* its population

    nearly doubling every ten years. ....................................................................................1+a... .............................................................................................................................1+b. with nearly doubled population every ten years. ...........................................................1+. its population was almost twie as muh every ten years. ..............................................1+d. every ten years its population was almost doubled ........................................................1+e. almost every ten years population was twie as muh ...................................................1

    Faterson was among the fastest growing ities* and its population was nearly doubling every

    ten years. ....................................................................................................................1That?s the main idea with absolute phrases* sine they never inlude the onuntion or theverb. ou should also $now that when the ,ing form or being is orret* it?s beause these

    words are in an absolute phrase ....................................................................................1>ountry ; saw dramati inreases in many industries* with industry being the industry with

    the greatest inrease. ...................................................................................................112 &sage of li$elihood ...................................................................................................11. li$elihood that something will happen ..........................................................................1+. li$elihood of something ..............................................................................................1E-ample ......................................................................................................................1'i$elihood that violene will errupt. .................................................................................1'i$elihood of snowing today is low. .................................................................................1

    13 one of :%&: Cthis noun will always be pluralD / F'&BA' VEB# ......................................115 Great usually desribes nouns whih e-press feelings or !ualities. ..................................1e.g. great admiration* great anger* in great detail ............................................................1'arge is often used with nouns onerning numbers and measurements. It is not usually used

    with unountable nouns. ................................................................................................1e.g. a large amount* a large number CofD* a large population* a large proportion ..................116 &sage of

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    C>D whih e!uals that of a large stadium?s .......................................................................12CD the e!uivalent of that of a large stadium?s .................................................................12CED the e!uivalent of a large stadium?s ............................................................................13

    ountry ; spent ;; on something* e!uivalent tothe GF of >ountry . ...................................................................................................1318. whether vs if ..........................................................................................................13

    A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoeroses to disourage poahers the!uestion is whether tourists will ontinue to visit game par$s and see rhinoeroses after their

    horns are trimmed. .......................................................................................................13CAD whether tourists will ontinue to visit game par$s and see rhinoeroses after their horns are...................................................................................................................................13C#D whether tourists will ontinue to visit game par$s to see one one their horns are ...........13

    C>D whether tourists will ontinue to visit game par$s to see rhinoeroses one the animals?

    horns have been ...........................................................................................................13CD if tourists will ontinue to visit game par$s and see rhinoeroses one the animals? horns

    are .............................................................................................................................13CED if tourists will ontinue to visit game par$s to see one after the animals? horns have been 13

    The real fous of the !uestion here is whether vs. if. There is a little rhyme to help youremember( ..................................................................................................................13If you see whether and if... whether is better ...................................................................13%f ourse* this rhyme is ust to help you remember* it doesn?t e-plain the rule. ...................13

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    D leaving the highest denomination of urreny to be the one,hundred dollar bill .................16dD leaving the one,hundred dollar bill as the highest denomination of urreny. ...................16this* whih* that* and other pronouns 4&T replae nouns* not sentenes. ..........................16this in AD and whih #D refer to the entire sentene. ..........................................................16

    In A* this replaes the whole sentene All five,hundred dollar and thousand,dollar bills werewithdrawn from irulation in 1858. If we hoose * we have a partiipial phrase* whih G4ATallows to modify a sentene. ..........................................................................................16+1 ui$ rules( .............................................................................................................16beause / E:TE:>E ...................................................................................................16beause of / :%&: ......................................................................................................16despite)in spite of / :%&: ............................................................................................17due to should only be used as a omplement Ci.e.* after a be,verb Cyeah* stupid rule* but some

    people are adamant about itDD :%T as a preposition Ci.e.* :%T at the beginning of thesenteneD. ...................................................................................................................17for as a subordinating onuntion is rare* but aeptable. I?d trust my ear on this one. ........17++ one or the other vs one or another .............................................................................17If the laims of oastal nations to +00,mile territorial seas were aepted on a worldwide basis*

    more than thirty perent of the worlds oean area would ome under the urisdition of one orother national states. ....................................................................................................17CAD one or other national states ......................................................................................17C#D one or another national state ....................................................................................17C>D one or the other national state ..................................................................................17CD some or another of the national states ......................................................................17CED eah and every national state ...................................................................................17

    Generally* the other means the seond one. In other words* we an only use the other onewhen we are tal$ing about only two things* suh as our eyes* feet* ears* hands* or legs. .......179or e-ample* I have two sisters. %ne is a dotor* and the other one is an artist. ...................17+. who vs whom C >onution D .....................................................................................179irst* many of who is

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    CED so being .................................................................................................................18This sentene has format( founded as / n. * and as suh / sentene ..................................+01. as suh , beause it is that thing ................................................................................+0E-ample (I?m a teaher* and as suh* I should try to help you. ...........................................+0

    +. as here is a preposition and must therefore be followed by a noun. .................................+0. so is used to replae verbs* adetives* and adverbs* but :%T nouns we use suh for nouns....................................................................................................................................+0+3. but not vs rather than .............................................................................................+0E-ample , ....................................................................................................................+0Fui is not a dog but a at. ...........................................................................................+0Fui is a at rather than a dog , means Fui has hosen to be a dog rather than at , sounds

    terrible ........................................................................................................................+0I want a at rather than a dog. , hows preferene. .........................................................+0+5. resulting from vs as a result of .................................................................................+0 must be the right hoie sine it uses worried about idiomatially and does not haveunneessary wording* it is hard to understand how FBEE:T perfet CLhas formedLD an beused with FAT simple CLworried aboutLD in one sentene=== They are two different time

    planes M .......................................................................................................................+1being worried over some foreign trade barriers being removed and our e-ports failing , issupposed to be a phrase modifying the noun >urrent administration an be onverted to

    Fartiiple phrase worried about the removal of some foreign trade barriers and the failure of oure-ports .......................................................................................................................++

    #alaning a pi@@a with one hand and having gripped a si-,pa$ arton of soft drin$s withanother* twenty,three year,old Alan* paused in front of a first floor flat in the olony. ...........++

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    A. #alaning a pi@@a with one hand and having gripped a si-,pa$ arton of soft drin$s withanother .......................................................................................................................++

    #. "aving a balane of a pi@@a with one hand and gripping a si-,pa$ of arton of soft drin$swith the other ..............................................................................................................++

    >. #alaning a pi@@a with one hand and gripping a pa$ of si- soft drin$ arton with the other...................................................................................................................................++. #eing balaned a pi@@a with one hand and gripping a si-,pa$ arton of soft drin$s with the

    another .......................................................................................................................++E. "aving balaned a pi@@a with one hand and having gripped a si-,pa$ arton of soft drin$s

    with the other ..............................................................................................................++A and , are wrong beause of word another ..................................................................++# , is wrong beause of having a balane of pi@@a .............................................................++> , is worng beause of pa$ of si- soft drin$ arton vs a si-,pa$ arton of soft drin$s .........++The rule to apply here is having / past partiiple ..............................................................++0. &sage of that ..........................................................................................................++

    It is well $nown in the supermar$et industry that how items are plaed on shelves and howfre!uently inventory turns over an be ruial to profits. ...................................................++

    A panel onluded that malnutrition is the most serious health problem faing the third worldountries* but that it an and will be eradiated with the assistane of developed ountries. . .++The differene here is that the word that is not present after the word and in the first sentene....................................................................................................................................++'et?s say you have something li$e the following( ..............................................................++I $now that you are very smart and that you are strong as well. ........................................+In this sentene* we have three things that are E;A>T' the same( ...................................+, that ..........................................................................................................................+, you ...........................................................................................................................+, are ...........................................................................................................................+epending on the sentene* you might all or none of the repeated elements. ......................+If the sentene is short and sweet* we an omit more stuff( ...............................................+

    I $now that you are very smart and strong. .....................................................................+If there?s more stuff intervening* we might hoose to add one of these elements to remind .. .+the reader ust what?s parallel( .......................................................................................+I $now that you are very smart when it?s later in the day and you?ve had your offee and that

    you are strong as well. ..................................................................................................+In this ase* the that serves to remind us ust what part of the previous sentene the ne-t partis going to parallel. .......................................................................................................+1. &sage of whether or not ..........................................................................................+The Garia government faes the greatest risis of its mandate* and its politial future after the

    ne-t eletion depends on if it an restore the publi?s onfidene and an move beyond theurrent politial impasse in the >ongress. ........................................................................+A if it an restore the publi?s onfidene and an move beyond .........................................+2# whether it an restore the publi?s onfidene and move beyond .....................................+2

    > the ability to restore the publi?s onfidene and moving ................................................+2 whether or not it an restore the publi?s onfidene and be able to move beyond .............+2E its apability for restoring the publi?s onfidene and move beyond .................................+2

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    C#D a signifiane that is even greater for the eonomy than ..............................................+2C>D even greater signifiane for the eonomy than have ...................................................+2CD even greater signifiane for the eonomy than do ......................................................+2CED a signifiane even greater for the eonomy than have ................................................+2

    is indeed best in AE. ................................................................................................+2In AE* we generally use do to replae regular verbs* i.e.* verbs that are not lin$ing verbs*verbs that use modals* et. ............................................................................................+29or e-ample( ...............................................................................................................+24egumi spea$s Japanese better than I do. ......................................................................+3#ut you already $new that* I?m sure. ..............................................................................+3'oo$ at the following e-amples for something CperhapsD new( ............................................+34egumi has visited more ountries than I have. ...............................................................+3D eah side is intent on reating diffiulties for the other .................................................+3CD eah side is intent on reating diffiulties for one another ............................................+3CED the sides are both intent on reating diffiulties for eah other ......................................+3The other issue is also important,,the differene between eah)the other and both)eah other....................................................................................................................................+3&se eah when the parties are more separate* and use both when the parties are ollaborating....................................................................................................................................+5

    9or e-ample* eah side was fighting the other sounds better than both sides were fighting eahother* don?t you thin$= ...................................................................................................+5Farallelism ....................................................................................................................+5Ative vs. Fassive Voie ..................................................................................................+6That vs. ount Vs :on ount .......................................................................................................20%betive ase of Fronouns .............................................................................................21

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    Sentence Correction Notes

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    uide to nglish ra''ar

    #his site is 0er1 use%ull %or those 2ho 2ant to learn enlgish ra''ar in a short a'ount o% ti'e. It also hasJ,V, enabled tests that help one achie0e his or her goal. #he topic on phrases is 0er1 use%ul and is 'osti'portant to sol0e 'odi%ier 3uestions. #he ra''ar %ollo2s #he ,'erican 4eritage Boo+ % nglish$sage.

    *earn about ra''ar #raps at

    reat lin+ : http://222.agriculture.purdue.edu/agco''/traps.ht'l

    5. Just as ....! so

    #his is a idio'. Just re'e'ber it.

    . in that 0s because - in that is used to tal+ about so'e aspects! and because is used to tal+ about allaspects

    a'ple :

    oing to I01 league college is 0er1 stress%ul because it includes huge epenses.

    'eans

    oing to I01 league college is 0er1 stress%ul in all aspects

    oing to I01 league college is 0er1 stress%ul in that it includes huge epenses.

    'eans

    oing to I01 league college is 0er1 stress%ul %ro' econo'ic point o% 0ie2.

    8.

    so 9 adecti0e/ad0erb/noun 9 that 9 sentence

    a'ple - "o hard that

    so 9 adecti0e/ad0erb/noun 9 as 9 in%initi0e

    a'ple - "o hard as to

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    a'ple :

    $sage - "o'ething is so beauti%ul that... is pre%erred o0er so beauti%ul is soe'thing that...

    ;. ,lthough all the sho2s telecast 2ere not li0e - It 'eans none o% the sho2s 2ere telecast li0e

    ,lthough not all the sho2s 2ere telecast li0e - It 'eans so'e o% the' 2ere telecast li0e.

    o2! %or the di%%erence bet2een these t2o. I thin+ these are best illustrated 2ith ea'ples:

    ?ue Mei spo+e in such a 2a1 as to cal' us do2n.

    #he sales 'aterials are presented in such a 2a1 as to encourage attendees to purchase the products on the

    spot.

    #hese usages %ocus on doing an action and pa1ing to that action 2hile 1ou are doing it so that the actioncreates

    a result. #o si'pli%1 a bit! these usages ans2er the 3uestion! @h1 did 1ou do it in that 2a1A

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    "o! the 'ost co''on 2ords to use 2ith this pattern are 2a1! 'anner! etc.

    Co'pare these si'ilar sentences:

    ?ue Mei spo+e so that 2e 2ould stop as+ing her 3uestions.

    #he sales 'aterials are presented at the end o% the 'eetings so that the participants 2ont realie the 'eeting

    is actuall1 a sales presentation.

    #he part that co'es a%ter so... that... ans2ers the 3uestion @4Y.

    5. e3uall1 2ell 0s as 2ell

    as 2ell - 'eans also

    e3uall1 2ell - is used %or co'parision.

    55. because is pre%errable to "ince is pre%errable to being

    5. &ather than is Eusuall1F a conunction! ># a prepositionG instead o% is a preposition! ># a conunction.

    58. ,bsolute phrase ea'ple

    I chose ,! 2hich is the right ans2er! but I dont reall1 understand 2h1. Is , an absolute phraseA

    or se0eral decades a%ter 5)8! Haterson 2as a'ong the %astest gro2ing cities! its population nearl1 doublinge0er1 ten 1ears.

    a...

    b. 2ith nearl1 doubled population e0er1 ten 1ears.

    c. its population 2as al'ost t2ice as 'uch e0er1 ten 1ears.

    d. e0er1 ten 1ears its population 2as al'ost doubled

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    e. al'ost e0er1 ten 1ears population 2as t2ice as 'uch

    Haterson 2as a'ong the %astest gro2ing cities! and its population 2as nearl1 doubling e0er1 ten 1ears.

    #hats the 'ain idea 2ith absolute phrases! since the1 ne0er include the conunction or the 0erb. You shouldalso +no2 that 2hen the -ing %or' or being is correct! its because these 2ords are in an absolutephraseG

    Countr1 ? sa2 dra'atic increases in 'an1 industries! 2ith industr1 Y being the industr1 2ith the greatestincrease.

    5; $sage o% li+elihood

    5. li+elihood that so'ething 2ill happen

    . li+elihood o% so'ething

    a'ple

    *i+elihood that 0iolence 2ill errupt.

    *i+elihood o% sno2ing toda1 is lo2.

    5< one o% >$> Ethis noun 2ill al2a1s be pluralF 9 H*$&,* V&B

    56 reat usuall1 describes nouns 2hich epress %eelings or 3ualities.

    e.g. great ad'iration! great anger! in great detail

    *arge is o%ten used 2ith nouns concerning nu'bers and 'easure'ents. It is not usuall1 used 2ithuncountable nouns.

    e.g. a large a'ount! a large nu'ber Eo%F! a large population! a large proportion

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    57 $sage o% @here and @hen

    2here can be used in the sense o% 2hereas! as can 2hile. 4o2e0er! i% 1ou ha0e to choose bet2een 2hile and2hereas! 1ou should go 2ith 2hereas Eor 2here in this caseF i% 2hile can be a'biguous in the sentence!since it can 'ean 2hereas or at the sa'e ti'e that.

    4eres an ea'ple o% a sentence in 2hich 2hile can ha0e an a'biguous 'eaning:

    Diana pre%ers to eat at McDonalds 2hile #o'o eats at Burger ing.

    I% 2hile 'eans although here! then 2e ha0e the si'ple 'eaning o% contrast--one pre%ers ?! but the otherpre%ers Y.

    I% 2hile 'eans at the sa'e ti'e that here! then 2e ha0e a so'e2hat strange sentence that sa1s that Dianaeno1s eating at McDs 2hen #o'o goes to Burger ing. In other 2ords! so'ething li+e Diana 2ill eno1 itonl1 2hen #o'o is doing so'ething else! +ind o% an illogical sentence.

    5) e3ual 0s e3ui0alent

    #he ne2 resort hotel 2ill ser0e ! tourists at its 'ai'u' capacit1! e3ualing the capacit1 o% a largestadiu'.

    E,F e3ualing the capacit1 o% a large stadiu'

    EBF 2hich e3uals a large stadiu'

    ECF 2hich e3uals that o% a large stadiu's

    EDF the e3ui0alent o% that o% a large stadiu's

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    EF the e3ui0alent o% a large stadiu's

    @ell! M,# has 2ritten in one o% their eplanations that e3ual should be used onl1 in its strictest sense! %orea'ple!

    ; 9 8 is e3ual to < 9 .

    e3ui0alent! M,# sa1s! is pre%erable 2hen 2e are sa1ing that t2o things are not entirel1 identical! but areal'ost e3ual. or ea'ple! Countr1 ? spent ?? on so'ething! e3ui0alent to the DH o% Countr1 Y.

    5=. 2hether 0s i%

    , proposal has been 'ade to tri' the horns %ro' rhinoceroses to discourage poachersG the 3uestion is2hether tourists 2ill continue to 0isit ga'e par+s and see rhinoceroses a%ter their horns are tri''ed.

    E,F 2hether tourists 2ill continue to 0isit ga'e par+s and see rhinoceroses a%ter their horns are

    EBF 2hether tourists 2ill continue to 0isit ga'e par+s to see one once their horns are

    ECF 2hether tourists 2ill continue to 0isit ga'e par+s to see rhinoceroses once the ani'als horns ha0e been

    EDF i% tourists 2ill continue to 0isit ga'e par+s and see rhinoceroses once the ani'als horns are

    EF i% tourists 2ill continue to 0isit ga'e par+s to see one a%ter the ani'als horns ha0e been

    #he real %ocus o% the 3uestion here is 2hether 0s. i%. #here is a little rh1'e to help 1ou re'e'ber:

    I% 1ou see 2hether and i%... 2hether is better

    % course! this rh1'e is ust to help 1ou re'e'ber! it doesnt eplain the rule.

    @e use i% %or conditions: I 2ill help 1ou i% I can.

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    and %or things that 'ight happen:

    I% 1ou need a hand! please let 'e +no2.

    @e use 2hether 2hen 2e ha0e t2o options:

    @e 2ill ha0e the picnic 2hether or not it rains. E#2o options: rain/no rain.F

    ,nother 2a1 to thin+ o% this is i% 2e can add or not! then 2e M$"# use 2hether. E% course! 1oull re'e'ber

    that M,# does ># li+e to add or notG M,# considers the or not redundant.F

    urther'ore! in this sentence

    3uestion... is...

    2e are 'issing a noun co'ple'ent.

    "trictl1 spea+ing! 2e should ># use an adecti0e clause as a noun co'ple'entG 2e should use a nounclause.

    You 2ill recall that i% can >V& be used in noun clauses Eonl1 in ad0erb clausesF! but 2hether C,> be usedin noun clauses.

    . %or all 0s along 2ith

    "econd! %or all 'eans despite! and along 2ith 'eans in addition to. I' sure 1oull agree that the 'eaningsare di%%erent! rightA

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    5. "ubuncti0e rule

    #he pre%erred rule %or M,# is this:

    subuncti0e 2ord Esuch as de'and! suggest! reco''end! re3uire! order! 'andateF 9 that 9 >$> 9 B,"&M o% the V&B Ee.g.! be! go! stop! run! ecelF i.e.! the in%initi0e 2ithout the to part.

    F ,ll %i0e-hundred dollar and thousand-dollar bills 2ere 2ithdra2n %ro' circulation in 5=6=! and this le%t theone-hundred dollar bill to be the highest deno'ination o% currenc1.

    aF and this le%t the one-hundred dollar bill to be the highest deno'ination o% currenc1

    bF an act 2hich has le%t the hundred-dollar bill to be the highest crrenc1 deno'ination.

    cF lea0ing the highest deno'ination o% currenc1 to be the one-hundred dollar bill

    dF lea0ing the one-hundred dollar bill as the highest deno'ination o% currenc1.

    this! 2hich! that! and other pronouns M$"# replace nouns! not sentences.

    this in ,F and 2hich BF re%er to the entire sentence.

    In ,! this replaces the 2hole sentence ,ll %i0e-hundred dollar and thousand-dollar bills 2ere 2ithdra2n %ro'circulation in 5=6=. I% 2e choose D! 2e ha0e a participial phrase! 2hich M,# allo2s to 'odi%1 asentence.

    5 Kuic+ rules:

    because 9 ">#>C

    because o% 9 >$>

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    despite/in spite o% 9 >$>

    due to should onl1 be used as a co'ple'ent Ei.e.! a%ter a be-0erb E1eah! stupid rule! but so'e people areada'ant about itFF ># as a preposition Ei.e.! ># at the beginning o% the sentenceF.

    %or as a subordinating conunction is rare! but acceptable. Id trust '1 ear on this one.

    one or the other 0s one or another

    I% the clai's o% coastal nations to -'ile territorial seas 2ere accepted on a 2orld2ide basis! 'ore thanthirt1 percent o% the 2orlds ocean area 2ould co'e under the urisdiction o% one or other national states.

    E,F one or other national states

    EBF one or another national state

    ECF one or the other national state

    EDF so'e or another o% the national states

    EF each and e0er1 national state

    enerall1! the other 'eans the second one. In other 2ords! 2e can onl1 use the other one 2hen 2e aretal+ing about onl1 t2o things! such as our e1es! %eet! ears! hands! or legs.

    or ea'ple! I ha0e t2o sisters. ne is a doctor! and the other one is an artist.

    8. 2ho 0s 2ho' E Conuction F

    irst! 'an1 o% 2ho is @&>G 2e need 'an1 o% 2ho'.

    E&ule: 3uanti%ier 9 o% 9 obect.

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    a'ples: so'e o% 2ho'! hal% o% 2hich! ;;L o% 2ho'! etc.F

    I sa2 t2o 'o0ies this 2ee+end! both o% the' 2ere good.

    n %irst listen! this sounds correct! but its not! %or reasons that 'a1 see' at %irst hard to eplain. 4o2e0er! i%2e realie that 2e ha0e t2o sentences! I sa2 t2o 'o0ies this 2ee+end and both o% the' 2ere good!then 2ell also realie that 2e 'ust ha0e a conunction bet2een the' to oin the' Ethe basic rule o%conunctions and parallel structureF.

    #he classic corrections Ein descending order o% li+eliness o% appearing as correct ans2ersF are:

    - I sa2 t2o 'o0ies this 2ee+endG both o% the' 2ere good. Eoining t2o sentences 2ith a se'i-colonF

    - I sa2 t2o 'o0ies this 2ee+end! both o% 2hich 2ere good. Eusing a relati0e pronoun Ea+a subordinatingconunctionF

    to oin t2o sentencesF

    - I sa2 t2o 'o0ies this 2ee+end! and both o% the' 2ere good. Eusing a coordinating conunction to oin t2osentencesF

    ;. use o% as such

    Caesarea 2as 4erods cit1! %ounded as a &o'anied counter2eight to 4ebraic Jerusale'! and being such it2as regarded 2ith loathing b1 the de0out.

    E,F being such

    EBF as such

    ECF %or this

    EDF so

    EF so being

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    #his sentence has %or'at: %ounded as 9 n. ! and as such 9 sentence

    5. as such - because it is that thing

    a'ple :I' a teacher! and as such! I should tr1 to help 1ou.

    . as here is a preposition and 'ust there%ore be %ollo2ed b1 a noun.

    8. so is used to replace 0erbs! adecti0es! and ad0erbs! but ># nounsG 2e use such %or nouns.

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    ,s a result o% the %ire! 'an1 people had to sta1 in te'porar1 shelters.

    In this sentence! 2e are sa1ing that the %ire caused people to sta1 in te'porar1 shelters.

    a'ple :

    #he cheetah see's to be headed %or etinction because! resulting %ro' instensi0e inbreeding generationsago! the species has so little genetic 0ariation that it is etre'el1 0ulnerable to en0iron'ental change.

    ,F ....

    BF because! as a result o% intensi0e inbreeding generations ago!

    7. co'pare to 0s co'pare 2ith

    co'pare to - use 2hen t2o things are ali+e

    co'pare 2ith - use 2hen t2o things are not ali+e

    ). #he current ad'inistration! being 2orried o0er so'e %oreign trade barriers being re'o0ed and our eports

    %ailing to increase as a result o% deep cuts in the 0alue o% the dollars! has %or'ed a group to stud1 2a1sto sharpen our co'petiti0eness.

    ,. being 2orried o0er so'e %oreign trade barriers being re'o0ed and our eports %ailing

    B. 2orr1ing o0er so'e %oreign trade barriers being re'o0ed! also o0er the %ailure o% our eports

    C. 2orried about the re'o0al o% so'e %oreign trade barriers and the %ailure o% our eports

    D. in that the1 2ere 2orried about the re'o0al o% so'e %oreign trade barriers and also about the %ailure o% oureports

    . because o% its 2orr1 concerning the re'o0al o% so'e %oreign trade barriers! also concerning the %ailure o%our eports

    ,lthough C 'ust be the right choice since it uses 2orried about idio'aticall1 and does not ha0e unnecessar12ording! it is hard to understand ho2 H&"># per%ect Ehas %or'edF can be used 2ith H,"# si'pleE2orried aboutF in one sentenceAAA #he1 are t2o di%%erent ti'e planes (

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    being 2orried o0er so'e %oreign trade barriers being re'o0ed and our eports %ailing - is supposed to be aphrase 'odi%1ing the noun Current ad'inistration can be con0erted to Harticiple phrase 2orried aboutthe re'o0al o% so'e %oreign trade barriers and the %ailure o% our eports

    Balancing a pia 2ith one hand and ha0ing gripped a si-pac+ carton o% so%t drin+s 2ith another! t2ent1-three 1ear-old ,lan! paused in %ront o% a %irst %loor %lat in the colon1.

    ,. Balancing a pia 2ith one hand and ha0ing gripped a si-pac+ carton o% so%t drin+s 2ith another

    B. 4a0ing a balance o% a pia 2ith one hand and gripping a si-pac+ o% carton o% so%t drin+s 2ith the other

    C. Balancing a pia 2ith one hand and gripping a pac+ o% si so%t drin+ carton 2ith the other

    D. Being balanced a pia 2ith one hand and gripping a si-pac+ carton o% so%t drin+s 2ith the another

    . 4a0ing balanced a pia 2ith one hand and ha0ing gripped a si-pac+ carton o% so%t drin+s 2ith the other

    , and D - are 2rong because o% 2ord another

    B - is 2rong because o% ha0ing a balance o% pia

    C - is 2orng because o% pac+ o% si so%t drin+ carton 0s a si-pac+ carton o% so%t drin+s

    #he rule to appl1 here is ha0ing 9 past participle

    8. $sage o% that

    It is 2ell +no2n in the super'ar+et industr1 that ho2 ite's are placed on shel0es and ho2 %re3uentl1in0entor1 turns o0er can be crucial to pro%its.

    , panel concluded that 'alnutrition is the 'ost serious health proble' %acing the third 2orld countries! butthat it can and 2ill be eradicated 2ith the assistance o% de0eloped countries.

    #he di%%erence here is that the 2ord that is not present a%ter the 2ord and in the %irst sentence.

    *ets sa1 1ou ha0e so'ething li+e the %ollo2ing:

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    I +no2 that 1ou are 0er1 s'art and that 1ou are strong as 2ell.

    In this sentence! 2e ha0e three things that are ?,C#*Y the sa'e:

    - that

    - 1ou

    - are

    Depending on the sentence! 1ou 'ight all or none o% the repeated ele'ents.

    I% the sentence is short and s2eet! 2e can o'it 'ore stu%%:

    I +no2 that 1ou are 0er1 s'art and strong.

    I% theres 'ore stu%% inter0ening! 2e 'ight choose to add one o% these ele'ents to re'ind

    the reader ust 2hats parallel:

    I +no2 that 1ou are 0er1 s'art 2hen its later in the da1 and 1ou0e had 1our co%%ee and that 1ou are strong as2ell.

    In this case! the that ser0es to re'ind us ust 2hat part o% the pre0ious sentence the net part is going toparallel.

    85. $sage o% 2hether or not

    #he arcia go0ern'ent %aces the greatest crisis o% its 'andate! and its political %uture a%ter the net electiondepends on i% it can restore the publics con%idence and can 'o0e be1ond the current political i'passe inthe Congress.

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    , i% it can restore the publics con%idence and can 'o0e be1ond

    B 2hether it can restore the publics con%idence and 'o0e be1ond

    C the abilit1 to restore the publics con%idence and 'o0ing

    D 2hether or not it can restore the publics con%idence and be able to 'o0e be1ond

    its capabilit1 %or restoring the publics con%idence and 'o0e be1ond

    @ell! M,# has said in their publications that 2hether or not is redundant! since 2hether

    alread1 includes the idea o% t2o optionsG in other 2ords! the eact sa'e idea is epressed 2ithout or not.

    8.

    #he guiding principles o% the ta plan released b1 the #reasur1 Depart'ent could ha0e e0en a greatersigni%icance %or the econo'1 than the particulars o% the plan.

    E,F e0en a greater signi%icance %or the econo'1 than

    EBF a signi%icance that is e0en greater %or the econo'1 than

    ECF e0en greater signi%icance %or the econo'1 than ha0e

    EDF e0en greater signi%icance %or the econo'1 than do

    EF a signi%icance e0en greater %or the econo'1 than ha0e

    D is indeed best in ",.

    In ",! 2e generall1 use do to replace regular 0erbs! i.e.! 0erbs that are not lin+ing 0erbs! 0erbs that use'odals! etc.

    or ea'ple:

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    Megu'i spea+s Japanese better than I do.

    But 1ou alread1 +ne2 that! I' sure.

    *oo+ at the %ollo2ing ea'ples %or so'ething EperhapsF ne2:

    Megu'i has 0isited 'ore countries than I ha0e.

    @e can use ha0e again because ha0e is an auiliar1 0erb here.

    Megu'i has 'ore s+irts than I do.

    4ere! has is ># an auiliar1 0erb! and in ",! 2e cannot use the 0erb ha0e in the second bit.

    88. each other 0s N/BOthe otherN/BO

    K : #he co'ple ta dispute bet2een the Co0ered Bridge Mall and 4arris #o2nship is not li+el1 to beadudicated %or se0eral 1ears! and! in the 'eanti'e! both sides are intent on creating di%%iculties %or theother.

    E,F both sides are intent on creating di%%iculties %or the other

    EBF both sides are intent on creating di%%iculties %or each other

    ECF each side is intent on creating di%%iculties %or the other

    EDF each side is intent on creating di%%iculties %or one another

    EF the sides are both intent on creating di%%iculties %or each other

    #he other issue is also i'portant--the di%%erence bet2een each/the other and both/each other.

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    $se each 2hen the parties are 'ore separate! and use both 2hen the parties are collaborating.

    or ea'ple! each side 2as %ighting the other sounds better than both sides 2ere %ighting each other! dont1ou thin+A

    Parallelism

    Fhrases or lauses must be parallel in form when they are in a series or when they are oinedby a onuntion. i.e. If there is one verb with ingor with a who-clause* then all of the verbsmust have ingor must be in the form of a who-clause.If there is a omparison* use the omparison words as a hint for parallel onstrution.Incorrect:The polie ame to arrest Jones* a devout hurh,goer who also belongs to thefraternal order of the eagles.Correct:The polie ame to arrest Jones* a devout hurh,goer and a member of the fraternalorder of the eagles.9irst sentene mathes an appositive Pa devout hurh,goerQ with a PwhoQ,lause.

    Also maintain parallelism with orrelative onuntions suh as( either) or* neither) nor and notonly) but also.5. In a series of two or more elements* what you do on S+ determines what you do on /. In

    other words* everything after S+ must match S+( I li$e to swim* to run* and to dane. I li$e to swim* run* and dane.are o$ay.

    I li$e to swim* run* and to dane. I li$e to swim* to run* and dane.are :%T o$ay.http())www.senteneorretion.om)forums)inde-.php=showtopi70

    +. Two gerunds / noun is o$ayE-( "e li$ed sailing* swimming and girls.

    #ut two infinitives / noun is :%T o$ayE-( "e li$ed to sail* to swim and girls.

    D in whih hildren are realitrant* in whih hange is the only onstant* and in whihunertainty is prevalent.CD where hildren are realitrant* where hange is the only onstant and where unertainty isprevalent.CED where hildren are realitrant* hange is the only onstant* and unertainty is prevalent

    OA is CWhat is wrong with B?Lin whihL is part of a prepositional phrase. If we start the parallelism after Lin whihL we areusing parallel fragments. Also without Pin whihQ the subse!uent phrases seem to modify thenoun PrimeQ as opposed to PworldQ.

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    Active vs. Passive Voice

    Ative voie is preferred over passive voie. In ative voie* the subet performs the ation of

    the verb.E-( I wrote a songIn passive voie* the subet reeives the ation e-pressed by the verb. :ormally* passive voieis formed with some form of the verb PbeQ and the past partiiple Ca verb that usually ends withUed or UenD.E-( A song was written by me.

    One further caution about the passive voice: we should not mix active and passive constructions in

    the same sentence: "The executive committee approved the new policy, and the calendar for next

    year's meetings was revised" should be recast as "The executive committee approved the new policyand revised the calendar for next year's meeting."

    Passive is acceta!le i" it is #se$ to maintain "oc#s an$ ermit the correction o" anon%grammatical sentence.E-( Trying to find a par$ing spae* they were aosted by a vagrant.

    That vs. Which

    5. A testmagi tip( G4AT almost always CI say almost always beause I?ve seen two!uestionsthat did not follow this rule* but the rule was violated in all five answer hoiesD wants youto put a comma !e"ore which. In other words* if you see whichwithout a omma beforeit* it?s probably wrong.

    If the person you?re tal$ing to* or the person who?s reading what you?ve written* needs that

    e-tra bit of information to $now whih noun you?re referring to* we say that that e-trainformation is non%restrictive. This word doesn?t really desribe the funtion learly* somany teahers say that this information is Pe-tra.L

    %n the other hand* if you need that information to $now whih noun you are tal$ing about*we say that the information is restrictive. Again* this word is not really a good hoie forlarity* and many teahers use the term Lneessary informationL instead

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    8. Also* the relative pronoun &which' sho#l$ !e #se$ to re"er to a no#nand not an idea oran ation presented in an entire lause. CE-( .28* .67 from %GD.67( The root systems of the most flowering perennials either beome too rowded* whihresults in loss of vigor* and spread too far outward* produing a bare enter. , &se of

    PwhihQ is inorret.

    2. Omitting &that' ou an omit Pthatin a relative lause when the subet of the lause is different from

    the word or phrase the lause refers to. Thus* you an say eitherThe book that I was readingCorDThe book I was reading

    ou an also omit Pthatwhen it introdues a subordinate lauseEx: I think we should try again.

    ou should NOT omit &that,however* when the subordinate lause begins with anadverbial phrase or anything other than the subet(

    E-(She said that under no circumstances would she allow us to ski the meeting.The book argues that e!entually the housing suly will increase.

    This last sentene would be ambiguous if thatwere omitted* sine the adverb e!entuallyould then be onstrued as modifying either arguesor will increase.

    http())www.bartleby.om)52)>001)05+.html

    No vs. Not

    Nois a determiner e-pressing !uantity li$e ?all?* ?every?* ?many?* ?some?* ?any?* ?eah?* ?either?*?one?* ?another? and is used before singular and plural nouns. It is similar in meaning to ?not a?or ?not any? and is often our preferred hoie if we want to give emphasis to what we aresaying. >ompare(

    I have noidea what he is referring to. Cmore emphatiD I $on)t have any idea what he is referring to. Cless emphatiD Nostudents from the seondary shool in :ew Town ahieved the highest grades in

    their end,of,year e-am. Cmore emphatiD There weren)t any students from the seondary shool in :ew Town who ahieved the

    highest grades in their end,of,year e-am. Cless emphatiD I?m sorry. I?ve got notime for that this afternoon. Cmore emphatiD I?m sorry. I haven)tany time for that this afternoon. Cless emphatiD

    Notis used to ma$e a lause or sentene negative and usually ombines with the verb ?to be?and with adetives* adverbs* noun groups or prepositional phrases. Ver(is often used after

    notto moderate the negative aspet of the lause. Thus* we have(

    It was notdiffiult to understand why she was in love with him. It is not always true that people who are in love li$e the same things. "e swims well* but not very evenly. It was not a huge meal* but enough for two people. I $now I?ll probably fail my driving test* but I?m not in the least bit nervous about it.

    ?Good? is probably uni!ue as an adetive in that it an ombine with noand an(and also withnot* although there are sometimes subtle distintions in usage or meaning. >ompare(BY : DIVIJ- http://bestcatpreparationresource.blogspot.in/

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    ?Is the mil$ good=? ?No* it?s notgood.? CThe disussion here is about how fresh the mil$is and notfor me would be the preferred negativeD

    ?

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    :otie there is usually no apostrophe used in the spelling of onesel$. The onstrution one?s selfis used to refer to the onept of self.

    The hrases one in /l#ral n#m!er0 an$ more than one alwa(s ta1e a sing#lar

    ver!: %ne in four dentists reommends this toothpaste. %ne out of every five instrutors gets this !uestion wrong. There is more than one reason for this. 4ore than one lad has lost his heart to this lass.

    The LoneL in the phrase Lmore than oneL apparently ontrols the number of the verb.

    http())webster.ommnet.edu)grammar)one.htm

    &one or more': >onstrutions using one or moreor one or twoalways ta$e a plural verb( %ne or more ars were par$ed in front of the house eah day this wee$. %ne or two students from our department have won pri@es.

    :ote that when "ollowe$ !( a "raction- &one' or$inaril( gets a l#ral ver!: %ne and a half years have passed sine I last saw her.

    The "raction r#le has an e,cetionin that amounts are sometimes treated as singularentities(

    %ne and a half ups is enough sugar. A year and a half has passed sine I last saw her

    :ote also that the plural rule does not apply to these one,plus,a,fration onstrutions that areintrodued by the indefinite artile CPaQ or PanQD in the +nde-ample above.

    &one o" those who': Sing#lar or l#ral ver!? It is a matter of whih word you feel is most

    appropriate as the anteedent of the relative pronounXPoneor the plural noun in the Po$phrase that follows it.

    Note also that when the hrase containing &oneis intro$#ce$ !( the $e"inite article-the ver! in the relative cla#se m#st !e sing#lar:

    "e is the only one of the students who has already ta$en 'atin.

    http())www.bartleby.om)52)>001)02.html

    *sage o" &2ore than one':

    %hen a noun hrase contains more than one and a singular noun, the !erb is normally

    singular:

    There is more than one way to skin a cat.

    &ore than one editor is working on that ro'ect. &ore than one $ield has been lanted with oats

    %hen more than one is $ollowed by ofand a plural noun, the !erb is lural:

    &ore than one o$ the aintings were stolen.

    &ore than one o$ the cottages are $or sale.

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    %hen more than one stands alone, it usually takes a singular !erb, but it may take a lural

    !erb i$ the notion o$ multilicity redominates:

    The oerating rooms are all in good order. &ore than one is (or are) e*uied with the latest

    imaging technology

    Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" is one of those phrases that sounds as if

    it comes out of Kipling.

    The sentence caused considerable stir (as such things go), for the verb "sounds" should really

    relate to the plural "phrases," not the singular "one." The sentence should probably read

    (underlining things for our purpose):

    "Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" is one of those phrases that sound as if

    they came out of Kipling.

    The rare device for figuring out which verb to use in this construction is as follows: turn

    the sentence inside out:

    Of those phrases that sound as if they came out of Kipling, "conduct unbecoming an officer

    and a gentleman" is one.

    In this situation, the subject of the subordinate clause usually a whoor a that will

    refer to the plural noun in the preceding prepositional phrase (not the onebefore it) and

    require a plural verb to follow.

    Between vs. Among3 &er' vs. &est' "orms3 more vs. most

    If a sentene ompares two items use PbetweenQ or the PerQ form* but if it ompares more thantwo use PamongQ or PestQ form.

    Adetives and adverbs with three or more syllables re!uire omparison with moreand most.Thos with two syllables an re!uire either Uer) ,est or more)most.

    E-( easy* easier* and easiest#ut* ready* more ready and most ready

    When in $o#!t ic1 the more3most "orm.Incorrect:>ould you drive slower=Correct: >ould you please drive more slowly=

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    NOT4:Avoid PamongstQ in G4AT.

    One or other vs. One or anotherone or other , means between first or seond that is out of two hoiesone or another , between multiple hoies not restrited to two

    PGenerally* Lthe otherL means Lthe seond one.L In other words* we an only use Lthe otheroneL when we are tal$ing about only two things* suh as our eyes* feet* ears* hands* or legs.

    E-( I have two sisters. %ne is a dotor* and the other one is an artist.Q , Test4agi Erin

    If the laims of oastal nations to +00,mile territorial seas were aepted on a worldwide basis*more than thirty per ent of the worldWs oean area would ome under the urisdition of one orother national states.

    CAD one or other national statesC#D one or another national stateC>D one or the other national stateCD some or another of the national statesCED eah and every national state

    OA is B

    The three plays in Freston JonesWs PA Te-as TrilogyQ are ompletely independent* and eah hasonly a peripheral relationship with the other.

    CAD independent* and eah has only a peripheral relationship with the other

    C#D independent* and eah has only a peripheral relationship one with anotherC>D independent* and they have only a peripheral relationship with the othersCD independent and have only a peripheral relationship with one anotherCED independent and have only a peripheral relationship eah with the other

    OA is 5

    Whether vs. I"

    On the 62AT- &whether' is more re"erre$ than &i"'

    &Whether'is used when there are alternative hoies.

    E-( I donWt $now whether I will ta$e the G4AT this month Cor notD.Incorrect:"er lient didnWt tell her if he had sent his payment yet.Correct:"er lient didnWt tell her whether he had sent his payment yet.

    &I7'is used in a conditionalsense.E-( If you prepare well you will get a good sore.

    *se o" &Being' in 62ATIn G4AT* "being in an answer hoie is wrong more often than it is right.

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    %rder pf preferene( !eing 8 since 8 !eca#se

    There are a few e-eptions to the "being rule in whih Pbeing is often the right answer.

    4,amles when &being is correct:

    9. Some i$ioms allow onl( one str#ct#re:4ost often* ideas an be e-pressed in more thanone way. 9or e-ample* I an sayY

    I+m a$raid o$ being late.CorD

    I+m a$raid that I+ll be late.

    Eah has its own emphasis* but the point is that these two strutures e-ist. he@ Fanisse in #er$eley is also one of the #ay Area?s most established restaurants.

    . In the case o" an a!sol#te hrase ;with < no#n < no#n comlement=

    In the e-ample below Pwith increased career rosects beingthe most important for many 4#AappliantsQ is an absolute phrase.

    There are many reasons to get an 4#A* with increased career rosects beingthe most

    important for many 4#A appliants.

    1D#eing a year ahead in produing new omputer produts an give a ompany signifiant edge over its

    ompetitors.

    +D beause uranium is the heaviest* and therfore the most penetrating* of natural metals* it is beinginreasingly used in the prodution of bullets.

    in both the ases the orret answer was that i have written.

    another thing was does the onstrution in sentene + L *and thereforeL is better than L *therefore L

    1D#eing a year ahead in produing new omputer produts an give a ompany signifiant edge over its

    ompetitors.

    In this ase* beingis a gerund and is the subet of the sentene. There?s nothing inherently wrong

    withusing beingas a gerund in a sentene(

    einghappy is a wonderful thing.

    This onstrution annot be faulted other phrasings would hange the meaning.

    >*OT4;avt# Nov @ - 9:9 P2=

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    beause uranium is the heaviest* and therfore the most penetrating* of natural metals* it is being

    inreasingly used in the prodution of bullets.

    In this ase* we are orreting using the present progressive passive* whih* although not so ommon* isorret.

    "ere are some e-amples(

    The Internet is great* but it often seems as if we are beingbombarded with ads* soliitations* and other

    information we don?t want or need.

    It?s lamentable that we are beingdriven underground.

    ome voters resent beingas$ed to pay higher pries in order to protet ertain national industries.

    ou had another !uestion about howe!er howe!eris not a onution* so ust ignore it for a seond or

    two to figure out the puntuation.

    http())www.senteneorretion.om)forums)inde-.php=showtopi+

    Note:

    No#n Comlement:A word or phrase that ould logially and grammatially omplete this pattern(:%&: / 'I:HI:G VEB# / :%&: >%4F'E4E:T

    Ex:She is a $riend., LfriendL is a noun omplement. In this ase* we an see that a noun an be a noun

    omplement.

    A!sol#te Phrase: A modifier C!uite often a FABTI>IF'ED* or a modifier and a few other words*

    that attahes to a sentene or a noun* with NO con+#nction. An absolute phrase cannot

    ontain a 9I:ITE VEB#.

    Ex: 1D The train running late* we deided to get off at the ne-t stop and ta$e a ta-i home. +Dll things being e*ual* the ative voie tends to be orret more often than the passive.http())www.testmagi.om)grammar)e-planations)phrases)absolute,phrases,introdution.asp

    The nurses went on stri$e to protest their being overwor$edCAD their being overwor$edC#D themselves being overwor$edC>D themselves as overwor$ed

    CD their overwor$ingCED overwor$ing themselves

    OA is A4ore disussion at http())www.gmatlub.om)phpbb)viewtopi.php=t1+72

    BY : DIVIJ- http://bestcatpreparationresource.blogspot.in/

    http://www.sentencecorrection.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=323http://www.testmagic.com/grammar/explanations/phrases/absolute-phrases-introduction.asphttp://www.gmatclub.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=12843http://www.sentencecorrection.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=323http://www.testmagic.com/grammar/explanations/phrases/absolute-phrases-introduction.asphttp://www.gmatclub.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=12843
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    *se o" Since

    ine is used in a variety of different ways* both with the present perfet and with other tenses.

    ?sine? as preposition

    ompare the following(

    I havenWt seen my younger brother sine 12 July 1887.TheyWve been on stri$e sine the beginning of April and thereWs no sign of it ending.I hadnWt visited the area sine my hildhood days and I notied last summer how everything had hanged.

    ?sine? as onuntion

    ine an also be used as a onuntion* as in your e-amples* 4ihele* introduing a lause. The tense inthe sine,lause an be past or perfet* depending on whether it refers to a point in the past or to a periodof time leading up to the present or* in the ase of the past perfet* leading up to a point in the past.

    ine as a onuntion sometimes ombines with ever to ma$e ever sine. :ote also in these e-amplesthat present and past tenses are possible in the main lause as well as the present perfet(

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    i1e vs. As

    i1eis used to comare no#ns.Asis used to comare actions.

    In Tur$ey* offee is traditionally drun$ very strong* muh as the frenh do.

    AD muh as the 9renh do#D muh li$e the 9renh do>D muh as it is by the 9renhD muh as it is in 9raneED muh li$e it is in 9rane

    OA is 5The omparison is between two ountries Tur$ey and 9rane* so the hoie is now or E.

    The fous of the sentene is on the ation Cof drin$ingD* so it should be LasL and not Lli$eL.

    i1e vs. S#ch As

    "likemeans similar to* and Psuch asmeans$or examle.

    >an you buy me some fruit li1eoranges or grapefruit=This sentene would mean that you do :%T want oranges or grapefruit instead* you?d prefersome fruit similar to oranges and grapefruit. 9or e-ample* you may want pomelo* lemons* orlimes.

    >an you buy me some fruit s#ch asoranges or grapefruit=

    %ranges and grapefruit are e-amples of the type of fruit we want.

    As business grows more omple-* students maoring in speiali@ed areas li$e those of finaneand mar$eting have been beoming inreasingly suessful in the ob mar$et.

    aD maoring in speiali@ed areas li$e those of finane and mar$eting have been beominginreasinglybD who maor in suh speiali@ed areas as finane and mar$eting are beoming more and moreD who maored in speiali@ed areas suh as those of finane and mar$eting are beinginreasinglydD who maor in speiali@ed areas li$e those of finane and mar$eting have been beomingmore and moreeD having maored in suh speiali@ed areas as finane and mar$eting are being inreasingly

    OA is B ;O6 D=

    Note: &S#ch' is also re"era!le to &these' "or resenting e,amles or instances.

    Particile E Particiial Phrases

    Particile:A verb used as an adetive. There are two $inds of partiiples. The ast articilehas the past form of the verb whih would go with the verb haveand would usually end in %e$.The resent articileends in %ing.

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    Particiial hrase: It onsists of partiiple plus modifierCsD* obetCsD* and)or omplementCsD.

    Astronomers have theori@ed that the #ig #ang governs the behavior of interstellar dust*partiles that omprise the atoms and moleules reated in the progenitive e-plosion and

    persisting in even the emptiest regions of spae

    A. persisting#. persists>. persisted. they persistE. are persisting

    OA is A

    This sentene basially has two partiipial phrases(1. reated in the progenitive e-plosion+. persisting in even the emptiest regions of spae.

    #oth modifying Latoms and moleulesLo* you an maintain parallelism only by using the two partiiples LreatedL Cpast partiipleDand LpersistingL Cpresent partiipleD.4ore detailed e-planation at http())www.gmatlub.om)phpbb)viewtopi.php=t1+70

    S#!+#nctive 2oo$

    The s#!+#nctive moo$is used in dependent lauses that do the following(

    1. e,ress a wish* mostly followed by PwereQ She wishes her boy$riend were here.

    2. begin with ifand e,ress a con$ition that $oes not e,ist ;is contrar( to "act=

    I$ uan were more aggressi!e, he+d be a better hockey layer.

    I$ she were coming, she would be here by now.

    I$ I were you, I would not go there.

    3. begin with as ifand as thoughwhen suh lauses $escri!e a sec#lation or con$itioncontrar( to "act

    /e acted as i$ he were guilty.

    4. begin with thatand e,ress a $eman$- reF#irement- reF#est- or s#ggestion.C%G.123D and seond verb is in infinitive form

    I re*uested that he be resent at the hearing.

    I insist that the chairman resign0

    Their main demand was that the lawsuit be droed

    &I"' cla#ses: Aording to traditional rules* you use the subuntive to $escri!e anocc#rrence that (o# have res#ose$ to !e contrar( to "act. The verb in the mainlause of these sentenes m#st then contain the ver! wouldor Cless fre!uentlyD should:

    I$ I were ten years younger, I would consider entering the marathon.

    I$ merica were still a ritish colony, we would all be drinking tea in the a$ternoon.

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    http://grammar.uoregon.edu/phrases/participialP.htmlhttp://www.gmatclub.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=12830http://grammar.uoregon.edu/phrases/participialP.htmlhttp://www.gmatclub.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=12830
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    001)051.html

    Note:o NOT #se &sho#l$'in ubuntive mood.

    Sho#l$ vs. Wo#l$

    The two verbs are not always interhangeable. ou can #se eithershouldor wouldin the"irst erson to e,ress the "#t#re "rom the oint o" view o" the ast . The same prinipleapplies to the verb in sentenes that e-press a future ondition.

    /e swore that I shouldCor wouldDay $or the remark. I$ I had known that, I wouldCor more formally* shouldD ha!e answered di$$erently.

    In the secon$ an$ thir$ ersons- however- (o# onl( #se would: She assured us that she wouldCnot shouldD return. I$ he had known that, he wouldCnot shouldD ha!e answered di$$erently.

    Onl( sho#l$ is correct: To e,ress $#t( or o!ligation* you use shouldas the e!uivalent ofought to: ICor youor heD should go.

    Onl( wo#l$ is correct: ou use wouldCand not shouldD to e,ress willingness or romiseCI agreed that I would do itD and to e,ress ha!it#al actionin the past C%e would walk along

    the canal at nightD. %ouldalso has the advantage of being a polite substitute for willinre!uests( %ould you lend me a dollar4http())www.bartleby.om)52)>001)036.htmlS"%&'

    In"initives E Slit In"initive

    In"initive:the root of a verb plus the word to. To sleep* perhane to dream.The resent in"initivedesribes a present ondition( LI li$e to sleep.LThe er"ect in"initivedesribes a time earlier than that of the verb( LI would li$e to have wonthat game.L

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    http://www.bartleby.com/64/C001/061.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/64/C001/057.html#SHOULDhttp://www.bartleby.com/64/C001/061.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/64/C001/057.html#SHOULD
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    Slit In"initive:An infinitive is said to be LsplitL when a word Coften an adverbD or phrasesnea$s between the Ptoof the infinitive and the root of the verb( Lto boldly go*Lplit infinitive is not onsidered aeptable in standard Amerian English.

    If present metal pries ontinue to sharply rise* the value of the opper in a penny will soon begreater than the fae value of the oin.

    a. If present metal pries ontinue to sharply rise*b. If present metal pries are ontinuing their sharp rise*. hould present metal pries ontinue their sharp rise*d. >ontinuation of sharply rising metal pries should mean thate. 4etal priesW sharp rise ontinuing should mean that

    OA is C

    WhatGs wrong with A?

    A uses slit in"initive*if A had said Pto rise sharplyQ it would have been aeptable.

    Comare with vs. Comare to

    H#le 9( Comare to ompares #nli1e things* whereas comare with ompares li1e things.H#le ( Comare to is used to stress the resem!lance. Comare with an be used toshow either similarity or differene but is #s#all( #se$ to stress the $i""erence.

    Comare with( To evaluate things relative to eah other for e-ample* PI+m thinking o$ buyingeither a /onda ccord or a Toyota 3amry, so I+m comaring each with the other, trying to

    $igure out which to buy.This meaning is muh more ommon.

    Comare ta$es with when it refers to the at of e-amining two li1e things in order to diserntheir similarities or differenes(Z The poliecomare$the forged signature withthe original.Z The ommittee will have to comarethe enate?s version of the bill withthe version thatwas passed by the "ouse.

    Comare to( To say that one thing is li$e another thing* often to try to e-plain what one isli$e* but sometimes as an insult for e-ample* P&y $riend didn+t know what a omelo was, so Icomared it to a grae$ruit. Then she was able to understand what it was.or P&y $riend gotmad at the way I handled her bags, so she comared me to a gorilla. This meaning is lessommon.

    Comare usually ta$es the preposition to when it refers to the ativity of desribing the

    resemblanes between #nli1e things(Z "e comare$her toa summer day.Z ientists sometimes comarethe human brain toa omputer.

    Altho#gh- Tho#gh- 4ven tho#gh- 5esite- In site o"

    Altho#gh* tho#gh and even tho#ghare all con+#nctions* whilst in site o" and $esiteareboth reositions. o usage re!uires(

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    altho#gh < cla#setho#gh < cla#seeven tho#gh < cla#se

    $esite < no#nin site o" < no#n

    Altho#ghand tho#ghan be used in the same way. Tho#gh is perhaps more ommon ininformal speeh and writing* whereas altho#gh an be used in a wide variety of styles. %ur new neighbors are !uite nie* tho#ghtheir dog is a bit of a nuisane. he insisted on $eeping her oat on* altho#ghit was e-tremely warm in the house as the

    entral heating was on. Altho#gh she was ommended for ompleting the 4illennium ome proet on time and

    within budget* management felt that it was now time for a new person with different talentsto ta$e over.

    4ven tho#gh:Tho#ghis often used with PevenQ in order to give emphasis( I managed to get good results in my e-ams* even though I went out four times a wee$

    when I was supposed to be revising.

    5esitemight be thought more formal than in site o"but there is really very little differenein usage between the two( 5esitethe appalling weather* they sueeded in wal$ing to the top of #en :evis. They deided to get married in site o" the huge differenes in their ages.

    5esiteandin site o"are normally used as prepositions* they an also be used in adverbialonstrutions with %ing* thus( I managed to pass my e-ams* $esite goingout four times a wee$ during the revision

    period.

    In site o" "eelingterribly si$* I went to wor$ every day that wee$. 5esite !eingseverely handiapped* he managed to omplete the rae.http())www.bb.o.u$)worldservie)learningenglish)grammar)learnit)learnitv21.shtml

    Co#nt Vs Non co#nt

    >onrete things suh as tables* students* bottle* person et are ount nouns.

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    :on ount nouns generally ta$e singular verbs and ount nouns ta$e singular or pluraldepending on the number.

    E-( 4ost people are 4ost of the water is

    Ferentages and frations ta$e plural verb if referring to ount nouns. E-eption to this would ifthe perentage or fration results in a single !uantity. A !uarter of my homewor$ remains to be done. Two thirds of the students were familiar with the !uestion.

    O!+ective case o" Prono#ns

    There is no obetive form for PyouQ and PitQ

    ubetive I "e) he

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    Who vs. Whom

    &se whowhen someone is the S*BJ4CTof a sentene* lause* or phrase.4,:

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    %hat she ket in her drawer was ten sil!er dollars.

    %hat truly commands resect is a large air $orce and a resolute $oreign olicy.

    In some ases* you an treat a lause with whatas the subet as singular or plural* depending

    on the emphasis you want to onvey. In P%hate-ite him mostare money and ower,theimpliation is that money and power are distint elements in P%hate-ites him most is moneyand ower,the impliation is that money and power are a single entity.

    The Pwhatlause as a whole is l#ral i" it has a l#ral ver!( %hatseem to be two dead treesare blocking the road.http())www.bartleby.om)52)>001)06+.html

    The period when the great painted aves at 'asau- and Altamira were oupied by &pperFaleolithi people has been established by arbon,12 dating* but what is muh more diffiult todetermine are the reason for their deoration* the use to whih primitive people put the aves*and the meaning of the magnifiiently depited animals.

    aD has been established by arbon,12 dating* but what is muh more diffiult to determine arebD has been established by arbon,12 dating* but what is muh more diffiult to determine isD have been established by arbon,12 dating* but what is muh more diffiult to determine isdD have been established by arbon,12 dating* but what is muh more diffiult to determine areeD are established by arbon,12 dating* but that whih is muh more diffiult to determine is

    OA is B.Wh( &is' an$ not &are'?To simplify the rule here( To figure out whether the verb is singular or plural* we loo1 to thele"t* not to the right.

    :oun lauses are generally singular Can?t thin$ of any e-eptions* but I seem to reall one

    sometime in the pastD* so we?d use a singular verb when the noun lause is the subet. 9ore-ample(%hat I need ismany eole to hel me mo!e.

    %f ourse* many native spea$ers will say something li$e this(%hat I need aremany eole to hel me mo!e.

    #ut again* it?s the s#!+ect- not the o!+ect that $etermines the n#m!er o" the ver!.http())www.senteneorretion.om)forums)inde-.php=showtopi58

    Beca#se vs. 5#e to

    PBeca#seQ is used as an adverb while* P5#e toQ is used as an adetive. Try to substitute withPaused byQ if it wor$s then Pue toQ is the right usage. The eventWs postponement was due to rain The event was postponed beause of rain.

    Possi!le str#ct#res:[ue to / :oun FhraseW and [ue to the fat that / 4ain >lauseW* and[#eause / 4ain >lauseW and [#eause of / :oun FhraseW.

    NOT4:PineQ is less preferred than PbeauseQ.

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    He$#n$ant Phrases

    Eliminate any hoies with redundant phrases. ome e-amples1. reasonYbeause+. o,operateYtogether

    . free gift2. onsensus of opinion3. retrospetiveYrefers ba$5. few in number6. grouped together7. end result8. new initiative10. serious rises11. ultimate onlusion1+. deliberately hose1. at least as many as12. bothYas well as

    Other

    1. The dotrinal dispute resulted in the dismissal of the president of the seminary* who washarged with teahing false dotrine and with administrative misondut.

    CAD harged with teahing false dotrine and with administrative misondutC#D harged with teahing false dotrine and administrative misondutC>D being harged that he taught false dotrine and administrative misondutCD harged with both false dotrine teahing and administrative misondutCED teahing false dotrine and administrative misondut as harged

    OA: A

    Wh( is OA A- an$ not 5 or B?In 5: The $ey here is to notie that $octrineis the obet of teachingand should therefore be$ept as the obet* not as an adetive Cor* as we sometimes say* Lin attributionLD.

    In other words* we should follow this pattern( FBEF / GEB&: / %#JE>T %9 GEB&:

    %f ourse a good e-ample will ma$e this rule learer. >onsider the following sentenes(The woman was fired "or !#(ing +#n1.orThe woman was fired "or +#n1 !#(ing."ere are two more(

    A"ter eating l#nch* I felt sleepy.orA"ter l#nch eating* I felt sleepy.

    In B:if we don?t use with* we would have ambiguity about whether miscon$#ctwas parallelwith teachingor with $octrine. In other words* it sounds li$e the president was teahingadministrative misondutMM

    +. The legislature seems to tal$ at great length about reform but to do almost nothing toahieve that.

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    CAD to do almost nothing to ahieve thatC#D to do almost nothing ahieving suhC>D to do almost nothing to ahieve It

    CD doing almost nothing in ahieving anyCED doing almost nothing to ahieve that

    OA is C

    D is !uite simple,,that is what we all ademonstrative* whih means that it is used to show whih one* $ind of li$e pointing atsomething* saying that one.

    Qit is a simple pronoun,,it simply replaes a singular noun that ame before. o* if you?re notpointing out a noun* you should use Pit.

    . &nli$e modern feminism* whih derives muh of its strength from reetion of an oppressive

    home* 4arietta "olley in her novels made domestiity the basis of womenWs liberation.

    CAD &nli$e modern feminism* whih derives muh of its strength from reetion of an oppressivehome* 4arietta "olley in her novelsC#D &nli$e the modern feminist who derives muh of her strength from reetion of anoppressive home* 4arietta "olleyW s novelsC>D &nli$e modern feminism* deriving muh of its strength from reetion of an oppressivehome* 4arietta "olleyWs novelsCD &nli$e those of the modern feminist who derives muh of her strength from reetionof an oppressive home* novels of 4arietta "olleyCED &nli$e those of modern feminism* whih derive muh of their strength from reetion of anoppressive home* 4arietta "olleyW s novels

    OA is 4

    WhatGs wrong with 5? is almost orret* but it does have a ouple of errors. %ne of the easiest to point out is themissing determinerthere!uired for the phrase no!els o$ &arietta /olley.

    "owever* there are still a ouple other things to pay attention too* things that are atually moreimportant if you?re shooting for 600/.

    >ompare the following two phrases( who derives muh of her strength from reetion of an oppressive home whih derive muh of their strength from reetion of an oppressive home

    In the first lause( "who deri!es much o$ her strength $rom re'ection o$ an oressi!e homeweare saying that the modern feminist gains strength.

    In seond lause( Pwhich deri!e much o$ their strength $rom re'ection o$ an oressi!e homewe are saying that the novels gain strength.

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    of the sentene shows the ontrast,,"olley?s novels Cnot Lthe feministLD.

    9inally* if we do indeed want to tal$ about feminism* then it would be better to do so byreferring diretly to $eminism* and not to the $eministCto represent all of feminismD.

    2. Twenty,two feet long and 10 feet in diameter* the A4,1 is one of the many new satellitesthat is a part of 13 years effort of subeting the interations of EarthWs atmosphere* oeans*and land surfaes to detailed srutiny from spae.

    CAD satellites that is a part of 13 years effort of subeting the interations of EarthWsatmosphere* oeans* and land surfaesC#D satellites* whih is a part of a 13,year effort to subet how EarthWs atmosphere* oeans*and land surfaes interatC>D satellites* part of 13 years effort of subeting how EarthWs atmosphere* oeans* and landsurfaes are interatingCD satellites that are part of an effort for 13 years that has subeted the interations ofEarthWs atmosphere* oeans* and land surfaes

    CED satellites that are part of a 13,year effort to subet the interations of EarthWs atmosphere*oean* and land surfaes

    OA is 4Wh( not B?http://www.gmatclub.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?p=75641#75641

    3. The omputer software being designed for a proet studying :ative Amerian assess tohigher eduation will not only meet the needs of that study* but also has the versatility andpower of failitating similar researh endeavors.

    CAD but also has the versatility and power of failitatingC#D but also have the versatility and power to failitateC>D but it also has the versatility and power to failitateCD and also have the versatility and power of failitatingCED and it also has suh versatility and power that it an failitate

    OA is B

    Wh( not A?"ere the parallel onstrution with not onlyYbut also ompares Pwill meetL with Lwill haveLL"e meetsL \\ with Lhe hasL. o* here software needs the plural have.http())www.gmatlub.om)phpbb)viewtopi.php=t1112

    5. >ity Flanners in etroit hope that the renewal proet e-tending along the eastern riverfront

    will establish a population that lives an$ wor1s $owntown an$ also rovi$esthe offiespae needed to attrat new businesses.

    AD that lives and wor$s downtown and also provides#D to live and wor$ downtown and also provide>D that lives as well as wor$s downtown and also provideD whih lives as well as wor$s downtown and also providesED who live as well as wor$ downtown and also provides

    OA is C

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    Wh( not A?In A* and E the LprovidesL implies that the population provides the offie spae while it shouldbe the Lity plannersL.

    o* the parallel onstrution is with Lwill establishL and Lwill provideL.http())www.gmatlub.om)phpbb)viewtopi.php=t1112http())www.testmagi.om)forums)showthread.php=modehybridRt1+02

    6. The Immigration ervie now has the disretionary power to $eep families united eventhough all their members do not meet the five,year resideny re!uirement.

    CAD all their members do not meet the five,year resideny re!uirementC#D not all their members meet the five,year resideny re!uirementC>D all their members have not met the re!uirement for a five,year residenyCD not all their members have resided for five years* a re!uirementCED all their members have not resided for five years* as re!uired

    OA is B

    Wh( not A?It is implied with L$eep families togetherL that only some of the members do not meet there!uirements.

    %nly answers # and ma$e that distintion. The others suggest that the whole family membersdo not meet the re!uirements Cin that ase they ould all be deported together and the familywould still be united right=D.

    7. Art historians are using a proess $nown as infrared sanning in analy@ing the 4ona 'isa todetermine if it has been altered sine ompletion and if 'eonardo da Vini first s$ethed thefigure in bla$* as done by many artists of the time.

    CAD if it has been altered sine ompletion and if 'eonardo da Vini first s$ethed the figure inbla$* as doneC#D if it had been altered sine ompletion and if 'eonardo da Vini first s$ethed the figure inbla$* a pratie employedC>D whether it has been altered sine ompletion and whether 'eonardo da Vini first s$ethedthe figure in bla$* a pratie employedCD whether it was altered sine ompletion and whether 'eonardo da Vini first s$ethed thefigure in bla$* as was doneCED whether it had been altered sine ompletion and whether 'eonardo da Vini first s$ethedthe figure in bla$* a pratie done

    OA is C

    Wh( not 5?"as been altered is orret , u need present perfet with LsineL9ew points(1.

  • 8/12/2019 116232968 Sentence Correction Notes

    48/107

    . b)w > and E...* E has ?a pratie done? and > has ?a pratie employed?. ?A Fratie employed?seems right. > also has ?has been? , whih is